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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Hellenistic_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Hellenistic_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-Hellenistic Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Hellenistic_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hellenistic Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Hellenistic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Hellenistic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Post-Hellenistic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Hellenistic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literary references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_governors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_governors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of governors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_governors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%82%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB" title="ሂርካኒያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሂርካኒያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="هيركانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيركانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirkan_(vilay%C9%99t)" title="Hirkan (vilayət) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hirkan (vilayət)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гірканія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гірканія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хиркания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хиркания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirc%C3%A0nia" title="Hircània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hircània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrk%C3%A1nie" title="Hyrkánie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hyrkánie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hyrcania" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrkanien" title="Hyrkanien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hyrkanien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrkaania" title="Hürkaania – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hürkaania" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Υρκανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υρκανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hircania" title="Hircania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hircania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirkanio" title="Hirkanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hirkanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirkania" title="Hirkania – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hirkania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86)" title="گرگان (سرزمین) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرگان (سرزمین)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrcanie" title="Hyrcanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hyrcanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrkaanje" title="Hyrkaanje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hyrkaanje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%B9%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84" title="히르카니아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="히르카니아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirkanija" title="Hirkanija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hirkanija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirkania" title="Hirkania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hirkania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ircania" title="Ircania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ircania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="ממלכת הירקאניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת הירקאניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hyrcania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirkanija" title="Hirkanija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hirkanija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="ورکانه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ورکانه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrcani%C3%AB" title="Hyrcanië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hyrcanië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrkania" title="Hyrkania – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hyrkania" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrkania" title="Hyrkania – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hyrkania" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girkaniya" title="Girkaniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Girkaniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrkania" title="Hyrkania – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hyrkania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirc%C3%A2nia" title="Hircânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hircânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гиркания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гиркания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirkanija" title="Hirkanija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hirkanija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirkanija" title="Hirkanija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hirkanija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrkania" title="Hyrkania – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hyrkania" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrkanien" title="Hyrkanien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hyrkanien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD)" title="Гургон (сарзамин) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гургон (сарзамин)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrkania" title="Hyrkania – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hyrkania" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гірканія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гірканія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirkaniya" title="Hirkaniya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hirkaniya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A_(%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81)" title="希尔卡尼亚 (古代行省) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希尔卡尼亚 (古代行省)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q48726#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region in the south-east of the Caspian sea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hercynia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hercynia (disambiguation)">Hercynia</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hyrcania_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hyrcania (disambiguation)">Hyrcania (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Hyrcania<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname">Gurgān</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">Province of the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid Empire">Arsacid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">548 BC–651 AD</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/220px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/330px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/440px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="635" /></a></span><br />Achaemenid Empire, with Province of Hyrcania</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zadracarta" title="Zadracarta">Zadracarta</a><br /><small>(548 BC–225 AD)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Gonbad-e_Kavus" title="Gonbad-e Kavus">Gurgān</a><br /><small>(225–651 AD)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Antiquity</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">548 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Fall of the Sasanian Empire </div></th><td class="infobox-data">651 AD</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hyrcania</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ὑρκανία</span></span></span> <i>Hyrkanía</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>: 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 <i>Varkâna</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Livius_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢𐭠𐭭 <i>Gurgān</i>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian (language)">Akkadian</a>: <i>Urqananu</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Livius_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a historical region composed of the land south-east of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, bound in the south by the <a href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Alborz</a> mountain range and the <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag" title="Kopet Dag">Kopet Dag</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region served as a <a href="/wiki/Satrapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapy">satrapy</a> (province) of the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a>, a sub-province of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, and a province within its successors, the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid Empire">Arsacid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> empires. Hyrcania bordered <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> to the east (later known as <a href="/wiki/Abarshahr" title="Abarshahr">Abarshahr</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dihistan</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Media</a> to the south and <a href="/wiki/Amard" class="mw-redirect" title="Amard">Mardia</a> to the west. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyrcania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Hyrcania</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ὑρκανία</span></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> name for the region, a borrowing from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <i>Verkâna</i> as recorded in <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius the Great</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a> (522 BC), as well as in other <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a> inscriptions. <i>Verkā</i> means "wolf" in <a href="/wiki/Old_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Iranian">Old Iranian</a>, cf. <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> <i>vəhrkō</i>, <a href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Gilaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mazandarani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandarani language">Mazandarani</a> <i>verk/verg</i>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Modern Persian</a> <i>gorg</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>vŗka</i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">वृक</span></span>). Consequently, <i>Hyrcania</i> means "Wolf-land". The name was extended to the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and underlies the name of the city <a href="/wiki/Zadracarta" title="Zadracarta">Zadracarta</a>, the then-largest city and the capital of ancient Hyrcania. </p><p>Another archaic name, <b>Dahistān</b> (not to be confused with <i><a href="/wiki/Dehestan_(administrative_division)" title="Dehestan (administrative division)">dehestan</a></i> – a modern Iranian word for "district" or "county") is sometimes used interchangeably with Hyrcania. Dahistān refers, strictly speaking to the "place of the <a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a>": an extinct people who lived immediately north of Hyrcania, as early as the 5th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-iranica_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyrcania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Hellenistic_Period">Pre-Hellenistic Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyrcania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Hellenistic Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hyrcania formed part of the Median Empire by 600 BC, and according to <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a>, was administered as a satrapy by the time of the last Median king, <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a>, who appointed a certain Artasyras as satrap (governor).<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the fall of the Median Empire, the region willingly submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> and was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> in 549-548 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for a time Artasyras continued as satrap under Cyrus,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prior to his replacement by Astyages himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a>, Astyages' grandson Megabernes also served as satrap of Hyrcania.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyrcanians gave their name to the <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanian_plain" title="Hyrcanian plain">Hyrcanian plain</a> in the middle <a href="/wiki/Gediz_River" title="Gediz River">Hermus</a> valley in <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> where they were settled, most likely during the reign of Cyrus the Great, as part of a policy to establish military colonies in Asia Minor.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramsay_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramsay-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Achaemenid Empire, Hyrcania served as a sub-province of the satrapy of Parthia, which was also known as the satrapy of Parthia and Hyrcania.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At times, <a href="/wiki/Cadusia" title="Cadusia">Cadusia</a> may have been administered as part of Hyrcania.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fortifications to protect Hyrcania against nomadic incursions were constructed during the Achaemenid period.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>'s victory over the <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magian</a> usurper, <a href="/wiki/Gaumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaumata">Gaumata</a>, in September 522 BC, revolts spread throughout the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson67_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson67-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 522 BC, a revolt in support of the Median leader <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> erupted in Hyrcania,<sup id="cite_ref-Livius_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in March 521 BC, the Hyrcanian rebels unsuccessfully attacked <a href="/wiki/Hystaspes_(father_of_Darius_I)" title="Hystaspes (father of Darius I)">Hystaspes</a>, satrap of Parthia.<sup id="cite_ref-Phraortes_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phraortes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May, Phraortes was defeated and Hyrcania returned to Achaemenid rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Phraortes_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phraortes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darius later settled Hyrcanians in the settlement of Dareionkome (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Δαρειονκώμη</span></span></span>) in the Hyrcanian Plain in Lydia.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramsay_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramsay-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Hyrcanian settlements in the Hermus valley include Ormoita and Tyanolla.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, Hyrcanian soldiers participated in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">Second Persian invasion of Greece</a> in 480 BC under the command of Megapanus.<sup id="cite_ref-Bivar_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bivar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, a garrison composed of Hyrcanian soldiers was posted in the valleys of the rivers Hermus and <a href="/wiki/Bak%C4%B1r%C3%A7ay" title="Bakırçay">Caicus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Livius_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a>, Hyrcania was likely detached from the satrapy of Parthia and administered separately.<sup id="cite_ref-Frye112_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frye112-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources imply Hyrcania was later administered as a sub-province of Media.<sup id="cite_ref-Frye112_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frye112-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ctesias, <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes I of Persia">Artaxerxes I</a> appointed his illegitimate son <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Ochus</a> as satrap of Hyrcania in c. 425 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who later assumed the throne as Darius II and appointed <a href="/wiki/Hydarnes_(father_of_Stateira)" title="Hydarnes (father of Stateira)">Idernes</a> as satrap.<sup id="cite_ref-Bivar_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bivar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Idernes' son Terituchmes succeeded him as satrap of Hyrcania following his death and was married to Amestris, daughter of Darius II, but Terituchmes was murdered by Udiastes, a henchman of Terituchmes, for conspiring to murder Amestris and revolt against Darius so he could wed his half-sister Roxana.<sup id="cite_ref-Bivar_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bivar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_conquest_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander's conquest of Persia">invasion</a> of the Achaemenid Empire in 334 BC, Hyrcania was reattached to the satrapy of Parthia and administered as a sub-province.<sup id="cite_ref-Frye112_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frye112-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyrcanian soldiers are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Battle of Gaugamela</a> against Alexander in 331 BC. After the death of <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> in 330 BC, many Persian noblemen fled to Hyrcania.<sup id="cite_ref-Livius_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander reached Hyrcania in 330 BC, where he accepted the surrender of <a href="/wiki/Phrataphernes" title="Phrataphernes">Phrataphernes</a>, satrap of Hyrcania and Parthia, and <a href="/wiki/Chiliarch" title="Chiliarch">chiliarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabarzanes" title="Nabarzanes">Nabarzanes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bivar_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bivar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander seized <a href="/wiki/Zadracarta" title="Zadracarta">Zadracarta</a>, the capital of Hyrcania, hereafter known as <a href="/wiki/Sari,_Iran" title="Sari, Iran">Syrinx</a>, later that year and received the surrender of other satraps and nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst in Hyrcania, Alexander appointed his general <a href="/wiki/Amminapes" title="Amminapes">Amminapes</a> as satrap of Hyrcania and Parthia,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was succeeded as satrap of Hyrcania by Autophradates, satrap of Mardia and <a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tapuria</a>, not long after.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 328 BC, Autophradates rebelled against Alexander and Phrataphernes, who had been reinstated as satrap of Parthia, was sent to quell the revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-Badian_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badian-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autophradates was defeated and executed by Alexander at <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a> in 324 BC and Phrataphernes was granted the satrapies of Hyrcania, Tapuria, and Mardia.<sup id="cite_ref-Badian_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badian-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_Period">Hellenistic Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyrcania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hellenistic Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, his empire was divided amongst the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Babylon" title="Partition of Babylon">Partition of Babylon</a>, which confirmed Phrataphernes' control of Hyrcania and Parthia.<sup id="cite_ref-Badian_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badian-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Triparadisus" title="Partition of Triparadisus">Partition of Triparadisus</a> in 321 BC granted Parthia and Hyrcania to <a href="/wiki/Philip_(satrap)" title="Philip (satrap)">Philip</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Badian_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Badian-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, Philip was killed by <a href="/wiki/Peithon" title="Peithon">Peithon</a>, satrap of Media, in 318 BC and Peithon appointed his brother Eudemus as satrap.<sup id="cite_ref-Bivar_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bivar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eudemus was driven from Parthia and Hyrcania in 317 BC by <a href="/wiki/Peithon_(son_of_Agenor)" title="Peithon (son of Agenor)">Peithon</a>, satrap of the Indus, who was subsequently defeated in 315 BC by <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus</a>, allowing Antigonus to take control of the Asian territories of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antigonus appointed <a href="/wiki/Nicanor_(satrap)" title="Nicanor (satrap)">Nicanor</a> satrap of Hyrcania and Parthia, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Upper_satrapies" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper satrapies">upper satrapies</a>, in 315 BC and continued in this office until his death during the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_War" title="Babylonian War">Babylonian War</a> in battle against <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus</a> in 310 BC which allowed Seleucus to conquer the eastern territories of the empire and form the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seleucus' son, <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a>, appointed <a href="/wiki/Andragoras_(Seleucid_satrap)" title="Andragoras (Seleucid satrap)">Andragoras</a> as satrap of Parthia and Hyrcania at an unknown date prior to 266 BC, but rebelled against his successor <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> in c. 245 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andragoras may have founded the city of Dehestān during his tenure as satrap.<sup id="cite_ref-Bivar_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bivar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andragoras was killed in 238 BC during the <a href="/wiki/Parni_conquest_of_Parthia" title="Parni conquest of Parthia">Parni conquest of Parthia</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Arsaces_I_of_Parthia" title="Arsaces I of Parthia">Arsaces</a>, who went on to conquer Hyrcania in 235 BC, thereafter forming part of the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid Empire">Arsacid Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frye208_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frye208-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucus II">Seleucus II</a> attempted to reassert Seleucid control of Hyrcania and Parthia in 231 BC, but was unsuccessful as he was forced to return to Asia Minor to quell unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Labus" title="Battle of Mount Labus">Battle of Mount Labus</a> in 209 BC, <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III</a> invaded Hyrcania and seized the cities of <a href="/wiki/Tammisha" title="Tammisha">Tambrax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sari,_Iran" title="Sari, Iran">Syrinx</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bivar_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bivar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forcing <a href="/wiki/Arsaces_II_of_Parthia" title="Arsaces II of Parthia">Arsaces II</a>, who was permitted to continue his rule over Hyrcania and Parthia, to become a vassal of the Seleucid Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the siege of Syrinx, when the wall was breached, the garrison slaughtered the Greek inhabitants and attempted to flee.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arsaces II may have reasserted his independence in 189 BC, following Antiochus' defeat at the hands of the Romans at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnesia" title="Battle of Magnesia">Battle of Magnesia</a> in 190 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV</a>, in the late 2nd century BC, Hyrcania still formed part of the Seleucid Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates</a>' conquest of Media in 148 BC, Hyrcanians launched an unsuccessful revolt, which was crushed by Mithridates shortly afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson73_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson73-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyrcania served as a royal retreat and Mithridates retired there in 141 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Bivar_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bivar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 139 BC, <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II</a> launched an invasion of the Arsacid Empire only to be defeated and captured, following which he was provided a princely residence in Hyrcania and married to <a href="/wiki/Rhodogune_of_Parthia" title="Rhodogune of Parthia">Rhodogune</a>, daughter of Mithridates.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson73_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson73-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 129 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> tribes invaded and pillaged Hyrcania, alongside other eastern provinces, and defeated and killed two successive Arsacid kings.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after his ascension to the throne in 124 BC, <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a>, recovered Hyrcania and re-established Arsacid control.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Hellenistic_period">Post-Hellenistic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyrcania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-Hellenistic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus</a>, king of Hyrcania, belonging to a collateral branch of the Arsacid dynasty, led a revolt against the Roman-backed <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> in 10 AD and successfully usurped the throne, becoming Artabanus III.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman interference in the Arsacid Empire resulted in the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> in 36 AD, exiling Artabanus III to Hyrcania for a short time.<sup id="cite_ref-Bivar_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bivar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his exile in Hyrcania, Artabanus III adopted <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes</a>, son of Ardawan,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> satrap of Hyrcania.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artabanus III retrieved the throne and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> in 38 AD, however, Gotarzes unsuccessfully attempted to usurp the throne and was forced into exile amongst the <a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson73_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson73-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gotarzes invaded Hyrcania in 46 AD with the support of the Hyrcanians and Dahae to press his claim to the throne, however, upon Gotarzes' discovery of a plot amongst the nobles to remove both Gotarzes and Vardanes I and place another upon the throne, the two brothers made peace.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson73_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson73-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gotarzes agreed to not press his claim to the throne and was appointed satrap of Hyrcania, only to revolt with the support of a number of nobles and attempt to press his claim once more.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson73_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson73-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gotarzes was defeated in Hyrcania and forced into exile amongst the Dahae until the death of Vardanes I in 47 AD, thus becoming Gotarzes II.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Arsacid Empire, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Gorgan" title="Great Wall of Gorgan">Great Wall of Gorgan</a>, a series of forts and outposts with the plains of Hyrcania, was constructed to aid in the defence of Hyrcania against raids undertaken by the neighbouring Dahae tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363" title="Roman–Parthian War of 58–63">Roman–Parthian War of 58–63</a>, a rebellion erupted in Hyrcania and rebels sent envoys to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> requesting aid.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebellion raged until 60 AD when <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> hastily concluded a peace treaty with the rebels to allow him to deal with the threat posed by the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the peace treaty did not last and the Hyrcanians launched another revolt that continued until at least 75 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson73_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson73-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 75 AD, the Hyrcanian rebels allied with nomadic <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alan</a> tribes and granted them safe passage through Hyrcania into Media, allowing the Alans to pillage Media and Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-Rawlinson73_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson73-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the time of the reign of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> (138–161), Hyrcania had made itself independent and was not considered part of the Arsacid Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyrcania is mentioned as Li-chien (or Li-kan, 黎幹) in the 2nd century AD <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hyrcania was annexed to the Sasanian Empire in 225 AD by <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bivar_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bivar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which the provincial centre was moved to <a href="/wiki/Gonbad-e_Kavus" title="Gonbad-e Kavus">Gurgān</a>, which lent its name to the province during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiani_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiani-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ispahbudhan" title="House of Ispahbudhan">House of Aspahbadh</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Parthian_clans" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Parthian clans">Seven Great Houses</a>, held lands principally within the region.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst staying in Hyrcania in 420 AD, <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> was assassinated by the nobility who alleged that he had been killed by a white horse that emerged from and disappeared into a stream.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The myth propagated by the nobility led people to believe the white horse was an angel sent by <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> to end Yazdegerd's tyranny.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gurgān is known to have held a mint as early as the reign of <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiani_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiani-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An unsuccessful revolt led by Vahan Amatuni, assistant governor of Armenia, led to his, and other members of the <a href="/wiki/Amatuni" title="Amatuni">Amatuni</a> noble family, exile in Hyrcania in 451 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Priests and other nobles who had led the revolt against Yazdegerd II were also deported to Hyrcania where they stayed until they were moved to the city of <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">New-Shapur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abarshahr" title="Abarshahr">Abarshahr</a> in 453 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hepthalites" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepthalites">Hepthalites</a> invaded Hyrcania and quartered at Gurgan in 465/469 AD. Peroz and his son <a href="/wiki/Kavadh_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavadh I">Kavadh</a> rallied against the Hepthalites and were defeated and captured in battle near Gurgan.<sup id="cite_ref-Schippmann_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schippmann-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the usurper <a href="/wiki/Bahr%C4%81m_Ch%C5%8Dbin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrām Chōbin">Bahrām Chōbin</a>'s movement eastward into Abarshahr in 591 AD, Hyrcania was governed by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Karen" title="House of Karen">House of Karen</a>, one of the Seven Great Houses.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the defeat of the usurper <a href="/wiki/Bahr%C4%81m_Ch%C5%8Dbin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrām Chōbin">Bahrām Chōbin</a> in 591 AD, <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> <a href="/wiki/Marzban" title="Marzban">marzban</a> (governor) of Hyrcania as a reward for his support during the rebellion, however, Khosrow's mistrust for Vistahm led him to attempt to execute him by luring him to the royal court. Vistahm was informed of Khosrow's intentions and rose in revolt, conquering much of the eastern provinces of the Sasanian Empire prior to his death and defeat in battle against <a href="/wiki/Smbat_IV_Bagratuni" title="Smbat IV Bagratuni">Smbat Bagratuni</a> in 596 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahbazi_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahbazi-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smbat was rewarded and appointed marzban of Hyrcania, which he served as until 602 AD,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which time the region is known to have prospered.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyrcania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hyrcania, and the rest of Iran in Antiquity, was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> which was practised by the majority of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> were also practised in the region, and, <a href="/wiki/Barshabba" title="Barshabba">Barshabba</a>, the apocryphal 4th century AD bishop of <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a>, is attributed to the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Christian_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian monastery">Christian monasteries</a> in Hyrcania.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Rai_(East_Syrian_Ecclesiastical_Province)#The_Diocese_of_Gurgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province)">diocese of Gurgan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> is known to have existed from 424 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Paulus Orosius</a>, following the suppression of a revolt in <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> and the conquest of Egypt in 343 BC, <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> deported Phoenician and Egyptian Jews to Hyrcania as punishment for opposing him.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sarshar_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarshar-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Hyrcanian Jews returned to Palestine; however, they maintained a presence within the region as late as the 4th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarshar_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarshar-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_references">Literary references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyrcania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literary references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin literature</a>, Hyrcania is often mentioned in relationship to <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tigers</a>, which were apparently particularly abundant there during the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Age</a> (though extinct in the area since the early 1970s).<sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Firouz_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firouz-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>, had the abandoned <a href="/wiki/Dido_(Queen_of_Carthage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dido (Queen of Carthage)">Dido</a> accuse <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>: </p> <blockquote> <p>Nec tibi diva parens generis nec Dardanus auctor,<br /> perfide, sed duris genuit te cautibus horrens<br /> Caucasus Hyrcanaeque admorunt ubera tigres. (IV.365-7) </p> </blockquote> <p>"You had neither a goddess for a parent, nor was Dardanus the author of your race, faithless one, but the horrible Caucasus produced you from hard crags, and Hyrcanian tigers nursed you." </p><p>Following its geographical listing by <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> in the early 7th century <i><a href="/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae">Etymologiae</a></i> (a standard Mediaeval textbook), the name of Hyrcania became known and taught as far off as Ireland, where it was included in poems such as <i>Cú-cen-máthair</i> by <a href="/wiki/Luccreth_moccu_Chiara" title="Luccreth moccu Chiara">Luccreth moccu Chiara</a> (665 AD), the <i><a href="/wiki/Auraicept_na_n-%C3%89ces" title="Auraicept na n-Éces">Auraicept na n-Éces</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn">Lebor Gabála Érenn</a></i> (11th century). </p><p>Hyrcania is mentioned in the short story "<a href="/wiki/Rinconete_y_Cortadillo" title="Rinconete y Cortadillo">Rinconete y Cortadillo</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>, and constitutes one of his exemplary stories which were published in 1613. Cervantes uses this reference to portray the illiteracy of Juliana la Cariharta, a member of Monipodio's guild. She is intending to make reference to Ocaña, a provincial town in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>; but she has misheard it and does not realise the difference. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, relying on his Latin sources, makes repeated references in his plays to the "<a href="/wiki/Hyrcan_tiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyrcan tiger">Hyrcan tiger</a>" (<i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a>,</i> III.iv.1281) or "th' Hyrcanian beast" (<i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a>,</i> II.ii.447) as an emblem of bloodthirsty cruelty. In <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_3" title="Henry VI, Part 3">Henry VI, Part 3</a>,</i> the Duke of York compares Queen Margaret unfavorably to "Tygers of Hyrcania" (I.iv.622) for her inhumanity.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in Shakespeare's <i>Merchant of Venice</i>, the Prince of Morocco also made references to Hyrcania. He said (an excerpt), "The Hyrcanian deserts and the vasty wilds/Of wild Arabia are as thoroughfares now." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Epigraph_(literature)" title="Epigraph (literature)">epigraph</a> to the thirty-fifth chapter of <a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe" title="Ivanhoe">Ivanhoe</a> refers to "the tiger of the Hyrcanian deserts" as a "lesser [...] risk than [...] the slumbering fire of wild fanaticism" (the epigraph is cited as being written by an anonymous author).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The comic book heroine <a href="/wiki/Red_Sonja" title="Red Sonja">Red Sonja</a> is described as coming from Hyrkania, an imaginary locale bordering an inland sea based loosely on Hyrcania and set in <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Howard" title="Robert E. Howard">Robert E. Howard</a>'s fictional <a href="/wiki/Hyborian_Age" title="Hyborian Age">Hyborian Age</a>. Howard's <a href="/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian" title="Conan the Barbarian">Conan the Barbarian</a> also has various adventures set in this locale, including as a pirate on the inland sea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_governors">List of governors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyrcania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: List of governors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the below list is incomplete, they are the known governors of Hyrcania. </p> <ul><li>Artasyras</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a></li> <li>Megabernes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Ochus</a> (c. 425-423 BC)</li> <li>Idernes (423 BC-?)</li> <li>Terituchmes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrataphernes" title="Phrataphernes">Phrataphernes</a> (?-330 BC)</li> <li>Amminapes (330 BC)</li> <li>Autophradates (330-324 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrataphernes" title="Phrataphernes">Phrataphernes</a> (324-321 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_(satrap)" title="Philip (satrap)">Philip</a> (321-318 BC)</li> <li>Eudemus (318-317 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_(satrap)" title="Nicanor (satrap)">Nicanor</a> (315-310 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andragoras_(Seleucid_satrap)" title="Andragoras (Seleucid satrap)">Andragoras</a> (?-238 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus</a> (?-10 AD)</li> <li>Ardawan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes</a> (46-47 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> (591-596 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smbat_IV_Bagratuni" title="Smbat IV Bagratuni">Smbat Bagratuni</a> (596-602 AD)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyrcania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amol" title="Amol">Amol</a>, city in Mazandaran province, Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan Province">Gilan Province</a>, Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Golestan Province">Golestan Province</a>, Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad-e_Kavus" title="Gonbad-e Kavus">Gonbad-e Kavus</a>, city in Golestan Province, Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgan,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgan, Iran">Gorgan, Iran</a>, city in Golestan Province</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanian_forests" title="Hyrcanian forests">Hyrcanian forests</a> in Iran and Azerbaidjan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran Province">Mazandaran Province</a>, Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Georgia (country)">Name of Georgia (country)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sari,_Iran" title="Sari, Iran">Sari, Iran</a>, city in Mazandaran Province</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyrcania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodhouse (1910), p. 1013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livius-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livius_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livius_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livius_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livius_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livius_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lendering (1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherwin-White & Kuhrt (1993), p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranica-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iranica_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dahae">François de Blois & Willem Vogelsang, 2011, "Dahae", <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i></a> (23 May 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dandamayev (1993), pp. 516-521</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dandamayev (1986), p. 652</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramsay-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramsay_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramsay_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramsay (1890), p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmitt (1990), p. 612</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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Images Publishing, Avon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Firouz-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Firouz_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFirouz2005" class="citation book cs1">Firouz, E. 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Tauris. pp. 5–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-946-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-946-2"><bdi>978-1-85043-946-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+complete+fauna+of+Iran&rft.pages=5-67&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-946-2&rft.aulast=Firouz&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt2EZCScFXloC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyrcania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shakespeare 1.4.622</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott,_Walter1997" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Walter (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ivanhoeromance00scot_0/page/388"><i>Ivanhoe : a romance</i></a></span> (Modern Library ed.). 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"SELEUCID EMPIRE". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/seleucid-empire"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=SELEUCID+EMPIRE&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Strootman&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fseleucid-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyrcania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> (1876). <a href="/wiki/Alfred_John_Church" title="Alfred John Church">Alfred John Church</a> and William Jackson Brodribb, ed. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToumanoff1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Toumanoff, C. (1988). "BAGRATIDS". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bagratids-dynasty"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BAGRATIDS&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Toumanoff&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbagratids-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyrcania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToumanoff1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Toumanoff, C. (1989). "AMATUNI". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/amatuni-armenian-dynastic-house-known-historically-after-the-4th-century-a"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AMATUNI&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Toumanoff&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Famatuni-armenian-dynastic-house-known-historically-after-the-4th-century-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyrcania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerstandig2001" class="citation book cs1">Verstandig, A. (2001). <i>Histoire de L'Empire Parthe (-250-227)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+L%27Empire+Parthe+%28-250-227%29&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Verstandig&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyrcania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalbank2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._W._Walbank" title="F. W. Walbank">Walbank, Frank W.</a> (2015). "Alexander the Great". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-the-Great#ref64047"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander+the+Great&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Walbank&rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAlexander-the-Great%23ref64047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyrcania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhouse1910" class="citation book cs1">Woodhouse, S. C. (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224173649/http://artflx.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pageturn=1&pagenumber=1013"><i>English-Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artflx.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?pageturn=1&pagenumber=1013">the original</a> on 2021-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English-Greek+Dictionary%3A+A+Vocabulary+of+the+Attic+Language&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Woodhouse&rft.aufirst=S.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartflx.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fefts%2Fdicos%2Fwoodhouse_test.pl%3Fpageturn%3D1%26pagenumber%3D1013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyrcania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarshater1983" class="citation book cs1">Yarshater, E. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&q=hyrcania&pg=PA124">"Introduction"</a>. <i>The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods (1)</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521200929" title="Special:BookSources/9780521200929"><bdi>9780521200929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%3A+The+Seleucid%2C+Parthian%2C+and+Sasanian+periods+%281%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780521200929&rft.aulast=Yarshater&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKo_RafMSGLkC%26q%3Dhyrcania%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyrcania" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Achaemenid_Provinces" title="Template:Achaemenid Provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Achaemenid_Provinces" title="Template talk:Achaemenid Provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Achaemenid_Provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Achaemenid Provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire(Behistun_/_Persepolis_/_Naqsh-e_Rustam_/_Susa_/_Daeva_inscriptions)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.1em;white-space:nowrap;"><ul style="line-height:1.2em;"><li>Provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li><li style="font-size:90%;font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa" title="Palace of Darius in Susa">Susa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daeva</a> inscriptions)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;padding:0.25em;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Akaufaka (<a href="/wiki/Quhistan" title="Quhistan">Quhistan</a>?)</li> <li>Amyrgoi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Arabia" title="Achaemenid Arabia">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_(region)" title="Aria (region)">Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia#Persian_Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria_(satrapy)" title="Bactria (satrapy)">Bactria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(satrapy)" title="Cappadocia (satrapy)">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmania_(region)" title="Carmania (region)">Carmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorasmia_(satrapy)" title="Chorasmia (satrapy)">Chorasmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(satrapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia (satrapy)">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drangiana" title="Drangiana">Drangiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">1st Egypt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">2nd Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Eber-Nari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kush_(satrapy)" title="Kush (satrapy)">Kush</a> (Nubia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gand%C4%81ra" title="Gandāra">Gandāra</a> (Gandhara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedrosia_(satrapy)" title="Gedrosia (satrapy)">Gedrosia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hyrcania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia_(satrapy)" title="Ionia (satrapy)">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindush" title="Hindush">Hindush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_(satrapy)" title="Libya (satrapy)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_(satrapy)" title="Lydia (satrapy)">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka_(satrapy)" title="Maka (satrapy)">Maka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Phoenicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellespontine_Phrygia" title="Hellespontine Phrygia">Hellespontine Phrygia</a></li> <li>Greater Phrygia</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li>Samaritan Province</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattagydia" title="Sattagydia">Sattagydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skudra" title="Skudra">Skudra (Thrace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Persian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehud (Persian province)">Yehud</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The principal Achaemenid satrapies, ~500 BC."><img alt="The principal Achaemenid satrapies, ~500 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/160px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/240px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/320px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="635" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also <a href="/wiki/Taxation_districts_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" title="Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire">Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(according to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>)</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_of_the_Sasanian_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sasanian_Provinces" title="Template:Sasanian Provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sasanian_Provinces" title="Template talk:Sasanian Provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sasanian_Provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sasanian Provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_the_Sasanian_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abarshahr" title="Abarshahr">Abarshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adurbadagan" title="Adurbadagan">Adurbadagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania_(Sasanian_province)" title="Caucasian Albania (Sasanian province)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbayistan" title="Arbayistan">Arbayistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia" title="Sasanian Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Asoristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasagan" title="Balasagan">Balasagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Garmai" title="Beth Garmai">Beth Garmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dihistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Egypt</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eran-Khwarrah-Yazdegerd" title="Eran-Khwarrah-Yazdegerd">Eran-Khwarrah-Yazdegerd</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garamig_ud_Nodardashiragan" title="Garamig ud Nodardashiragan">Garamig ud Nodardashiragan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmekan" title="Garmekan">Garmekan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harev_(province)" title="Harev (province)">Harev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hind_(Sasanian_province)" title="Hind (Sasanian province)">Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadagistan" title="Kadagistan">Kadagistan</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzistan_(Sasanian_province)" title="Khuzistan (Sasanian province)">Khuzistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirman_(Sasanian_province)" title="Kirman (Sasanian province)">Kirman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushanshahr" title="Kushanshahr">Kushanshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Khwarazm" title="Sasanian Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machelones" title="Machelones">Machelonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Marw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazun_(Sasanian_province)" title="Mazun (Sasanian province)">Mazun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshan" title="Meshan">Meshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene#As_a_province_of_Sassanid_Persia" title="Adiabene">Nodardashiragan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradan" title="Paradan">Paradan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padishkhwargar" title="Padishkhwargar">Padishkhwargar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_(Sasanian_province)" title="Pars (Sasanian province)">Pars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakastan_(Sasanian_province)" title="Sakastan (Sasanian province)">Sakastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spahan_(province)" title="Spahan (province)">Spahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suristan" title="Suristan">Suristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turan_(Sasanian_province)" title="Turan (Sasanian province)">Turan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Yemen" title="Sasanian Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sasanian_Empire_621_A.D.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Extent of the Sasanian Empire"><img alt="Extent of the Sasanian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sasanian_Empire_621_A.D.jpg/50px-Sasanian_Empire_621_A.D.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sasanian_Empire_621_A.D.jpg/75px-Sasanian_Empire_621_A.D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sasanian_Empire_621_A.D.jpg/100px-Sasanian_Empire_621_A.D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="1106" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span style="font-size:85%;">* indicates short living provinces</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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