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mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagine per utenti anonimi <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Benvenuto" aria-label="Ulteriori informazioni sulla contribuzione"><span>ulteriori informazioni</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieiContributi" title="Un elenco delle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>contributi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieDiscussioni" title="Discussioni sulle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>discussioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Storia_ed_evoluzione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia_ed_evoluzione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Storia ed evoluzione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storia_ed_evoluzione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Prōtostratōr</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 14 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostr%C3%A0tor" title="Protostràtor - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protostràtor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CF%81" title="Πρωτοστράτωρ - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτοστράτωρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostrator" title="Protostrator - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Protostrator" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostrator" title="Protostrator - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protostrator" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostrator" title="Protostrator - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Protostrator" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostrator" title="Protostrator - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Protostrator" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%B4" title="프로토스트라토르 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로토스트라토르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Протостратор - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Протостратор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostrator" title="Protostrator - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Protostrator" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostrator" title="Protostrator - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Protostrator" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoestrator" title="Protoestrator - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protoestrator" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Протостратор - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протостратор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Протостратор - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Протостратор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostrator" title="Protostrator - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Protostrator" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3279980#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C5%8Dtostrat%C5%8Dr&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C5%8Dtostrat%C5%8Dr&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/Pr%C5%8Dtostrat%C5%8Dr" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Pr%C5%8Dtostrat%C5%8Dr" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PagineSpeciali" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine speciali [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagine speciali</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C5%8Dtostrat%C5%8Dr&oldid=138173971" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C5%8Dtostrat%C5%8Dr&action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&page=Pr%C5%8Dtostrat%C5%8Dr&id=138173971&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a 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id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C5%8Dtostrat%C5%8Dr&printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3279980" title="Collegamento all'elemento connesso dell'archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><p>Il <i><b>Prōtostratōr</b></i> (in <a href="/wiki/Lingua_greca_moderna" title="Lingua greca moderna">greco</a> <span dir="ltr" lang="el">πρωτοστράτωρ</span><span style="font:bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration:none; padding:0 .1em;"><sup><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Greco_moderno" title="Aiuto:Greco moderno">?</a></sup></span>) era un titolo della corte <a href="/wiki/Impero_bizantino" title="Impero bizantino">bizantina</a>. La sua vicinanza alla persona dell'imperatore portò ad un ruolo altamente visibile nelle cerimonie imperiali e servì da trampolino di lancio per molti individui capaci, come <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuele_Armeno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuele Armeno (la pagina non esiste)">Manuele Armeno</a> o futuri imperatori come <a href="/wiki/Michele_II_l%27Amoriano" title="Michele II l'Amoriano">Michele II l'Amoriano</a> e <a href="/wiki/Basilio_I_il_Macedone" title="Basilio I il Macedone">Basilio I il Macedone</a>, per raggiungere le più alte cariche. Dalla metà dell'XI secolo, il ruolo aumentò in importanza, diventando più una dignità onorifica per i membri anziani della corte che un ufficio vero e proprio. Dal <a href="/wiki/XIII_secolo" title="XIII secolo">XIII secolo</a> in poi, il posto poteva essere tenuto da più persone ed era classificato ottavo nella gerarchia complessiva della corte. Nel corso della sua storia è stato un titolo spesso assegnato a comandanti militari di alto livello. La forma femminile del titolo, data alle mogli dei <i>prōtostrator</i>, era <i><b>prōtostratorissa</b></i> (<span dir="ltr" lang="grc" class="polytonic">πρωτοστρατόρισσα</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia_ed_evoluzione">Storia ed evoluzione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C5%8Dtostrat%C5%8Dr&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Storia ed evoluzione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C5%8Dtostrat%C5%8Dr&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Storia ed evoluzione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il titolo significa "primo <i>stratōr</i>", che riflette la natura iniziale dell'ufficio come capo dell'ordine imperiale (<i>taxi</i>) degli <i>stratores</i> (<span dir="ltr" lang="grc" class="polytonic">στράτορες</span>, "stallieri"), che costituivano una <i><a href="/wiki/Schola_(unit%C3%A0_romana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schola (unità romana)">schola</a> stratorum</i>, come attestato per il personale del <a href="/wiki/Prefetto_del_pretorio" title="Prefetto del pretorio">prefetto del pretorio</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> nel <a href="/wiki/VI_secolo" title="VI secolo">VI secolo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_1911_p._117_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_1911_p._117-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guilland,_1967_p._478_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guilland,_1967_p._478-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Un <i><a href="/wiki/Domestikos" title="Domestikos">domestikos</a> tōn stratorōn</i> appare sotto <a href="/wiki/Giustiniano_II_Rinotmeto" title="Giustiniano II Rinotmeto">Giustiniano II</a> e un <i>prōtostratōr</i> del <a href="/wiki/Thema" title="Thema">thema</a> di <a href="/wiki/Opsikion" title="Opsikion">Opsikion</a>, do nome Rouphos, nel 712.<sup id="cite_ref-Bury,_1911_p._117_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bury,_1911_p._117-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guilland,_1967_p._478_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guilland,_1967_p._478-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il primo titolare del ruolo ad essere menzionato come un personaggio relativamente importante, tuttavia, fu lo <i><a href="/wiki/Spatharios" title="Spatharios">spatharios</a></i> Costantino, figlio de <i><a href="/wiki/Patrikios" title="Patrikios">patrikios</a></i> Bardanes, citato nella parte inferiore di un elenco delle vittime della persecuzione <a href="/wiki/Iconoclastia" title="Iconoclastia">iconoclasta</a> sotto <a href="/wiki/Costantino_V" title="Costantino V">Costantino V</a> nel 765. Lo <i>spatharios</i> Costantino è anche il primo titolare noto dell'"imperial <i>prōtostratōr</i>" (<span dir="ltr" lang="grc" class="polytonic">βασιλικός πρωτοστράτωρ</span>, <i>basilikos prōtostratōr</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Guilland,_1967_p._478_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guilland,_1967_p._478-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus-Basil_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Solidus-Basil_I.jpg/170px-Solidus-Basil_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Solidus-Basil_I.jpg/255px-Solidus-Basil_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Solidus-Basil_I.jpg/340px-Solidus-Basil_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basilio_I_il_Macedone" title="Basilio I il Macedone">Basilio I il Macedone</a>, fondatore della <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_dei_Macedoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinastia dei Macedoni">dinastia dei Macedoni</a>, tenne il posto di <i>prōtostratōr</i> durante l'ascesa al trono.</figcaption></figure> <p>Durante il periodo intermedio bizantino (fino al tardo XI secolo), questo grado della gerarchia non era particolarmente elevato, ma la vicinanza all'imperatore facilitava una rapida ascesa al suo titolare, come appare dalla carriera di Manuele Armeno o dei futuri imperatori Michele II e Basilio I il Macedone.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nel <i><a href="/wiki/Kl%C4%93torologion" title="Klētorologion">Klētorologion</a></i> del 899 viene indicato come una "speciale dignità" (<i>axiai eidikai</i>) e si situava al 48º posto, tra i 60 titolo ufficiali di palazzo.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guilx_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guilx-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I titolari della posizione potevano aspirare ad alcuni dei più elevati ranghi, come ad esempio <i><a href="/wiki/Anthypatos" title="Anthypatos">anthypatos</a> patrikios</i> o <i><a href="/wiki/Protospatario" title="Protospatario">protospatario</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-guilx_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guilx-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'imperiale <i>prōtostratōr</i> aveva un posto preminente nelle cerimonie di corte, cavalcando accanto all'imperatore bizantino nelle processioni (insieme con il suo superiore, il <a href="/wiki/Comes_stabuli" title="Comes stabuli">comes stabuli</a>) o durante la caccia. Durante le campagne, lui e il <i>comes stabuli</i> si trovavano vicini alla tenda imperiale, insieme a tre <i>stratores</i> con i cavalli da tiro. Nelle <a href="/wiki/Trionfo" title="Trionfo">trionfali</a> processioni dal <a href="/wiki/Gran_Palazzo" title="Gran Palazzo">Gran Palazzo di Costantinopoli</a>, sul <a href="/wiki/Foro_di_Costantino" title="Foro di Costantino">foro di Costantino</a>, portava lo stendardo dell'imperatore (<i>flammoulon</i>), che precedeva l'imperatore dalla sala del <i><a href="/wiki/Comes" title="Comes">consistorium</a></i> fino al foro e metteva la lancia imperiale sul collo dei leader arabi agli arresti. In determinate occasioni, aveva anche il compito di introdurre gli inviati stranieri ad un'udienza pubblica imperiale.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel IX-XI secolo, tra i suoi subordinati c'erano <i>[basilikoi] stratores</i> ("stallieri imperiali"), gli <i>armophylakes</i> (<span dir="ltr" lang="grc" class="polytonic">ὰρμοφύλακες</span>, "portatori delle armi" o probabilmente "del carro" e <i>armatophylakes</i>, secondo <a href="/wiki/Nicolaos_Oikonomides" title="Nicolaos Oikonomides">Nicolaos Oikonomides</a>), e tre <i>stablokomētes</i> (<span dir="ltr" lang="grc" class="polytonic">σταβλοκόμητες</span>, "comes stabuli"), uno "uno della città" (<span dir="ltr" lang="grc" class="polytonic">σταβλοκόμης τῆς πόλεως</span>, <i>stablokomēs tēs poleōs</i>, ad esempio di Costantinopoli) e due altri, probabilmente quello di <a href="/wiki/Malagina" title="Malagina">Malagina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guilxx_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guilxx-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalla metà del XI secolo, comunque, la posizione sembra avesse assunto maggior importanza, ed era diventata un titolo onorifico di corte assegnata a distinti membri della corte imperiale. Così nel 1042, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanos_Skleros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanos Skleros (la pagina non esiste)">Romanos Skleros</a>, fratello dell'amante favorita dell'imperatore <a href="/wiki/Costantino_IX_Monomaco" title="Costantino IX Monomaco">Costantino IX Monomaco</a>, venne elevato al rango di <i><a href="/wiki/Magistros" title="Magistros">magistros</a></i>, di <i>prōtostratōr</i> e di <i><a href="/wiki/Duce_(storia_romana)" title="Duce (storia romana)">doux</a></i> di <a href="/wiki/Antiochia_di_Siria" title="Antiochia di Siria">Antiochia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guilxx_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guilxx-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durante il periodo dei <a href="/wiki/Comneni" title="Comneni">Comneni</a> la posizione aumentò ulteriormente nella gerarchia corte, in modo che lo storico <a href="/wiki/Niceforo_Briennio" title="Niceforo Briennio">Niceforo Briennio</a> fu in grado di osservare che "questo ufficio è sempre stato considerato importante dagli imperatori ed è stato conferito ai più alti personaggi",<sup id="cite_ref-guilxxx_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guilxxx-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentre lo storico del XII secolo <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Zonara" title="Giovanni Zonara">Giovanni Zonara</a>, influenzato dall'uso corrente, scrisse, riferendosi al suo conferimento a Basilio il Macedone, che "questa dignità fu data a persone illustri ed a parenti degli imperatori".<sup id="cite_ref-guilx_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guilx-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tra i titolari del periodo dei Comneni ci furono i comandanti militari illustri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_Ducas_(protostrator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michele Ducas (protostrator) (la pagina non esiste)">Michele Ducas</a>, cognato di <a href="/wiki/Alessio_I_Comneno" title="Alessio I Comneno">Alessio I Comneno</a> e <a href="/wiki/Alessio_Axuch" title="Alessio Axuch">Alessio Axuch</a>, che aveva sposato la nipote di <a href="/wiki/Manuele_I_Comneno" title="Manuele I Comneno">Manuele I Comneno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guilxxx_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guilxxx-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scrivendo intorno al 1200, <a href="/wiki/Niceta_Coniata" title="Niceta Coniata">Niceta Coniata</a> equiparò l'ufficio all'occidentale <a href="/wiki/Maresciallo" title="Maresciallo">maresciallo</a>, e sembra sia stato utilizzato in maniera intercambiabile con quest'ultimo nell'<a href="/wiki/Impero_latino_di_Costantinopoli" title="Impero latino di Costantinopoli">Impero Latino</a> e negli <a href="/wiki/Francocrazia" title="Francocrazia">Stati Latini</a> creati dopo la <a href="/wiki/Quarta_crociata" title="Quarta crociata">quarta crociata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'ufficio continuò ad esistere durante il periodo dei <a href="/wiki/Paleologi" title="Paleologi">Paleologi</a> fino alla caduta di Costantinopoli nel 1453 quando in carica era il condottiero Genovese <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giustiniani_Longo" title="Giovanni Giustiniani Longo">Giovanni Giustiniani Longo</a>. Rimase una delle più alte dignità dello Stato, ricoprendo l'ottavo livello nella gerarchia, anche se nel tardo XIII secolo più persone contemporaneamente potevano avere questo titolo.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel XIV secolo, il <i>De officialibus palatii C.politani et de officiis magnae ecclesiae</i> di <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Codino" title="Giorgio Codino">Pseudo-Codino</a>, il <i>prōtostratōr</i> era il quinto titolo più elevato tra i non imperiali (ottavo in assoluto), dopo il <i><a href="/wiki/Megaduca" title="Megaduca">megas doux</a></i> e prima del <i><a href="/wiki/Mega_Logoteta" title="Mega Logoteta">megas logothetes</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le sue insegne erano simili a quelli del <i>Megas Doux</i>, vale a dire un ricco tunica di seta (<i><a href="/wiki/Kabbadion" title="Kabbadion">kabbadion</a></i>) tunica, un cappello in oro e rosso (<i>skiadion</i>) decorato con ricami in stile <i>klapoton</i>, senza il velo, o di un cappello a cupola (<i>skaranikon</i>), ancora una volta in rosso e oro e decorato con fili d'oro, con un ritratto dell'imperatore in piedi sul davanti e sul trono nella parte posteriore. Solo i suoi sottoposti (<i>dikanikion</i>) differivano, con solo il più in alto dei nodi in oro, e il resto in argento. I nodi del personale erano in oro, bordato con una treccia d'argento.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondo Pseudo-Cordino, i <i>prōtostratōr</i> avevano alcune funzioni, per la maggior parte cerimoniali, che richiamavano l'iniziale <i>comes stabuli</i>: "portava la spada dell'imperatore, guidava il cavallo dell'imperatore quando lasciava il palazzo, anche se la responsabilità effettiva dei cavalli dell'imperatore ora era appannaggio del <i>komēs tōn basilikōn hippōn</i> ("conte dei cavalli imperiali")".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In guerra, il <i>prōtostratōr</i> era responsabile degli irregolari ("quelli che non avevano un loro ordine o una loro bandiera") e delle avanguardie dell'esercito.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il titolo è attestato anche in epoca medievale nel <a href="/wiki/Regno_di_Georgia" title="Regno di Georgia">regno di Georgia</a>, dove era detenuto dal duca (<i><a href="/wiki/Eristavi" title="Eristavi">eristavi</a></i>) di <a href="/wiki/Svanezia" title="Svanezia">Svanezia</a>, Iovane Vardanisdze, sotto re <a href="/wiki/Davide_IV_di_Georgia" title="Davide IV di Georgia">Davide IV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Una variante del titolo, <i>stratoros</i>, venne usate anche nel <a href="/wiki/Regno_di_Cipro" title="Regno di Cipro">regno di Cipro</a> nel XV secolo.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C5%8Dtostrat%C5%8Dr&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C5%8Dtostrat%C5%8Dr&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bury,_1911_p._117-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_1911_p._117_1-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Bury,_1911_p._117_1-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFBury,_1911">Bury, 1911</a>, p. 117</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guilland,_1967_p._478-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Guilland,_1967_p._478_2-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Guilland,_1967_p._478_2-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Guilland,_1967_p._478_2-2">c</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFGuilland,_1967">Guilland, 1967</a>, p. 478</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-3">d</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-4">e</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> A. Kazhdan), <span style="font-style:italic;">Protostrator</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</span>, pp. 1748–1749.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFGuilland,_1967">Guilland, 1967</a>, pp. 478–479</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFBury,_1911_p._117">Bury, 1911 p. 117</a></cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guilx-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-guilx_6-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-guilx_6-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-guilx_6-2">c</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFGuilland,_1967">Guilland, 1967</a>, p. 479</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFBury,_1911">Bury, 1911</a>, pp. 117–118</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFGuilland,_1967">Guilland, 1967</a>, pp. 479–480</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFBury,_1911">Bury, 1911</a>, p. 118</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guilxx-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-guilxx_10-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-guilxx_10-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFGuilland,_1967">Guilland, 1967</a>, p. 480</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guilxxx-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-guilxxx_11-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-guilxxx_11-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFGuilland,_1967">Guilland, 1967</a>, p. 481</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Tricht,_2011">Van Tricht, 2011</a>, p. 180</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFGuilland,_1967">Guilland, 1967</a>, p. 483</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFVerpeaux,_1966">Verpeaux, 1966</a>, p. 154</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFVerpeaux,_1966">Verpeaux, 1966</a>, pp. 153–154</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFVerpeaux,_1966">Verpeaux, 1966</a>, pp. 168–173</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFVerpeaux,_1966">Verpeaux, 1966</a>, p. 173</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFSuny,_1994">Suny, 1994</a>, p. 35</cite>: "Nella formazione del suo apparato dirigente, Davide impiegò il grande <i>eristavni</i>, rendendolo dipendente da lui. Lo <i>eristavi</i> di Svaneti, Iovane Vardanisdze, divenne il <i>protostratori</i> (in seguito denominato <i>amirakhori</i>), il secondo in comando dell'esercito, e in seguito gli venne dato l'incarico di <i>mechurchletukhutsesi</i>, direttore delle finanze."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFKyrris,_1968">Kyrris, 1968</a>, pp. 119–138</cite>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C5%8Dtostrat%C5%8Dr&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C5%8Dtostrat%C5%8Dr&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBury,_1911" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" class="mw-redirect" title="J. B. Bury">John Bagnell Bury</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialadminist00buryrich"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century - With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos</span></a>, London, Oxford University Press, 1911.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGuilland,_1967" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Guilland" title="Rodolphe Guilland">Rodolphe Guilland</a>, <span style="font-style:italic;">Recherches sur les institutions byzantines, Tome I</span>, Berlin, Akademie-Verlag, 1967, pp. 478–497.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan,_1991" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Petrovi%C4%8D_Ka%C5%BEdan" title="Aleksandr Petrovič Každan">Aleksandr Petrovič Každan</a> (a cura di), <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></span>, New York and Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-19-504652-6">978-0-19-504652-6</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKyrris,_1968" class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Costas P. Kyrris, <span style="font-style:italic;">Στράτορος = [Πρωτοσ]τράτωρ, or Strator. A Military Institution in XVth Century Cyprus</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Επετηρίς Εταιρείας Βυζαντινών Σπουδών</span>, XXXVI, 1968, pp. 119–138.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) Ralph-Johannes <a href="/wiki/Ralph-Johannes_Lilie" title="Ralph-Johannes Lilie">Lilie</a>, Claudia Ludwig, Beate Zielke e Thomas Pratsch (a cura di), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.degruyter.com/view/db/pmbz"><span style="font-style:italic;">Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt</span></a>, De Gruyter, 2013.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMacrides" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Ruth Macrides, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v_0LdWboHXwC"><span style="font-style:italic;">George Akropolites: The History – Introduction, Translation and Commentary</span></a>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-19-921067-1" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-19-921067-1">978-0-19-921067-1</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSuny,_1994" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Ronald Grigor Suny, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ge/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC&pg=PA35&dq=protostratori&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JzvWT4rxNcLg4QTJtdXSAw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Making of the Georgian Nation</span></a>, Bloomington, Indiana, Indiana University Press, 1994 <abbr title="Data di edizione originale">[1988]</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-253-20915-3" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-253-20915-3">0-253-20915-3</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTrapp,_1994" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a href="/wiki/Erich_Trapp" title="Erich Trapp">Erich Trapp</a> e Hans-Veit Beyer, <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Prosopographisches_Lexikon_der_Palaiologenzeit" title="Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit">Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit</a></span>, I, 1–12, Add. 1–2, CD-ROM Version, Vienna, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1994, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-3-7001-3003-1" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-3-7001-3003-1">978-3-7001-3003-1</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFVan_Tricht,_2011" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Filip Van Tricht, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JlnPm2riK1UC"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Latin <i>Renovatio</i> of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228)</span></a>, Leiden, Brill, 2011, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-90-04-20323-5" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-90-04-20323-5">978-90-04-20323-5</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFVerpeaux,_1966" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) Jean Verpeaux (a cura di), <span style="font-style:italic;">Pseudo-Kodinos, Traité des Offices</span>, Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1966.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Titoli,_onorificenze_e_cariche_dell'Impero_Bizantino"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="background:#B20000"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Titoli,_onorificenze_e_cariche_dell%27Impero_Bizantino" title="Template:Titoli, onorificenze e cariche dell'Impero Bizantino"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Titoli,_onorificenze_e_cariche_dell%27Impero_Bizantino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Titoli, onorificenze e cariche dell'Impero Bizantino (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Titoli,_onorificenze_e_cariche_dell%27Impero_Bizantino&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Burocrazia_e_aristocrazia_bizantine" title="Burocrazia e aristocrazia bizantine"><span style="color:#FFA257">Titoli, onorificenze e cariche dell'Impero bizantino</span></a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD">Titoli imperiali</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD">Titoli degli Imperatori</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Autokrator" title="Autokrator">Autokrator</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileus</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Porphyrogenn%C4%93tos" title="Porphyrogennētos">Porphyrogennētos</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD">Titoli dei membri della<br />famiglia imperiale</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Despota_(bizantino)" class="mw-redirect" title="Despota 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href="/w/index.php?title=Ostiarios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ostiarios (la pagina non esiste)">Ostiarios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Patrikios" title="Patrikios">Patrikios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Praipositos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praipositos (la pagina non esiste)">Praipositos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Primicerio" title="Primicerio">Primikērios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Proedro_(impero_bizantino)" title="Proedro (impero bizantino)">Proedros</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Protospatario" title="Protospatario">Prōtospatharios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sebastoforo" title="Sebastoforo">Sebastophoros</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spatharokoubikoularios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spatharokoubikoularios (la pagina non esiste)">Spatharokoubikoularios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Vestarches" title="Vestarches">Vestarches</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Vestes" title="Vestes">Vestes</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD">Titoli femminili</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zost%C4%93_patrikia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zostē patrikia (la pagina non esiste)">Zostē patrikia</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD">Funzionari di palazzo</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Epi_t%C4%93s_trapez%C4%93s" title="Epi tēs trapezēs">Epi tēs trapezēs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kanikleios" title="Kanikleios">Kanikleios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Papias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papias (la pagina non esiste)">Papias</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parakoimomenos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parakoimomenos (la pagina non esiste)">Parakoimomenos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pinkern%C4%93s" title="Pinkernēs">Pinkernēs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Protovestiario" title="Protovestiario">Protovestiarios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tatas_t%C4%93s_aul%C4%93s" title="Tatas tēs aulēs">Tatas tēs aulēs</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD">Cariche militari</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD"><a href="/wiki/Esercito_bizantino" title="Esercito bizantino">Esercito</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Domestikos" title="Domestikos">Domestikos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grande_domestico" title="Grande domestico">Megas domestikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestikos_t%C5%8Dn_schol%C5%8Dn" title="Domestikos tōn scholōn">Domestikos tōn scholōn</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esarca#Esarchi_bizantini" title="Esarca">Exarchos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoplitarch%C4%93s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoplitarchēs (la pagina non esiste)">Hoplitarchēs</a> / Archēgētēs<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Catapano" title="Catapano">Katepanō</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kavallarios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kavallarios (la pagina non esiste)">Kavallarios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kentarchos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kentarchos (la pagina non esiste)">Kentarchos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Merarches" title="Merarches">Merarchēs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C5%8Dtokentarchos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prōtokentarchos (la pagina non esiste)">Prōtokentarchos</a><b> ·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prōtostratōr</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Stratarca" title="Stratarca">Stratarchēs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Stratego" title="Stratego">Stratēgos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Stratopedarch%C4%93s" title="Stratopedarchēs">Stratopedarchēs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Turmarca" title="Turmarca">Tourmarchēs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tassiarco" title="Tassiarco">Taxiarchēs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chiliarca" title="Chiliarca">Chiliarchēs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tagmatarca" title="Tagmatarca">Tagmatarchēs</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="background:#FFDEAD"><a href="/wiki/Marina_bizantina" title="Marina bizantina">Marina</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amiralios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amiralios (la pagina non esiste)">Amiralios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Drungarios" title="Drungarios">Droungarios</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kentarchos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kentarchos (la pagina non esiste)">Kentarchos</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Komes" title="Komes">Komēs</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Droungarokom%C4%93s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Droungarokomēs (la pagina non esiste)">Droungarokomēs</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Megaduca" title="Megaduca">Megas doux</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Megas_droungarios_tou_ploimou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megas droungarios tou 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