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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mills Higgins Flack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mills_Higgins_Flack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Events subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shooting_of_Mills_Higgins_Flack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shooting_of_Mills_Higgins_Flack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Shooting of Mills Higgins Flack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shooting_of_Mills_Higgins_Flack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lynching_of_Avery_Mills_and_trial_of_Raney_Mills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lynching_of_Avery_Mills_and_trial_of_Raney_Mills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lynching of Avery Mills and trial of Raney Mills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lynching_of_Avery_Mills_and_trial_of_Raney_Mills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Forest City lynching</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">August 29, 1900</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Forest_City,_North_Carolina" title="Forest City, North Carolina">Forest City, North Carolina</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Avery Mills was an African-American farmer who was lynched in <a href="/wiki/Forest_City,_North_Carolina" title="Forest City, North Carolina">Forest City, North Carolina</a> on August 29, 1900. The lynching occurred the day after Mills had been arrested for shooting his landlord, Mills Higgins Flack, in self-defense. His pregnant wife Raney Mills was also arrested but was not lynched because of her pregnancy. She was subsequently convicted of second degree murder for the shooting of Flack and served a year of her sentence before being pardoned by Governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Aycock" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles B. Aycock">Charles B. Aycock</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_City_lynching&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, deep tensions emerged in the South as its economy underwent a massive transformation. Landowning white farmers saw their fortunes decline as interest rates rose and crop prices decreased, meanwhile large numbers of landless African-American and white laborers were forced into the predatory dynamic of <a href="/wiki/Tenant_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenant farming">tenant farming</a>. Tenant farmers in the South worked under a <a href="/wiki/Crop-lien_system" title="Crop-lien system">crop-lien system</a> that saw them saddled by debt and forced into indentured servitude.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The industrialization of the South, proliferation of cotton mills, and exploitation of tenant farmers did not bring much wealth to small farm owners, who grew increasingly frustrated with the political and economic conditions of the day. Many white voters were dissatisfied with the ruling <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, whose policies mostly served to enrich factory owning elites. In response to this, the Democratic Party began a campaign of increasingly <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> and white supremacist rhetoric in an successful attempt to harness the frustrations of white farmers and laborers for political gain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specific tensions that existed between free African-American tenant farmers and white landowners often gave way to violence, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynchings</a> and other hate crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lynchings also increased during the summer, when white landowners had incentive to take ripe crops and harvests away from their tenants, by threat or force. These factors likely contributed to the altercation which resulted in Avery Mills' lynching.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principal_figures">Principal figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_City_lynching&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Principal figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avery_Mills_and_Raney_Mills">Avery Mills and Raney Mills</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_City_lynching&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Avery Mills and Raney Mills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Avery Mills was an African-American tenant farmer born in December 1878. He worked on land owned by Mills Higgins Flack, a white farm owner in <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_County,_North_Carolina" title="Rutherford County, North Carolina">Rutherford County, North Carolina</a>. He lived with his wife Raney Mills, born in 1882. The Mills had a daughter named Massey 1899, and Raney was pregnant with their second child in the summer of 1900. Both of the Mills were born free, and Avery possibly rented the land he worked on from Flack.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mills_Higgins_Flack">Mills Higgins Flack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_City_lynching&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mills Higgins Flack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mills Higgins Flack was a farmer of <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scotch-Irish</a> descent whose ancestors had moved to the <a href="/wiki/Tryon_County,_North_Carolina" title="Tryon County, North Carolina">Tryon County</a> region in the 18th century. During the Civil War, Flack served as a captain in the North Carolina Home Guard, 63rd Battalion. Prior to Emancipation, the Flacks had owned a number of slaves. They continued to be prosperous after the war, as Flack owned a productive farm in <a href="/wiki/Cove_Creek,_North_Carolina" title="Cove Creek, North Carolina">Cove Creek</a>. He later moved to a new farm in Hamilton Quarters, near <a href="/wiki/Bostic,_North_Carolina" title="Bostic, North Carolina">Bostic</a>, and then purchased a farm near Burnt Chimney (now <a href="/wiki/Forest_City,_North_Carolina" title="Forest City, North Carolina">Forest City</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, the Flack family's fortunes began to decrease as they fell on hard times.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_City_lynching&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shooting_of_Mills_Higgins_Flack">Shooting of Mills Higgins Flack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_City_lynching&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shooting of Mills Higgins Flack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Flack's 13-year-old son Otho, the dispute began when Raney Mills asked the Mills Higgins Flack to stop picking peaches from the Mills' farm. The Flacks were offended at this request, as it infringed on the balance of power and unspoken "racial etiquette".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By not deferring to Flack as a white man and landlord, Raney had grievously offended him.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mills Higgins Flack visited the Mills' on the morning of August 28, 1900 to discuss the disagreement. He brought a shotgun with him, and was accompanied by Otho. The argument grew heated, and Otho alleged that Raney threw a rock at Flack. Flack drew his pistol and shot Avery Mills in the hip. Avery attempted to retreat to his house and Flack followed, hitting him over the head with his shotgun. Avery asked Raney to hand him his pistol. According to Otho, she brought him the pistol, although she denied having handed it to him. Flack then tried to take the pistol away from him. During the struggle, Avery Mills shot Mills Higgins Flack, fatally wounding him.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mills' were both arrested shortly after the shooting, and Flack died within the hour. His final words, spoken to a number of friends and others who had come to witness the aftermath, were that he wanted them to ensure Mills was hanged. Newspapers quickly reported garbled accounts of the shooting, claiming that Avery Mills had shot Flack in cold blood and that Flack had wounded Mills with his dying breaths.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lynching_of_Avery_Mills_and_trial_of_Raney_Mills">Lynching of Avery Mills and trial of Raney Mills</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_City_lynching&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lynching of Avery Mills and trial of Raney Mills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mills' were brought to court in Forest City, where they were charged with murder by Judge Cicero Greene. The judge ordered that they be brought six miles northwest to the county jail in <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordton,_North_Carolina" title="Rutherfordton, North Carolina">Rutherfordton</a>. Marshall Sam Henrick and Constable William C. Hardin began to drive the Mills' to Rutherfordton by wagon but were intercepted halfway there by a mob of about 250 men. They took Avery Mills out of the wagon and dragged him to a nearby road. He was shot over 20 times, while Raney attempted to escape in the confusion. She was caught, but was allowed to live because she was pregnant at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Avery Mills and Mills Higgins Flack were buried on August 29. Flack was buried in Cool Springs Cemetery, Forest City, while Mills' burial place is unknown. None of the men who lynched Mills were arrested, and convictions were made in the case. Raney Mills was subsequently taken to jail in Rutherfordton and faced trial in November. Her case was moved to <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_County,_North_Carolina" title="Cleveland County, North Carolina">Cleveland County</a> due to concerns that she would not receive a fair trial. She was convicted of second degree murder in a trial by jury. However, the judge presiding over the case, William S. O'Brien Robinson, felt that the jury's verdict was unfair. He petitioned Governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Aycock" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles B. Aycock">Charles B. Aycock</a> to pardon her, which Aycock did as he agreed with O'Brien Robinson. Mills was pardoned on May 6, 1901, having served a year of her sentence and given birth to her baby during that time.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_City_lynching&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCole2016" class="citation book cs1">Cole, J. Timothy (2016-04-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_YC6kFdMNUC&q=rutherford+county"><i>The Forest City Lynching of 1900: Populism, Racism, and White Supremacy in Rutherford County, North Carolina</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 29–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8040-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8040-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-8040-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forest+City+Lynching+of+1900%3A+Populism%2C+Racism%2C+and+White+Supremacy+in+Rutherford+County%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=29-62&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016-04-05&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8040-1&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=J.+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4_YC6kFdMNUC%26q%3Drutherford%2Bcounty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForest+City+lynching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2012" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, David Victor (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2153368712459272">"Female Lynchings in the United States: Amending the Historical Record"</a>. <i>Race and Justice</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 356–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2153368712459272">10.1177/2153368712459272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2153-3687">2153-3687</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145337952">145337952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race+and+Justice&rft.atitle=Female+Lynchings+in+the+United+States%3A+Amending+the+Historical+Record&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=356-391&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145337952%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2153-3687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2153368712459272&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=David+Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F2153368712459272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForest+City+lynching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2016" class="citation book cs1">Cole, J. Timothy (2016-04-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xq_uCwAAQBAJ&dq=forest+city+lynching+avery+mills&pg=PA119"><i>The Forest City Lynching of 1900: Populism, Racism, and White Supremacy in Rutherford County, North Carolina</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 67–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8040-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8040-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-8040-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forest+City+Lynching+of+1900%3A+Populism%2C+Racism%2C+and+White+Supremacy+in+Rutherford+County%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=67-78&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016-04-05&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8040-1&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=J.+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxq_uCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dforest%2Bcity%2Blynching%2Bavery%2Bmills%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForest+City+lynching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2016" class="citation book cs1">Cole, J. Timothy (2016-04-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xq_uCwAAQBAJ&dq=forest+city+lynching+avery+mills&pg=PA119"><i>The Forest City Lynching of 1900: Populism, Racism, and White Supremacy in Rutherford County, North Carolina</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 62–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8040-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8040-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-8040-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forest+City+Lynching+of+1900%3A+Populism%2C+Racism%2C+and+White+Supremacy+in+Rutherford+County%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=62-66&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016-04-05&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8040-1&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=J.+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxq_uCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dforest%2Bcity%2Blynching%2Bavery%2Bmills%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForest+City+lynching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2016" class="citation book cs1">Cole, J. Timothy (2016-04-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_YC6kFdMNUC&q=rutherford+county"><i>The Forest City Lynching of 1900: Populism, Racism, and White Supremacy in Rutherford County, North Carolina</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8040-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8040-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-8040-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forest+City+Lynching+of+1900%3A+Populism%2C+Racism%2C+and+White+Supremacy+in+Rutherford+County%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016-04-05&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8040-1&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=J.+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4_YC6kFdMNUC%26q%3Drutherford%2Bcounty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForest+City+lynching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/forest-city-lynching/">"Forest City Lynching - North Carolina History"</a>. <i>North Carolina History -</i>. 2016-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Carolina+History+-&rft.atitle=Forest+City+Lynching+-+North+Carolina+History&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnorthcarolinahistory.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fforest-city-lynching%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForest+City+lynching" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forest_City_lynching&oldid=1220915683">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forest_City_lynching&oldid=1220915683</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forest_City,_North_Carolina" title="Category:Forest City, North Carolina">Forest City, North Carolina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_firearm_in_North_Carolina" title="Category:Deaths by firearm in North Carolina">Deaths by firearm in North Carolina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lynching_deaths_in_North_Carolina" title="Category:Lynching deaths in North Carolina">Lynching deaths in North Carolina</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 April 2024, at 18:15<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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