CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kuwait - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"617260bd-88e8-493a-a7a0-619db8f09784","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kuwait","wgTitle":"Kuwait","wgCurRevisionId":1284697739,"wgRevisionId":1284697739,"wgArticleId":7515890,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Pages with Gulf Arabic IPA","Source attribution","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2022","CS1: unfit URL","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)","CS1: long volume value","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2021","Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Coordinates on Wikidata","Kuwait","Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language","Countries in Asia","Emirates","Member states of OPEC","Member states of the Arab League","Member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council","Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation","Member states of the United Nations","Persian Gulf","States and territories established in 1961","West Asian countries"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kuwait","wgRelevantArticleId":7515890,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":300000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":29.5,"lon":47.75},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q817","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.23"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/960px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="320"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kuwait - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kuwait rootpage-Kuwait skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kuwait" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kuwait" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kuwait" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kuwait" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1752–1945:_Pre-oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1752–1945:_Pre-oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1752–1945: Pre-oil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1752–1945:_Pre-oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1946–1980:_State-building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1946–1980:_State-building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1946–1980: State-building </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1946–1980:_State-building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1981–1991:_Wars_and_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1981–1991:_Wars_and_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 1981–1991: Wars and terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1981–1991:_Wars_and_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1992–present:_Present_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1992–present:_Present_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 1992–present: Present era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1992–present:_Present_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Nature reserves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Water and sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Political system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al_Sabah_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al_Sabah_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Al Sabah dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al_Sabah_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Legal system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_and_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_and_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Human rights and corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_and_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Petroleum_and_natural_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petroleum_and_natural_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Petroleum and natural gas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petroleum_and_natural_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steel_manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steel_manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Steel manufacturing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steel_manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Finance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_and_satellite_programmes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_and_satellite_programmes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Space and satellite programmes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_and_satellite_programmes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Visual arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kuwait</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 244 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-244" aria-hidden="true" > 244 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувейт – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Кувейт" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувейт – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Кувейт" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koeweit" title="Koeweit – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koeweit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A9%E1%8B%8C%E1%89%B5_(%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD)" title="ኩዌት (አገር) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኩዌት (አገር)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4" title="कुवैत – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कुवैत" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuwait" title="Cuwait – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cuwait" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Кувеит – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Кувеит" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="الكويت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكويت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%98%DC%98%DC%9D%DC%AC_(%DC%90%DC%AC%DC%AA%DC%90)" title="ܟܘܘܝܬ (ܐܬܪܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܘܘܝܬ (ܐܬܪܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A7%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Քուէյթ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քուէյթ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koveyit" title="Koveyit – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Koveyit" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F" title="কুৱেইট – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কুৱেইট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4" title="कुवेत – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कुवेत" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C3%A1ite" title="Kuáite – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuáite" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувайт – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Кувайт" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCveyt" title="Küveyt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Küveyt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کووئیت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کووئیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4" title="কুয়েত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুয়েত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Күвейт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Күвейт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувейт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кувейт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувэйт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кувэйт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4" title="कुवैत – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कुवैत" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувейт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кувейт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁུ་ཝི་ཐི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁུ་ཝི་ཐི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvajt" title="Kuvajt – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kuvajt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koweit" title="Koweit – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Koweit" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувейт – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Кувейт" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувейт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кувейт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvajt" title="Kuvajt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kuvajt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coweit" title="Coweit – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Coweit" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="لكويت – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لكويت" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%AC%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8C%DE%AA" title="ކުވެއިތު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކުވެއިތު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1b%C4%85%C4%85h_Bine%CA%BC_Na%CA%BCadzi%CA%BCii_Hahoodzo" title="Tábąąh Bineʼ Naʼadziʼii Hahoodzo – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tábąąh Bineʼ Naʼadziʼii Hahoodzo" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4" title="कुवेत – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="कुवेत" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%8A%E0%BC%8B" title="ཀུ་ཝེཊ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཀུ་ཝེཊ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuveit" title="Kuveit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuveit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%AD%CE%B9%CF%84" title="Κουβέιτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουβέιτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvajto" title="Kuvajto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kuvajto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کویت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کویت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvait" title="Kuvait – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kuvait" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowe%C3%AFt" title="Koweït – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Koweït" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koeweit" title="Koeweit – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koeweit" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwayti" title="Kuwayti – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Kuwayti" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%C3%A1it" title="Cuáit – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cuáit" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Choowait" title="Yn Choowait – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Choowait" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuveyt" title="Kuveyt – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kuveyt" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubhait" title="Cubhait – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cubhait" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%88%E0%AA%A4" title="કુવૈત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કુવૈત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4" title="कुवेत – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="कुवेत" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="쿠웨이트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠웨이트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_(%C6%99asa)" title="Kuwaiti (ƙasa) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kuwaiti (ƙasa)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuete" title="Kuete – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kuete" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Քուվեյթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քուվեյթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4" title="कुवैत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुवैत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvajt" title="Kuvajt – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kuvajt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4" title="কুয়েত – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কুয়েত" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувейт – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кувейт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BAveit" title="Kúveit – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kúveit" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%AA" title="כווית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כווית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kow%C9%9Bt%C9%A9" title="Kowɛtɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kowɛtɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕುವೈತ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕುವೈತ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувейт – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Кувейт" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ქუვეითი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქუვეითი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8F%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کُویت – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کُویت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B9wejt" title="Kùwejt – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kùwejt" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувейт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кувейт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuweyt" title="Kuweyt – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kuweyt" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koweti" title="Koweti – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Koweti" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувейт – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кувейт" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowet" title="Kowet – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kowet" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kow%C3%A8yt" title="Kowèyt – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kowèyt" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuweyt" title="Kuweyt – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kuweyt" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувейт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кувейт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueit" title="Cueit – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cueit" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuvaitum" title="Cuvaitum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cuvaitum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuveita" title="Kuveita – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kuveita" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувейт – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кувейт" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuveitas" title="Kuveitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kuveitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koeweit" title="Koeweit – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Koeweit" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koweit" title="Koweit – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Koweit" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuait" title="Cuait – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cuait" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuveit" title="Kuveit – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kuveit" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ku,uait" title="ku,uait – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ku,uait" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvait" title="Kuvait – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kuvait" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4" title="कुवैत – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कुवैत" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82" title="Кувајт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кувајт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4ety" title="Kôety – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kôety" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="കുവൈറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുവൈറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwajt" title="Kuwajt – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kuwajt" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABweiti" title="Kūweiti – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kūweiti" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4" title="कुवेत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कुवेत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ქუვეითი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქუვეითი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="الكويت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكويت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کویت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کویت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%A0" title="ꯀꯨꯋꯩꯠ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯨꯋꯩꯠ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувэйт – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кувэйт" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувейт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кувейт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ကူဝိတ်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကူဝိတ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuhuait" title="Cuhuait – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cuhuait" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koeweit" title="Koeweit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koeweit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4" title="कुवेत – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कुवेत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4" title="कुवेत – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कुवेत" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="クウェート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クウェート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувайт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кувайт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwayt" title="Kuwayt – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kuwayt" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowait" title="Kowait – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kowait" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувейт – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кувейт" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%A4" title="କୁଏତ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୁଏତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuweet" title="Kuweet – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kuweet" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvayt" title="Kuvayt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kuvayt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A4" title="ਕੁਵੈਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਵੈਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4" title="कुवैत – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="कुवैत" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کویت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کویت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%BC" title="کویټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کویټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwiet" title="Kuwiet – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kuwiet" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%89%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%8F" title="គុយវ៉ែត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គុយវ៉ែត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwejt" title="Kuwejt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kuwejt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuveyt" title="Kuveyt – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kuveyt" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCveyt" title="Küveyt – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Küveyt" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuweit" title="Kuweit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kuweit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувейт – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кувейт" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувейт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кувейт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувейт – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кувейт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4" title="कुवैत – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कुवैत" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱠᱩᱣᱮᱛ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱩᱣᱮᱛ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کویت – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="کویت" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvajti" title="Kuvajti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kuvajti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="කුවේට් රාජ්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කුවේට් රාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="ڪويت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪويت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhuwathi" title="IKhuwathi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IKhuwathi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvajt_(%C5%A1t%C3%A1t)" title="Kuvajt (štát) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kuvajt (štát)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvajt" title="Kuvajt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kuvajt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwejt" title="Kuwejt – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kuwejt" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwayt" title="Kuwayt – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kuwayt" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کووەیت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کووەیت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82" title="Кувајт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кувајт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvajt" title="Kuvajt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kuvajt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="குவைத்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குவைத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekwit" title="Lekwit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Lekwit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%B2%D3%99%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Күвәйт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күвәйт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B6%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B5%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းၶူႇဝဵတ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၶူႇဝဵတ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="కువైట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కువైట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95" title="ประเทศคูเวต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศคูเวต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувайт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кувайт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kueiti" title="Kueiti – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Kueiti" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕುವೈತ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕುವೈತ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuveyt" title="Kuveyt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuveyt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwe%C3%BDt" title="Kuweýt – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kuweýt" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувейт – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кувейт" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%93%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97" title="ᨀᨘᨓᨕᨗ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨀᨘᨓᨕᨗ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Кувейт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кувейт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کویت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کویت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%87%DB%8B%DB%95%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="كۇۋەيت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۇۋەيت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuait" title="Kuait – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Kuait" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuveit" title="Kuveit – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kuveit" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kov%C3%A4t%C3%A4n" title="Kovätän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kovätän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuveit" title="Kuveit – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kuveit" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%A8%81%E7%89%B9" title="科威特 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="科威特" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowet" title="Kowet – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Kowet" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%A8%81%E7%89%B9" title="科威特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="科威特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98" title="קואווייט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קואווייט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B9w%C3%A9%C3%ACt%C3%AC" title="Kùwéìtì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kùwéìtì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%A8%81%E7%89%B9" title="科威特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="科威特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuweyt" title="Kuweyt – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kuweyt" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koeweit" title="Koeweit – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Koeweit" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kov%C4%97its" title="Kovėits – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kovėits" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%A8%81%E7%89%B9" title="科威特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科威特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B9w%C3%AAt" title="Kùwêt – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Kùwêt" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuw%C3%A9t" title="Kuwét – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kuwét" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Kuwait" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvejt" title="Kuvejt – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kuvejt" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q817#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kuwait" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kuwait">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kuwait">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kuwait" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Kuwait" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&oldid=1284697739" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Kuwait&id=1284697739&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKuwait">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKuwait">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kuwait&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA_/_Kuwait" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Kuwait" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kuwait" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kuwait" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q817" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kuwait&params=29_30_N_47_45_E_type:country_region:KW">29°30′N 47°45′E / 29.500°N 47.750°E / 29.500; 47.750</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in West Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kuwait (disambiguation)">Kuwait (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">State of Kuwait</div><div class="ib-country-names">دَوْلَةُ ٱلْكُوَيْت (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>) Dawlat al-Kuwayt</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kuwait.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kuwait"><img alt="Flag of Kuwait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/250px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kuwait" title="Flag of Kuwait">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_State_of_Kuwait.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Kuwait"><img alt="Emblem of Kuwait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Emblem_of_the_State_of_Kuwait.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_State_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Emblem_of_the_State_of_Kuwait.svg/250px-Emblem_of_the_State_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="3331" data-file-height="3578" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Kuwait" title="Emblem of Kuwait"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: الله، الوطن، الأمير Allāh, al-Waṭan, al-Amir "<a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Emir</a>"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: ٱلنَّشِيد ٱلْوَطَنِيّ <a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Kuwait" title="National Anthem of Kuwait">Al-Nashīd al-Waṭanī</a> "National Anthem"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="35" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_Kuwait_(instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/National_anthem_of_Kuwait_%28instrumental%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/National_anthem_of_Kuwait_%28instrumental%29.ogg/National_anthem_of_Kuwait_%28instrumental%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Kuwait_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Kuwait_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Kuwait_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Kuwait_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Kuwait_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Kuwait_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:KWT_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Kuwait (green)"><img alt="Location of Kuwait (green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/KWT_orthographic.svg/250px-KWT_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/KWT_orthographic.svg/375px-KWT_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/KWT_orthographic.svg/500px-KWT_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Kuwait (green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2018)<a href="#cite_note-CIATONGA-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>57.8% <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a></li> <li>40.3% <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Asian</a></li> <li>1.0% <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">African</a></li> <li>0.9% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kuwait" title="Demographics of Kuwait">other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2013)<a href="#cite_note-CIATONGA-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514" /><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>76.7% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kuwait" title="Islam in Kuwait">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)</li> <li>17.3% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kuwait" title="Christianity in Kuwait">Christianity</a></li> <li>6.0% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti people">Kuwaiti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kuwait" title="Politics of Kuwait">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-constitutional monarchy">semi-constitutional monarchy</a><a href="#cite_note-loc-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Emir</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mishal_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Kuwait" title="Crown Prince of Kuwait">Crown Prince</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Al-Khalid_Al-Sabah" title="Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah">Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kuwait" title="Prime Minister of Kuwait">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Al-Abdullah_Al-Sabah" title="Ahmad Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah">Ahmad Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Kuwait)" title="National Assembly (Kuwait)">The National Assembly</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Emergency clauses invoked; suspended for the next four years<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">Establishment</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Sheikhdom of Kuwait</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1752</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Kuwaiti_Agreement_of_1899" title="Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899">Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 January 1899</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ottoman_Convention_of_1913" title="Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913">Anglo-Ottoman Convention</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 July 1913</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• End of treaties with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 June 1961</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kuwait" title="Constitution of Kuwait">Current Constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 November 1962</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Governorate" title="Kuwait Governorate">Kuwait Governorate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 August 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Kuwait">Liberation of Kuwait</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 February 1991</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kuwait" title="Geography of Kuwait">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">17,818 km2 (6,880 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">152nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">negligible</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kuwait" title="Demographics of Kuwait">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2025 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,985,716<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">128th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">200.2/km2 (518.5/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">62nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $249.3 billion<a href="#cite_note-GCCWEO-OCT24-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">67th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $49,736<a href="#cite_note-GCCWEO-OCT24-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">39th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $161.8 billion<a href="#cite_note-GCCWEO-OCT24-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">59th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $32,290<a href="#cite_note-GCCWEO-OCT24-9">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">37th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.847<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-10">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">49th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_dinar" title="Kuwaiti dinar">Kuwaiti dinar</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">KWD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00#Arabia_Standard_Time" title="UTC+03:00">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Kuwait" title="Telephone numbers in Kuwait">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Kuwait" title="Telephone numbers in Kuwait">+965</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:KW" title="ISO 3166-2:KW">KW</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.kw" title=".kw">.kw</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">Nominal <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">elective succession</a> within the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sabah" title="House of Sabah">House of Sabah</a>.</li><li value="2"><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Kuwait, (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: الكويت)<a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a> officially the State of Kuwait,<a href="#cite_note-14">[b]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> and the geopolitical region known as the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. It is situated in the northern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> at the head of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, bordering <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_border" title="Iraq–Kuwait border">the north</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_border" title="Kuwait–Saudi Arabia border">the south</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia-15">[13]</a> With a coastline of approximately 500 km (311 mi), Kuwait also shares a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime border">maritime border</a> with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, across the Persian Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> Most of the country's population reside in the <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban agglomeration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a>, the capital and largest city.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit">[update]</a>, Kuwait has a population of 4.82 million, of which 1.53 million are <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_nationality_law" title="Kuwaiti nationality law">Kuwaiti citizens</a> while the remaining 3.29 million are <a href="/wiki/Expatriates_in_Kuwait" title="Expatriates in Kuwait">foreign nationals</a> from over 100 countries.<a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[16]</a> Kuwait has the third <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_immigrant_and_emigrant_population" title="List of sovereign states by immigrant and emigrant population">largest foreign-born population in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> The territory of modern-day Kuwait has been occupied by humans since antiquity, particularly due to its strategic location at the head of the Persian Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-research_gate-20">[18]</a> A first Kuwaiti state known as the <a href="/wiki/Bani_Khalid_Emirate" title="Bani Khalid Emirate">Bani Khalid Emirate</a> existed under the <a href="/wiki/Bani_Khalid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Khalid">Bani Khalid</a> clan; then the region gained independence as the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Kuwait" title="Emirate of Kuwait">Sheikdom of Kuwait</a> which would rule for most of the 18th and 19th centuries, until it became a <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Kuwaiti_Agreement_of_1899" title="Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899">protectorate</a>. The agreements with the United Kingdom ended in June 1961 when Kuwait became an independent state. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Kuwait" title="Oil reserves in Kuwait">discovery of oil reserves</a> in 1938, the region was a regional trade port;<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-22">[20]</a> from 1946 to 1982, the country underwent large-scale modernization, largely based on income from <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Kuwait" title="Petroleum industry in Kuwait">oil production</a>. In the 1980s, Kuwait experienced a period of geopolitical instability and an economic crisis following the <a href="/wiki/Souk_Al-Manakh_stock_market_crash" title="Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash">stock market crash</a>. In 1990, Kuwait was <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">invaded</a> and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">annexed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> following disputes over oil production.<a href="#cite_note-OPEC2-23">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Governorate" title="Kuwait Governorate">Iraqi occupation of Kuwait</a> ended on 26 February 1991, after an <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">international coalition</a> expelled Iraqi forces from the country during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>. Like most other <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab states of the Persian Gulf</a>, Kuwait is an <a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">emirate</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">emir</a> is the head of state and the ruling <a href="/wiki/Al_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Sabah">Al Sabah</a> family dominates the country's political system. Kuwait's official state religion is Islam, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki school</a> of Sunni Islam. Kuwait is a <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income economy</a>, backed by the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves#Countries" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">sixth largest oil reserves</a>. Kuwait is considered to be a pioneer in the region when it comes to the arts and popular culture, often called the "Hollywood of the Gulf"; the nation started the oldest modern arts movement in the Arabian Peninsula and is known to have created among the leading artists in the region.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> Kuwaiti popular culture, in the form of theatre, radio, music, and television soap opera, is exported to neighboring <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> (GCC) states.<a href="#cite_note-cliv-26">[24]</a> Kuwait is a founding member of the GCC and is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name "Kuwait" is from the <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti Arabic</a> diminutive form of كوت (Kut or Kout), meaning "fortress built near water".<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> The country's official name has been the "State of Kuwait" since 1961. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">History of Kuwait</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> Following the post-glacial flooding of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf basin</a>, debris from the <a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river</a> formed a substantial delta, creating most of the land in present-day Kuwait and establishing the present coastlines.<a href="#cite_note-flood-28">[26]</a> One of the earliest evidence of human habitation in Kuwait dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> era (c. 8000 BC).<a href="#cite_note-archa-29">[27]</a> Historically, most of present-day Kuwait was part of ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-research_gate-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1234-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meso-31">[29]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a> (c. 5500–3700 BC), Kuwait was the central site of interaction between the peoples of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-meso-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-subiya-36">[34]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Bahra_1" title="Bahra 1">Bahra 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">site H3</a> in <a href="/wiki/Subiya,_Kuwait" title="Subiya, Kuwait">Subiya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-meso-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> The Neolithic inhabitants of Kuwait were among the world's earliest maritime traders.<a href="#cite_note-se-40">[38]</a> One of the world's earliest <a href="/wiki/Reed_boats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed boats">reed boats</a> was discovered at <a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">site H3</a> dating back to the Ubaid period.<a href="#cite_note-auto-41">[39]</a> Other Neolithic sites in Kuwait are located in Khiran and <a href="/wiki/Sulaibikhat" title="Sulaibikhat">Sulaibikhat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-meso-32">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian">Mesopotamians</a> first settled in the Kuwaiti island of <a href="/wiki/Failaka_Island" title="Failaka Island">Failaka</a> in 2000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-unes-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-t-43">[41]</a> Traders from the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> inhabited Failaka and ran a mercantile business.<a href="#cite_note-unes-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-t-43">[41]</a> The island had many Mesopotamian-style buildings typical of those found in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> dating from around 2000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-t-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-unes-42">[40]</a> In 4000 BC until 2000 BC, Kuwait was home to the <a href="/wiki/Dilmun_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilmun civilization">Dilmun civilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ak-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-umm-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-archa-29">[27]</a> Dilmun included Al-Shadadiya,<a href="#cite_note-archa-29">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Akkaz_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkaz Island">Akkaz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ak-44">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Umm_an_Namil_Island" title="Umm an Namil Island">Umm an Namil</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ak-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-akkaz-48">[46]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Failaka_Island" title="Failaka Island">Failaka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ak-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-umm-47">[45]</a> At its peak in 2000 BC, Dilmun controlled the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> trading routes.<a href="#cite_note-hoj2-49">[47]</a> During the Dilmun era (from ca. 3000 BC), Failaka was known as "<a href="/wiki/Agarum" title="Agarum">Agarum</a>", the land of <a href="/wiki/Enzak" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzak">Enzak</a>, a great god in the Dilmun civilization according to Sumerian cuneiform texts found on the island.<a href="#cite_note-is-50">[48]</a> As part of Dilmun, Failaka became a hub for the civilization from the end of the 3rd to the middle of the 1st millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-is-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> After the Dilmun civilization, Failaka was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-kas-52">[50]</a> and was formally under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Kassites#Kassite_Dynasty_of_Babylon" title="Kassites">Kassite dynasty of Babylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kas-52">[50]</a> Studies indicate traces of human settlement can be found on Failaka dating back to as early as the end of the 3rd millennium BC, and extending until the 20th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-is-50">[48]</a> Many of the artifacts found in Falaika are linked to Mesopotamian civilizations and seem to show that Failaka was gradually drawn toward the civilization based in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg/250px-Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg/330px-Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg/500px-Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3070" data-file-height="1637" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> at its greatest territorial extent</figcaption></figure> Under <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>, the bay of Kuwait was under <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> control.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Cuneiform documents found in Failaka indicate the presence of Babylonians in the island's population.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kings of Babylon">Babylonian Kings</a> were present in Failaka during the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> period, <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> had a governor in Failaka and Nebuchadnezzar II had a palace and temple in Falaika.<a href="#cite_note-persian_empire-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-sh-57">[55]</a> Failaka also contained temples dedicated to the worship of <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a>, the Mesopotamian sun god in the Babylonian pantheon.<a href="#cite_note-sh-57">[55]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a>, the bay of Kuwait came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (c. 550‒330 BC) as the bay was repopulated after seven centuries of abandonment.<a href="#cite_note-journal-58">[56]</a> Failaka was under the control of the Achaemenid Empire as evidenced by the archaeological discovery of Achaemenid strata.<a href="#cite_note-persian_empire-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-antiquity-59">[57]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> inscriptions that testify Achaemenid presence.<a href="#cite_note-antiquity-59">[57]</a> In fourth century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> colonized the bay of Kuwait under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. The ancient Greeks named mainland Kuwait Larissa and Failaka was named <a href="/wiki/Ikaros_(Failaka_Island)" title="Ikaros (Failaka Island)">Ikaros</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> The bay of Kuwait was named Hieros Kolpos.<a href="#cite_note-sa-64">[62]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, Alexander the Great named Failaka Ikaros because it resembled the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean island">Aegean Island</a> of that name in size and shape. Elements of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> were mixed with the local cults.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> "Ikaros" was also the name of a prominent city situated in Failaka.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Large <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Towns_of_ancient_Greece#Military_settlements" title="Towns of ancient Greece">forts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek temple">Greek temples</a> were uncovered.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> Archaeological remains of Greek colonization were also discovered in Akkaz, Umm an Namil, and Subiya.<a href="#cite_note-archa-29">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleucid_Empire_alternative_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Seleucid_Empire_alternative_map.jpg/250px-Seleucid_Empire_alternative_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Seleucid_Empire_alternative_map.jpg/330px-Seleucid_Empire_alternative_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Seleucid_Empire_alternative_map.jpg/500px-Seleucid_Empire_alternative_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3976" data-file-height="2105" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> at its greatest extent</figcaption></figure> At the time of Alexander the Great, the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates River</a> was located in northern Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-Khor_Subiya_Mouth_of_Euphrates-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khor_Subiya_Mouth_of_Euphrates_river-69">[67]</a> The Euphrates river flowed directly into the Persian Gulf via Khor <a href="/wiki/Subiya,_Kuwait" title="Subiya, Kuwait">Subiya</a> which was a river channel at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Khor_Subiya_Mouth_of_Euphrates-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khor_Subiya_Mouth_of_Euphrates_river-69">[67]</a> Failaka was located 15 kilometers from the mouth of the Euphrates river.<a href="#cite_note-Khor_Subiya_Mouth_of_Euphrates-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khor_Subiya_Mouth_of_Euphrates_river-69">[67]</a> By the first century BC, the Khor Subiya river channel dried out completely.<a href="#cite_note-Khor_Subiya_Mouth_of_Euphrates-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khor_Subiya_Mouth_of_Euphrates_river-69">[67]</a> In 127 BC, Kuwait was part of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> and the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Characene" title="Characene">Characene</a> was established around <a href="/wiki/Teredon" title="Teredon">Teredon</a> in present-day Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-Teredon-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Teredon_Kuwait-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Teredon_JSTOR-72">[70]</a> Characene was centered in the region encompassing southern Mesopotamia,<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> Characene coins were discovered in Akkaz, Umm an Namil, and Failaka.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> A busy Parthian commercial station was situated in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> In 224 AD, Kuwait became part of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a>. At the time of the Sassanid Empire, Kuwait was known as Meshan,<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> which was an alternative name of the kingdom of Characene.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Akkaz was a <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Partho</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sassanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian">Sassanian</a> site;<a href="#cite_note-Akkaz_Partho_Sassanian-80">[78]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Sassanid religion</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_silence" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower of silence">tower of silence</a> was discovered in northern Akkaz.<a href="#cite_note-Akkaz_Partho_Sassanian-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-takkaz-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Late Sassanian settlements were discovered in Failaka.<a href="#cite_note-journal2-83">[81]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Bubiyan_Island" title="Bubiyan Island">Bubiyan</a>, there is archaeological evidence of Sassanian to early Islamic periods of human presence as evidenced by the recent discovery of torpedo-jar pottery shards on several prominent beach ridges.<a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Bubiyan-84">[82]</a> In 636 AD, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chains" title="Battle of Chains">Battle of Chains</a> between the Sassanid Empire and <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> was fought in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-trade-86">[84]</a> As a result of Rashidun victory in 636 AD, the bay of Kuwait was home to the city of <a href="/wiki/Kazma" title="Kazma">Kazma</a> (also known as "Kadhima" or "Kāzimah") in the early Islamic era.<a href="#cite_note-trade-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-academia-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-jstor-92">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1752–1945:_Pre-oil">1752–1945: Pre-oil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1752–1945: Pre-oil">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Sheikhdom of Kuwait</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarinetimeMKuwaitAlshami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MarinetimeMKuwaitAlshami.jpg/250px-MarinetimeMKuwaitAlshami.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MarinetimeMKuwaitAlshami.jpg/330px-MarinetimeMKuwaitAlshami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MarinetimeMKuwaitAlshami.jpg/500px-MarinetimeMKuwaitAlshami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Hashemi-II" title="Al-Hashemi-II">Marine Museum</a> in Kuwait City. Demonstrates the founding of Kuwait as a sea port for merchants.</figcaption></figure> In the early to mid 1700s, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> was a small <a href="/wiki/Fishing_village" title="Fishing village">fishing village</a>. Administratively, it was a sheikhdom, ruled by local <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikhs</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bani_Khalid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Khalid">Bani Khalid</a> clan.<a href="#cite_note-casey-93">[91]</a> Sometime in the mid 1700s, the <a href="/wiki/Bani_Utbah" title="Bani Utbah">Bani Utbah</a> settled in Kuwait City.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-bani-95">[93]</a> Sometime after the death of the Bani Khalid's leader <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barak_bin_Abdul_Mohsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barak bin Abdul Mohsen (page does not exist)">Barak bin Abdul Mohsen</a> and the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Bani_Khalid_Emirate" title="Bani Khalid Emirate">Bani Khalid Emirate</a>, the Utub were able to wrest control of Kuwait as a result of successive <a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_state" title="Marriage of state">matrimonial alliances</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bani-95">[93]</a> In the latter half of the eighteenth century, Kuwait began establishing itself as a maritime <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> and gradually became a principal commercial center for the transit of goods between <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, India, Persia, <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sail-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> By the late-1700s, Kuwait had established itself as a trading route from the Persian Gulf to <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kw-98">[96]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_War_(1775%E2%80%931776)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Persian War (1775–1776)">Persian siege of Basra in 1775–79</a>, Iraqi merchants took refuge in Kuwait and were partly instrumental in the expansion of Kuwait's boat-building and trading activities.<a href="#cite_note-boom-99">[97]</a> As a result, Kuwait's maritime commerce boomed,<a href="#cite_note-boom-99">[97]</a> as the Indian trade routes with Baghdad, Aleppo, <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> were diverted to Kuwait during this time.<a href="#cite_note-kw-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> was diverted to Kuwait in 1792.<a href="#cite_note-eas-102">[100]</a> The East India Company secured the sea routes between Kuwait, India and the east coasts of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-eas-102">[100]</a> After the Persians withdrew from <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> in 1779, Kuwait continued to attract trade away from Basra.<a href="#cite_note-mer-103">[101]</a> The flight of many of Basra's leading merchants to Kuwait continued to play a significant role in Basra's commercial stagnation well into the 1850s.<a href="#cite_note-mer-103">[101]</a> The instability in Basra helped foster economic prosperity in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-jasser-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-w-105">[103]</a> In the late 18th century, Kuwait was a haven for Basra merchants fleeing <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman government">Ottoman</a> persecution.<a href="#cite_note-basra-106">[104]</a> Kuwait was the center of <a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">boat building</a> in the Persian Gulf,<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> its ships renowned throughout the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-al-109">[107]</a> Its sailors developed a positive reputation in the Persian Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-sail-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> In the 19th century, Kuwait became significant in the <a href="/wiki/Horse_trading" title="Horse trading">horse trade</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hor-112">[110]</a> with regular shipments in sailing vessels.<a href="#cite_note-hor-112">[110]</a> In the mid 19th century, it was estimated that Kuwait exported an average of 800 horses to India annually.<a href="#cite_note-jasser-104">[102]</a> In 1899, ruler Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Al-Sabah" title="Mubarak Al-Sabah">Mubarak Al Sabah</a> signed an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British government in India</a> (subsequently known as the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Kuwaiti_Agreement_of_1899" title="Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899">Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899</a>) making Kuwait a <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorate</a>. This gave Britain exclusive access and trade with Kuwait, while denying Ottoman and Germany provinces to the north a port on the Persian Gulf. The <a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Sheikhdom of Kuwait</a> remained a British protectorate until 1961.<a href="#cite_note-casey-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basra_Province_1897.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ac/Basra_Province_1897.png/220px-Basra_Province_1897.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ac/Basra_Province_1897.png/330px-Basra_Province_1897.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ac/Basra_Province_1897.png/440px-Basra_Province_1897.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Basra_Vilayet_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basra Vilayet (Ottoman Empire)">Basra Vilayet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1897. After the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ottoman_Convention_of_1913" title="Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913">Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913</a>, Kuwait was established as an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">kaza</a>, or district, of the Ottoman Empire and a <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> protectorate of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a></figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ottoman_Convention_of_1913" title="Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913">Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913</a>, Kuwait was established as an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">kaza</a>, or district, of the Ottoman Empire and a <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> protectorate of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> imposed a trade blockade against Kuwait because Kuwait's ruler at the time, <a href="/wiki/Salim_Al-Mubarak_Al-Sabah" title="Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah">Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah</a>, supported the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-block-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-David_Lea_2001_142-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-ot-117">[115]</a> The British economic blockade heavily damaged Kuwait's economy.<a href="#cite_note-ot-117">[115]</a> In 1919, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Salim_Al-Mubarak_Al-Sabah" title="Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah">Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah</a> intended to build a commercial city in the south of Kuwait. This caused a diplomatic crisis with Najd, but Britain intervened, discouraging Sheikh Salim. In 1920, an attempt by the <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwan</a> to build a stronghold in southern Kuwait led to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hamdh" title="Battle of Hamdh">Battle of Hamdh</a>. The Battle of Hamdh involved 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwan</a> fighters against 100 Kuwaiti <a href="/wiki/Cavalrymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalrymen">cavalrymen</a> and 200 Kuwaiti <a href="/wiki/Infantrymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Infantrymen">infantrymen</a>. The battle lasted for six days and resulted in heavy but unknown casualties on both sides resulting in the victory of the Ikhwan forces and leading to the battle of Jahra around the Kuwait Red Fort. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jahra" title="Battle of Jahra">Battle of Jahra</a> happened as the result of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hamdh" title="Battle of Hamdh">Battle of Hamdh</a>. A force of three to four thousand <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwan</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Faisal_Al-Dawish" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal Al-Dawish">Faisal Al-Dawish</a>, attacked the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Red_Fort" title="Kuwait Red Fort">Red Fort</a> at Al-Jahra, defended by fifteen hundred men. The fort was besieged and the Kuwaiti position precarious.<a href="#cite_note-toth-118">[116]</a> The Ikhwan attack repulsed for the while, negotiations began between Salim and Al-Dawish; the latter threatened another attack if the Kuwaiti forces did not surrender. The local merchant class convinced Salim to call in help from British troops, who showed up with airplanes and three warships, ending the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-toth-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> After the Battle of Jahra, Ibn Saud's warriors, the <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwan</a>, demanded that Kuwait follows five rules.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> They demanded that all the <a href="/wiki/Shias" class="mw-redirect" title="Shias">Shias</a> be evicted, that all should adopt the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Ikhwan doctrine</a>, that the Turks be labled "<a href="/wiki/Heretics" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretics">heretics</a>", that smoking, <a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">munkar</a>, and prostitution be abolished, and that American missionary hospital be destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-bassem-121">[119]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jahra-castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jahra-castle.jpg/250px-Jahra-castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jahra-castle.jpg/330px-Jahra-castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Jahra-castle.jpg/500px-Jahra-castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Red_Fort" title="Kuwait Red Fort">Kuwait Red Fort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al_Jahra" title="Al Jahra">Al Jahra</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Najd_War" title="Kuwait–Najd War">Kuwait–Najd War</a> of 1919–20 erupted in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">aftermath of World War I</a>. The war occurred because <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a> of Najd wanted to annex Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-block-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-asa-122">[120]</a> The sharpened conflict between Kuwait and Najd led to the death of hundreds of Kuwaitis. The war resulted in sporadic border clashes throughout 1919–1920. When <a href="/wiki/Percy_Cox" title="Percy Cox">Percy Cox</a> was informed of the border clashes in Kuwait, he sent a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Arabistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Arabistan">Ruler of Arabistan</a> Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Khaz%CA%BDal_Ibn_Jabir" title="Khazʽal Ibn Jabir">Khazʽal Ibn Jabir</a> offering the Kuwaiti throne to either him or one of his heirs. Khaz'al refused.<a href="#cite_note-:2-123">[121]</a> He then asked: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">...even so, do you think that you have come to me with something new? Al Mubarak's position as ruler of Kuwait means that I am the true ruler of Kuwait. So there is no difference between myself and them, for they are like the dearest of my children and you are aware of this. Had someone else come to me with this offer, I would have complained about them to you. So how do you come to me with this offer when you are well aware that myself and Al Mubarak are one soul and one house, what affects them affects me, whether good or evil.<a href="#cite_note-:2-123">[121]</a></blockquote> Following the Kuwait–Najd War in 1919–20, Ibn Saud imposed a trade blockade against Kuwait from the years 1923 until 1937.<a href="#cite_note-do-124">[122]</a> The goal of the Saudi economic and military attacks on Kuwait was to annex as much of Kuwait's territory as possible. At the <a href="/wiki/Uqair_Protocol_of_1922" title="Uqair Protocol of 1922">Uqair conference</a> in 1922, the boundaries of Kuwait and Najd were set; as a result of British interference, Kuwait had no representative at the Uqair conference. After the Uqair conference, Kuwait was still subjected to a Saudi economic blockade and intermittent Saudi <a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">raiding</a>. Kuwait immensely declined in regional economic importance,<a href="#cite_note-al-109">[107]</a> due to the trade blockades and the world economic depression.<a href="#cite_note-block-115">[113]</a> Before <a href="/wiki/Mary_Bruins_Allison" title="Mary Bruins Allison">Mary Bruins Allison</a> visited Kuwait in 1934, Kuwait had already lost its prominence in long-distance trade.<a href="#cite_note-al-109">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuwait1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kuwait1944.jpg/250px-Kuwait1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kuwait1944.jpg/500px-Kuwait1944.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Celebration at <a href="/wiki/Seif_Palace" title="Seif Palace">Seif Palace</a> in 1944</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> harmed Kuwait's economy, starting in the late 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-do-124">[122]</a> International trading was one of Kuwait's main sources of income before oil.<a href="#cite_note-do-124">[122]</a> Kuwait's merchants were mostly intermediary merchants.<a href="#cite_note-do-124">[122]</a> As a result of the decline of European demand for goods from India and Africa, Kuwait's economy suffered. The decline in international trade resulted in an increase in gold smuggling by Kuwait's ships to India.<a href="#cite_note-do-124">[122]</a> Some local merchant families became rich from this smuggling.<a href="#cite_note-hist-125">[123]</a> Kuwait's <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearl</a> industry also collapsed as a result of the worldwide economic depression.<a href="#cite_note-hist-125">[123]</a> At its height, Kuwait's pearl industry had led the world's luxury market, regularly sending out between 750 and 800 ships to meet the European elite's desire for pearls.<a href="#cite_note-hist-125">[123]</a> During the economic depression, luxuries like pearls were in little demand.<a href="#cite_note-hist-125">[123]</a> The Japanese invention of <a href="/wiki/Cultured_pearl" title="Cultured pearl">cultured pearls</a> also contributed to the collapse of Kuwait's pearl industry.<a href="#cite_note-hist-125">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freya_Stark" title="Freya Stark">Freya Stark</a> wrote about the extent of poverty in Kuwait at the time:<a href="#cite_note-do-124">[122]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Poverty has settled in Kuwait more heavily since my last visit five years ago, both by sea, where the pearl trade continues to decline, and by land, where the blockade established by Saudi Arabia now harms the merchants.</blockquote> On 22 February 1938, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> was first discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Burgan_field" title="Burgan field">Burgan field</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1946–1980:_State-building">1946–1980: State-building</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1946–1980: State-building">edit</a>]</div> Between 1946 and 1980, Kuwait experienced a period of prosperity driven by oil and its liberal cultural atmosphere; this period is called the "golden era of Kuwait".<a href="#cite_note-venezia-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-pavilion-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-farid-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> In 1946, crude oil was exported for the first time. In 1950, a major public-work programme began to enable Kuwaiti citizens to enjoy a luxurious standard of living. By 1952, the country became the largest oil exporter in the Persian Gulf region. This massive growth attracted many foreign workers, especially from Palestine, Iran, India, and Egypt – with the latter being particularly political within the context of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> It was also in 1952 that the first masterplan of Kuwait was designed by the British planning firm of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Minoprio" title="Anthony Minoprio">Minoprio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Spencely" title="Hugh Spencely">Spenceley</a>, and Macfarlane. In 1958, <a href="/wiki/Al-Arabi_(magazine)" title="Al-Arabi (magazine)">Al-Arabi</a> magazine was first published.<a href="#cite_note-pioneer-131">[129]</a> Many foreign writers moved to Kuwait because they enjoyed greater <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a> than elsewhere in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-newsmedia-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Kuwait's press was described as one of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freest in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-review-134">[132]</a> Kuwait was the pioneer in the literary renaissance in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-pioneer-131">[129]</a> In June 1961, Kuwait became independent with the end of the <a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait#History_as_a_Protected_State_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">British protectorate</a> and the Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Al-Salim_Al-Sabah" title="Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah">Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah</a> became <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Emir of Kuwait</a>. Kuwait's <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Kuwait" title="Public holidays in Kuwait">national day</a>, however, is celebrated on 25 February, the anniversary of the coronation of Sheikh Abdullah (it was originally celebrated on 19 June, the date of independence, but concerns over the summer heat caused the government to move it).<a href="#cite_note-Fuller2004-135">[133]</a> At the time, Kuwait was considered the most developed country in the region.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-index-138">[136]</a> Kuwait was the pioneer in the Middle East in diversifying its earnings away from oil exports.<a href="#cite_note-swf-139">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Investment_Authority" title="Kuwait Investment Authority">Kuwait Investment Authority</a> is the world's first sovereign wealth fund. Kuwaiti society embraced liberal and non-traditional attitudes throughout the 1960s and 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> For example, most Kuwaiti women did not wear the <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> in the 1960s and 70s.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Victorious_(R38)_aerial_c1959.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HMS_Victorious_%28R38%29_aerial_c1959.jpeg/220px-HMS_Victorious_%28R38%29_aerial_c1959.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HMS_Victorious_%28R38%29_aerial_c1959.jpeg/330px-HMS_Victorious_%28R38%29_aerial_c1959.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HMS_Victorious_%28R38%29_aerial_c1959.jpeg/440px-HMS_Victorious_%28R38%29_aerial_c1959.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1879" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victorious_(R38)" title="HMS Victorious (R38)">HMS Victorious</a> taking part in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vantage" title="Operation Vantage">Operation Vantage</a> in July 1961</figcaption></figure> Although Kuwait formally gained independence in 1961, Iraq initially refused to recognize the country's independence by maintaining that Kuwait is part of Iraq, albeit Iraq later briefly backed down following a show of force by Britain and <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> support of Kuwait's independence.<a href="#cite_note-rrgp-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-cia_records-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> The short-lived <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vantage" title="Operation Vantage">Operation Vantage</a> crisis evolved in July 1961, as the Iraqi government threatened to invade Kuwait and the invasion was finally averted following plans by the Arab League to form an international Arab force against the potential Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> As a result of Operation Vantage, the Arab League took over the border security of Kuwait and the British had withdrawn their forces by 19 October.<a href="#cite_note-rrgp-144">[142]</a> Iraqi prime minister <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a> was killed in a coup in 1963 but, although Iraq recognised Kuwaiti independence and the military threat was perceived to be reduced, Britain continued to monitor the situation and kept forces available to protect Kuwait until 1971. There had been no Iraqi military action against Kuwait at the time: this was attributed to the political and military situation within Iraq which continued to be unstable.<a href="#cite_note-cia-15">[13]</a> A treaty of friendship between Iraq and Kuwait was signed in 1963 by which Iraq recognised the 1932 border of Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-149">[147]</a> Under the terms of the newly drafted <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kuwait" title="Constitution of Kuwait">Constitution</a>, Kuwait held its first <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_parliamentary_election,_1963" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti parliamentary election, 1963">parliamentary elections in 1963</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_University" title="Kuwait University">Kuwait University</a> was established in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-index-138">[136]</a> Kuwait's <a href="#Television_and_theatre">theatre industry</a> became well known throughout the region.<a href="#cite_note-venezia-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-index-138">[136]</a> After the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six_Day_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Day War">Six Day War</a>, Kuwait along with other Arabic speaking countries voted the three no's of the <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_Resolution" title="Khartoum Resolution">Khartoum Resolution</a>: no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, and no negotiations with Israel. From the 1970s onward, Kuwait scored highest of all Arab countries on the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-index-138">[136]</a> The Iraqi poet <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Matar" title="Ahmed Matar">Ahmed Matar</a> left Iraq in the 1970s to take refuge in the more liberal environment of Kuwait. Kuwait is the 25th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kuwait-Iraq_1973_Sanita_border_skirmish" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait-Iraq 1973 Sanita border skirmish">Kuwait-Iraq 1973 Samita border skirmish</a> evolved on 20 March 1973, when Iraqi army units occupied El-Samitah near the Kuwaiti border, which evoked an international crisis.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> On 6 February 1974, <a href="/wiki/1974_attack_on_the_Japanese_Embassy_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="1974 attack on the Japanese Embassy in Kuwait">Palestinian militants occupied the Japanese embassy in Kuwait</a>, taking the ambassador and ten others hostage. The militants' motive was to support the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army" title="Japanese Red Army">Japanese Red Army</a> members and Palestinian militants who were holding hostages on a Singaporean ferry in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Laju_incident" title="Laju incident">Laju incident</a>. Ultimately, the hostages were released, and the guerrillas allowed to fly to <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>. This was the first time Palestinian guerrillas struck in Kuwait as the Al Sabah ruling family, headed by Sheikh Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah, funded the Palestinian resistance movement. Kuwait had been a regular endpoint for Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">plane hijacking</a> in the past and had considered itself safe. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_International_Airport" title="Kuwait International Airport">Kuwait International Airport</a> was opened in 1979 by the Al Hani Construction with a joint venture of <a href="/wiki/Ballast_Nedam" title="Ballast Nedam">Ballast Nedam</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1981–1991:_Wars_and_terrorism">1981–1991: Wars and terrorism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1981–1991: Wars and terrorism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%931988_Kuwait_terror_attacks" title="1983–1988 Kuwait terror attacks">1983–1988 Kuwait terror attacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></div> The Al Sabah strongly advocated <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> throughout the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-fpif-152">[150]</a> At that time, the most serious threat to the continuity of Al Sabah came from home-grown democrats,<a href="#cite_note-fpif-152">[150]</a> who were protesting the <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_general_election,_1975" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti general election, 1975">1976 suspension of the parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fpif-152">[150]</a> The Al Sabah were attracted to Islamists preaching the virtues of a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical">hierarchical</a> order that included loyalty to the Kuwaiti monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-fpif-152">[150]</a> In 1981, the Kuwaiti government <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandered" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerrymandered">gerrymandered</a> electoral districts in favour of the Islamists.<a href="#cite_note-amid-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-fpif-152">[150]</a> Islamists were the government's main allies, hence Islamists were able to dominate state agencies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Government_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Government ministries">government ministries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fpif-152">[150]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BrennendeOelquellenKuwait1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BrennendeOelquellenKuwait1991.jpg/250px-BrennendeOelquellenKuwait1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BrennendeOelquellenKuwait1991.jpg/330px-BrennendeOelquellenKuwait1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BrennendeOelquellenKuwait1991.jpg/500px-BrennendeOelquellenKuwait1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fires" title="Kuwaiti oil fires">Kuwaiti oil fires</a> set by retreating Iraqi forces in 1991</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, Kuwait ardently supported Iraq. As a result, there were <a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%931988_Kuwait_terror_attacks" title="1983–1988 Kuwait terror attacks">various pro-Iran terror attacks</a> across Kuwait, including the 1983 bombings, the attempted assassination of <a href="/wiki/Jaber_Al-Ahmad_Al-Sabah" title="Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah">Emir Jaber</a> in May 1985, the <a href="/wiki/1985_Kuwait_City_bombings" title="1985 Kuwait City bombings">1985 Kuwait City bombings</a>, and the hijacking of several Kuwait Airways planes. Kuwait's economy and scientific research sector significantly suffered due to the pro-Iran terror attacks.<a href="#cite_note-s&t-154">[152]</a> Simultaneously, Kuwait experienced a major <a href="/wiki/Economic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic crisis">economic crisis</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Souk_Al-Manakh_stock_market_crash" title="Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash">Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash</a> and <a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">decrease in oil price</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tankskuwait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tankskuwait.jpg/250px-Tankskuwait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tankskuwait.jpg/330px-Tankskuwait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tankskuwait.jpg/500px-Tankskuwait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a> tanks in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> of Iraqi-occupied Kuwait on 2 August 1990 during the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Iraqi invasion of Kuwait</a> that began the Gulf War.</figcaption></figure> After the Iran–Iraq War ended, Kuwait declined an Iraqi request to forgive its US$65 billion debt.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> An economic rivalry between the two countries ensued after Kuwait increased its oil production by 40 percent.<a href="#cite_note-Gregory2004-160">[158]</a> Tensions between the two countries increased further in July 1990, after Iraq complained to <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> claiming that Kuwait was stealing its oil from a field near the border by <a href="/wiki/Slant_drilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Slant drilling">slant drilling</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rumaila_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumaila field">Rumaila field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gregory2004-160">[158]</a> In August 1990, Iraqi forces <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">invaded and annexed</a> Kuwait without any warning. After a series of failed diplomatic negotiations, the United States led a coalition to remove the Iraqi forces from Kuwait, in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>. On 26 February 1991, in phase of code-named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a>, the coalition succeeded in driving out the Iraqi forces. As they retreated, Iraqi forces carried out a <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fires" title="Kuwaiti oil fires">scorched earth</a> policy by setting oil wells on fire.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> During the Iraqi occupation, nearly 1,000 civilians were killed in Kuwait. In addition, 600 people went missing during Iraq's occupation;<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> remains of approximately 375 were found in mass graves in Iraq. Kuwait celebrates 26 February as <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Kuwait)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Day (Kuwait)">Liberation Day</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1992–present:_Present_era">1992–present: Present era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1992–present: Present era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Kuwait and state-sponsored terrorism">Kuwait and state-sponsored terrorism</a></div> In the early 1990s, Kuwait <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_exodus_from_Kuwait_(Gulf_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian exodus from Kuwait (Gulf War)">deported</a> nearly 400,000 Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> Kuwait's policy was a response to alignment of the <a href="/wiki/PLO" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO">PLO</a> with Saddam Hussein. It was a form of <a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">collective punishment</a>. Kuwait also deported thousands of Iraqis and Yemenis after the Gulf War.<a href="#cite_note-massgravesbedoon5-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-mass_graves_bedoon-165">[163]</a> In addition, hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Bedoon" title="Bedoon">stateless Bedoon</a> were expelled from Kuwait in the early-to-mid 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-s-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-north-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-massgravesbedoon5-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-new-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-mass_graves_bedoon-165">[163]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons of the United Kingdom</a> in 1995, it was revealed that the Al Sabah ruling family deported 150,000 stateless Bedoon to refugee camps in the Kuwaiti desert near the Iraqi border with minimal water, insufficient food, and no basic shelter.<a href="#cite_note-british-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-north-167">[165]</a> Many of the stateless Bedoon fled to Iraq where they still remain stateless people even today.<a href="#cite_note-ir-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-iraq-171">[169]</a> In March 2003, Kuwait became the springboard for the US-led <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a>. In 2005, women won the right to vote and run in elections. Upon the death of the Emir Jaber in January 2006, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Saad_Al-Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Saad Al-Sabah">Saad Al-Sabah</a> succeeded him but was removed nine days later due to his failing health. As a result, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah</a> was sworn in as Emir. From that point onwards, Kuwait suffered from chronic political deadlock between the government and parliament which resulted in multiple cabinet reshuffles and dissolutions.<a href="#cite_note-economic4-172">[170]</a> This significantly hampered investment and economic reforms in Kuwait, making the country's economy much more dependent on oil.<a href="#cite_note-economic4-172">[170]</a> Despite the political instability, Kuwait had the highest <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> ranking in the Arab world from 2006 to 2009.<a href="#cite_note-kuna-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-HDI2-174">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-HDI21-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-HDI1-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> China awarded Kuwait Investment Authority an additional $700 million quota on top of $300 million awarded in March 2012.<a href="#cite_note-chinagrant-179">[177]</a> The quota is the highest to be granted by China to foreign investment entities.<a href="#cite_note-chinagrant-179">[177]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuwait_Towers_RB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Kuwait_Towers_RB.jpg/250px-Kuwait_Towers_RB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Kuwait_Towers_RB.jpg/330px-Kuwait_Towers_RB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Kuwait_Towers_RB.jpg/500px-Kuwait_Towers_RB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5428" data-file-height="8000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Towers" title="Kuwait Towers">Kuwait Towers</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9.jpg/250px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9.jpg/330px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9.jpg/500px-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2242" /></a><figcaption>Kuwait City nightscape, with the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait National Assembly">Kuwait National Assembly</a> visible (illuminated white building in center)</figcaption></figure> In March 2014, <a href="/wiki/David_S._Cohen_(attorney)" title="David S. Cohen (attorney)">David S. Cohen</a>, who was then the United States <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_for_Terrorism_and_Financial_Intelligence" title="Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence">Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence</a>, accused Kuwait of funding terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-extremism-180">[178]</a> Accusations of <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Kuwait and state-sponsored terrorism">Kuwait funding terrorism</a> had been very common and come from a wide variety of sources including intelligence reports, Western government officials, scholarly research, and renowned journalists.<a href="#cite_note-isis-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-how-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-carn-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-wsj.com-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-p-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-frank-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-pl-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-dail-188">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-terror-189">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-extremism-180">[178]</a> In 2014 and 2015, Kuwait was frequently described as the world's <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Kuwait and state-sponsored terrorism">biggest source of terrorism funding</a>, particularly for <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-isis-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-how-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-carn-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-terror-189">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-extremism-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-pl-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-wsj.com-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-p-185">[183]</a> On 26 June 2015, a <a href="/wiki/2015_Kuwait_mosque_bombing" title="2015 Kuwait mosque bombing">suicide bombing took place</a> at a Shia Muslim mosque in Kuwait. The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> claimed responsibility for the attack. Twenty-seven people were killed and 227 people were wounded. It was the largest terror attack in Kuwait's history. In the aftermath, a lawsuit was filed accusing the Kuwaiti government of negligence and direct responsibility for the terror attack.<a href="#cite_note-kuwait.tt-190">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> Due to <a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">declining oil prices</a> in the mid-to-late 2010s, Kuwait faced one of the worst economic crunches in its history.<a href="#cite_note-economic1-192">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Al_Ahmad_Sea_City" title="Sabah Al Ahmad Sea City">Sabah Al Ahmad Sea City</a> was inaugurated in mid-2016.<a href="#cite_note-twf-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-tamdeen-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-mill-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ecology-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> Simultaneously, Kuwait invested significantly in its economic relations with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-china5-198">[196]</a> China has been Kuwait's largest trade partner since 2016.<a href="#cite_note-china2-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-china3-200">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-china4-201">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-newes-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-china1-203">[201]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>, Kuwait and China have various cooperation projects including <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutlaa" title="Al-Mutlaa">Al-Mutlaa</a> which is currently under construction in northern Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-mutlaa4-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-mutlaa-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-mutlaa2-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-mutlaa3-207">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-kuwaitvision2035-208">[206]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Jaber_Al-Ahmad_Al-Sabah_Causeway" title="Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Causeway">Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Causeway</a> is part of the first phase of the <a href="/wiki/Madinat_al-Hareer" title="Madinat al-Hareer">Silk City</a> project.<a href="#cite_note-bri-209">[207]</a> The causeway was inaugurated in May 2019 as part of Kuwait Vision 2035,<a href="#cite_note-north_vision-210">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nasa-211">[209]</a> it connects Kuwait City to northern Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-north_vision-210">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-bri-209">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuwait" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait">COVID-19 pandemic</a> exacerbated Kuwait's economic crisis.<a href="#cite_note-cashstrapped-212">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-toolate-213">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-crisis1-214">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-crisis2-215">[213]</a> Kuwait's economy faced a budget deficit of $46 billion in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-undermine_reforms-216">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-economic4-172">[170]</a> It was Kuwait's first fiscal deficit since 1995.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> In September 2020, Kuwait's Crown Prince Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Nawaf_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah</a> became the 16th Emir of Kuwait and the successor to Emir Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, who died at the age of 91.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> In October 2020, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Mishal_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah</a> was appointed as the Crown Prince.<a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera_2020-221">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-AUM-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-deadlock-223">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> In December 2023, Kuwait's Emir Sheikh Nawaf al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah died and was replaced by Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> Kuwait currently has the largest US military presence in the entire Middle East region.<a href="#cite_note-largest_US_miltiary_presence-226">[224]</a> There are over 14,000 US military personnel stationed in the country.<a href="#cite_note-largest_US_miltiary_presence-226">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Camp_Arifjan" title="Camp Arifjan">Camp Arifjan</a> is the largest US military base in Kuwait. The US uses bases in Kuwait as staging hubs, training ranges, and logistical support for its Middle East operations.<a href="#cite_note-largest_US_miltiary_presence-226">[224]</a> In recent years, Kuwait's infrastructure projects market has regularly underperformed due to political deadlock between the executive and legislative branches.<a href="#cite_note-projects-227">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-economic4-172">[170]</a> Kuwait is now the region's most oil-dependent country with the lowest share of economic diversification.<a href="#cite_note-economic4-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-toolate-213">[211]</a> According to the World Economic Forum, Kuwait has the weakest infrastructure quality in the region.<a href="#cite_note-least_developed-228">[226]</a> Since March 2024, Kuwait has been <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kuwait#Citizenship_revocation" title="Human rights in Kuwait">revoking the citizenship</a> of many citizens (by decree).<a href="#cite_note-impactpolicies-229">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-adhrb-230">[228]</a> By March 2025, Kuwait revoked the citizenship of 42,000 people in just six months.<a href="#cite_note-france24-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-fintimes-232">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-gulfnews-233">[231]</a> The most high-profile revocation was that of singer <a href="/wiki/Nawal_El_Kuwaitia" title="Nawal El Kuwaitia">Nawal</a> and actor Dawood Hussain in early December 2024.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment</a>, Kuwait has weaponized citizenship revocation as a tool for political control.<a href="#cite_note-demographic_engineering-235">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kuwait" title="Geography of Kuwait">Geography of Kuwait</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:710px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuwait_City_banner.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skyline of Kuwait City, capital and largest city of Kuwait"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kuwait_City_banner.jpg/960px-Kuwait_City_banner.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kuwait_City_banner.jpg/1050px-Kuwait_City_banner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kuwait_City_banner.jpg/1400px-Kuwait_City_banner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5897" data-file-height="842" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuwait_City_banner.jpg" title="File:Kuwait City banner.jpg"> </a></div>Skyline of <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a>, capital and largest city of Kuwait</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_Kuwait_in_November_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Satellite_image_of_Kuwait_in_November_2001.jpg/250px-Satellite_image_of_Kuwait_in_November_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Satellite_image_of_Kuwait_in_November_2001.jpg/330px-Satellite_image_of_Kuwait_in_November_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Satellite_image_of_Kuwait_in_November_2001.jpg/500px-Satellite_image_of_Kuwait_in_November_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>A satellite image of Kuwait reveals its desert topography.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuwait_pol_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kuwait_pol_06.jpg/220px-Kuwait_pol_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kuwait_pol_06.jpg/330px-Kuwait_pol_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kuwait_pol_06.jpg/440px-Kuwait_pol_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption>Kuwait shares land borders with Iraq and Saudi Arabia, and maritime borders with Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Iran.</figcaption></figure> Located at the head of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> in the north-east corner of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, Kuwait is one of the smallest countries in the world in terms of land area. Kuwait lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/28th_parallel_north" class="mw-redirect" title="28th parallel north">28°</a> and <a href="/wiki/31st_parallel_north" class="mw-redirect" title="31st parallel north">31° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/46th_meridian_east" title="46th meridian east">46°</a> and <a href="/wiki/49th_meridian_east" title="49th meridian east">49° E</a>. Kuwait is generally low-lying, with the highest point being 306 m (1,004 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia-15">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutla_Ridge" title="Mutla Ridge">Mutla Ridge</a> is the highest point in Kuwait. Kuwait has <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Kuwait" title="List of islands of Kuwait">ten islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> With an area of 860 km2 (330 sq mi), the <a href="/wiki/Bubiyan_Island" title="Bubiyan Island">Bubiyan</a> is the largest island in Kuwait and is connected to the rest of the country by a 2,380-metre-long (7,808 ft) bridge.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> 0.6% of Kuwaiti land area is considered arable<a href="#cite_note-cia-15">[13]</a> with sparse vegetation found along its 499-kilometre-long (310 mi) coastline.<a href="#cite_note-cia-15">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> is located on <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Bay" title="Kuwait Bay">Kuwait Bay</a>, a natural deep-water harbor. Kuwait's <a href="/wiki/Burgan_field" title="Burgan field">Burgan field</a> has a total capacity of approximately 70 billion barrels (11 billion cubic metres) of proven oil reserves. During the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fires" title="Kuwaiti oil fires">Kuwaiti oil fires</a>, more than 500 oil lakes were created covering a combined surface area of about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>35.7 km2 (13+3⁄4 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> The resulting <a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">soil contamination</a> due to oil and soot accumulation had made eastern and south-eastern parts of Kuwait uninhabitable. Sand and oil residue had reduced large parts of the Kuwaiti desert to semi-asphalt surfaces.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> The oil spills during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> also drastically affected Kuwait's marine resources.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Kuwait">Climate of Kuwait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Kuwait" title="Environmental issues in Kuwait">Environmental issues in Kuwait</a></div> Due to Kuwait's proximity to Iraq and Iran, the winter season in Kuwait is colder than other coastal countries in the region (especially UAE, Qatar, and Bahrain).<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> Kuwait is also less humid than other coastal countries in the region. The spring season in March is warm with occasional thunderstorms. The frequent winds from the northwest are cold in winter and hot in summer. Southeasterly damp winds spring up between July and October. Hot and dry south winds prevail in spring and early summer. The shamal, a northwesterly wind common during June and July, causes dramatic sandstorms.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> Summers in Kuwait are some of the hottest on earth. The highest recorded temperature was 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Mitribah" title="Mitribah">Mitribah</a> on 21 July 2016, which is the highest temperature recorded in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> Kuwait <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions_per_capita" title="List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita">emits a lot of carbon dioxide per person</a> compared to most other countries.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> In recent years, Kuwait has been regularly ranked among the world's highest countries in term of CO2 per capita emissions.<a href="#cite_note-test-246">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-247">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_reserves">Nature reserves</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nature reserves">edit</a>]</div> At present, there are five <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas">protected areas</a> in Kuwait recognized by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a>. In response to Kuwait becoming the <a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Ramsar_Convention" title="List of parties to the Ramsar Convention">169th signatory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bubiyan_Island" title="Bubiyan Island">Bubiyan Island</a>'s Mubarak al-Kabeer reserve was designated as the country's first Wetland of International Importance.<a href="#cite_note-ramsar-249">[247]</a> The 50,948 ha reserve consists of small lagoons and shallow <a href="/wiki/Saltmarsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltmarsh">salt marshes</a> and is important as a stop-over for migrating birds on two migration routes.<a href="#cite_note-ramsar-249">[247]</a> The reserve is home to the world's largest breeding colony of <a href="/wiki/Crab-plover" title="Crab-plover">crab-plover</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ramsar-249">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kuwait" title="Wildlife of Kuwait">Wildlife of Kuwait</a></div> Currently, <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Kuwait" title="List of birds of Kuwait">444 species of birds</a> have been recorded in Kuwait, 18 species of which breed in the country.<a href="#cite_note-bsc-eoc-250">[248]</a> The arfaj is the national flower of Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> Due to its location at the head of the Persian Gulf near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river</a>, Kuwait is situated at the crossroads of many major bird migration routes and between two and three million birds pass each year.<a href="#cite_note-natstrat-252">[250]</a> Kuwait's marine and littoral ecosystems contain the bulk of the country's biodiversity heritage.<a href="#cite_note-natstrat-252">[250]</a> The marshes in northern Kuwait and Jahra have become increasingly important as a refuge for passage migrants.<a href="#cite_note-natstrat-252">[250]</a> Twenty eight species of mammal are found in Kuwait; animals such as gerboa, desert rabbits and <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog" title="Hedgehog">hedgehogs</a> are common in the desert.<a href="#cite_note-natstrat-252">[250]</a> Large carnivores, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">caracal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jackal" title="Jackal">jackal</a>, are no longer present.<a href="#cite_note-natstrat-252">[250]</a> Among the endangered mammalian species are the <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild cat">wild cat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-natstrat-252">[250]</a> Forty reptile species have been recorded although none are endemic to Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-natstrat-252">[250]</a> Kuwait, Oman and Yemen are the only locations where the endangered <a href="/wiki/Smoothtooth_blacktip_shark" title="Smoothtooth blacktip shark">smoothtooth blacktip shark</a> is confirmed as occurring.<a href="#cite_note-biodiversity_marine-253">[251]</a> Kuwaiti islands are important breeding areas for four species of <a href="/wiki/Tern" title="Tern">tern</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Socotra_cormorant" title="Socotra cormorant">socotra cormorant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-natstrat-252">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kubbar_Island" title="Kubbar Island">Kubbar Island</a> has been recognised an <a href="/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Area</a> (IBA) by <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> because it supports a <a href="/wiki/Bird_colony" title="Bird colony">breeding colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/White-cheeked_tern" title="White-cheeked tern">white-cheeked terns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bli-254">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_and_sanitation">Water and sanitation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Water and sanitation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Stress,_Top_Countries_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/250px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/330px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/500px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Kuwait is the most water stressed country in the world.</figcaption></figure> Kuwait is part of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river system</a> basin.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-eu-260">[258]</a> Several Tigris–Euphrates <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluences</a> form parts of the Kuwait–Iraq border.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bubiyan_Island" title="Bubiyan Island">Bubiyan Island</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a> delta.<a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Bubiyan-84">[82]</a> Kuwait is partially part of the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meso_Marsh-262">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mesopotamian_Marsh-264">[262]</a> Kuwait does not currently have any permanent rivers within its territory. However, Kuwait does have several <a href="/wiki/List_of_wadis_of_Kuwait" title="List of wadis of Kuwait">wadis</a>, the most notable of which is <a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Batin" title="Wadi al-Batin">Wadi al-Batin</a> which forms the border between Kuwait and Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> Kuwait also has several river-like marine channels around Bubiyan Island, most notably <a href="/wiki/Khawr_Abd_Allah" title="Khawr Abd Allah">Khawr Abd Allah</a> which is now an <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a>, but once was the point where the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a> emptied into the Persian Gulf. Khawr Abd Allah is located in southern Iraq and northern Kuwait, the <a href="/wiki/Iraq-Kuwait_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq-Kuwait border">Iraq-Kuwait border</a> divides the lower portion of the estuary, but adjacent to the port of <a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a> the estuary becomes wholly Iraqi. It forms the northeast coastline of Bubiyan Island and the north coastline of <a href="/wiki/Warbah_Island" title="Warbah Island">Warbah Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-266">[264]</a> Kuwait relies on water <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a> as a primary source of fresh water for drinking and domestic purposes.<a href="#cite_note-scidi-267">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-fao-268">[266]</a> There are currently more than six desalination plants.<a href="#cite_note-fao-268">[266]</a> Kuwait was the first country in the world to use desalination to supply water for large-scale domestic use. The history of desalination in Kuwait dates back to 1951 when the first distillation plant was commissioned.<a href="#cite_note-scidi-267">[265]</a> In 1965, the Kuwaiti government commissioned the Swedish engineering company of VBB (<a href="/wiki/Sweco" title="Sweco">Sweco</a>) to develop and implement a plan for a modern <a href="/wiki/Water-supply_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-supply system">water-supply system</a> for Kuwait City. The company built <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Water_Towers" title="Kuwait Water Towers">five groups of water towers</a>, thirty-one towers total, designed by its chief architect <a href="/wiki/Sune_Lindstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Lindström">Sune Lindström</a>, called "the mushroom towers". For a sixth site, the Emir of Kuwait, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Jaber_al-Ahmad_al-Jaber_al-Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaber al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah">Jaber Al-Ahmed</a>, wanted a more spectacular design. This last group, known as <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Towers" title="Kuwait Towers">Kuwait Towers</a>, consists of three towers, two of which also serve as water towers.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> Water from the desalination facility is pumped up to the tower. The thirty-three towers have a standard capacity of 102,000 cubic meters of water. "The Water Towers" (Kuwait Tower and the Kuwait Water Towers) were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a> (1980 Cycle).<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> Kuwait's fresh water resources are limited to groundwater, desalinated seawater, and treated wastewater effluents.<a href="#cite_note-scidi-267">[265]</a> There are three major municipal wastewater treatment plants.<a href="#cite_note-scidi-267">[265]</a> Most water demand is currently satisfied through seawater desalination plants.<a href="#cite_note-scidi-267">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-fao-268">[266]</a> Sewage disposal is handled by a national sewage network that covers 98% of facilities in the country.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Kuwait" title="Cabinet of Kuwait">Cabinet of Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kuwait" title="Government of Kuwait">Government of Kuwait</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kuwait" title="Politics of Kuwait">Politics of Kuwait</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_system">Political system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political system">edit</a>]</div> Kuwait is an <a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">emirate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-loc-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Emir</a> is the head of state, he belongs to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sabah" title="House of Sabah">Al Sabah</a> ruling family. The political system consists of an <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Kuwait" title="Cabinet of Kuwait">appointed government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Kuwait" title="Legal system of Kuwait">judiciary</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Polity_data_series" title="Polity data series">Polity data series</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">Economist</a> <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a><a href="#cite_note-autocracy2-275">[273]</a> both categorize Kuwait as an <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a>). Kuwait was previously described as "<a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">anocratic</a>".<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> previously rated the country as "partly free" in the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a> survey.<a href="#cite_note-FH2011-277">[275]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seifpalace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Seifpalace.jpg/250px-Seifpalace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Seifpalace.jpg/330px-Seifpalace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Seifpalace.jpg/500px-Seifpalace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Seif_Palace" title="Seif Palace">Seif Palace</a>, the original seat of the Government of Kuwait</figcaption></figure> Executive power is exercised by the government. The Emir appoints the prime minister, who in turn chooses the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Kuwait" title="Cabinet of Kuwait">cabinet of ministers</a> comprising the government. In recent decades, numerous policies of the Kuwaiti government have been characterized as "<a href="/wiki/Demographic_engineering" title="Demographic engineering">demographic engineering</a>",<a href="#cite_note-demographic_engineering-235">[233]</a> especially in relation to Kuwait's <a href="/wiki/Bedoon#Kuwait" title="Bedoon">stateless Bedoon crisis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_nationality_law#History_of_naturalization_in_Kuwait" title="Kuwaiti nationality law">history of naturalization</a> in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-demographic_engineering-235">[233]</a> The Emir appoints the judges. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kuwait" title="Constitution of Kuwait">Constitution of Kuwait</a> was promulgated in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-lse-278">[276]</a> The Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of laws and decrees with the constitution. Legislative power is exercised by the Emir. It was formerly exercised by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Kuwait)" title="National Assembly (Kuwait)">National Assembly</a>. As per article 107 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kuwait" title="Constitution of Kuwait">Kuwait constitution</a>, the Emir has the power to dissolve the assembly and elections for a new assembly should be held within two months.<a href="#cite_note-:0-279">[277]</a> The Emir has suspended various articles of the constitution on three occasions: 29 August 1976 under <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Al-Salim_Al-Sabah" title="Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah">Sheikh Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah</a>, 3 July 1986 under <a href="/wiki/Jaber_Al-Ahmad_Al-Sabah" title="Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah">Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah</a>, and 10 May 2024 under <a href="/wiki/Mishal_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Sheikh Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-loc-3">[3]</a> Kuwait's political instability has significantly hampered the country's economic development and infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-corruption_kuwait_royals-280">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-economic4-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-toolate-213">[211]</a> Kuwait is regularly characterized as being a "<a href="/wiki/Rentier_state" title="Rentier state">rentier state</a>" in which the ruling family uses oil revenues to buy the political acquiescence of the citizenry; more than 70% of government spending consists of public sector salaries and subsidies.<a href="#cite_note-fitch-281">[279]</a> Kuwait has the highest public sector wage bill in the GCC region as public sector wages account for 12.4% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-undermine_reforms-216">[214]</a> Kuwaiti women are considered among the most emancipated women in the Middle East. In 2014 and 2015, Kuwait was ranked first among Arab countries in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Gender_Gap_Report" title="Global Gender Gap Report">Global Gender Gap Report</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hgh-282">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-wid-283">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-wef-284">[282]</a> In 2013, 53% of Kuwaiti women participated in the labor force,<a href="#cite_note-gend-285">[283]</a> where they outnumber working Kuwaiti men,<a href="#cite_note-gnw-286">[284]</a> giving Kuwait the highest female citizen participation in the workforce of any GCC country.<a href="#cite_note-gnw-286">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-gend-285">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Social_Progress_Index" title="Social Progress Index">Social Progress Index</a>, Kuwait ranks first in <a href="/wiki/Social_Progress_Index" title="Social Progress Index">social progress</a> in the Arab world and Muslim world and second highest in the Middle East after Israel.<a href="#cite_note-socialprogress-288">[286]</a> However, women's political participation in Kuwait has been limited.<a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a> Despite multiple prior attempts at granting <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwaiti women suffrage</a>, they were not permanently enfranchised until 2005.<a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> Kuwait ranks among the world's top countries by <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">life expectancy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-expectancy-291">[289]</a> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">women's workforce participation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-gnw-286">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-gend-285">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/Global_Food_Security_Index" title="Global Food Security Index">global food security</a>,<a href="#cite_note-foodindex-292">[290]</a> and <a href="/wiki/School_security" title="School security">school order and safety</a>.<a href="#cite_note-schoolsecurity-293">[291]</a> Kuwait previously had a <a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public sphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> with political and social organizations.<a href="#cite_note-rubin-294">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-greo-295">[293]</a> Professional groups like the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry" title="Kuwait Chamber of Commerce and Industry">Chamber of Commerce</a>, which represents the interests of Kuwaiti businesses and industries, still exist.<a href="#cite_note-rubin-294">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-greo-295">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al_Sabah_dynasty">Al Sabah dynasty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Al Sabah dynasty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sabah" title="House of Sabah">House of Sabah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Kuwaiti_Amir_Sheikh_Nawaf_Al-Ahmed_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah_and_Kuwaiti_Crown_Prince_Sheikh_Mishal_Al-Ahmed_Al-_Sabah_(51345107712).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Kuwaiti_Amir_Sheikh_Nawaf_Al-Ahmed_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah_and_Kuwaiti_Crown_Prince_Sheikh_Mishal_Al-Ahmed_Al-_Sabah_%2851345107712%29.jpg/250px-Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Kuwaiti_Amir_Sheikh_Nawaf_Al-Ahmed_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah_and_Kuwaiti_Crown_Prince_Sheikh_Mishal_Al-Ahmed_Al-_Sabah_%2851345107712%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Kuwaiti_Amir_Sheikh_Nawaf_Al-Ahmed_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah_and_Kuwaiti_Crown_Prince_Sheikh_Mishal_Al-Ahmed_Al-_Sabah_%2851345107712%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Kuwaiti_Amir_Sheikh_Nawaf_Al-Ahmed_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah_and_Kuwaiti_Crown_Prince_Sheikh_Mishal_Al-Ahmed_Al-_Sabah_%2851345107712%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Kuwaiti_Amir_Sheikh_Nawaf_Al-Ahmed_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah_and_Kuwaiti_Crown_Prince_Sheikh_Mishal_Al-Ahmed_Al-_Sabah_%2851345107712%29.jpg/500px-Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Kuwaiti_Amir_Sheikh_Nawaf_Al-Ahmed_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah_and_Kuwaiti_Crown_Prince_Sheikh_Mishal_Al-Ahmed_Al-_Sabah_%2851345107712%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4627" data-file-height="3085" /></a><figcaption>Kuwait's emir <a href="/wiki/Nawaf_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Sheikh Nawaf</a> and crown prince <a href="/wiki/Mishal_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Mishal</a> with US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a>, July 2021</figcaption></figure> The Al Sabah ruling family adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki school</a> of Sunni Islam. Article 4 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kuwait" title="Constitution of Kuwait">Kuwait constitution</a> stipulates that Kuwait is a hereditary emirate whose emir must be an heir of <a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Al-Sabah" title="Mubarak Al-Sabah">Mubarak Al-Sabah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-279">[277]</a> Mubarak had four sons, but an informal pattern of alternation between the descendants of his sons <a href="/wiki/Jaber_II_Al-Sabah" title="Jaber II Al-Sabah">Jabir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salim_Al-Mubarak_Al-Sabah" title="Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah">Salem</a> emerged since his death in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-:3-296">[294]</a> This pattern of succession had one exception before 2006, when Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Al-Salim_Al-Sabah" title="Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah">Sabah Al-Salim</a>, a son of Salem, was named crown prince to succeed his half-brother Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Al-Salim_Al-Sabah" title="Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah">Abdullah Al-Salem</a> as a consequence of infighting and lack of consensus within the ruling family council.<a href="#cite_note-:3-296">[294]</a> The alternating system was resumed when Sheikh Sabah Al-Salim named Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Jaber_Al-Ahmad_Al-Sabah" title="Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah">Jaber Al-Ahmed</a> of the Jabir branch as his crown prince, eventually ruling as Emir for 29 years from 1977 to 2006.<a href="#cite_note-:3-296">[294]</a> On 15 January 2006, Emir Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmed died and his crown prince, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Saad_Al-Salim_Al-Sabah" title="Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah">Saad Al-Abdullah</a> of the Salem branch was named Emir.<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> On 23 January 2006, the National Assembly unanimously voted in favor of Sheikh Saad Al-Abdullah abdicating in favor of Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Sabah Al-Ahmed</a>, citing his illness with a form of dementia.<a href="#cite_note-:3-296">[294]</a> Instead of naming a successor from the Salem branch as per convention, Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmed named his half-brother Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Nawaf_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Nawaf Al-Ahmed</a> as crown prince and his nephew Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Nasser_Al-Mohammed_Al-Sabah" title="Nasser Al-Mohammed Al-Sabah">Nasser Al-Mohammed</a> as prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-:3-296">[294]</a> On 16 December 2023, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Nawaf_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Nawaf Al-Ahmed</a> Passed away, And Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Mishal_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber</a> would be the successor. Theoretically, Article 4 of the constitution stipulates that the incoming Emir's choice of crown prince needs to be approved by an absolute majority of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Kuwait)" title="National Assembly (Kuwait)">National Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-279">[277]</a> If this approval is not achieved, the emir is constitutionally required to submit three alternative candidates for crown prince to the National Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-:0-279">[277]</a> This process previously caused contenders for power to engage in alliance-building in the political scene, which had taken historically private feuding within the ruling family to the "public arena and the political realm".<a href="#cite_note-:3-296">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kuwait" title="Foreign relations of Kuwait">Foreign relations of Kuwait</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SD_meets_with_Kuwait%27s_Minister_of_Defense.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SD_meets_with_Kuwait%27s_Minister_of_Defense.jpg/250px-SD_meets_with_Kuwait%27s_Minister_of_Defense.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SD_meets_with_Kuwait%27s_Minister_of_Defense.jpg/330px-SD_meets_with_Kuwait%27s_Minister_of_Defense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SD_meets_with_Kuwait%27s_Minister_of_Defense.jpg/500px-SD_meets_with_Kuwait%27s_Minister_of_Defense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2541" /></a><figcaption>Kuwait's then Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Al_Khalid_Al_Sabah" title="Mohammad Al Khalid Al Sabah">Mohammad Al Khalid Al Sabah</a> with then US Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Jim_Mattis" title="Jim Mattis">Jim Mattis</a> in 2017</figcaption></figure> The foreign affairs of Kuwait are handled at the level of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Kuwait)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kuwait)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>. The first foreign affairs department bureau was established in 1961. Kuwait became the 111th member state of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in May 1963. It is a long-standing member of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>. Before the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, Kuwait was the only "pro-<a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a>" state in the Persian Gulf region.<a href="#cite_note-russ-298">[296]</a> Kuwait acted as a conduit for the Soviets to the other Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and Kuwait was used to demonstrate the benefits of a pro-Soviet stance.<a href="#cite_note-russ-298">[296]</a> In July 1987, Kuwait refused to allow U.S. military bases in its territory.<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, Kuwait's relations with the U.S. have improved (<a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a>). Kuwait is also a major ally of <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</a> and enjoys a close economic relationship with China while working to establish a model of cooperation in numerous fields.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-300">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-301">[299]</a> Kuwait is a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a> to the United States and currently has the largest US military presence in the entire Middle East region.<a href="#cite_note-largest_US_miltiary_presence-226">[224]</a> The United States government utilizes Kuwait-based military bases as staging hubs, training ranges, and logistical support for regional and international military operations.<a href="#cite_note-largest_US_miltiary_presence-226">[224]</a> The bases include Camp Arifjan, Camp Buehring, Ali Al Salem Air Field, and the naval base Camp Patriot.<a href="#cite_note-largest_US_miltiary_presence-226">[224]</a> Kuwait also has strong economic ties to China and <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kuwait_China-304">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-bri-209">[207]</a> Kuwait and China have many important cooperation projects including <a href="/wiki/South_al-Mutlaa" class="mw-redirect" title="South al-Mutlaa">South al-Mutlaa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Al_Kabeer_Port" title="Mubarak Al Kabeer Port">Mubarak Al Kabeer Port</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mutlaa4-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-mutlaa-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-mutlaa2-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-beltroad2-305">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-bri-209">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Armed_Forces" title="Kuwait Armed Forces">Kuwait Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BMP-3_and_M1_Abrams_of_Kuwaiti_Land_Forces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BMP-3_and_M1_Abrams_of_Kuwaiti_Land_Forces.jpg/250px-BMP-3_and_M1_Abrams_of_Kuwaiti_Land_Forces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BMP-3_and_M1_Abrams_of_Kuwaiti_Land_Forces.jpg/330px-BMP-3_and_M1_Abrams_of_Kuwaiti_Land_Forces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BMP-3_and_M1_Abrams_of_Kuwaiti_Land_Forces.jpg/500px-BMP-3_and_M1_Abrams_of_Kuwaiti_Land_Forces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/BMP-3" title="BMP-3">BMP-3</a> and <a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait Army">Kuwaiti Land Forces</a></figcaption></figure> The Kuwaiti armed forces consist of the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait Army">Land Forces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Air_Force" title="Kuwait Air Force">Air Force</a> (including the Air Defense Force), the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait Navy">Navy</a> (including the Coast Guard), the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_National_Guard" title="Kuwait National Guard">National Guard</a>, and the Emiri Guard, with a total of 17,500 active personnel and 23,700 reservists. The Emiri Guard is tasked with the protection of the Emir of Kuwait. The National Guard remains independent of the regular armed forces command structure, subordinated directly to the Emir and the prime minister, and is involved in both internal security and external defense. The Coast Guard is part of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Kuwait)" title="Ministry of Interior (Kuwait)">Ministry of Interior</a> while all of the other branches are part of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Kuwait)" title="Ministry of Defense (Kuwait)">Ministry of Defense</a>, and the National Guard provides assistance to both agencies. Since 1991 the United States has been the country's main security partner, carrying out training exercises with its military, and Kuwait is also a participant in the Gulf Cooperation Council's <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Shield_Force" title="Peninsula Shield Force">Peninsula Shield Force</a>. The Kuwaiti military uses American, Russian, and western European equipment.<a href="#cite_note-iiss2023-306">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIAfactbook-307">[305]</a> In 2017 Kuwait reintroduced mandatory military service for its male citizens, consisting of four months of training and eight months of service. Conscription was previously in effect from 1961 to 2001, though it was not fully enforced at that time.<a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a> Kuwait was the only Gulf country to have had military conscription until 2014, when Qatar also implemented the policy.<a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a> When Saudi Arabia began its <a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war" title="Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war">intervention in the Yemeni civil war</a> in early 2015, Kuwait joined the Saudi-led coalition. Kuwaiti forces provided an artillery battalion and 15 fighter jets, though their contribution to the operations in Yemen was limited.<a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_system">Legal system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legal system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Kuwait" title="Legal system of Kuwait">Legal system of Kuwait</a></div> Kuwait follows the <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law system</a> modeled after the French legal system;<a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a> Kuwait's legal system is largely secular.<a href="#cite_note-316">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-hopkins-317">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law governs only <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family law</a> for Muslim residents,<a href="#cite_note-hopkins-317">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a> while non-Muslims in Kuwait have a secular family law. For the application of <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family law</a>, there are three separate court sections: <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a>), <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">non-Muslim</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, Kuwait's legal system is a mix of <a href="/wiki/English_law#Common_law" title="English law">English common law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">French civil law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Civil_Code" title="Egyptian Civil Code">Egyptian civil law</a> and Islamic law.<a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">court system</a> in Kuwait is secular.<a href="#cite_note-322">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-ipo-323">[321]</a> Unlike other <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab states of the Persian Gulf</a>, Kuwait does not have Sharia courts.<a href="#cite_note-ipo-323">[321]</a> Sections of the civil court system administer family law.<a href="#cite_note-ipo-323">[321]</a> Kuwait has the most secular <a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">commercial law</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_States_of_the_Persian_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab States of the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[322]</a> The parliament criminalized alcohol consumption in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-325">[323]</a> Kuwait's <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Personal_Status_(Kuwait)" title="Code of Personal Status (Kuwait)">Code of Personal Status</a> was promulgated in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-326">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Kuwait" title="Governorates of Kuwait">Governorates of Kuwait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Kuwait" title="Areas of Kuwait">Areas of Kuwait</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuwait_governorates_english.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kuwait_governorates_english.png/250px-Kuwait_governorates_english.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kuwait_governorates_english.png/500px-Kuwait_governorates_english.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Kuwait_governorates_english.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Governorates of Kuwait</figcaption></figure> Kuwait is divided into <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Kuwait" title="Governorates of Kuwait">six governorates</a>: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Asimah_Governorate_(Kuwait)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Asimah Governorate (Kuwait)">Al Asimah Governorate</a> (or Capital Governorate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawalli_Governorate" title="Hawalli Governorate">Hawalli Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farwaniya_Governorate" title="Farwaniya Governorate">Farwaniya Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Al-Kabeer_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mubarak Al-Kabeer Governorate">Mubarak Al-Kabeer Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadi_Governorate" title="Ahmadi Governorate">Ahmadi Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahra_Governorate" title="Jahra Governorate">Jahra Governorate</a></li></ol> The governorates are further <a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Kuwait" title="Areas of Kuwait">subdivided into Areas</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_and_corruption">Human rights and corruption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Human rights and corruption">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kuwait" title="Human rights in Kuwait">Human rights in Kuwait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bedoon" title="Bedoon">Bedoon</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kuwait" title="Human rights in Kuwait">Human rights in Kuwait</a> has been the subject of significant criticism, particularly regarding the <a href="/wiki/Bedoon" title="Bedoon">Bedoon</a> (stateless people).<a href="#cite_note-new-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-s-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-mass_graves_bedoon3-327">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-massgravesbedoon5-164">[162]</a> The Kuwaiti government's handling of the stateless Bedoon crisis has come under criticism from many human rights organisations and even the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unitednations-328">[326]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> in 1995, Kuwait has produced 300,000 stateless Bedoon.<a href="#cite_note-hrw-329">[327]</a> Kuwait has the largest number of stateless people in the entire region.<a href="#cite_note-s-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-una-330">[328]</a> Since 1986, the Kuwaiti government has refused to grant any form of documentation to the Bedoon including birth certificates, death certificates, identity cards, marriage certificates, and driving licences.<a href="#cite_note-una-330">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-dis-331">[329]</a> The Kuwaiti Bedoon crisis resembles the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingya">Rohingya</a> crisis in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (Burma).<a href="#cite_note-rights-332">[330]</a> According to several human rights organizations, Kuwait is committing <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> against the stateless Bedoon.<a href="#cite_note-new-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-s-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-una-330">[328]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kuwait">LGBT people</a> in Kuwait have few legal protections.<a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a> On the other hand, human rights organizations have criticized Kuwait for the human rights abuses toward foreign nationals. Foreign nationals account for 70% of Kuwait's total population. The <a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">kafala system</a> leaves foreign nationals prone to exploitation. Administrative deportation is very common in Kuwait for minor offenses, including minor traffic violations. Kuwait is one of the world's worst offenders in <a href="/wiki/Trafficking_in_human_beings" class="mw-redirect" title="Trafficking in human beings">human trafficking</a>. Hundreds of thousands of foreign nationals are subjected to numerous human rights abuses including involuntary servitude. They are subjected to physical and sexual abuse, non-payment of wages, poor work conditions, threats, confinement to the home, and withholding of passports to restrict their freedom of movement.<a href="#cite_note-334">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[333]</a> Since the start of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuwait" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait">COVID-19 pandemic vaccination rollout</a>, Kuwait has been regularly accused of implementing a xenophobic vaccine policy toward foreign nationals.<a href="#cite_note-covid2-336">[334]</a> Kuwait's mistreatment of foreign workers has resulted in various high-profile diplomatic crises. In 2018, there was a <a href="/wiki/2018_Kuwait%E2%80%93Philippines_diplomatic_crisis" title="2018 Kuwait–Philippines diplomatic crisis">diplomatic crisis between Kuwait and the Philippines</a> due to the mistreatment of Filipino workers in Kuwait. Approximately 60% of Filipinos in Kuwait are employed as domestic workers. In July 2018, Kuwaiti fashionista <a href="/wiki/Sondos_Alqattan" title="Sondos Alqattan">Sondos Alqattan</a> released a controversial video criticizing domestic workers from the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-337">[335]</a> In 2020, there was a diplomatic crisis between Kuwait and Egypt due to the mistreatment of Egyptian workers in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-338">[336]</a> Various Kuwaitis have been jailed after they criticized the Al Sabah ruling family.<a href="#cite_note-339">[337]</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a> said it had concerns about the case of Kuwaiti blogger and journalist Mohammad Abdul-Kader al-Jassem who was on trial for allegedly criticizing the ruling al-Sabah family, and faced up to 18 years in prison if convicted.<a href="#cite_note-trial1-340">[338]</a> He was detained after a complaint against him was issued by the office of Kuwait's Emir Sheikh Sabah al-Ahmad al-Sabah.<a href="#cite_note-trial1-340">[338]</a> Extensive corruption among Kuwait's high-level government officials is a serious problem resulting in tensions between the government and the public.<a href="#cite_note-341">[339]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> 2007, Kuwait was ranked 60th out of 179 countries for corruption (least corrupt countries are at the top of the list). On a scale of 0 to 10 with 0 the most corrupt and 10 the most transparent, <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> rated Kuwait 4.3.<a href="#cite_note-342">[340]</a> In 2009, 20% of the youth in juvenile centres had dyslexia, as compared to the 6% of the general population.<a href="#cite_note-343">[341]</a> Data from a 1993 study found that there is a higher rate of psychiatric morbidity in Kuwaiti prisons than in the general population.<a href="#cite_note-344">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Economy of Kuwait</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Hamra_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Al_Hamra_Tower.jpg/250px-Al_Hamra_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Al_Hamra_Tower.jpg/330px-Al_Hamra_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Al_Hamra_Tower.jpg/500px-Al_Hamra_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al_Hamra_Tower" title="Al Hamra Tower">Al Hamra Tower</a> is the tallest sculpted tower in the world.</figcaption></figure> Kuwait has a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>-based economy.<a href="#cite_note-diver-345">[343]</a> Its official currency is the <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_dinar" title="Kuwaiti dinar">Kuwaiti dinar</a>. By various per-capita measures of economic output, Kuwait is one of the wealthiest countries in the world.<a href="#cite_note-usatoday-346">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-worldbank-347">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[347]</a> In 2021, Kuwait was considered to be the GCC region's most oil-dependent country with the weakest infrastructure and lowest share of economic diversification.<a href="#cite_note-economic4-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-toolate-213">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-least_developed-228">[226]</a> In 2019, Iraq was Kuwait's leading export market and food/agricultural products accounted for 94.2% of total export commodities.<a href="#cite_note-hktdc-350">[348]</a> Globally, Kuwait's main export products were mineral fuels including oil (89.1% of total exports), aircraft and spacecraft (4.3%), organic chemicals (3.2%), plastics (1.2%), iron and steel (0.2%), gems and precious metals (0.1%), machinery including computers (0.1%), aluminum (0.1%), copper (0.1%), and salt, sulphur, stone and cement (0.1%).<a href="#cite_note-exports-351">[349]</a> Kuwait was the world's biggest exporter of sulfonated, nitrated and nitrosated hydrocarbons in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-exports1-352">[350]</a> Kuwait was ranked 63rd out of 157 countries in the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Economic_Complexity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Complexity Index">Economic Complexity Index</a> (ECI).<a href="#cite_note-exports1-352">[350]</a> In recent decades, Kuwait has enacted certain measures to regulate foreign labor due to security concerns. For instance, workers from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> are subject to heightened scrutiny when applying for entry visas, and an outright ban was imposed on the entry of domestic workers from <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[351]</a> Workers from <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> are also banned.<a href="#cite_note-354">[352]</a> In April 2019, Kuwait added Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, Bhutan, Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the list of banned countries bringing the total to 20. According to Migrant Rights, the bans are put in place mainly due to the fact that these countries lack embassies and labour corporations in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-355">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petroleum_and_natural_gas">Petroleum and natural gas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Petroleum and natural gas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Kuwait" title="Petroleum industry in Kuwait">Petroleum industry in Kuwait</a></div> Despite its relatively small territory, Kuwait has proven crude <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves#Countries" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">oil reserves</a> of 104 billion barrels, estimated to be 10% of the world's reserves. Kuwait also has substantial <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">natural gas reserves</a>. All natural resources in the country are state property. As part of Kuwait Vision 2035, Kuwait aims to position itself as a global hub for the petrochemical industry.<a href="#cite_note-kuwaitvision-356">[354]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Zour_Refinery" title="Al Zour Refinery">Al Zour Refinery</a> is the largest refinery in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-zour1-357">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-zour2-358">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-zour3-359">[357]</a> It is Kuwait's largest environmentally friendly oil refinery,<a href="#cite_note-alzour_env-360">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-kuwaitvision-356">[354]</a> where this refers to the effect on the local environment as opposed to the global environmental impact of burning the resulting oil. This Al Zour Refinery is a Kuwait-China cooperation project under the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chinakuwaitzour-361">[359]</a> Al Zour LNG Terminal is the Middle East's largest import terminal for <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lng-362">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-lng1-363">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-lng2-364">[362]</a> It is the world's largest capacity LNG storage and regasification green field project.<a href="#cite_note-lng7-365">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-lng8-366">[364]</a> The project has attracted investments worth US$3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-lng4-367">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-lng3-368">[366]</a> Other megaprojects include biofuel and clean fuels.<a href="#cite_note-argus-369">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-biofuel-370">[368]</a> On January 20, 2025, the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Oil_Company" title="Kuwait Oil Company">Kuwait Oil Company</a> announced a major hydrocarbon discovery at the Al Jlaiaa offshore field, which it sees as a significant milestone in the nation's energy sector. The development aligns with Kuwait's strategic plans to enhance its offshore exploration and production capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-371">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steel_manufacturing">Steel manufacturing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Steel manufacturing">edit</a>]</div> The biggest non-oil industry is steel manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-steel4-373">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-steel1-374">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-steel2-375">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-steel3-376">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-steel-377">[375]</a> United Steel Industrial Company (KWT Steel) is Kuwait's main steel manufacturing company, which caters to all of Kuwait's domestic market demands (particularly construction).<a href="#cite_note-steel1-374">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-steel4-373">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-steel2-375">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-steel3-376">[374]</a> Kuwait is self-sufficient in steel.<a href="#cite_note-steel1-374">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-steel4-373">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-steel2-375">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-steel3-376">[374]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> In 2016, Kuwait's food self-sufficiency ratio was 49.5% in vegetables, 38.7% in meat, 12.4% in dairy, 24.9% in fruits, and 0.4% in cereals.<a href="#cite_note-food_selfsufficient-378">[376]</a> 8.5% of Kuwait's entire territory consists of agricultural land, although arable land constitutes 0.6% of Kuwait's entire territory.<a href="#cite_note-agri2-379">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-agri3-380">[378]</a> Historically, Jahra was a predominantly agricultural area. There are currently various farms in Jahra.<a href="#cite_note-381">[379]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Finance">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Investment_Authority" title="Kuwait Investment Authority">Kuwait Investment Authority</a> (KIA) is Kuwait's largest <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">sovereign wealth fund</a> specializing in foreign investment. The KIA is the world's oldest sovereign wealth fund. Since 1953, the Kuwaiti government has directed investments into Europe, United States and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Pacific">Asia Pacific</a>. In 2021, the holdings were valued at around $700 billion in assets.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg_swf-382">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-swf1-383">[381]</a> It is the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund#Largest_sovereign_wealth_funds" title="Sovereign wealth fund">3rd largest</a> sovereign wealth fund in the world.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg_swf-382">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-swf1-383">[381]</a> Kuwait has a leading position in the financial industry in the GCC.<a href="#cite_note-wages-384">[382]</a> The Emir has promoted the idea that Kuwait should focus its energies, in terms of economic development, on the financial industry.<a href="#cite_note-wages-384">[382]</a> The historical preeminence of Kuwait (among the GCC monarchies) in finance dates back to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Kuwait" title="National Bank of Kuwait">National Bank of Kuwait</a> in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-wages-384">[382]</a> The bank was the first local publicly traded corporation in the GCC region.<a href="#cite_note-wages-384">[382]</a> In the late 1970s and early 1980s, an alternative stock market, trading in shares of GCC companies, emerged in Kuwait, the <a href="/wiki/Souk_Al-Manakh_stock_market_crash" title="Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash">Souk Al-Manakh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wages-384">[382]</a> At its peak, its market capitalization was the third highest in the world, behind only the United States and Japan, and ahead of the United Kingdom and France.<a href="#cite_note-wages-384">[382]</a> Kuwait has a large wealth-management industry.<a href="#cite_note-wages-384">[382]</a> Kuwaiti investment companies administer more assets than those of any other GCC country, save the much larger Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-wages-384">[382]</a> The Kuwait Financial Centre, in a rough calculation, estimated that Kuwaiti firms accounted for over one-third of the total assets under management in the GCC.<a href="#cite_note-wages-384">[382]</a> The relative strength of Kuwait in the financial industry extends to its stock market.<a href="#cite_note-wages-384">[382]</a> For many years, the total valuation of <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Kuwait" title="List of companies of Kuwait">all companies</a> listed on the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait Stock Exchange">Kuwait Stock Exchange</a> far exceeded the value of those on any other GCC bourse, except Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-wages-384">[382]</a> In 2011, financial and banking companies made up more than half of the market capitalization of the Kuwaiti bourse; among all the GCC states, the market capitalization of Kuwaiti financial-sector firms was, in total, behind only that of Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-wages-384">[382]</a> In recent years, Kuwaiti investment companies have invested large percentages of their assets abroad, and their foreign assets have become substantially larger than their domestic assets.<a href="#cite_note-wages-384">[382]</a> Kuwait is a major source of foreign economic assistance to other states through the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Fund_for_Arab_Economic_Development" title="Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development">Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development</a>, an autonomous state institution created in 1961 on the pattern of international development agencies. In 1974, the fund's lending mandate was expanded to include all <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> in the world. In the past five years, there has been a rise in <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a> and small business start-ups in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-385">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[384]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Informal_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal sector">informal sector</a> is also on the rise,<a href="#cite_note-387">[385]</a> mainly due to the popularity of Instagram businesses.<a href="#cite_note-388">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[388]</a> In 2020, Kuwait ranked fourth in the MENA region in startup funding after the UAE, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-crisis3-391">[389]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kuwait" title="Health in Kuwait">Health in Kuwait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Kuwait" title="Healthcare in Kuwait">Healthcare in Kuwait</a></div> Kuwait has a state-funded healthcare system, which provides treatment without charge to Kuwaiti nationals. There are outpatient clinics in every residential area in Kuwait. A public insurance scheme exists to provide reduced cost healthcare to expatriates. Private healthcare providers also run medical facilities in the country, available to members of their insurance schemes. As part of Kuwait Vision 2035, many new hospitals recently opened.<a href="#cite_note-health4-392">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-health5-393">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-health1-394">[392]</a> In the years leading up to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> pandemic, Kuwait invested in its health care system at a rate that was proportionally higher than most other GCC countries.<a href="#cite_note-health3-395">[393]</a> Under the Kuwait Vision 2035 healthcare strategy, the public hospital sector significantly increased its capacity.<a href="#cite_note-health5-393">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-health4-392">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-health1-394">[392]</a> Many new hospitals recently opened, Kuwait currently has 20 public hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-health6-396">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-health5-393">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-health4-392">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-health1-394">[392]</a> The new Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Hospital is the largest hospital in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-health2-397">[395]</a> Kuwait also has 16 private hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-health4-392">[390]</a> Private sector hospitals in Kuwait offer multiple specialities. This trend is likely to grow further, especially in tapping opportunities to reduce treatments performed overseas and develop inbound medical tourism market by developing high end speciality hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-398">[396]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Science and technology">edit</a>]</div> Kuwait was ranked 71st in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-399">[397]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a>, Kuwait registered 448 <a href="/wiki/Patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Patents">patents</a> as of 31 December 2015.<a href="#cite_note-uspto-400">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-orient-402">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[401]</a> In the early to mid 2010s, Kuwait produced the largest number of scientific publications and patents per capita in the region and registered the highest growth regionally.<a href="#cite_note-gain-404">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-mit-408">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-orient-402">[400]</a> Kuwait was the first country in the region to implement <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> technology.<a href="#cite_note-5g-409">[407]</a> Kuwait is among the world's leading markets in 5G penetration.<a href="#cite_note-5g-409">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-5gkw-410">[408]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_and_satellite_programmes">Space and satellite programmes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Space and satellite programmes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Space_Rocket" title="Kuwait Space Rocket">Kuwait Space Rocket</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KSR-1_Rocket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/KSR-1_Rocket.jpg/100px-KSR-1_Rocket.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="444" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/KSR-1_Rocket.jpg/150px-KSR-1_Rocket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/KSR-1_Rocket.jpg/200px-KSR-1_Rocket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Prototype of the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Space_Rocket" title="Kuwait Space Rocket">Kuwait Space Rocket</a></figcaption></figure> Kuwait has an emerging space industry which is largely driven by private sector initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-space-411">[409]</a> Seven years after the launch of the world's first communications satellite, <a href="/wiki/Telstar_1" title="Telstar 1">Telstar 1</a>, Kuwait in October 1969 inaugurated the first satellite ground station in the Middle East, "Um Alaish".<a href="#cite_note-412">[410]</a> The Um Alaish satellite station complex housed several satellite ground stations including Um Alaish 1 (1969), Um Alaish 2 (1977), and Um Alaish 3 (1981). It provided satellite communication services in Kuwait until 1990 when it was destroyed by the Iraqi armed forces during the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-413">[411]</a> In 2019, Kuwait's Orbital Space established an amateur satellite ground station to provide free access to signals from satellites in orbit passing over Kuwait. The station was named Um Alaish 4 to continue the legacy of "Um Alaish" satellite station.<a href="#cite_note-414">[412]</a> Um Alaish 4 is a member of FUNcube distributed <a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">ground station</a> network<a href="#cite_note-415">[413]</a> and the Satellite Networked Open Ground Station project (<a href="/wiki/SatNOGS" title="SatNOGS">SatNOGS</a>).<a href="#cite_note-416">[414]</a> Kuwait's Orbital Space in collaboration with the Space Challenges Program<a href="#cite_note-417">[415]</a> and <a href="/wiki/EnduroSat" title="EnduroSat">EnduroSat</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[416]</a> introduced an international initiative called "Code in Space". The initiative allows students from around the world to send and execute their own code in space.<a href="#cite_note-419">[417]</a> The code is transmitted from a satellite ground station to a <a href="/wiki/CubeSat" title="CubeSat">cubesat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Small_satellite" title="Small satellite">nanosatellite</a>) orbiting earth 500 km (310 mi) above sea level. The code is then executed by the satellite's onboard computer and tested under real space environment conditions. The nanosatellite is called "QMR-KWT" (Arabic: قمر الكويت) which means "Moon of Kuwait", translated from Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-first_satellite2-420">[418]</a> QMR-KWT launched to space on 30 June 2021<a href="#cite_note-first_satellite-421">[419]</a> on <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Falcon 9 Block 5</a> rocket and was part of the payload of a satellite carrier called ION SCV Dauntless David by D-Orbit.<a href="#cite_note-422">[420]</a> It was deployed into its final orbit (<a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous orbit</a>) on 16 July 2021.<a href="#cite_note-423">[421]</a> QMR-KWT is Kuwait's first satellite.<a href="#cite_note-first_satellite-421">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-424">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-first_satellite2-420">[418]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Space_Rocket" title="Kuwait Space Rocket">Kuwait Space Rocket</a> (KSR) is a Kuwaiti project to build and launch the first <a href="/wiki/Suborbital_spaceflight" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborbital spaceflight">suborbital</a> <a href="/wiki/Liquid-propellant_rocket" title="Liquid-propellant rocket">liquid bi-propellant rocket</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-425">[423]</a> The project is divided into two phases with two separate vehicles: an initial testing phase with KSR-1 as a <a href="/wiki/Test_article_(aerospace)" title="Test article (aerospace)">test vehicle</a> capable of reaching an altitude of 8 km (5.0 mi) and a more expansive suborbital test phase with the KSR-2 planned to fly to an altitude of 100 km (62 mi).<a href="#cite_note-426">[424]</a> Kuwait's Orbital Space in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Scientific_Center" title="Kuwait Scientific Center">Kuwait Scientific Center</a> (TSCK) introduced for the first time in Kuwait the opportunity for students to send a science experiment to space. The objectives of this initiative was to allow students to learn about (a) how science space missions are done; (b) <a href="/wiki/Micro-g_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-g environment">microgravity</a> (weightlessness) environment; (c) how to do science like a real scientist. This opportunity was made possible through Orbital Space agreement with <a href="/wiki/DreamUp" title="DreamUp">DreamUp</a> PBC and <a href="/wiki/NanoRacks" class="mw-redirect" title="NanoRacks">Nanoracks</a> LLC, which are collaborating with <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> under a Space Act Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-427">[425]</a> The students' experiment was named "Kuwait's Experiment: E.coli Consuming Carbon Dioxide to Combat Climate Change".<a href="#cite_note-428">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-429">[427]</a> The experiment was launched on <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-21" title="SpaceX CRS-21">SpaceX CRS-21</a> (SpX-21) spaceflight to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS) on 6 December 2020. Astronaut <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Walker" title="Shannon Walker">Shannon Walker</a> (member of the ISS <a href="/wiki/Expedition_64" title="Expedition 64">Expedition 64</a>) conducted the experiment on behalf of the students. In July 2021, Kuwait University announced that it is launching a national satellite project as part of state-led efforts to pioneer the country's sustainable space sector.<a href="#cite_note-national_satellite-430">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-national_satellite2-431">[429]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kuwait" title="Education in Kuwait">Education in Kuwait</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khaldiya_Campus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Khaldiya_Campus.JPG/250px-Khaldiya_Campus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Khaldiya_Campus.JPG/330px-Khaldiya_Campus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Khaldiya_Campus.JPG/500px-Khaldiya_Campus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_University" title="Kuwait University">Kuwait University</a></figcaption></figure> Kuwait had the highest <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> in the Arab world in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-432">[430]</a> The general education system consists of four levels: <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> (lasting for 2 years), <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary</a> (lasting for 5 years), <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">intermediate</a> (lasting for 4 years) and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary</a> (lasting for 3 years).<a href="#cite_note-433">[431]</a> Schooling at primary and intermediate level is compulsory for all students aged 6 – 14. All the levels of state education, including higher education, are free.<a href="#cite_note-434">[432]</a> The public education system is undergoing a revamp due to a project in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oxfordbusinessgroup-435">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[434]</a> There are two public universities and 14 private universities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> Tourism in Kuwait still remains very limited due to poor infrastructure and the alcohol ban. The annual "Hala Febrayer" festival somewhat attracts tourists from neighboring GCC countries,<a href="#cite_note-halafeb-437">[435]</a> and includes a variety of events including music concerts, parades, and carnivals.<a href="#cite_note-halafeb-437">[435]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[437]</a> The festival is a month-long commemoration of the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Kuwait">liberation of Kuwait</a>, and runs from 1 to 28 February. <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day" title="Liberation Day">Liberation Day</a> itself is celebrated on 26 February.<a href="#cite_note-440">[438]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Palms_Beach_Hotel_%26_Spa_in_Kuwait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Palms_Beach_Hotel_%26_Spa_in_Kuwait.jpg/250px-The_Palms_Beach_Hotel_%26_Spa_in_Kuwait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Palms_Beach_Hotel_%26_Spa_in_Kuwait.jpg/330px-The_Palms_Beach_Hotel_%26_Spa_in_Kuwait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Palms_Beach_Hotel_%26_Spa_in_Kuwait.jpg/500px-The_Palms_Beach_Hotel_%26_Spa_in_Kuwait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The Palms Beach Hotel & Spa in Kuwait</figcaption></figure> In 2020, Kuwait's domestic travel and tourism spending was $6.1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-inbound-441">[439]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Travel_and_Tourism_Council" title="World Travel and Tourism Council">WTTC</a> named Kuwait as one of the world's fastest-growing countries in travel and tourism <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> in 2019, with 11.6% year-on-year growth.<a href="#cite_note-inbound-441">[439]</a> In 2016, the tourism industry generated nearly $500 million in revenue.<a href="#cite_note-442">[440]</a> In 2015, tourism accounted for 1.5 percent of the GDP.<a href="#cite_note-443">[441]</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[442]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Al_Ahmad_Sea_City" title="Sabah Al Ahmad Sea City">Sabah Al Ahmad Sea City</a> is one of Kuwait's biggest attractions. The <a href="/wiki/Amiri_Diwan_of_Kuwait" title="Amiri Diwan of Kuwait">Amiri Diwan</a> recently inaugurated the new <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_National_Cultural_District" title="Kuwait National Cultural District">Kuwait National Cultural District</a> (KNCD), which comprises <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Abdullah_Al_Salem_Cultural_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Abdullah Al Salem Cultural Centre">Sheikh Abdullah Al Salem Cultural Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Jaber_Al_Ahmad_Cultural_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad Cultural Centre">Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad Cultural Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Shaheed_Park" title="Al Shaheed Park">Al Shaheed Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al_Salam_Palace_(Kuwait)" title="Al Salam Palace (Kuwait)">Al Salam Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kncd2-445">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-kncd-446">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-kncd3-447">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-newkuwait-448">[446]</a> With a capital cost of more than US$1 billion, the project is one of the largest cultural investments in the world.<a href="#cite_note-kncd-446">[444]</a> The Kuwait National Cultural District is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Cultural_Districts_Network" title="Global Cultural Districts Network">Global Cultural Districts Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gcdn-449">[447]</a> Al Shaheed Park is the largest green roof project ever undertaken in the Arab world.<a href="#cite_note-zinco-450">[448]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kuwait" title="Transport in Kuwait">Transport in Kuwait</a></div> Kuwait has a modern network of highways. <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Kuwait" title="Roads in Kuwait">Roadways</a> extended 5,749 km (3,572 mi), of which 4,887 km (3,037 mi) is paved. There are more than two million passenger cars, and 500,000 commercial taxis, buses, and trucks in use. On major highways the maximum speed is 120 km/h (75 mph). Since there is no railway system in the country, most people travel by automobiles. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuwait_highway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kuwait_highway.jpg/250px-Kuwait_highway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kuwait_highway.jpg/330px-Kuwait_highway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kuwait_highway.jpg/500px-Kuwait_highway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="2325" /></a><figcaption>A highway in Kuwait City</figcaption></figure> The country's public transportation network consists almost entirely of bus routes. The state owned Kuwait Public Transportation Company was established in 1962. It runs local bus routes across Kuwait as well as longer distance services to other <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Gulf states</a>. The main private bus company is CityBus, which operates about 20 routes across the country. Another private bus company, Kuwait Gulf Link Public Transport Services, was started in 2006. It runs local bus routes across Kuwait and longer distance services to neighbouring Arab countries. There are two airports in Kuwait. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_International_Airport" title="Kuwait International Airport">Kuwait International Airport</a> serves as the principal hub for international air travel. State-owned <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Airways" title="Kuwait Airways">Kuwait Airways</a> is the largest airline in the country. A portion of the airport complex is designated as Al Mubarak Air Base, which contains the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Air_Force" title="Kuwait Air Force">Kuwait Air Force</a>, as well as the Kuwait Air Force Museum. In 2004, the first private airline of Kuwait, <a href="/wiki/Jazeera_Airways" title="Jazeera Airways">Jazeera Airways</a>, was launched. In 2005, the second private airline, <a href="/wiki/Wataniya_Airways" title="Wataniya Airways">Wataniya Airways</a> was founded. Kuwait has one of the largest shipping industries in the region. The Kuwait Ports Public Authority manages and operates ports across Kuwait. The country's principal commercial seaports are <a href="/wiki/Shuwaikh" title="Shuwaikh">Shuwaikh</a> and Shuaiba, which handled combined cargo of 753,334 TEU in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-451">[449]</a> Mina Al-Ahmadi is the largest port in the country. <a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Al_Kabeer_Port" title="Mubarak Al Kabeer Port">Mubarak Al Kabeer Port</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bubiyan_Island" title="Bubiyan Island">Bubiyan Island</a> is currently under construction. The port is expected to handle 2 million <a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">TEU</a> when operations start. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kuwait" title="Demographics of Kuwait">Demographics of Kuwait</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuwaityouth5020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kuwaityouth5020.jpg/250px-Kuwaityouth5020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kuwaityouth5020.jpg/330px-Kuwaityouth5020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kuwaityouth5020.jpg/500px-Kuwaityouth5020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Kuwaiti youth celebrating Kuwait's independence and liberation, 2011</figcaption></figure> Kuwait's 2023 population was 4.82 million people, of which 1.53 million were Kuwaitis and 3.29 million expatriates.<a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Expatriates_in_Kuwait" title="Expatriates in Kuwait">Expatriates in Kuwait</a> account for around 60% of Kuwait's total population. At the end of December 2018, 57.65% of Kuwait's total population were <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> (including Arab expats).<a href="#cite_note-PACI-452">[450]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> are the largest expat communities respectively.<a href="#cite_note-453">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Religion in Kuwait</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddiqa_Fatima_Zahra_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Siddiqa_Fatima_Zahra_Mosque.jpg/220px-Siddiqa_Fatima_Zahra_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Siddiqa_Fatima_Zahra_Mosque.jpg/330px-Siddiqa_Fatima_Zahra_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Siddiqa_Fatima_Zahra_Mosque.jpg/440px-Siddiqa_Fatima_Zahra_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siddiqa_Fatima_Zahra_Mosque" title="Siddiqa Fatima Zahra Mosque">Siddiqa Fatima Zahra Mosque</a> in Kuwait</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Family_Cathedral_(Kuwait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Holy_Family_Cathedral_%28Kuwait%29.jpg/220px-Holy_Family_Cathedral_%28Kuwait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Holy_Family_Cathedral_%28Kuwait%29.jpg/330px-Holy_Family_Cathedral_%28Kuwait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Holy_Family_Cathedral_%28Kuwait%29.jpg/440px-Holy_Family_Cathedral_%28Kuwait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family_Cathedral,_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Family Cathedral, Kuwait">Holy Family Co-Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> Kuwait's official state religion is <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a> Sunni Islam. The <a href="/wiki/Al_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Sabah">Al Sabah</a> ruling family adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki school</a> of Sunni Islam. Most Kuwaiti citizens are Muslim; there is no official national census but it is estimated that 60%–70% are Sunni and 30%–40% are Shia.<a href="#cite_note-454">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-ssi-455">[453]</a> Kuwait also has a large community of expatriate <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-irfr2007-456">[454]</a> As of 2020, there are an estimated 837,585 Christians, comprising 17.93% of the population — the second largest religious group.<a href="#cite_note-PACI-452">[450]</a> Most Christians in Kuwait are from <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> in India, namely <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>. The first Malankara Orthodox parish was St. Thomas Indian Orthodox Pazhayapally Ahmadi, established in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-457">[455]</a> Kuwait includes a <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kuwait#Kuwaiti_Christians" title="Christianity in Kuwait">native Christian</a> community, estimated to be composed of between 259 and 400 Kuwaiti citizens.<a href="#cite_note-ref-458">[456]</a> Kuwait is the only <a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf">GCC country</a> besides Bahrain to have a local Christian population who hold citizenship. A small number of Kuwaiti citizens follow the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-irfr2007-456">[454]</a><a href="#cite_note-459">[457]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Persian" title="Kuwaiti Persian">Kuwaiti Persian</a></div> Kuwait's official language is <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>, but its everyday usage is limited to journalism and education. <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti Arabic</a> is the variant of Arabic used in everyday life.<a href="#cite_note-460">[458]</a> English is widely understood and often used as a business language. Besides English, French is taught as a third language for the students of the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> at schools, but for two years only. Kuwaiti Arabic is a variant of <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf Arabic</a>, sharing similarities with the dialects of neighboring coastal areas in Eastern Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-461">[459]</a> Due to immigration during its pre-oil history as well as trade, Kuwaiti Arabic borrowed a lot of words from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi language</a>, Turkish, English and Italian.<a href="#cite_note-462">[460]</a> Due to historical immigration, <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Persian" title="Kuwaiti Persian">Kuwaiti Persian</a> is used among <a href="/wiki/%27Ajam_of_Kuwait" title="'Ajam of Kuwait">Ajam Kuwaitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-463">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-464">[462]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> sub-dialects of <a href="/wiki/Larestani" class="mw-redirect" title="Larestani">Larestani</a>, Khonji, Bastaki and Gerashi also influenced the vocabulary of Kuwaiti Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-465">[463]</a> Most Shia Kuwaiti citizens are of Iranian ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-466">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-467">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-468">[466]</a><a href="#cite_note-469">[467]</a><a href="#cite_note-470">[468]</a><a href="#cite_note-471">[469]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kuwait" title="Culture of Kuwait">Culture of Kuwait</a></div> Kuwaiti <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>, in the form of theatre, radio, music, and television soap opera, flourishes and is even exported to neighboring states.<a href="#cite_note-cliv-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-472">[470]</a> Within the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab states of the Persian Gulf</a>, the culture of Kuwait is the closest to the culture of <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>; this is evident in the close association between the two states in theatrical productions and soap operas.<a href="#cite_note-473">[471]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Performing arts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Music of Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Kuwait" title="Television in Kuwait">Television in Kuwait</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kuwait" title="Cinema of Kuwait">Cinema of Kuwait</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mubarkiya_play.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mubarkiya_play.jpg/250px-Mubarkiya_play.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mubarkiya_play.jpg/375px-Mubarkiya_play.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mubarkiya_play.jpg/500px-Mubarkiya_play.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">theatrical play</a> titled "Fateh Masr" at Al Mubarikya school in the 1940s</figcaption></figure> Kuwait has the oldest <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a> industry in the Arabian Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-ktv-474">[472]</a> Kuwait's television drama industry is the largest and most active Gulf Arab drama industry and annually produces a minimum of fifteen serials.<a href="#cite_note-omn-475">[473]</a><a href="#cite_note-ahma-476">[474]</a><a href="#cite_note-477">[475]</a> Kuwait is the main production center of the Gulf television drama and comedy scene.<a href="#cite_note-ahma-476">[474]</a> Most Gulf television drama and comedy productions are filmed in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-ahma-476">[474]</a><a href="#cite_note-478">[476]</a><a href="#cite_note-479">[477]</a> Kuwaiti soap operas are the most-watched soap operas from the Gulf region.<a href="#cite_note-omn-475">[473]</a><a href="#cite_note-fattah-480">[478]</a><a href="#cite_note-481">[479]</a> Soap operas are most popular during the time of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, when families gather to break their fast.<a href="#cite_note-482">[480]</a> Although usually performed in the <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti dialect</a>, they have been shown with success as far away as <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-483">[481]</a> Kuwait is frequently dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a> of the Gulf" due to the popularity of its television soap operas and theatre.<a href="#cite_note-Hollywood-484">[482]</a><a href="#cite_note-485">[483]</a> Kuwait is the main centre of <a href="/wiki/Scenography" title="Scenography">scenographic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_education" title="Performing arts education">performing arts education</a> in the GCC region.<a href="#cite_note-486">[484]</a><a href="#cite_note-thae-487">[485]</a> Many famous Middle Eastern actors and singers attribute their success to training in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-hub-488">[486]</a> The Higher Institute of Theatrical Arts (HIDA) provides <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> in theatrical arts.<a href="#cite_note-thae-487">[485]</a> The institute has several divisions and attracts theatrical students from all over the GCC region. Many actors have graduated from the institute, such as <a href="/wiki/Souad_Abdullah" title="Souad Abdullah">Souad Abdullah</a>, Mohammed Khalifa, <a href="/wiki/Mansour_Al-Mansour" title="Mansour Al-Mansour">Mansour Al-Mansour</a>, along with a number of prominent critics such as <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Fahd_Ismail" title="Ismail Fahd Ismail">Ismail Fahd Ismail</a>. Kuwait is known for its home-grown tradition of <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hammond-489">[487]</a><a href="#cite_note-490">[488]</a><a href="#cite_note-491">[489]</a> Kuwait is the only country in the Gulf Arab region with a theatrical tradition.<a href="#cite_note-hammond-489">[487]</a> The theatrical movement in Kuwait constitutes a major part of the country's cultural life.<a href="#cite_note-theat-492">[490]</a> Theatrical activities in Kuwait date back to the 1920s when the first spoken dramas were released.<a href="#cite_note-493">[491]</a> Theatre activities are still popular today.<a href="#cite_note-theat-492">[490]</a> Theatre in Kuwait is <a href="/wiki/Subsidized" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsidized">subsidized</a> by the government, previously by the Ministry of Social Affairs and now by the National Council for Culture, Arts, and Letters (NCCAL).<a href="#cite_note-494">[492]</a> Every urban district has a public theatre.<a href="#cite_note-495">[493]</a> The public theatre in <a href="/wiki/Salmiya" title="Salmiya">Salmiya</a> is named after actor <a href="/wiki/Abdulhussain_Abdulredha" title="Abdulhussain Abdulredha">Abdulhussain Abdulredha</a>. The annual Kuwait Theater Festival is the largest theatrical arts festival in Kuwait. Kuwait is the birthplace of various popular musical genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Sawt_(music)" title="Sawt (music)">sawt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fijiri" title="Fijiri">fijiri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-qdl-496">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-kwq-497">[495]</a> Traditional Kuwaiti music is a reflection of the country's seafaring heritage,<a href="#cite_note-498">[496]</a> which was influenced by many diverse cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Ya_Bahr-499">[497]</a><a href="#cite_note-500">[498]</a><a href="#cite_note-qdl-496">[494]</a> Kuwait is widely considered the centre of <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">traditional music</a> in the GCC region.<a href="#cite_note-qdl-496">[494]</a> Kuwaiti music has considerably influenced the music culture in other GCC countries.<a href="#cite_note-rvo-501">[499]</a><a href="#cite_note-kwq-497">[495]</a> Kuwait pioneered <a href="/wiki/Khaliji_(music)" title="Khaliji (music)">contemporary Khaliji music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shart-502">[500]</a><a href="#cite_note-pers-503">[501]</a><a href="#cite_note-shartw-504">[502]</a> Kuwaitis were the first commercial recording artists in the Gulf region.<a href="#cite_note-shart-502">[500]</a><a href="#cite_note-pers-503">[501]</a><a href="#cite_note-shartw-504">[502]</a> The first known Kuwaiti recordings were made between 1912 and 1915.<a href="#cite_note-505">[503]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saleh_and_Daoud_Al-Kuwaity" title="Saleh and Daoud Al-Kuwaity">Saleh and Daoud Al-Kuwaity</a> pioneered the Kuwaiti sawt music genre and wrote over 650 songs, many of which are considered traditional and still played daily on radio stations both in Kuwait and the rest of the Arab world.<a href="#cite_note-kwq-497">[495]</a><a href="#cite_note-kuwaiti-506">[504]</a><a href="#cite_note-sawt-507">[505]</a><a href="#cite_note-sawt_academic_study-508">[506]</a><a href="#cite_note-sawt_scholarly_journal-509">[507]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-510">[508]</a> Kuwait is home to various <a href="/wiki/Music_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Music festivals">music festivals</a>, including the International Music Festival hosted by the National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters (NCCAL).<a href="#cite_note-511">[509]</a><a href="#cite_note-ohiol-512">[510]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Jaber_Al-Ahmad_Cultural_Centre" title="Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Cultural Centre">Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Cultural Centre</a> contains the largest opera house in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-513">[511]</a> Kuwait has several academic institutions specializing in university-level <a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">music education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-soton-514">[512]</a><a href="#cite_note-ohiocsw-515">[513]</a> The Higher Institute of Musical Arts was established by the government to provide <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor's degrees">bachelor's degrees</a> in music.<a href="#cite_note-ohiol2-516">[514]</a><a href="#cite_note-soton-514">[512]</a><a href="#cite_note-ohiocsw-515">[513]</a> In addition, the College of Basic Education offers bachelor's degrees in music education.<a href="#cite_note-ohiol2-516">[514]</a><a href="#cite_note-soton-514">[512]</a><a href="#cite_note-ohiocsw-515">[513]</a> The Institute of Musical Studies offers music education qualifications equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ohiol2-516">[514]</a><a href="#cite_note-ohiocsw-515">[513]</a><a href="#cite_note-soton-514">[512]</a> Kuwait has a reputation for being the central music influence of the GCC countries.<a href="#cite_note-517">[515]</a> Over the last decade of satellite television stations, many Kuwaiti musicians have become household names in other Arab countries. For example, <a href="/wiki/Bashar_Al_Shatty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashar Al Shatty">Bashar Al Shatty</a> became famous due to <a href="/wiki/Star_Academy_(Arabia)" title="Star Academy (Arabia)">Star Academy</a>. Contemporary Kuwaiti music is popular throughout the Arab world. <a href="/wiki/Nawal_El_Kuwaiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawal El Kuwaiti">Nawal El Kuwaiti</a>, Nabeel Shoail and <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Al_Rowaished" title="Abdallah Al Rowaished">Abdallah Al Rowaished</a> are the most popular contemporary performers.<a href="#cite_note-roughguide-518">[516]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Visual arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marriage,_Paris_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO0000004583_0001.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marriage%2C_Paris_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO0000004583_0001.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Marriage%2C_Paris_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO0000004583_0001.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marriage%2C_Paris_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO0000004583_0001.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Marriage%2C_Paris_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO0000004583_0001.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marriage%2C_Paris_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO0000004583_0001.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Marriage%2C_Paris_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO0000004583_0001.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4431" data-file-height="5772" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Kuwaiti wedding dress in the 1970s</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Kuwait" title="Art of Kuwait">Art of Kuwait</a></div> Kuwait has the oldest <a href="/wiki/Modern_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern arts">modern arts</a> movement in the Arabian Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-movemnt-519">[517]</a><a href="#cite_note-520">[518]</a><a href="#cite_note-521">[519]</a> Beginning in 1936, Kuwait was the first Gulf Arab country to grant scholarships in the arts.<a href="#cite_note-movemnt-519">[517]</a> The Kuwaiti artist <a href="/wiki/Mojeb_al-Dousari" title="Mojeb al-Dousari">Mojeb al-Dousari</a> was the earliest recognized <a href="/wiki/Visual_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual artist">visual artist</a> in the Gulf Arab region.<a href="#cite_note-522">[520]</a> He is regarded as the founder of <a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">portrait</a> art in the region.<a href="#cite_note-523">[521]</a> The Sultan Gallery was the first professional Arab art gallery in the Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-524">[522]</a><a href="#cite_note-525">[523]</a> Kuwait is home to more than <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Kuwait#Art_galleries" title="Art of Kuwait">30 art galleries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-526">[524]</a><a href="#cite_note-527">[525]</a> In recent years, Kuwait's contemporary art scene has boomed.<a href="#cite_note-528">[526]</a><a href="#cite_note-529">[527]</a><a href="#cite_note-530">[528]</a> <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Al-Qattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalifa Al-Qattan">Khalifa Al-Qattan</a> was the first artist to hold a <a href="/wiki/Solo_exhibition" title="Solo exhibition">solo exhibition</a> in Kuwait. He founded a new art theory in the early 1960s known as "circulism".<a href="#cite_note-531">[529]</a><a href="#cite_note-532">[530]</a> Other notable Kuwaiti artists include <a href="/wiki/Sami_Mohammad" title="Sami Mohammad">Sami Mohammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuraya_Al-Baqsami" title="Thuraya Al-Baqsami">Thuraya Al-Baqsami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suzan_Bushnaq" title="Suzan Bushnaq">Suzan Bushnaq</a>. The government organizes various <a href="/wiki/Arts_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts festivals">arts festivals</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Al_Qurain_Cultural_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qurain Cultural Festival">Al Qurain Cultural Festival</a> and Formative Arts Festival.<a href="#cite_note-533">[531]</a><a href="#cite_note-534">[532]</a><a href="#cite_note-535">[533]</a> The Kuwait International Biennial was inaugurated in 1967,<a href="#cite_note-biennial-536">[534]</a> more than 20 Arab and foreign countries have participated in the biennial.<a href="#cite_note-biennial-536">[534]</a> Prominent participants include <a href="/wiki/Layla_Al-Attar" title="Layla Al-Attar">Layla Al-Attar</a>. In 2004, the Al Kharafi Biennial for Contemporary Arab Art was inaugurated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Kuwait">Cuisine of Kuwait</a></div> Kuwaiti cuisine is a fusion of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian cuisine">Arabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian cuisine">Mesopotamian</a> cuisines. Kuwaiti cuisine is part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabian_cuisine" title="Eastern Arabian cuisine">Eastern Arabian cuisine</a>. A prominent dish in Kuwaiti cuisine is <a href="/wiki/Machboos" class="mw-redirect" title="Machboos">machboos</a>, a rice-based dish usually prepared with <a href="/wiki/Basmati" title="Basmati">basmati</a> rice seasoned with spices, and chicken or mutton. <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a> is a significant part of the Kuwaiti diet, especially <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-537">[535]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutabbaq_samak" title="Mutabbaq samak">Mutabbaq samak</a> is a national dish in Kuwait. Other local favourites are hamour (<a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">grouper</a>), which is typically served grilled, fried, or with <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">biryani</a> rice because of its texture and taste; safi (<a href="/wiki/Rabbitfish" title="Rabbitfish">rabbitfish</a>); maid (<a href="/wiki/Mulletfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulletfish">mulletfish</a>); and sobaity (<a href="/wiki/Sea_bream" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea bream">sea bream</a>). Kuwait's traditional <a href="/wiki/Flatbread" title="Flatbread">flatbread</a> is called Iranian <a href="/wiki/Khubz" title="Khubz">khubz</a>. It is a large flatbread baked in a special oven and it is often topped with sesame seeds. Numerous local bakeries dot the country; the bakers are mainly Iranians (hence the name of the bread, "Iranian khubuz"). Bread is often served with <a href="/wiki/Mahyawa" title="Mahyawa">mahyawa</a> fish sauce. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Kuwait" title="List of museums in Kuwait">List of museums in Kuwait</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tareq_Rajab_Museum_Front_Kuwait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1c/Tareq_Rajab_Museum_Front_Kuwait.jpg/250px-Tareq_Rajab_Museum_Front_Kuwait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1c/Tareq_Rajab_Museum_Front_Kuwait.jpg/330px-Tareq_Rajab_Museum_Front_Kuwait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1c/Tareq_Rajab_Museum_Front_Kuwait.jpg/500px-Tareq_Rajab_Museum_Front_Kuwait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1761" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tareq_Rajab_Museum" title="Tareq Rajab Museum">Tareq Rajab Museum</a><a href="#cite_note-tareqrajabmuseum-538">[536]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacckuwait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jacckuwait.jpg/250px-Jacckuwait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jacckuwait.jpg/330px-Jacckuwait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jacckuwait.jpg/440px-Jacckuwait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Jaber_Al-Ahmad_Cultural_Centre" title="Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Cultural Centre">Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Cultural Centre</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Hashemi-II_(ship).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Al-Hashemi-II_%28ship%29.jpg/250px-Al-Hashemi-II_%28ship%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Al-Hashemi-II_%28ship%29.jpg/330px-Al-Hashemi-II_%28ship%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Al-Hashemi-II_%28ship%29.jpg/500px-Al-Hashemi-II_%28ship%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Al-Hashemi-II" title="Al-Hashemi-II">Al-Hashemi-II</a>, the largest wooden dhow ever built</figcaption></figure> The new <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_National_Cultural_District" title="Kuwait National Cultural District">Kuwait National Cultural District</a> (KNCD) consists of various cultural venues including <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Abdullah_Al_Salem_Cultural_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Abdullah Al Salem Cultural Centre">Sheikh Abdullah Al Salem Cultural Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Jaber_Al_Ahmad_Cultural_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad Cultural Centre">Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad Cultural Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Shaheed_Park" title="Al Shaheed Park">Al Shaheed Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al_Salam_Palace_(Kuwait)" title="Al Salam Palace (Kuwait)">Al Salam Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kncd-446">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-kncd2-445">[443]</a> With a capital cost of more than US$1 billion, it is one of the largest cultural districts in the world.<a href="#cite_note-kncd-446">[444]</a> The Abdullah Salem Cultural Centre is the largest museum complex in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-539">[537]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-540">[538]</a> The Kuwait National Cultural District is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Cultural_Districts_Network" title="Global Cultural Districts Network">Global Cultural Districts Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gcdn-449">[447]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sadu_House" title="Sadu House">Sadu House</a> is among Kuwait's most important cultural institutions. <a href="/wiki/Bait_Al-Othman_Museum" title="Bait Al-Othman Museum">Bait Al-Othman</a> is the largest museum specializing in Kuwait's history. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Scientific_Center" title="Kuwait Scientific Center">The Scientific Center</a> is one of the largest science museums in the Middle East. The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art_(Kuwait)" title="Museum of Modern Art (Kuwait)">Museum of Modern Art</a> showcases the history of modern art in Kuwait and the region.<a href="#cite_note-541">[539]</a> The Kuwait Maritime Museum presents the country's maritime heritage in the pre-oil era. Several traditional Kuwaiti dhow ships are open to the public, such as <a href="/wiki/Fateh_Al-Khayr" title="Fateh Al-Khayr">Fateh Al-Khayr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Hashemi-II" title="Al-Hashemi-II">Al-Hashemi-II</a> which entered the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a> as the largest wooden dhow ever built.<a href="#cite_note-tookuw-542">[540]</a><a href="#cite_note-543">[541]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Historical,_Vintage,_and_Classical_Cars_Museum" title="Historical, Vintage, and Classical Cars Museum">Historical, Vintage, and Classical Cars Museum</a> displays vintage cars from Kuwait's motoring heritage. The <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_National_Museum" title="Kuwait National Museum">National Museum</a>, established in 1983, has been described as "underused and overlooked".<a href="#cite_note-544">[542]</a> Several Kuwaiti museums are devoted to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Tareq_Rajab_Museum" title="Tareq Rajab Museum">Tareq Rajab Museums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dar_al_Athar_al_Islamiyyah" title="Dar al Athar al Islamiyyah">Dar al Athar al Islamiyyah</a> cultural centres.<a href="#cite_note-tareqrajabmuseum-538">[536]</a><a href="#cite_note-modmus-545">[543]</a><a href="#cite_note-546">[544]</a><a href="#cite_note-dai-547">[545]</a> The Dar al Athar al Islamiyyah cultural centres include education wings, conservation labs, and research libraries.<a href="#cite_note-dai-547">[545]</a><a href="#cite_note-dai_two-548">[546]</a> There are several <a href="/wiki/Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries">art libraries</a> in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-549">[547]</a><a href="#cite_note-dai-547">[545]</a><a href="#cite_note-550">[548]</a><a href="#cite_note-dai_two-548">[546]</a> <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Al-Qattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalifa Al-Qattan">Khalifa Al-Qattan</a>'s Mirror House is the most popular art museum in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-551">[549]</a> Many museums in Kuwait are private enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-trans-552">[550]</a><a href="#cite_note-modmus-545">[543]</a> In contrast to the top-down approach in other Gulf states, museum development in Kuwait reflects a greater sense of civic identity and demonstrates the strength of civil society in Kuwait, which has produced many independent cultural enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-553">[551]</a><a href="#cite_note-modmus-545">[543]</a><a href="#cite_note-trans-552">[550]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society">Society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Society">edit</a>]</div> Urban Kuwaiti society is more <a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">open</a> than other Gulf Arab societies.<a href="#cite_note-554">[552]</a> Kuwaiti citizens are ethnically diverse, consisting of both Arabs and <a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajam of Kuwait">Persians (Ajam)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-venez2-555">[553]</a><a href="#cite_note-556">[554]</a><a href="#cite_note-557">[555]</a> Kuwait stands out in the region as the most liberal in empowering women in the public sphere.<a href="#cite_note-558">[556]</a><a href="#cite_note-559">[557]</a><a href="#cite_note-560">[558]</a> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kuwait" title="Women in Kuwait">Kuwaiti women</a> outnumber men in the workforce.<a href="#cite_note-gnw-286">[284]</a> Kuwaiti political scientist Ghanim Alnajjar sees these qualities as a manifestation of Kuwaiti society as a whole, whereby in the Gulf Arab region it is "the least strict about traditions".<a href="#cite_note-561">[559]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuwait_Liberation_Tower_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Kuwait_Liberation_Tower_cropped.jpg/250px-Kuwait_Liberation_Tower_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Kuwait_Liberation_Tower_cropped.jpg/330px-Kuwait_Liberation_Tower_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Kuwait_Liberation_Tower_cropped.jpg/500px-Kuwait_Liberation_Tower_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>The 372 m (1,220 ft) tall <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Telecommunications_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait Telecommunications Tower">Kuwait Telecommunications Tower</a> (left) is the main communication tower of Kuwait.</figcaption></figure> Kuwait produces more <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Kuwait" title="List of newspapers in Kuwait">newspapers and magazines</a> per capita than its neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-562">[560]</a><a href="#cite_note-563">[561]</a> The state-owned <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_News_Agency" title="Kuwait News Agency">Kuwait News Agency</a> (KUNA) is the largest media house in the country. The Ministry of Information regulates the media industry in Kuwait. Kuwait's media is annually classified as partly free in the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of Press">Freedom of Press</a> survey by Freedom House.<a href="#cite_note-564">[562]</a> Since 2005,<a href="#cite_note-prfr-565">[563]</a> Kuwait has frequently earned the highest ranking of all Arab countries in the annual <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> by Reporters Without Borders.<a href="#cite_note-fanak-566">[564]</a><a href="#cite_note-isr-567">[565]</a><a href="#cite_note-indi-568">[566]</a><a href="#cite_note-indextwo-569">[567]</a><a href="#cite_note-570">[568]</a><a href="#cite_note-571">[569]</a><a href="#cite_note-572">[570]</a><a href="#cite_note-ofa-573">[571]</a><a href="#cite_note-574">[572]</a> In 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2014, Kuwait surpassed Israel as the country with the greatest press freedom in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-fanak-566">[564]</a><a href="#cite_note-isr-567">[565]</a><a href="#cite_note-indi-568">[566]</a><a href="#cite_note-indextwo-569">[567]</a><a href="#cite_note-ofa-573">[571]</a> Kuwait is also frequently ranked as the Arab country with the greatest press freedom in Freedom House's annual Freedom of Press survey.<a href="#cite_note-lead-575">[573]</a><a href="#cite_note-576">[574]</a><a href="#cite_note-577">[575]</a><a href="#cite_note-578">[576]</a><a href="#cite_note-579">[577]</a><a href="#cite_note-580">[578]</a><a href="#cite_note-581">[579]</a> Kuwait has 15 satellite television channels, of which four are controlled by the Ministry of Information. State-owned <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Television" title="Kuwait Television">Kuwait Television</a> (KTV) offered first colored broadcast in 1974 and operated five television channels. Government-funded Radio Kuwait also offers daily informative programming in several languages including <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, and English on the <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">SW</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_literature" title="Kuwaiti literature">Kuwaiti literature</a></div> Kuwait has in recent years produced several prominent contemporary writers such as <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Fahd_Ismail" title="Ismail Fahd Ismail">Ismail Fahd Ismail</a>, author of over twenty novels and numerous short story collections. There is also evidence that Kuwaiti literature has long been interactive with <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-582">[580]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuwaiti_women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kuwaiti_women.jpg/220px-Kuwaiti_women.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kuwaiti_women.jpg/330px-Kuwaiti_women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kuwaiti_women.jpg/440px-Kuwaiti_women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Kuwaiti women at a local football match</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Kuwait. The <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Football_Association" title="Kuwait Football Association">Kuwait Football Association</a> (KFA) is the governing body of football in Kuwait. The KFA organizes the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_national_football_team" title="Kuwait national football team">men's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Kuwait women's national football team">women's</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">futsal</a> national teams. The <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Premier_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti Premier League">Kuwaiti Premier League</a> is the top league of Kuwaiti football, featuring eighteen teams. The <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_national_football_team" title="Kuwait national football team">Kuwait national football team</a> have been the champions of the <a href="/wiki/1980_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="1980 AFC Asian Cup">1980 AFC Asian Cup</a>, runners-up of the <a href="/wiki/1976_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="1976 AFC Asian Cup">1976 AFC Asian Cup</a>, and have taken third place of the <a href="/wiki/1984_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="1984 AFC Asian Cup">1984 AFC Asian Cup</a>. Kuwait has also been to one FIFA World Cup, in <a href="/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1982 FIFA World Cup">1982</a>; they drew 1–1 with <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia_national_football_team" title="Czechoslovakia national football team">Czechoslovakia</a> before losing to <a href="/wiki/France_national_football_team" title="France national football team">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</a>, failing to advance from the first round. Kuwait is home to many football clubs including <a href="/wiki/Al-Arabi_SC_(Kuwait)" title="Al-Arabi SC (Kuwait)">Al-Arabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fahaheel_(football_club)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fahaheel (football club)">Al-Fahaheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jahra_(football_club)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jahra (football club)">Al-Jahra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Kuwait_Kaifan" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Kuwait Kaifan">Al-Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Naser_Sporting_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Naser Sporting Club">Al-Naser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Salmiya_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Salmiya Club">Al-Salmiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabab_(Kuwait)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shabab (Kuwait)">Al-Shabab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Qadsia_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qadsia Kuwait">Al Qadsia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Yarmouk_(football_club)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Yarmouk (football club)">Al-Yarmouk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Kazma_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Kazma Kuwait">Kazma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khaitan" title="Khaitan">Khaitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaibikhat" title="Sulaibikhat">Sulaibikhat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahel_(Kuwaiti_football_club)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahel (Kuwaiti football club)">Sahel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tadamon,_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadamon, Kuwait">Tadamon</a>. The biggest football rivalry in Kuwait is between <a href="/wiki/Al-Arabi_SC_(Kuwait)" title="Al-Arabi SC (Kuwait)">Al-Arabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Qadsia_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qadsia Kuwait">Al Qadsia</a>. Basketball is one of the country's most popular sports. The <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait national basketball team">Kuwait national basketball team</a> is governed by the Kuwait Basketball Association (KBA). Kuwait made its international debut in 1959. The national team has been to the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Asian_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA Asian Championship">FIBA Asian Championship</a> in basketball eleven times. The <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Division_I_Basketball_League" title="Kuwaiti Division I Basketball League">Kuwaiti Division I Basketball League</a> is the highest professional basketball league in Kuwait. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_national_cricket_team" title="Kuwait national cricket team">Cricket in Kuwait</a> is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Cricket_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait Cricket Association">Kuwait Cricket Association</a>. Other growing sports include <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Kuwait" title="Rugby union in Kuwait">rugby union</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_men%27s_national_handball_team" title="Kuwait men's national handball team">Handball</a> is widely considered to be the national icon of Kuwait, although football is more popular among the overall population. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_national_ice_hockey_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait national ice hockey team">Ice hockey in Kuwait</a> is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Ice_Hockey_Association" title="Kuwait Ice Hockey Association">Kuwait Ice Hockey Association</a>. Kuwait first joined the <a href="/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation" title="International Ice Hockey Federation">International Ice Hockey Federation</a> in 1985, but was expelled in 1992 due to a lack of ice hockey activity.<a href="#cite_note-583">[581]</a> Kuwait was re-admitted into the IIHF in May 2009.<a href="#cite_note-584">[582]</a> In 2015, Kuwait won the <a href="/wiki/IIHF_Challenge_Cup_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia">IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-585">[583]</a><a href="#cite_note-586">[584]</a> In February 2020, Kuwait held for the first time a leg of the <a href="/wiki/Aquabike_World_Championship_(powerboating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquabike World Championship (powerboating)">UIM Aquabike World Championship</a> in front of Marina Beach City.<a href="#cite_note-587">[585]</a> In May 2022, Kuwait hosted the Third Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Games at the 360 Marina. The event featured 16 different sports, including volleyball, basketball, swimming, athletics, karate and judo and attracted over 1,700 male and female players.<a href="#cite_note-588">[586]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/120px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kuwait" title="Portal:Kuwait">Kuwait portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kuwait" title="Outline of Kuwait">Outline of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kuwait-related_articles" title="Index of Kuwait-related articles">Index of Kuwait-related articles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kʊˈweɪt/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/64\/En-us-Kuwait.ogg\/En-us-Kuwait.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Kuwait.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/En-us-Kuwait.ogg/En-us-Kuwait.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Kuwait.ogg" title="File:En-us-Kuwait.ogg">ⓘ</a>;<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: ٱلْكُوَيْت, al-Kuwayt, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Gulf Arabic pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɪl‿ɪkweːt]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[lɪkweːt]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: دَوْلَة ٱلْكُوَيْت, <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/69\/Ar-State_of_Kuwait.oga\/Ar-State_of_Kuwait.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Dawla al-Kuwayt"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ar-State of Kuwait.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Ar-State_of_Kuwait.oga/Ar-State_of_Kuwait.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Dawla al-Kuwayt</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ar-State_of_Kuwait.oga" title="File:Ar-State of Kuwait.oga">ⓘ</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Kuwait_1992.pdf?lang=en">"Kuwait's Constitution of 1962, Reinstated in 1992"</a> (PDF). Constitute Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811000412/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Kuwait_1992.pdf?lang=en">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitute+Project&rft.atitle=Kuwait%27s+Constitution+of+1962%2C+Reinstated+in+1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FKuwait_1992.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIATONGA-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIATONGA_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIATONGA_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kuwait/">"Middle East ::KUWAIT"</a>. CIA The World Factbook. 26 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072824/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kuwait/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+East+%3A%3AKUWAIT&rft.pub=CIA+The+World+Factbook&rft.date=2022-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fkuwait%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-loc-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loc_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrystal1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Crystal, Jill (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/frdcstdy.persiangulfstate00metz_0">"Kuwait: Constitution"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz" title="Helen Chapin Metz">Metz, Helen Chapin</a> (ed.). Persian Gulf states : country studies (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. pp. 84–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0793-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0793-3"><bdi>0-8444-0793-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29548413">29548413</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017082028/https://www.loc.gov/resource/frdcstdy.persiangulfstate00metz_0/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kuwait%3A+Constitution&rft.btitle=Persian+Gulf+states+%3A+country+studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29548413&rft.isbn=0-8444-0793-3&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Ffrdcstdy.persiangulfstate00metz_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/20px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/40px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/Kuwait%20Constitution.pdf">"Article 4 of Kuwait's Constitution of 1962, Reinstated in 1992"</a> (PDF). Constitution Net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029153520/https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/Kuwait%20Constitution.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitution+Net&rft.atitle=Article+4+of+Kuwait%27s+Constitution+of+1962%2C+Reinstated+in+1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitutionnet.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FKuwait%2520Constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kna.kw/Dostor/Dostor/15/37">"دستور الكويت, الباب الرابع"</a>. موقع مجلس الأمة.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9+%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A9&rft.atitle=%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%2C+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kna.kw%2FDostor%2FDostor%2F15%2F37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.net/politics/2024/4/9/ما-أسباب-تأجيل-انعقاد-مجلس-الأمة">"ما أسباب تأجيل انعقاد مجلس الأمة الكويتي؟"</a>. الجزيرة.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%A7+%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fpolitics%2F2024%2F4%2F9%2F%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/kuwait-population/#:~:text=The%20current%20population%20of%20Kuwait,5%2C026%2C078%20people%20at%20mid%20year.">"Kuwait Population (2025) - Worldometer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwait+Population+%282025%29+-+Worldometer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldometers.info%2Fworld-population%2Fkuwait-population%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520current%2520population%2520of%2520Kuwait%2C5%252C026%252C078%2520people%2520at%2520mid%2520year.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kuwait">"Kuwait"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2025 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Kuwait&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fkuwait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GCCWEO-OCT24-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GCCWEO-OCT24_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GCCWEO-OCT24_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GCCWEO-OCT24_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GCCWEO-OCT24_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=419,443,449,453,456,466,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,LP,&sy=2022&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: October 2024"</a>. imf.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imf.org&rft.atitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects%3A+October+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D419%2C443%2C449%2C453%2C456%2C466%2C%26s%3DNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH%2CLP%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-10"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. p. 288. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822094236/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/kuwait">"Kuwait – definition of Kuwait in English"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/kuwait">the original</a> on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico&rft.atitle=Kuwait+%E2%80%93+definition+of+Kuwait+in+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fkuwait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kuwait">"Definition of Kuwait by Merriam-Webster"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170501044034/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kuwait">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Kuwait+by+Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FKuwait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_15-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kuwait/">"Kuwait"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 10 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072824/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kuwait/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Kuwait&rft.date=2015-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fkuwait%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/coastline">"Coastline - The World Factbook"</a>. www.cia.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220612063611/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/coastline">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=Coastline+-+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fcoastline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715024920/https://www.un.org/en/events/citiesday/assets/pdf/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf">"The World's Cities in 2018. Data Booklet"</a> (PDF). United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/events/citiesday/assets/pdf/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Cities+in+2018.+Data+Booklet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fevents%2Fcitiesday%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2Fthe_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJabr2024" class="citation web cs1">Jabr, Ahmad (22 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kuwaittimes.com/article/11439/kuwait/expats-still-make-up-two-thirds-of-population-as-some-communities-grow/">"Expats still make up two thirds of population as some communities grow"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Times" title="Kuwait Times">Kuwait Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225201847/https://kuwaittimes.com/article/11439/kuwait/expats-still-make-up-two-thirds-of-population-as-some-communities-grow/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+Times&rft.atitle=Expats+still+make+up+two+thirds+of+population+as+some+communities+grow&rft.date=2024-02-22&rft.aulast=Jabr&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkuwaittimes.com%2Farticle%2F11439%2Fkuwait%2Fexpats-still-make-up-two-thirds-of-population-as-some-communities-grow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx">UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-research_gate-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-research_gate_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-research_gate_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSissakianAdamoAl-AnsariMukhalad2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sissakian, Varoujan K.; Adamo, Nasrat; Al-Ansari, Nadhir; Mukhalad, Talal; Laue, Jan (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340066759">"Sea Level Changes in the Mesopotamian Plain and Limits of the Arabian Gulf: A Critical Review"</a>. Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. 10 (4): 88–110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Earth+Sciences+and+Geotechnical+Engineering&rft.atitle=Sea+Level+Changes+in+the+Mesopotamian+Plain+and+Limits+of+the+Arabian+Gulf%3A+A+Critical+Review&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.date=2020-01&rft.aulast=Sissakian&rft.aufirst=Varoujan+K.&rft.au=Adamo%2C+Nasrat&rft.au=Al-Ansari%2C+Nadhir&rft.au=Mukhalad%2C+Talal&rft.au=Laue%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F340066759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoertz,_EckartAjl,_Max2018" class="citation book cs1">Woertz, Eckart; Ajl, Max (2018). "Wise cities" in the Mediterranean? : challenges of urban sustainability. Barcelona: Barcelona Centre for International Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-92511-57-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-92511-57-0"><bdi>978-84-92511-57-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1117436298">1117436298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Wise+cities%22+in+the+Mediterranean%3F+%3A+challenges+of+urban+sustainability&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Barcelona+Centre+for+International+Affairs&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1117436298&rft.isbn=978-84-92511-57-0&rft.au=Woertz%2C+Eckart&rft.au=Ajl%2C+Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-22"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Contributors". <a href="/wiki/Comparative_Studies_of_South_Asia,_Africa_and_the_Middle_East" title="Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East">Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East</a>. 35 (2): 382–384. 2015. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F1089201x-3139815">10.1215/1089201x-3139815</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1089-201X">1089-201X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+of+South+Asia%2C+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Contributors&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E382-%3C%2Fspan%3E384&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F1089201x-3139815&rft.issn=1089-201X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OPEC2-23"><a href="#cite_ref-OPEC2_23-0">^</a> "OPEC pressures Kuwait to moderate quota demand", New Straits Times, 7 June 1989 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fastcompanyme.com/impact/kuwaits-theater-culture-is-still-thriving-heres-why/">"Kuwait's theater culture is still thriving. Here's why"</a>. Fast Company Middle East. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fast+Company+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Kuwait%27s+theater+culture+is+still+thriving.+Here%27s+why&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffastcompanyme.com%2Fimpact%2Fkuwaits-theater-culture-is-still-thriving-heres-why%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kuwaitembassy.ca/index.php/the-embassy/gallery/2-uncategorised/2-culture#:~:text=Kuwait%20has%20the%20oldest%20modern,portrait%20art%20in%20the%20region.">"Culture"</a>. kuwaitembassy.ca. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kuwaitembassy.ca&rft.atitle=Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkuwaitembassy.ca%2Findex.php%2Fthe-embassy%2Fgallery%2F2-uncategorised%2F2-culture%23%3A~%3Atext%3DKuwait%2520has%2520the%2520oldest%2520modern%2Cportrait%2520art%2520in%2520the%2520region.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cliv-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cliv_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cliv_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoles2004" class="citation book cs1">Holes, Clive (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8E0Rr1xY4TQC&pg=PA75">Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties</a>. Georgetown University Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-022-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-022-2"><bdi>978-1-58901-022-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Arabic%3A+Structures%2C+Functions%2C+and+Varieties&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58901-022-2&rft.aulast=Holes&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8E0Rr1xY4TQC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeck1997" class="citation book cs1">Peck, Malcolm (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PguBHE07e6IC&dq=kuwait+dictionary&pg=PA176">The A to Z of the Gulf Arab States</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3190-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3190-0"><bdi>978-1-4617-3190-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Gulf+Arab+States&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-4617-3190-0&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPguBHE07e6IC%26dq%3Dkuwait%2Bdictionary%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-flood-28"><a href="#cite_ref-flood_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emvc.geol.ucsb.edu/2_infopgs/IP2IceAge/ePersGulfFlood.html">"The Post-glacial Flooding of the Persian Gulf, animation and images"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170443/http://emvc.geol.ucsb.edu/2_infopgs/IP2IceAge/ePersGulfFlood.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+California%2C+Santa+Barbara&rft.atitle=The+Post-glacial+Flooding+of+the+Persian+Gulf%2C+animation+and+images&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femvc.geol.ucsb.edu%2F2_infopgs%2FIP2IceAge%2FePersGulfFlood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-archa-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archa_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-archa_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-archa_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-archa_29-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orca.cf.ac.uk/41961/7/Almutari%20PhD.pdf">"The Archaeology of Kuwait"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff University</a>. pp. 1–427. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214011422/http://orca.cf.ac.uk/41961/7/Almutari%20PhD.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cardiff+University&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+Kuwait&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E427&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forca.cf.ac.uk%2F41961%2F7%2FAlmutari%2520PhD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1234-30"><a href="#cite_ref-auto1234_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPryke2018" class="citation news cs1">Pryke, Louise (23 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/in-ancient-mesopotamia-sex-among-the-gods-shook-heaven-and-earth-87858">"In ancient Mesopotamia, sex among the gods shook heaven and earth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926130903/https://theconversation.com/amp/in-ancient-mesopotamia-sex-among-the-gods-shook-heaven-and-earth-87858">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=In+ancient+Mesopotamia%2C+sex+among+the+gods+shook+heaven+and+earth&rft.date=2018-04-23&rft.aulast=Pryke&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fin-ancient-mesopotamia-sex-among-the-gods-shook-heaven-and-earth-87858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meso-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Meso_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/ancient-middle-east/mesopotamia">"Mesopotamia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">History</a>. 24 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709090247/https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/ancient-middle-east/mesopotamia">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Mesopotamia&rft.date=2023-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2F.amp%2Ftopics%2Fancient-middle-east%2Fmesopotamia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-meso-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meso_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meso_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meso_32-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter2019" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Robert (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41130012">"The Mesopotamian frontier of the Arabian Neolithic: A cultural borderland of the sixth–fifth millennia BC"</a>. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 31 (1): 69–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Faae.12145">10.1111/aae.12145</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921001657/https://www.academia.edu/41130012">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Archaeology+and+Epigraphy&rft.atitle=The+Mesopotamian+frontier+of+the+Arabian+Neolithic%3A+A+cultural+borderland+of+the+sixth%E2%80%93fifth+millennia+BC&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Faae.12145&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41130012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter2010" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Robert (25 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.com/maritime-interactions-arabian-neolithic">Maritime Interactions in the Arabian Neolithic: The Evidence from H3, As-Sabiyah, an Ubaid-Related Site in Kuwait</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004163591" title="Special:BookSources/9789004163591"><bdi>9789004163591</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180221073547/http://www.brill.com/maritime-interactions-arabian-neolithic">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+Interactions+in+the+Arabian+Neolithic%3A+The+Evidence+from+H3%2C+As-Sabiyah%2C+an+Ubaid-Related+Site+in+Kuwait&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010-10-25&rft.isbn=9789004163591&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brill.com%2Fmaritime-interactions-arabian-neolithic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter2006" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Robert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dro.dur.ac.uk/3673/1/3673.pdf">"Boat remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth millennia BC"</a> (PDF). Antiquity. 80 (307): 52–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x0009325x">10.1017/s0003598x0009325x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162674282">162674282</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301201104/https://dro.dur.ac.uk/3673/1/3673.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Boat+remains+and+maritime+trade+in+the+Persian+Gulf+during+the+sixth+and+fifth+millennia+BC&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=307&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162674282%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003598x0009325x&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F3673%2F1%2F3673.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter" class="citation web cs1">Carter, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookdepository.com/Maritime-Interactions-Arabian-Neolithic/9789004163591">"Maritime Interactions in the Arabian Neolithic: The Evidence from H3, As-Sabiyah, an Ubaid-Related Site in Kuwait"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226213445/https://www.bookdepository.com/Maritime-Interactions-Arabian-Neolithic/9789004163591">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maritime+Interactions+in+the+Arabian+Neolithic%3A+The+Evidence+from+H3%2C+As-Sabiyah%2C+an+Ubaid-Related+Site+in+Kuwait&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookdepository.com%2FMaritime-Interactions-Arabian-Neolithic%2F9789004163591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-subiya-36"><a href="#cite_ref-subiya_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressreader.com/kuwait/kuwait-times/20141126/281775627470174">"How Kuwaitis lived more than 8,000 years ago"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Times" title="Kuwait Times">Kuwait Times</a>. 25 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921224113/https://www.pressreader.com/kuwait/kuwait-times/20141126/281775627470174">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+Times&rft.atitle=How+Kuwaitis+lived+more+than+8%2C000+years+ago&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Fkuwait%2Fkuwait-times%2F20141126%2F281775627470174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter2002" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Robert (2002). "Ubaid-period boat remains from As-Sabiyah: excavations by the British Archaeological Expedition to Kuwait". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 32: 13–30. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223721">41223721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Seminar+for+Arabian+Studies&rft.atitle=Ubaid-period+boat+remains+from+As-Sabiyah%3A+excavations+by+the+British+Archaeological+Expedition+to+Kuwait&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41223721%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarterPhilip" class="citation web cs1">Carter, Robert; Philip, Graham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/saoc63.pdf">"Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190117181802/https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/saoc63.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Ubaid%3A+Transformation+and+integration+in+the+late+prehistoric+societies+of+the+Middle+East&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Philip%2C+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fsites%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2Fshared%2Fdocs%2Fsaoc63.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pcma.uw.edu.pl/en/2018/05/15/pam-22-2/">"PAM 22"</a>. pcma.uw.edu.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922073924/https://pcma.uw.edu.pl/en/2018/05/15/pam-22-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pcma.uw.edu.pl&rft.atitle=PAM+22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpcma.uw.edu.pl%2Fen%2F2018%2F05%2F15%2Fpam-22-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-se-40"><a href="#cite_ref-se_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter2011" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fai.0613">"The Neolithic origins of seafaring in the Arabian Gulf"</a>. Archaeology International. 24 (3): 44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fai.0613">10.5334/ai.0613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+International&rft.atitle=The+Neolithic+origins+of+seafaring+in+the+Arabian+Gulf&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5334%2Fai.0613&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5334%252Fai.0613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-41"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeekes2001" class="citation news cs1">Weekes, Richard (31 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/kuwait/1314980/Secrets-of-worlds-oldest-boat-are-discovered-in-Kuwait-sands.html">"Secrets of world's oldest boat are discovered in Kuwait sands"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/kuwait/1314980/Secrets-of-worlds-oldest-boat-are-discovered-in-Kuwait-sands.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Secrets+of+world%27s+oldest+boat+are+discovered+in+Kuwait+sands&rft.date=2001-03-31&rft.aulast=Weekes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fkuwait%2F1314980%2FSecrets-of-worlds-oldest-boat-are-discovered-in-Kuwait-sands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unes-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unes_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unes_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unes_42-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/silk-road-themes/underwater-heritage/failaka-island">"Failaka Island - Silk Roads Programme"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922131100/https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/silk-road-themes/underwater-heritage/failaka-island">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Failaka+Island+-+Silk+Roads+Programme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fsilkroad%2Fsilk-road-themes%2Funderwater-heritage%2Ffailaka-island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-t-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t_43-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/issues/79-1303/features/kuwait/548-meopotamian-ur-traders">"Traders from Ur?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology Magazine">Archaeology Magazine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130817202323/http://archaeology.org/issues/79-1303/features/kuwait/548-meopotamian-ur-traders">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+Magazine&rft.atitle=Traders+from+Ur%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2Fissues%2F79-1303%2Ffeatures%2Fkuwait%2F548-meopotamian-ur-traders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ak-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ak_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ak_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ak_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ak_44-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-wzw-SeJic&t=171">"Kuwait's archaeological sites reflect human history & civilizations (2:50 – 3:02)"</a>. Ministry of Interior News. 2 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/g-wzw-SeJic">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Interior+News&rft.atitle=Kuwait%27s+archaeological+sites+reflect+human+history+%26+civilizations+%282%3A50+%E2%80%93+3%3A02%29&rft.date=2013-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dg-wzw-SeJic%26t%3D171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlassnerHerron1990" class="citation book cs1">Glassner, Jean-Jacques; Herron, Donald M. (1990). Jean-Jacques Glassner (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fhMTRcUm9WsC&pg=PA7">The Invention of Cuneiform: Writing in Sumer</a>. JHU Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801873898" title="Special:BookSources/9780801873898"><bdi>9780801873898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Cuneiform%3A+Writing+in+Sumer&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780801873898&rft.aulast=Glassner&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rft.au=Herron%2C+Donald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfhMTRcUm9WsC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNyrop2008" class="citation book cs1">Nyrop, Richard F. (2008). Richard F. Nyrop (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BPX0h_wbFtEC&pg=PA11">Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States</a>. Wildside Press LLC. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781434462107" title="Special:BookSources/9781434462107"><bdi>9781434462107</bdi></a>. <q>From about 4000 to 2000 B.C. the civilization of Dilmun dominated 250 miles of the eastern coast of Arabia from present-day Kuwait to Bahrain and extended sixty miles into the interior to the oasis of Hufuf (see fig. 2).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+the+Persian+Gulf+States&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Wildside+Press+LLC&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781434462107&rft.aulast=Nyrop&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBPX0h_wbFtEC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-umm-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-umm_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-umm_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalvet1989" class="citation journal cs1">Calvet, Yves (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223078">"Failaka and the Northern Part of Dilmun"</a>. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 19: 5–11. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223078">41223078</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816193327/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223078">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Seminar+for+Arabian+Studies&rft.atitle=Failaka+and+the+Northern+Part+of+Dilmun&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41223078%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Calvet&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41223078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-akkaz-48"><a href="#cite_ref-akkaz_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConnanCarter2007" class="citation journal cs1">Connan, Jacques; Carter, Robert (2007). "A geochemical study of bituminous mixtures from Failaka and Umm an-Namel (Kuwait), from the Early Dilmun to the Early Islamic period". Jacques Connan, Robert Carter. 18 (2): 139–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0471.2007.00283.x">10.1111/j.1600-0471.2007.00283.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jacques+Connan%2C+Robert+Carter&rft.atitle=A+geochemical+study+of+bituminous+mixtures+from+Failaka+and+Umm+an-Namel+%28Kuwait%29%2C+from+the+Early+Dilmun+to+the+Early+Islamic+period&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E181&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0471.2007.00283.x&rft.aulast=Connan&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.au=Carter%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoj2-49"><a href="#cite_ref-hoj2_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEidemaHøjlund1993" class="citation journal cs1">Eidema, Jesper; Højlund, Flemming (1993). "Trade or diplomacy? Assyria and Dilmun in the eighteenth century BC". World Archaeology. 24 (3): 441–448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1993.9980218">10.1080/00438243.1993.9980218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Trade+or+diplomacy%3F+Assyria+and+Dilmun+in+the+eighteenth+century+BC&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E441-%3C%2Fspan%3E448&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.1993.9980218&rft.aulast=Eidema&rft.aufirst=Jesper&rft.au=H%C3%B8jlund%2C+Flemming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-is-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-is_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-is_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-is_50-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5800/">"Sa'ad and Sae'ed Area in Failaka Island"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928032221/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5800/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Sa%27ad+and+Sae%27ed+Area+in+Failaka+Island&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F5800%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Potts, Daniel T.. Mesopotamian civilization: the material foundations. 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-kas-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kas_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kas_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPotts2009" class="citation web cs1">Potts, D.T. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1905494">"Potts 2009 – The archaeology and early history of the Persian Gulf"</a>. p. 35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020093156/https://www.academia.edu/1905494">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Potts+2009+%E2%80%93+The+archaeology+and+early+history+of+the+Persian+Gulf&rft.pages=35&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=D.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1905494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTétreault" class="citation web cs1">Tétreault, Mary Ann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mei.nus.edu.sg/publication/insight-89-failaka-islandunearthing-the-past-in-kuwait/">"Failaka Island: Unearthing the Past in Kuwait"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Institute" title="Middle East Institute">Middle East Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003050713/https://mei.nus.edu.sg/publication/insight-89-failaka-islandunearthing-the-past-in-kuwait/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=Failaka+Island%3A+Unearthing+the+Past+in+Kuwait&rft.aulast=T%C3%A9treault&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmei.nus.edu.sg%2Fpublication%2Finsight-89-failaka-islandunearthing-the-past-in-kuwait%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=Under+-%C2%BB+Nebuchadnezzar+%5B2%5D+the+island+of+Failaka+%28off+present-day+Kuwait%29+was+under+Babylonian+influence">"Brill's New Pauly: encyclopedia of the ancient world"</a>. 2007. p. 212. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109173349/https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&tbm=bks&q=Under+-%C2%BB+Nebuchadnezzar+%5B2%5D+the+island+of+Failaka+%28off+present-day+Kuwait%29+was+under+Babylonian+influence">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+New+Pauly%3A+encyclopedia+of+the+ancient+world&rft.pages=212&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fhl%3Den%26tbm%3Dbks%26q%3DUnder%2B-%25C2%25BB%2BNebuchadnezzar%2B%255B2%255D%2Bthe%2Bisland%2Bof%2BFailaka%2B%2528off%2Bpresent-day%2BKuwait%2529%2Bwas%2Bunder%2BBabylonian%2Binfluence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRay2003" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHHzP4uVpn4C&pg=PA101">The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521011099" title="Special:BookSources/9780521011099"><bdi>9780521011099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Seafaring+in+Ancient+South+Asia&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521011099&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Himanshu+Prabha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHHzP4uVpn4C%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-persian_empire-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-persian_empire_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-persian_empire_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBriant2002" class="citation book cs1">Briant, Pierre (2002). Pierre Briant (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC&pg=PA761">From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire</a>. Eisenbrauns. p. 761. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575061207" title="Special:BookSources/9781575061207"><bdi>9781575061207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Cyrus+to+Alexander%3A+A+History+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.pages=761&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781575061207&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxQ9W6F1oSYC%26pg%3DPA761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sh-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sh_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sh_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2009" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2009). Trevor Bryce (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1aF0hq1GR8C&pg=PA198">The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia</a>. Routledge. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134159086" title="Special:BookSources/9781134159086"><bdi>9781134159086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+the+Peoples+and+Places+of+Ancient+Western+Asia&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781134159086&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE1aF0hq1GR8C%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-journal-58"><a href="#cite_ref-journal_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBonnéric2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bonnéric, Julie (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aae.12195?af=R">"Guest editors' foreword"</a>. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 32: 1–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Faae.12195">10.1111/aae.12195</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243182467">243182467</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172305/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aae.12195?af=R">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Archaeology+and+Epigraphy&rft.atitle=Guest+editors%27+foreword&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Faae.12195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243182467%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bonn%C3%A9ric&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Faae.12195%3Faf%3DR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-antiquity-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-antiquity_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-antiquity_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParpas" class="citation web cs1">Parpas, Andreas P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/IkarosFailaka-Parpas2014.pdf">"HELLENISTIC IKAROS-FAILAKA"</a> (PDF). p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116015752/https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/IkarosFailaka-Parpas2014.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HELLENISTIC+IKAROS-FAILAKA&rft.pages=5&rft.aulast=Parpas&rft.aufirst=Andreas+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientportsantiques.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FDocuments%2FPLACES%2FIndOc-Gulf%2FIkarosFailaka-Parpas2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaw1976" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ralph (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rCQMAQAAIAAJ&q=Failaka+was+then+Ikaros+and+Kuwait+was+called+Larissa.">Kuwait</a>. Macmillan. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333212479" title="Special:BookSources/9780333212479"><bdi>9780333212479</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kuwait&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780333212479&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrCQMAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DFailaka%2Bwas%2Bthen%2BIkaros%2Band%2BKuwait%2Bwas%2Bcalled%2BLarissa.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2m5AAAAIAAJ&q=Tablets,+coins,+seals+and+other+items+unearthed+by+archaeologists+show+that+Ikaros+and+the+mainland+(known+as+Larissa)+were">Middle East Annual Review</a>. Middle East Review. 1980. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780904439106" title="Special:BookSources/9780904439106"><bdi>9780904439106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Annual+Review&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Middle+East+Review&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780904439106&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM2m5AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DTablets%2C%2Bcoins%2C%2Bseals%2Band%2Bother%2Bitems%2Bunearthed%2Bby%2Barchaeologists%2Bshow%2Bthat%2BIkaros%2Band%2Bthe%2Bmainland%2B%28known%2Bas%2BLarissa%29%2Bwere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKilnerWallace1979" class="citation book cs1">Kilner, Peter; Wallace, Jonathan (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vkosAQAAIAAJ&q=built+a+Hellenistic+temple,+dedicated+to+Artemis+and+renamed+the+island+Ikaros+and+called+the+mainland+Larissa.">The Gulf Handbook - Volume 3</a>. Trade & Travel Publications. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780900751127" title="Special:BookSources/9780900751127"><bdi>9780900751127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gulf+Handbook+-+Volume+3&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Trade+%26+Travel+Publications&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780900751127&rft.aulast=Kilner&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvkosAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbuilt%2Ba%2BHellenistic%2Btemple%2C%2Bdedicated%2Bto%2BArtemis%2Band%2Brenamed%2Bthe%2Bisland%2BIkaros%2Band%2Bcalled%2Bthe%2Bmainland%2BLarissa.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJalālzaʼī1991" class="citation book cs1">Jalālzaʼī, Mūsá Ḵh̲ān (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kt8rAAAAIAAJ&q=Failaka+was+called+by+the+Greeks+Ikaros,+and+Kuwait+was+called+Larissa,+while+Bahrain+was+Tylos„as+provedby+the+famous+stone+of+Ikaros">K̲h̲alīj aur bainulaqvāmī siyāsat</a>. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%CC%B2h%CC%B2al%C4%ABj+aur+bainulaqv%C4%81m%C4%AB+siy%C4%81sat&rft.pages=34&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Jal%C4%81lza%CA%BC%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=M%C5%ABs%C3%A1+%E1%B8%B4h%CC%B2%C4%81n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKt8rAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DFailaka%2Bwas%2Bcalled%2Bby%2Bthe%2BGreeks%2BIkaros%2C%2Band%2BKuwait%2Bwas%2Bcalled%2BLarissa%2C%2Bwhile%2BBahrain%2Bwas%2BTylos%E2%80%9Eas%2Bprovedby%2Bthe%2Bfamous%2Bstone%2Bof%2BIkaros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sa-64"><a href="#cite_ref-sa_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140323134157/https://www.medea.be/2010/02/the-european-exploration-of-kuwait/">"The European Exploration of Kuwait"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medea.be/2010/02/the-european-exploration-of-kuwait/">the original</a> on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+European+Exploration+of+Kuwait&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medea.be%2F2010%2F02%2Fthe-european-exploration-of-kuwait%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMakharadzeKvirkveliaMurvanidzeChkhvimiani2017" class="citation journal cs1">Makharadze, Zurab; Kvirkvelia, Guram; Murvanidze, Bidzina; Chkhvimiani, Jimsher; Ad Duweish, Sultan; Al Mutairi, Hamed; Lordkipanidze, David (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.org.ge/newsite/bnas/t11-n4/27_Makharadze.pdf">"Kuwait-Georgian Archaeological Mission – Archaeological Investigations on the Island of Failaka in 2011–2017"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. 11 (4): 178. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116082009/http://science.org.ge/newsite/bnas/t11-n4/27_Makharadze.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Georgian+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Kuwait-Georgian+Archaeological+Mission+%E2%80%93+Archaeological+Investigations+on+the+Island+of+Failaka+in+2011%E2%80%932017&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=178&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Makharadze&rft.aufirst=Zurab&rft.au=Kvirkvelia%2C+Guram&rft.au=Murvanidze%2C+Bidzina&rft.au=Chkhvimiani%2C+Jimsher&rft.au=Ad+Duweish%2C+Sultan&rft.au=Al+Mutairi%2C+Hamed&rft.au=Lordkipanidze%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.org.ge%2Fnewsite%2Fbnas%2Ft11-n4%2F27_Makharadze.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> J. Hansamans, Charax and the Karkhen, Iranica Antiquitua 7 (1967) page 21–58 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> George Fadlo Hourani, John Carswell, Arab Seafaring: In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> in Ancient and Early <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> Times <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDh2KKSlQg4C&pg=PA131">page 131</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khor_Subiya_Mouth_of_Euphrates-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khor_Subiya_Mouth_of_Euphrates_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khor_Subiya_Mouth_of_Euphrates_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khor_Subiya_Mouth_of_Euphrates_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khor_Subiya_Mouth_of_Euphrates_68-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParpas2016" class="citation book cs1">Parpas, Andreas P. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35498091">Naval and Maritime Activities of Alexander the Great in South Mesopotamia and the Gulf</a>. pp. 62–117. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170433/https://www.academia.edu/35498091">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+and+Maritime+Activities+of+Alexander+the+Great+in+South+Mesopotamia+and+the+Gulf&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Parpas&rft.aufirst=Andreas+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35498091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khor_Subiya_Mouth_of_Euphrates_river-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khor_Subiya_Mouth_of_Euphrates_river_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khor_Subiya_Mouth_of_Euphrates_river_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khor_Subiya_Mouth_of_Euphrates_river_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khor_Subiya_Mouth_of_Euphrates_river_69-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHermann_Gasche2004" class="citation book cs1">Hermann Gasche, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7531835">The Persian Gulf shorelines and the Karkheh, Karun and Jarrahi Rivers: A Geo-Archaeological Approach</a>. pp. 19–54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172646/https://www.academia.edu/7531835">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Gulf+shorelines+and+the+Karkheh%2C+Karun+and+Jarrahi+Rivers%3A+A+Geo-Archaeological+Approach&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7531835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teredon-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Teredon_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParpas2016" class="citation book cs1">Parpas, Andreas P. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35498091">The Hellenistic Gulf: Greek Naval Presence in South Mesopotamia and the Gulf (324-64 B.C.)</a>. p. 79. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170433/https://www.academia.edu/35498091">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hellenistic+Gulf%3A+Greek+Naval+Presence+in+South+Mesopotamia+and+the+Gulf+%28324-64+B.C.%29&rft.pages=79&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Parpas&rft.aufirst=Andreas+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35498091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teredon_Kuwait-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Teredon_Kuwait_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peterharrington.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/138-Final-2.pdf">"Travel - Peter Harrington London"</a> (PDF). Peter Harrington. 2017. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163629/https://www.peterharrington.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/138-Final-2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Travel+-+Peter+Harrington+London&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Peter+Harrington&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peterharrington.co.uk%2Fblog%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F09%2F138-Final-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teredon_JSTOR-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Teredon_JSTOR_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBent1890" class="citation journal cs1">Bent, J. Theodore (January 1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1801121">"The Bahrein Islands, in the Persian Gulf"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography. 12 (1). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: 13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1801121">10.2307/1801121</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1801121">1801121</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131133621/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1801121">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Geographical+Society+and+Monthly+Record+of+Geography&rft.atitle=The+Bahrein+Islands%2C+in+the+Persian+Gulf&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1890-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1801121&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1801121%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bent&rft.aufirst=J.+Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1801121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarrokh2007" class="citation book cs1">Farrokh, Kaveh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qbSuPQAACAAJ">Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War</a>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846031083" title="Special:BookSources/9781846031083"><bdi>9781846031083</bdi></a>. <q>With Babylon and Seleucia secured, Mehrdad turned to Charax in southern Mesopotamia (modern south Iraq and Kuwait).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadows+in+the+Desert%3A+Ancient+Persia+at+War&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781846031083&rft.aulast=Farrokh&rft.aufirst=Kaveh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqbSuPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReade1996" class="citation book cs1">Reade, Julian, ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PtzWAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA275">Indian Ocean In Antiquity</a>. Routledge. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136155314" title="Special:BookSources/9781136155314"><bdi>9781136155314</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920175437/https://books.google.com/books?id=PtzWAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA275">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Ocean+In+Antiquity&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781136155314&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPtzWAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berlinarchaeology.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/colledge-1987.pdf">"Hellenism in the East"</a> (PDF). Amelie Kuhrt, Susan Sherwin-White. 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232953/http://berlinarchaeology.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/colledge-1987.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2021. <q>To the south of Characene, on Failaka, the north wall of the fort was pushed forward, before occupation ceased around 100 BC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amelie+Kuhrt%2C+Susan+Sherwin-White&rft.atitle=Hellenism+in+the+East&rft.date=1987&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberlinarchaeology.files.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F01%2Fcolledge-1987.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGregoratti" class="citation web cs1">Gregoratti, Leonardo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1382592">"A Parthian Harbour in the Gulf: the Characene"</a>. p. 216. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172736/https://www.academia.edu/1382592">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Parthian+Harbour+in+the+Gulf%3A+the+Characene&rft.pages=216&rft.aulast=Gregoratti&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1382592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHillBeckCrowston2008" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Bennett D.; Beck, Roger B.; Crowston, Clare Haru (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044933/http://www.mcquaid.org/file.cfm?resourceid=3858&filename=chapter_7_full.pdf">A History of World Societies, Combined Volume</a> (PDF). p. 165. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcquaid.org/file.cfm?resourceid=3858&filename=chapter_7_full.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 December 2013. <q>Centered in the fertile Tigris- Euphrates Valley, but with access to the Persian Gulf and extending south to Meshan (modern Kuwait), the Sassanid Empire's economic prosperity rested on agriculture; its location also proved well suited for commerce.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+World+Societies%2C+Combined+Volume&rft.pages=165&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Bennett+D.&rft.au=Beck%2C+Roger+B.&rft.au=Crowston%2C+Clare+Haru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcquaid.org%2Ffile.cfm%3Fresourceid%3D3858%26filename%3Dchapter_7_full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFalk1996" class="citation book cs1">Falk, Avner (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z10-Xz9Kno4C&pg=PA330">A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews</a>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838636602" title="Special:BookSources/9780838636602"><bdi>9780838636602</bdi></a>. <q>In 224 he defeated the Parthian army of Ardavan Shah (Artabanus V), taking Isfahan, Kerman, Elam (Elymais) and Meshan (Mesene, Spasinu Charax, or Characene).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Psychoanalytic+History+of+the+Jews&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780838636602&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=Avner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz10-Xz9Kno4C%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen1980" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Abraham (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jTb2Zs3BkecC&pg=PT119">Ancient Jewish Proverbs</a>. Library of Alexandria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781465526786" title="Special:BookSources/9781465526786"><bdi>9781465526786</bdi></a>. <q>The large and small measures roll down and reach Sheol; from Sheol they proceed to Tadmor (Palmyra), from Tadmor to Meshan (Mesene), and from Meshan to Harpanya (Hipparenum).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Jewish+Proverbs&rft.pub=Library+of+Alexandria&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9781465526786&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjTb2Zs3BkecC%26pg%3DPT119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akkaz_Partho_Sassanian-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akkaz_Partho_Sassanian_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akkaz_Partho_Sassanian_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGachet,_J.1998" class="citation journal cs1">Gachet, J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223614">"Akkaz (Kuwait), a Site of the Partho-Sasanian Period. A preliminary report on three campaigns of excavation (1993–1996)"</a>. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 28: 69–79. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223614">41223614</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920174039/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223614">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Seminar+for+Arabian+Studies&rft.atitle=Akkaz+%28Kuwait%29%2C+a+Site+of+the+Partho-Sasanian+Period.+A+preliminary+report+on+three+campaigns+of+excavation+%281993%E2%80%931996%29.&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41223614%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Gachet%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41223614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-takkaz-81"><a href="#cite_ref-takkaz_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tell+Akkaz+in+Kuwait.-a0381147811">"Tell Akkaz in Kuwait."</a>, The Journal of the American Oriental Society, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921223302/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tell+Akkaz+in+Kuwait.-a0381147811">archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2022, retrieved 14 January 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Tell+Akkaz+in+Kuwait.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FTell%2BAkkaz%2Bin%2BKuwait.-a0381147811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233751/http://www.mom.fr/IMG/pdf/TMO57Akkaz.pdf">"LE TELL D'AKKAZ AU KOWEÏT TELL AKKAZ IN KUWAIT"</a> (PDF). p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mom.fr/IMG/pdf/TMO57Akkaz.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LE+TELL+D%27AKKAZ+AU+KOWE%C3%8FT+TELL+AKKAZ+IN+KUWAIT&rft.pages=2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mom.fr%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FTMO57Akkaz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-journal2-83"><a href="#cite_ref-journal2_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBonnéric2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bonnéric, Julie (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/aae.12190">"A consideration on the interest of a pottery typology adapted to the late Sasanian and early Islamic monastery at al-Qusur (Kuwait)"</a>. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 32: 70–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Faae.12190">10.1111/aae.12190</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234836940">234836940</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230214172947/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/aae.12190">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Archaeology+and+Epigraphy&rft.atitle=A+consideration+on+the+interest+of+a+pottery+typology+adapted+to+the+late+Sasanian+and+early+Islamic+monastery+at+al-Qusur+%28Kuwait%29&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Faae.12190&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234836940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bonn%C3%A9ric&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1111%2Faae.12190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancient_Bubiyan-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_Bubiyan_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_Bubiyan_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReinink-SmithCarter2022" class="citation journal cs1">Reinink-Smith, Linda; Carter, Robert (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/quaternary-research/article/abs/late-holocene-development-of-bubiyan-island-kuwait/FD3CB9742FC8B0A5EDE6EBAC8F15C301">"Late Holocene development of Bubiyan Island, Kuwait"</a>. Quaternary Research. 109: 16–38. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022QuRes.109...16R">2022QuRes.109...16R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fqua.2022.3">10.1017/qua.2022.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248250022">248250022</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230214172948/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/quaternary-research/article/abs/late-holocene-development-of-bubiyan-island-kuwait/FD3CB9742FC8B0A5EDE6EBAC8F15C301">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Research&rft.atitle=Late+Holocene+development+of+Bubiyan+Island%2C+Kuwait&rft.volume=109&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248250022%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fqua.2022.3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022QuRes.109...16R&rft.aulast=Reinink-Smith&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Carter%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fquaternary-research%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Flate-holocene-development-of-bubiyan-island-kuwait%2FFD3CB9742FC8B0A5EDE6EBAC8F15C301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRay2003" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Kurt (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000rayk">A Historical Atlas of Kuwait</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000rayk/page/10">10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823939817" title="Special:BookSources/9780823939817"><bdi>9780823939817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Atlas+of+Kuwait&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group%2C+Inc&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780823939817&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricalatlaso0000rayk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trade-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trade_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trade_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDipiazza2008" class="citation book cs1">Dipiazza, Francesca Davis (2008). Francesca Davis DiPiazza (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ACS3J9mVInMC&pg=PA20">Kuwait in Pictures</a>. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822565895" title="Special:BookSources/9780822565895"><bdi>9780822565895</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kuwait+in+Pictures&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780822565895&rft.aulast=Dipiazza&rft.aufirst=Francesca+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DACS3J9mVInMC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUlrich" class="citation web cs1">Ulrich, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8353208">"Kāzimah remembered: historical traditions of an early Islamic settlement by Kuwait Bay"</a>. British Museum, Seminar for Arabian Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170938/https://www.academia.edu/8353208">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C4%81zimah+remembered%3A+historical+traditions+of+an+early+Islamic+settlement+by+Kuwait+Bay&rft.pub=British+Museum%2C+Seminar+for+Arabian+Studies&rft.aulast=Ulrich&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8353208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennet" class="citation web cs1">Kennet, Derek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7085907">"Investigating an Early Islamic Landscape on Kuwait Bay: the archaeology of historical Kadhima"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171240/https://www.academia.edu/7085907">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Investigating+an+Early+Islamic+Landscape+on+Kuwait+Bay%3A+the+archaeology+of+historical+Kadhima&rft.pub=Durham+University&rft.aulast=Kennet&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7085907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaguer-GillonUlrichKennet" class="citation book cs1">Maguer-Gillon, Sterenn Le; Ulrich, Brian; Kennet, Derek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7068872">Kadhima: Kuwait in the early centuries of Islam</a>. academia.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170417/https://www.academia.edu/7068872">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kadhima%3A+Kuwait+in+the+early+centuries+of+Islam.&rft.pub=academia.edu&rft.aulast=Maguer-Gillon&rft.aufirst=Sterenn+Le&rft.au=Ulrich%2C+Brian&rft.au=Kennet%2C+Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7068872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265611865">"The Soft stone from Kadhima: evidence for trade connections and domestic activities"</a>. Kuwait NCCAL, Durham University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163635/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265611865">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Soft+stone+from+Kadhima%3A+evidence+for+trade+connections+and+domestic+activities&rft.pub=Kuwait+NCCAL%2C+Durham+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F265611865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-academia-91"><a href="#cite_ref-academia_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUlrich2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ulrich, Brian (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8361856">"From Iraq to the Hijaz in the Early Islamic Period: History and Archaeology of the Basran Hajj Road and the Way(s) through Kuwait"</a>. The Hajj: Collected Essays, ed. Venetia Porter and Liana Saif. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172202/https://www.academia.edu/8361856">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hajj%3A+Collected+Essays%2C+ed.+Venetia+Porter+and+Liana+Saif&rft.atitle=From+Iraq+to+the+Hijaz+in+the+Early+Islamic+Period%3A+History+and+Archaeology+of+the+Basran+Hajj+Road+and+the+Way%28s%29+through+Kuwait&rft.date=2013-01&rft.aulast=Ulrich&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8361856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor-92"><a href="#cite_ref-jstor_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennetBlairUlrichAl-Duwīsh2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kennet, Derek; Blair, Andrew; Ulrich, Brian; Al-Duwīsh, Sultan M. (2011). "The Kadhima Project: investigating an Early Islamic settlement and landscape on Kuwait Bay". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 41. jstor.org: 161–172. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41622130">41622130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Seminar+for+Arabian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Kadhima+Project%3A+investigating+an+Early+Islamic+settlement+and+landscape+on+Kuwait+Bay&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41622130%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kennet&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Blair%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Ulrich%2C+Brian&rft.au=Al-Duw%C4%ABsh%2C+Sultan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-casey-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-casey_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-casey_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCasey2007" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Michael (2007). The history of Kuwait – Greenwood histories of modern nations. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313340734" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313340734"><bdi>978-0313340734</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Kuwait+%E2%80%93+Greenwood+histories+of+modern+nations&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0313340734&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Jassar2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Al-Jassar, Mohammad Khalid A. (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gradworks.umi.com/33/63/3363409.html">Constancy and Change in Contemporary Kuwait City: The Socio-cultural Dimensions of the Kuwait Courtyard and Diwaniyya</a> (PhD thesis). The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-109-22934-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-109-22934-9"><bdi>978-1-109-22934-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Constancy+and+Change+in+Contemporary+Kuwait+City%3A+The+Socio-cultural+Dimensions+of+the+Kuwait+Courtyard+and+Diwaniyya&rft.inst=The+University+of+Wisconsin-Milwaukee&rft.date=2009-05&rft.isbn=978-1-109-22934-9&rft.aulast=Al-Jassar&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Khalid+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgradworks.umi.com%2F33%2F63%2F3363409.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-bani-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bani_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bani_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023575946.0x00009d">"'Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915' [1001] (1156/1782)"</a>. qdl.qa. 30 September 2014. p. 1000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150116235248/http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023575946.0x00009d">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Gazetteer+of+the+Persian+Gulf.+Vol+I.+Historical.+Part+IA+%26+IB.+J+G+Lorimer.+1915%27+%5B1001%5D+%281156%2F1782%29&rft.pages=1000&rft.pub=qdl.qa&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qdl.qa%2Fen%2Farchive%2F81055%2Fvdc_100023575946.0x00009d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sail-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sail_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sail_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBell1983" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Gawain (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shadowsonsandthe00bell">Shadows on the Sand: The Memoirs of Sir Gawain Bell</a>. C. Hurst. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shadowsonsandthe00bell/page/222">222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905838-92-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905838-92-2"><bdi>978-0-905838-92-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadows+on+the+Sand%3A+The+Memoirs+of+Sir+Gawain+Bell&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=C.+Hurst&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-905838-92-2&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Gawain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshadowsonsandthe00bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TVfaAAAAMAAJ">"ʻAlam-i Nisvāṉ"</a>. University of Karachi. 1995. p. 18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224093441/https://books.google.com/books?id=TVfaAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2018. <q>Kuwait became an important trading port for import and export of goods from India, Africa and Arabia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CA%BBAlam-i+Nisv%C4%81%E1%B9%89&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=University+of+Karachi&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTVfaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kw-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kw_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kw_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Jassar2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Al-Jassar, Mohammad Khalid A. (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gradworks.umi.com/33/63/3363409.html">Constancy and Change in Contemporary Kuwait City: The Socio-cultural Dimensions of the Kuwait Courtyard and Diwaniyya</a> (PhD thesis). The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. p. 66. Retrieved 27 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Constancy+and+Change+in+Contemporary+Kuwait+City%3A+The+Socio-cultural+Dimensions+of+the+Kuwait+Courtyard+and+Diwaniyya&rft.inst=The+University+of+Wisconsin-Milwaukee&rft.date=2009-05&rft.aulast=Al-Jassar&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Khalid+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgradworks.umi.com%2F33%2F63%2F3363409.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-boom-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boom_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boom_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBennisMoushabeck1991" class="citation book cs1">Bennis, Phyllis; Moushabeck, Michel, eds. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ki642LknOh0C&pg=PA42">Beyond the Storm: A Gulf Crisis Reader</a>. Brooklyn, New York: Olive Branch Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940793-82-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940793-82-8"><bdi>978-0-940793-82-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Storm%3A+A+Gulf+Crisis+Reader&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+New+York&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Olive+Branch+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-940793-82-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKi642LknOh0C%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLauterpachtGreenwoodWeller1991" class="citation book cs1">Lauterpacht, Elihu; Greenwood, C. J.; Weller, Marc (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5xVSkGtcT5YC&pg=PA4">The Kuwait Crisis: Basic Documents</a>. Cambridge international documents series, Issue 1. Cambridge, UK: Research Centre for International Law, Cambridge University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46308-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46308-9"><bdi>978-0-521-46308-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kuwait+Crisis%3A+Basic+Documents&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.series=Cambridge+international+documents+series%2C+Issue+1&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Research+Centre+for+International+Law%2C+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-46308-9&rft.aulast=Lauterpacht&rft.aufirst=Elihu&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+C.+J.&rft.au=Weller%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5xVSkGtcT5YC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLauterpachtGreenwoodWellerBethlehem1991" class="citation book cs1">Lauterpacht, E.; Greenwood, C. J.; Weller, Marc; Bethlehem, Daniel (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5xVSkGtcT5YC&pg=PA4">The Kuwait Crisis: Basic Documents</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521463089" title="Special:BookSources/9780521463089"><bdi>9780521463089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kuwait+Crisis%3A+Basic+Documents&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780521463089&rft.aulast=Lauterpacht&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+C.+J.&rft.au=Weller%2C+Marc&rft.au=Bethlehem%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5xVSkGtcT5YC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eas-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eas_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eas_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Jassar2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Al-Jassar, Mohammad Khalid A. (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gradworks.umi.com/33/63/3363409.html">Constancy and Change in Contemporary Kuwait City: The Socio-cultural Dimensions of the Kuwait Courtyard and Diwaniyya</a> (PhD thesis). The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. p. 67. Retrieved 27 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Constancy+and+Change+in+Contemporary+Kuwait+City%3A+The+Socio-cultural+Dimensions+of+the+Kuwait+Courtyard+and+Diwaniyya&rft.inst=The+University+of+Wisconsin-Milwaukee&rft.date=2009-05&rft.aulast=Al-Jassar&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Khalid+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgradworks.umi.com%2F33%2F63%2F3363409.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-mer-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mer_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mer_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbdullah2001" class="citation book cs1">Abdullah, Thabit A. J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6v2HHoWgbsC&pg=PA72">Merchants, Mamluks, and Murder: The Political Economy of Trade in Eighteenth-Century Basra</a>. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4807-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4807-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-4807-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchants%2C+Mamluks%2C+and+Murder%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Trade+in+Eighteenth-Century+Basra&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4807-6&rft.aulast=Abdullah&rft.aufirst=Thabit+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt6v2HHoWgbsC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jasser-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jasser_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jasser_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Jassar" class="citation thesis cs1">Al-Jassar, Mohammad Khalid A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gradworks.umi.com/33/63/3363409.html">Constancy and Change in Contemporary Kuwait City: The Socio-cultural Dimensions of the Kuwait Courtyard and Diwaniyya</a> (PhD thesis). The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. p. 68. Retrieved 27 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Constancy+and+Change+in+Contemporary+Kuwait+City%3A+The+Socio-cultural+Dimensions+of+the+Kuwait+Courtyard+and+Diwaniyya&rft.inst=The+University+of+Wisconsin-Milwaukee&rft.aulast=Al-Jassar&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Khalid+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgradworks.umi.com%2F33%2F63%2F3363409.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-w-105"><a href="#cite_ref-w_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHasan2007" class="citation book cs1">Hasan, Mohibbul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iT_8KzTECwMC&pg=PA18">Waqai-i manazil-i Rum: Tipu Sultan's mission to Constantinople</a>. Aakar Books. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788187879565" title="Special:BookSources/9788187879565"><bdi>9788187879565</bdi></a>. <q>For owing to Basra's misfortunes, Kuwait and Zubarah became rich.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waqai-i+manazil-i+Rum%3A+Tipu+Sultan%27s+mission+to+Constantinople&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Aakar+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788187879565&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Mohibbul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiT_8KzTECwMC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-basra-106"><a href="#cite_ref-basra_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFattah1997" class="citation book cs1">Fattah, Hala Mundhir (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5MewSBHkG4C&pg=PA114">The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf, 1745–1900</a>. SUNY Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791431139" title="Special:BookSources/9780791431139"><bdi>9780791431139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Regional+Trade+in+Iraq%2C+Arabia%2C+and+the+Gulf%2C+1745%E2%80%931900&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780791431139&rft.aulast=Fattah&rft.aufirst=Hala+Mundhir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg5MewSBHkG4C%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1266/1/1266.pdf">The impact of economic activities on the social and political structures of Kuwait (1896–1946)</a> (PDF). p. 108. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053950/http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1266/1/1266.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+impact+of+economic+activities+on+the+social+and+political+structures+of+Kuwait+%281896%E2%80%931946%29&rft.pages=108&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.dur.ac.uk%2F1266%2F1%2F1266.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson2008" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, Neil (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zXXGAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA93">The Postal Agencies in Eastern Arabia and the Gulf</a>. Lulu.com. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409209423" title="Special:BookSources/9781409209423"><bdi>9781409209423</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Postal+Agencies+in+Eastern+Arabia+and+the+Gulf&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781409209423&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzXXGAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-al_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-al_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-al_109-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMary_Bruins_Allison1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bruins_Allison" title="Mary Bruins Allison">Mary Bruins Allison</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/doctormaryinarab00alli">Doctor Mary in Arabia: Memoirs</a>. University of Texas Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/doctormaryinarab00alli/page/n215">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292704565" title="Special:BookSources/9780292704565"><bdi>9780292704565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctor+Mary+in+Arabia%3A+Memoirs&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780292704565&rft.au=Mary+Bruins+Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdoctormaryinarab00alli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF́GostonMasters2009" class="citation book cs1">́Goston, Ga ́bor A.; Masters, Bruce Alan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA321">Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</a>. Infobase. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438110257" title="Special:BookSources/9781438110257"><bdi>9781438110257</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781438110257&rft.aulast=%CC%81Goston&rft.aufirst=Ga+%CC%81bor+A.&rft.au=Masters%2C+Bruce+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjzYdCxumFcC%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgius2012" class="citation book cs1">Agius, Dionisius A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DRtWm-UkS-oC&pg=PA48">Seafaring in the Arabian Gulf and Oman: People of the Dhow</a>. Routledge. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136201820" title="Special:BookSources/9781136201820"><bdi>9781136201820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seafaring+in+the+Arabian+Gulf+and+Oman%3A+People+of+the+Dhow&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781136201820&rft.aulast=Agius&rft.aufirst=Dionisius+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDRtWm-UkS-oC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hor-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hor_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hor_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFattah1997" class="citation book cs1">Fattah, Hala Mundhir (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5MewSBHkG4C&pg=PA181">The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf, 1745–1900</a>. SUNY Press. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791431139" title="Special:BookSources/9780791431139"><bdi>9780791431139</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206042721/https://books.google.com/books?id=g5MewSBHkG4C&pg=PA181">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Regional+Trade+in+Iraq%2C+Arabia%2C+and+the+Gulf%2C+1745%E2%80%931900&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780791431139&rft.aulast=Fattah&rft.aufirst=Hala+Mundhir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg5MewSBHkG4C%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/summary/Kuwait#:~:text=Kuwait%2C%20officially%20State%20of%20Kuwait,%2C%20Middle%20East%2C%20southwestern%20Asia">"Kuwait summary | Britannica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwait+summary+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsummary%2FKuwait%23%3A~%3Atext%3DKuwait%252C%2520officially%2520State%2520of%2520Kuwait%2C%252C%2520Middle%2520East%252C%2520southwestern%2520Asia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Busch, 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-block-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-block_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-block_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-block_115-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMary_Ann_Tétreault1995" class="citation book cs1">Mary Ann Tétreault (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jqMLNJ3tUYMC&pg=PA13">The Kuwait Petroleum Corporation and the Economics of the New World Order</a>. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780899305103" title="Special:BookSources/9780899305103"><bdi>9780899305103</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113201330/https://books.google.com/books?id=jqMLNJ3tUYMC&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kuwait+Petroleum+Corporation+and+the+Economics+of+the+New+World+Order&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780899305103&rft.au=Mary+Ann+T%C3%A9treault&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjqMLNJ3tUYMC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Lea_2001_142-116"><a href="#cite_ref-David_Lea_2001_142_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLea2001" class="citation book cs1">Lea, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f25h1qJLtnAC&pg=PA142">A Political Chronology of the Middle East</a>. Psychology Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857431155" title="Special:BookSources/9781857431155"><bdi>9781857431155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+Chronology+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781857431155&rft.aulast=Lea&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df25h1qJLtnAC%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ot-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ot_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ot_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScudder1998" class="citation book cs1">Scudder, Lewis R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nKBn1AOZUrwC&pg=PA104">The Arabian Mission's Story: In Search of Abraham's Other Son</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802846167" title="Special:BookSources/9780802846167"><bdi>9780802846167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabian+Mission%27s+Story%3A+In+Search+of+Abraham%27s+Other+Son&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780802846167&rft.aulast=Scudder&rft.aufirst=Lewis+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnKBn1AOZUrwC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-toth-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toth_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-toth_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToth2005" class="citation journal cs1">Toth, Anthony B. (2005). "Losses in the Saudi and Iraqi Struggles over Kuwait's Frontiers, 1921–1943". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 32 (2): 145–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530190500281424">10.1080/13530190500281424</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30037690">30037690</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154636834">154636834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Losses+in+the+Saudi+and+Iraqi+Struggles+over+Kuwait%27s+Frontiers%2C+1921%E2%80%931943&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154636834%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30037690%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13530190500281424&rft.aulast=Toth&rft.aufirst=Anthony+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Al-Khatrash, F. A. (1970) British political relation with Kuwait 1890-1921, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9812/">http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9812/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Kostiner, Joseph. “On Instruments and Their Designers: The Ikhwan of Najd and the Emergence of the Saudi State.” Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 21, no. 3, 1985, pp. 298–323. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4283073">http://www.jstor.org/stable/4283073</a>. Accessed 2 Apr. 2025 </li> <li id="cite_note-bassem-121"><a href="#cite_ref-bassem_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbgKPv3Gywo#t=1692">"Global Art Forum – 26:12–28:12"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sulayman_Al-Bassam" title="Sulayman Al-Bassam">Sulayman Al-Bassam</a>. 7 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/AbgKPv3Gywo">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sulayman+Al-Bassam&rft.atitle=Global+Art+Forum+%E2%80%93+26%3A12%E2%80%9328%3A12&rft.date=2014-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DAbgKPv3Gywo%23t%3D1692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-asa-122"><a href="#cite_ref-asa_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCasey2007" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Michael S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AwweY4yYSMIC&pg=PA54">The History of Kuwait</a>. Bloomsbury. pp. 54–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313340734" title="Special:BookSources/9780313340734"><bdi>9780313340734</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Kuwait&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780313340734&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAwweY4yYSMIC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhalif" class="citation book cs1">Khalif, Hussein. Tareekh Al Kuwait Al Siyasi. p. 221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tareekh+Al+Kuwait+Al+Siyasi&rft.pages=221&rft.aulast=Khalif&rft.aufirst=Hussein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-do-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-do_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-do_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-do_124-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-do_124-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-do_124-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-do_124-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Jassar2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Al-Jassar, Mohammad Khalid A. (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gradworks.umi.com/33/63/3363409.html">Constancy and Change in Contemporary Kuwait City: The Socio-cultural Dimensions of the Kuwait Courtyard and Diwaniyya</a> (PhD thesis). The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. p. 80. Retrieved 27 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Constancy+and+Change+in+Contemporary+Kuwait+City%3A+The+Socio-cultural+Dimensions+of+the+Kuwait+Courtyard+and+Diwaniyya&rft.inst=The+University+of+Wisconsin-Milwaukee&rft.date=2009-05&rft.aulast=Al-Jassar&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Khalid+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgradworks.umi.com%2F33%2F63%2F3363409.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-hist-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hist_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_125-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_125-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_125-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCasey2007" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Michael S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AwweY4yYSMIC&pg=PA57">The History of Kuwait</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34073-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34073-4"><bdi>978-0-313-34073-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Kuwait&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34073-4&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAwweY4yYSMIC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-venezia-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-venezia_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-venezia_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl_Sager2014" class="citation book cs1">Al Sager, Noura, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=201yBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Acquiring Modernity: Kuwait's Modern Era Between Memory and Forgetting</a>. National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789990604238" title="Special:BookSources/9789990604238"><bdi>9789990604238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acquiring+Modernity%3A+Kuwait%27s+Modern+Era+Between+Memory+and+Forgetting&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=National+Council+for+Culture%2C+Arts+and+Letters&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789990604238&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D201yBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pavilion-127"><a href="#cite_ref-pavilion_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Nakib2014" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Nakib, Farah (2014). Al-Nakib, Farah (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8186917">"Kuwait's Modernity Between Memory and Forgetting"</a>. Academia.edu: 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806191942/http://www.academia.edu/8186917/_Kuwaits_Modernity_Between_Memory_and_Forgetting_Introduction_to_Acquiring_Modernity_booklet_accompanying_the_Kuwait_Pavilion_at_La_Biennale_di_Venezias_14th_International_Architecture_Exhibition_">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Kuwait%27s+Modernity+Between+Memory+and+Forgetting&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Al-Nakib&rft.aufirst=Farah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8186917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-farid-128"><a href="#cite_ref-farid_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarid2014" class="citation web cs1">Farid, Alia (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030085747/http://www.aliafarid.net/Art-Papers-Nov-Dec-2014">"Acquiring Modernity: Kuwait at the 14th International Architecture Exhibition"</a>. aliafarid.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aliafarid.net/Art-Papers-Nov-Dec-2014">the original</a> on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aliafarid.net&rft.atitle=Acquiring+Modernity%3A+Kuwait+at+the+14th+International+Architecture+Exhibition&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Farid&rft.aufirst=Alia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aliafarid.net%2FArt-Papers-Nov-Dec-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonzales2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gonzales, Desi (November–December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224135926/http://www.artpapers.org/feature_articles/feature3_2014_1112.html">"Acquiring Modernity: Kuwait at the 14th International Architecture Exhibition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Art_Papers" title="Art Papers">Art Papers</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artpapers.org/feature_articles/feature3_2014_1112.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+Papers&rft.atitle=Acquiring+Modernity%3A+Kuwait+at+the+14th+International+Architecture+Exhibition&rft.date=2014-11%2F2014-12&rft.aulast=Gonzales&rft.aufirst=Desi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artpapers.org%2Ffeature_articles%2Ffeature3_2014_1112.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTsourapas2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720132456/http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/21822/1/s1-ln210934022089525479-1939656818Hwf-2143436348IdV150395290621093402PDF_HI0001.pdf">"Nasser's Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-'Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952–1967"</a> (PDF). British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (3): 324–341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530194.2015.1102708">10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1353-0194">1353-0194</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159943632">159943632</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/21822/1/s1-ln210934022089525479-1939656818Hwf-2143436348IdV150395290621093402PDF_HI0001.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Nasser%27s+Educators+and+Agitators+across+al-Watan+al-%27Arabi%3A+Tracing+the+Foreign+Policy+Importance+of+Egyptian+Regional+Migration%2C+1952%E2%80%931967&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E324-%3C%2Fspan%3E341&rft.date=2016-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159943632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1353-0194&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13530194.2015.1102708&rft.aulast=Tsourapas&rft.aufirst=Gerasimos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F21822%2F1%2Fs1-ln210934022089525479-1939656818Hwf-2143436348IdV150395290621093402PDF_HI0001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pioneer-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pioneer_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pioneer_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSajjad" class="citation news cs1">Sajjad, Valiya S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129040817/http://www.arabtimesonline.com/NewsDetails/tabid/96/smid/414/ArticleID/191792/reftab/36/t/Kuwait-literary-scene-a-little-complex/Default.aspx">"Kuwait Literary Scene A Little Complex"</a>. Arab Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabtimesonline.com/NewsDetails/tabid/96/smid/414/ArticleID/191792/reftab/36/t/Kuwait-literary-scene-a-little-complex/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 29 November 2014. <q>A magazine, Al Arabi, was published in 1958 in Kuwait. It was the most popular magazine in the Arab world. It came out it in all the Arabic countries, and about a quarter million copies were published every month.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+Times&rft.atitle=Kuwait+Literary+Scene+A+Little+Complex&rft.aulast=Sajjad&rft.aufirst=Valiya+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabtimesonline.com%2FNewsDetails%2Ftabid%2F96%2Fsmid%2F414%2FArticleID%2F191792%2Freftab%2F36%2Ft%2FKuwait-literary-scene-a-little-complex%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newsmedia-132"><a href="#cite_ref-newsmedia_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunterDickinson2013" class="citation book cs1">Gunter, Barrie; Dickinson, Roger, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t4DFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">News Media in the Arab World: A Study of 10 Arab and Muslim Countries</a>. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0239-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0239-3"><bdi>978-1-4411-0239-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=News+Media+in+the+Arab+World%3A+A+Study+of+10+Arab+and+Muslim+Countries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0239-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt4DFAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSagerKochTawfiq_Ibrahim2008" class="citation book cs1">Sager, Abdulaziz; Koch, Christian; Tawfiq Ibrahim, Hasanain, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=unparalleled+press+freedom#tbm=bks&q=The+Kuwaiti+press+has+always+enjoyed+a+level+of+freedom+unparalleled+in+any+other+Arab+country">Gulf Yearbook 2006–2007</a>. I. B. Tauris. p. 39. <q>The Kuwaiti press has always enjoyed a level of freedom unparalleled in any other Arab country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gulf+Yearbook+2006%E2%80%932007&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dunparalleled%2Bpress%2Bfreedom%23tbm%3Dbks%26q%3DThe%2BKuwaiti%2Bpress%2Bhas%2Balways%2Benjoyed%2Ba%2Blevel%2Bof%2Bfreedom%2Bunparalleled%2Bin%2Bany%2Bother%2BArab%2Bcountry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-review-134"><a href="#cite_ref-review_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFal-Nakib2014" class="citation news cs1">al-Nakib, Farah (17 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/19265/understanding-modernity_a-review-of-the-kuwait-pav">"Understanding Modernity: A Review of the Kuwait Pavilion at the Venice Biennale"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jadaliyya" title="Jadaliyya">Jadaliyya</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129095343/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/19265/understanding-modernity_a-review-of-the-kuwait-pav">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jadaliyya&rft.atitle=Understanding+Modernity%3A+A+Review+of+the+Kuwait+Pavilion+at+the+Venice+Biennale&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft.aulast=al-Nakib&rft.aufirst=Farah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jadaliyya.com%2Fpages%2Findex%2F19265%2Funderstanding-modernity_a-review-of-the-kuwait-pav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuller2004-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Fuller2004_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBourislyAl-hajji2004" class="citation book cs1">Bourisly, Nibal K.; Al-hajji, Maher N. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=llmCOvtWcUcC&pg=PA125">"Kuwait's National Day: Four Decades of Transformed Celebrations"</a>. In Fuller, Linda K. (ed.). National Days/national Ways: Historical, Political, and Religious Celebrations Around the World. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 125–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275972707" title="Special:BookSources/9780275972707"><bdi>9780275972707</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214213411/https://books.google.com/books?id=llmCOvtWcUcC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kuwait%27s+National+Day%3A+Four+Decades+of+Transformed+Celebrations&rft.btitle=National+Days%2Fnational+Ways%3A+Historical%2C+Political%2C+and+Religious+Celebrations+Around+the+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780275972707&rft.aulast=Bourisly&rft.aufirst=Nibal+K.&rft.au=Al-hajji%2C+Maher+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DllmCOvtWcUcC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperallergic.com/191773/looking-for-the-origins-of-arab-modernism-in-kuwait/">"Looking for Origins of Arab Modernism in Kuwait"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hyperallergic" title="Hyperallergic">Hyperallergic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711090946/http://hyperallergic.com/191773/looking-for-the-origins-of-arab-modernism-in-kuwait/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hyperallergic&rft.atitle=Looking+for+Origins+of+Arab+Modernism+in+Kuwait&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperallergic.com%2F191773%2Flooking-for-the-origins-of-arab-modernism-in-kuwait%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Nakib2014" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Nakib, Farah (1 March 2014). "Towards an Urban Alternative for Kuwait: Protests and Public Participation". Built Environment. 40 (1): 101–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2148%2Fbenv.40.1.101">10.2148/benv.40.1.101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Built+Environment&rft.atitle=Towards+an+Urban+Alternative+for+Kuwait%3A+Protests+and+Public+Participation&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2148%2Fbenv.40.1.101&rft.aulast=Al-Nakib&rft.aufirst=Farah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-index-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-index_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-index_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-index_138-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-index_138-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224093441/http://gulfartguide.eu/essay/cultural-developments-in-kuwait/">"Cultural developments in Kuwait"</a>. March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulfartguide.eu/essay/cultural-developments-in-kuwait/">the original</a> on 24 February 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cultural+developments+in+Kuwait&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulfartguide.eu%2Fessay%2Fcultural-developments-in-kuwait%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-swf-139"><a href="#cite_ref-swf_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChee_Kong2014" class="citation journal cs1">Chee Kong, Sam (1 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913235403/http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article44637.html">"What Can Nations Learn from Norway and Kuwait in Managing Sovereign Wealth Funds"</a>. Market Oracle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article44637.html">the original</a> on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Market+Oracle&rft.atitle=What+Can+Nations+Learn+from+Norway+and+Kuwait+in+Managing+Sovereign+Wealth+Funds&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft.aulast=Chee+Kong&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketoracle.co.uk%2FArticle44637.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ9tAAAAIAAJ&q=Kuwait+is+a+primary+example+of+a+Muslim+society+which+embraced+liberal+and+Western+attitudes+throughout+the+sixties+and+seventies.">Muslim Education Quarterly</a>. Vol. 8. Islamic Academy. 1990. p. 61. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520111115/https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ9tAAAAIAAJ&q=Kuwait+is+a+primary+example+of+a+Muslim+society+which+embraced+liberal+and+Western+attitudes+throughout+the+sixties+and+seventies.">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2021. <q>Kuwait is a primary example of a Muslim society which embraced liberal and Western attitudes throughout the sixties and seventies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Education+Quarterly&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Islamic+Academy&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQ9tAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DKuwait%2Bis%2Ba%2Bprimary%2Bexample%2Bof%2Ba%2BMuslim%2Bsociety%2Bwhich%2Bembraced%2Bliberal%2Band%2BWestern%2Battitudes%2Bthroughout%2Bthe%2Bsixties%2Band%2Bseventies.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOsnos2004" class="citation news cs1">Osnos, Evan (11 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2004/07/11/in-kuwait-conservatism-a-launch-pad-to-success/">"In Kuwait, conservatism a launch pad to success"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701080119/https://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-07-11/news/0407110232_1_kuwait-university-mutairi-kuwaiti/2">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=In+Kuwait%2C+conservatism+a+launch+pad+to+success&rft.date=2004-07-11&rft.aulast=Osnos&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2004%2F07%2F11%2Fin-kuwait-conservatism-a-launch-pad-to-success%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRubin2010" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Barry, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA306">Guide to Islamist Movements</a>. Vol. 1. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-4138-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-4138-0"><bdi>978-0-7656-4138-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Islamist+Movements&rft.place=Armonk%2C+New+York&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-4138-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwEih57-GWQQC%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2006" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Deborah L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v6aWc8fM1iEC&pg=PA99">The Internet in the Middle East: Global Expectations And Local Imaginations</a>. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6586-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6586-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-6586-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Internet+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Global+Expectations+And+Local+Imaginations&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6586-8&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Deborah+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv6aWc8fM1iEC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rrgp-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rrgp_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rrgp_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_Paul_&_Martin_SpiritRobinson,_Peter2008" class="citation web cs1">James Paul & Martin Spirit; Robinson, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402192603/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/RRGP/Kuwait.htm">"Kuwait: The first crisis 1961"</a>. Riots, Rebellions, Gunboats and Peacekeepers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britains-smallwars.com/RRGP/Kuwait.htm">the original</a> on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Riots%2C+Rebellions%2C+Gunboats+and+Peacekeepers&rft.atitle=Kuwait%3A+The+first+crisis+1961&rft.date=2008&rft.au=James+Paul+%26+Martin+Spirit&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britains-smallwars.com%2FRRGP%2FKuwait.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia_records-145"><a href="#cite_ref-cia_records_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMobley2007–2008" class="citation web cs1">Mobley, Richard A. (2007–2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100324190255/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/fall_winter_2001/article03.html">"Gauging the Iraqi Threat to Kuwait in the 1960s - UK Indications and Warning"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/fall_winter_2001/article03.html">the original</a> on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gauging+the+Iraqi+Threat+to+Kuwait+in+the+1960s+-+UK+Indications+and+Warning&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2007%2F2008&rft.aulast=Mobley&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fcsi-studies%2Fstudies%2Ffall_winter_2001%2Farticle03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Helene von Bismarck, "The Kuwait Crisis of 1961 and its Consequences for Great Britain's Persian Gulf Policy", in British Scholar, vol. II, no. 1 (September 2009) pp. 75–96 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Helene von Bismarck, "The Kuwait Crisis of 1961 and its Consequences for Great Britain's Persian Gulf Policy" British Scholar, vol. II, no. 1 (September 2009) pp. 75–96 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott1961" class="citation news cs1">Scott, By Richard (20 June 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1961/jun/20/fromthearchive">""Independence for Kuwait: UK protection withdrawn" The Guardian, June 20, 1961"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410125617/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1961/jun/20/fromthearchive">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=%22Independence+for+Kuwait%3A+UK+protection+withdrawn%22+The+Guardian%2C+June+20%2C+1961&rft.date=1961-06-20&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=By+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheguardian%2F1961%2Fjun%2F20%2Ffromthearchive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1994" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Harry (October 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009014607/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/publications/view/?id=49">"The Iraq-Kuwait boundary dispute: historical background and the UN decisions of 1992 and 1993"</a>. IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/publications/view/?id=49">the original</a> on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Iraq-Kuwait+boundary+dispute%3A+historical+background+and+the+UN+decisions+of+1992+and+1993&rft.pub=IBRU+Boundary+and+Security+Bulletin&rft.date=1994-10&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dur.ac.uk%2Fibru%2Fpublications%2Fview%2F%3Fid%3D49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf">"2024 Global Peace Index"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2024+Global+Peace+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economicsandpeace.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F06%2FGPI-2024-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=178&dt=2472&dl=1345">"US diplomatic cable mentioning the incident"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216061759/https://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=178&dt=2472&dl=1345">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+diplomatic+cable+mentioning+the+incident&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faad.archives.gov%2Faad%2Fcreatepdf%3Frid%3D178%26dt%3D2472%26dl%3D1345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fpif-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fpif_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fpif_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fpif_152-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fpif_152-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fpif_152-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fpif_152-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fpif.org/frankensteins_lament_in_kuwait/">"Frankenstein's Lament in Kuwait"</a>. November 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231216032040/https://fpif.org/frankensteins_lament_in_kuwait/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frankenstein%27s+Lament+in+Kuwait&rft.date=2001-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffpif.org%2Ffrankensteins_lament_in_kuwait%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amid-153"><a href="#cite_ref-amid_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlotkin_Boghardt2006" class="citation book cs1">Plotkin Boghardt, Lori, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pRmFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">Kuwait Amid War, Peace and Revolution 1979-1991 and New Challenges</a>. Springer. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62745-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62745-1"><bdi>978-0-230-62745-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kuwait+Amid+War%2C+Peace+and+Revolution+1979-1991+and+New+Challenges&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-230-62745-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpRmFDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-s&t-154"><a href="#cite_ref-s&t_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBansalSinghKoCastro2013" class="citation book cs1">Bansal, Narottam P.; Singh, Jitendra P.; Ko, Song; Castro, Ricardo; Pickrell, Gary; Manjooran, Navin Jose; Nair, Mani; Singh, Gurpreet, eds. (1 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V_uTkJTa4NAC&pg=PA205">Processing and Properties of Advanced Ceramics and Composites</a>. Vol. 240. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-74411-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-74411-6"><bdi>978-1-118-74411-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Processing+and+Properties+of+Advanced+Ceramics+and+Composites&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013-07-01&rft.isbn=978-1-118-74411-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV_uTkJTa4NAC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/02/18/business/kuwait-s-market-bailout.html">"KUWAIT'S MARKET BAILOUT"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. 18 February 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214044105/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/02/18/business/kuwait-s-market-bailout.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=KUWAIT%27S+MARKET+BAILOUT&rft.date=1983-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F02%2F18%2Fbusiness%2Fkuwait-s-market-bailout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/12/25/business/kuwait-in-bailout-effort-after-market-collapes.html">"KUWAIT IN BAILOUT EFFORT AFTER MARKET COLLAPSES"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 25 December 1982. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003010029/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/12/25/business/kuwait-in-bailout-effort-after-market-collapes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=KUWAIT+IN+BAILOUT+EFFORT+AFTER+MARKET+COLLAPSES&rft.date=1982-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F12%2F25%2Fbusiness%2Fkuwait-in-bailout-effort-after-market-collapes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/12/25/business/kuwait-in-bailout-effort-after-market-collapes.html">"KUWAIT'S BUSTLING STOCK SOUK"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 5 April 1982. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003010029/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/12/25/business/kuwait-in-bailout-effort-after-market-collapes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=KUWAIT%27S+BUSTLING+STOCK+SOUK&rft.date=1982-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F12%2F25%2Fbusiness%2Fkuwait-in-bailout-effort-after-market-collapes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE4DD1439F933A25750C0A965948260&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss">"Kuwait Losses Affect Bahrain"</a>. The New York Times. 10 April 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kuwait+Losses+Affect+Bahrain&rft.date=1983-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D990CE4DD1439F933A25750C0A965948260%26partner%3Drssnyt%26emc%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006231817/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_213.shtml">"Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait; 1990"</a>. Acig.org. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Acig.org&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Invasion+of+Kuwait%3B+1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acig.org%2Fartman%2Fpublish%2Farticle_213.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory2004-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gregory2004_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregory2004_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGregory2004" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Derek (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DejCbO1mvCYC&pg=PA156">The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine, Iraq</a>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57718-090-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57718-090-6"><bdi>978-1-57718-090-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonial+Present%3A+Afghanistan%2C+Palestine%2C+Iraq&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57718-090-6&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDejCbO1mvCYC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429014811/http://earthshots.usgs.gov/Iraq/Iraqtext">"Iraq and Kuwait: 1972, 1990, 1991, 1997"</a>. Earthshots: Satellite Images of Environmental Change. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthshots.usgs.gov/Iraq/Iraqtext">the original</a> on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+and+Kuwait%3A+1972%2C+1990%2C+1991%2C+1997&rft.pub=Earthshots%3A+Satellite+Images+of+Environmental+Change&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthshots.usgs.gov%2FIraq%2FIraqtext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jan-09-fg-missing9-story.html">"Iraq and Kuwait Discuss Fate of 600 Missing Since Gulf War"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. 9 January 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006195140/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jan/09/world/fg-missing9">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Iraq+and+Kuwait+Discuss+Fate+of+600+Missing+Since+Gulf+War&rft.date=2003-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2003-jan-09-fg-missing9-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHicks1992" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, Neil (1 January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XX4qAAAAYAAJ&q=great+exodus">Kuwait: Building the Rule of Law: Human Rights in Kuwait</a>. Lawyers Committee for Human Rights. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780934143493" title="Special:BookSources/9780934143493"><bdi>9780934143493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kuwait%3A+Building+the+Rule+of+Law%3A+Human+Rights+in+Kuwait&rft.pub=Lawyers+Committee+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft.isbn=9780934143493&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXX4qAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dgreat%2Bexodus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-massgravesbedoon5-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-massgravesbedoon5_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-massgravesbedoon5_164-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-massgravesbedoon5_164-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-185085/">"Mideast situation – Middle East Watch Report – Letter from Palestine"</a>. United Nations. 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Mideast+situation+%E2%80%93+Middle+East+Watch+Report+%E2%80%93+Letter+from+Palestine&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Funispal%2Fdocument%2Fauto-insert-185085%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mass_graves_bedoon-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mass_graves_bedoon_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mass_graves_bedoon_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/467fca75227.html">"Human Rights Watch World Report 1993 - Kuwait"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607144034/https://www.refworld.org/docid/467fca75227.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+Watch+World+Report+1993+-+Kuwait&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F467fca75227.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-s-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-s_166-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-s_166-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-s_166-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43213716">"Kuwait Laws and Policies of Ethnic Discrimination, Erasure and Genocide Against The Bedoon Minority - Submission on Human Rights Protections for Minorities Recognised in the UN System"</a>. Susan Kennedy Nour al Deen. 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Susan+Kennedy+Nour+al+Deen&rft.atitle=Kuwait+Laws+and+Policies+of+Ethnic+Discrimination%2C+Erasure+and+Genocide+Against+The+Bedoon+Minority+-+Submission+on+Human+Rights+Protections+for+Minorities+Recognised+in+the+UN+System&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43213716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-north-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-north_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-north_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Kennedy_Nour_al_Deen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Susan Kennedy Nour al Deen (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25159%2F1947-9417%2F3435">"The Bedoun Archive: A public archive created for the northern tribes Bedouin of Kuwait"</a>. Education as Change. 22 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25159%2F1947-9417%2F3435">10.25159/1947-9417/3435</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240259439">240259439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+as+Change&rft.atitle=The+Bedoun+Archive%3A+A+public+archive+created+for+the+northern+tribes+Bedouin+of+Kuwait&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25159%2F1947-9417%2F3435&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240259439%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Susan+Kennedy+Nour+al+Deen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.25159%252F1947-9417%252F3435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-new-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-new_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-new_168-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-new_168-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uprdoc.ohchr.org/uprweb/downloadfile.aspx?filename=7585&file=EnglishTranslation">"Kuwait's humanitarian disaster Inter-generational erasure, ethnic cleansing and genocide of the Bedoon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OHCHR" class="mw-redirect" title="OHCHR">OHCHR</a>. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwait%27s+humanitarian+disaster+Inter-generational+erasure%2C+ethnic+cleansing+and+genocide+of+the+Bedoon&rft.pub=OHCHR&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuprdoc.ohchr.org%2Fuprweb%2Fdownloadfile.aspx%3Ffilename%3D7585%26file%3DEnglishTranslation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-british-169"><a href="#cite_ref-british_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199495/cmhansrd/1995-10-23/Debate-14.html">"House of Commons Hansard Debates for 23 Oct 1995 - Parliament Publications"</a>. <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons of the United Kingdom</a>. 23 October 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817194752/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199495/cmhansrd/1995-10-23/Debate-14.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=House+of+Commons+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.atitle=House+of+Commons+Hansard+Debates+for+23+Oct+1995+-+Parliament+Publications&rft.date=1995-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm199495%2Fcmhansrd%2F1995-10-23%2FDebate-14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ir-170"><a href="#cite_ref-ir_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Iraq_targeting_of_individuals.pdf">"EASO Country of Origin Information Report Iraq Targeting of Individuals"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/European_Asylum_Support_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="European Asylum Support Office">European Asylum Support Office</a>. pp. 149–150. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311144116/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Iraq_targeting_of_individuals.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Asylum+Support+Office&rft.atitle=EASO+Country+of+Origin+Information+Report+Iraq+Targeting+of+Individuals&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Fsites%2Freliefweb.int%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2FIraq_targeting_of_individuals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iraq-171"><a href="#cite_ref-iraq_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharlie_Dunmore_and_Edith_Champagne_in_Basra,_Iraq2019" class="citation web cs1">Charlie Dunmore and Edith Champagne in Basra, Iraq (10 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/2019/10/5d9eda154/citizenship-hopes-become-reality-iraqs-bidoon-minority.html">"Citizenship hopes become reality for Iraq's Bidoon minority"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNCHR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCHR">UNCHR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220091313/https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/2019/10/5d9eda154/citizenship-hopes-become-reality-iraqs-bidoon-minority.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNCHR&rft.atitle=Citizenship+hopes+become+reality+for+Iraq%27s+Bidoon+minority&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft.au=Charlie+Dunmore+and+Edith+Champagne+in+Basra%2C+Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2019%2F10%2F5d9eda154%2Fcitizenship-hopes-become-reality-iraqs-bidoon-minority.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-economic4-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-economic4_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-economic4_172-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-economic4_172-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-economic4_172-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-economic4_172-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-economic4_172-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-economic4_172-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHelal2020" class="citation web cs1">Helal, Ahmed (18 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/kuwaits-fiscal-crisis-requires-bold-reforms/">"Kuwait's fiscal crisis requires bold reforms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230608192857/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/kuwaits-fiscal-crisis-requires-bold-reforms/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=Kuwait%27s+fiscal+crisis+requires+bold+reforms&rft.date=2020-11-18&rft.aulast=Helal&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fmenasource%2Fkuwaits-fiscal-crisis-requires-bold-reforms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuna-173"><a href="#cite_ref-kuna_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=2021741&language=en">"Kuwait ranks top among Arab states in human development – UNDP report"</a>. KUNA. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812063648/http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=2021741&language=en">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwait+ranks+top+among+Arab+states+in+human+development+%E2%80%93+UNDP+report&rft.pub=KUNA&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticlePrintPage.aspx%3Fid%3D2021741%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI2-174"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI2_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/269/hdr_2009_en_complete.pdf">"Human Development Index 2009"</a> (PDF). Human Development Report. hdr.undp.org. p. 143. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140513140027/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/269/hdr_2009_en_complete.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Development+Report&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Index+2009&rft.pages=143&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2F269%2Fhdr_2009_en_complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI21-175"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI21_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/268/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf">"Human Development Index 2007/2008"</a> (PDF). Human Development Report. p. 233. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140415124340/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/268/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Development+Report&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Index+2007%2F2008&rft.pages=233&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2F268%2Fhdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI1-176"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI1_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/267/hdr06-complete.pdf">"Human Development Index 2006"</a> (PDF). Human Development Report. p. 283. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310060002/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/267/hdr06-complete.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Development+Report&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Index+2006&rft.pages=283&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2F267%2Fhdr06-complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anba.com.br/en/hdi-of-kuwait-is-highest-in-the-arab-world/">"HDI of Kuwait is highest in the Arab world"</a>. Brazil-Arab News Agency. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922095409/https://anba.com.br/en/hdi-of-kuwait-is-highest-in-the-arab-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HDI+of+Kuwait+is+highest+in+the+Arab+world&rft.pub=Brazil-Arab+News+Agency&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanba.com.br%2Fen%2Fhdi-of-kuwait-is-highest-in-the-arab-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?language=en&id=2021741">"Kuwait ranks top among Arab states in human development"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_News_Agency" title="Kuwait News Agency">Kuwait News Agency</a>. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922001112/https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?language=en&id=2021741">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Kuwait+ranks+top+among+Arab+states+in+human+development&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticleDetails.aspx%3Flanguage%3Den%26id%3D2021741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chinagrant-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chinagrant_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinagrant_179-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724085425/http://investvine.com/china-grants-kuwait-highest-investment-quot/">"China grants Kuwait highest investment quota"</a>. Investvine. 21 January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://investvine.com/china-grants-kuwait-highest-investment-quot/">the original</a> on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Investvine&rft.atitle=China+grants+Kuwait+highest+investment+quota&rft.date=2013-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvestvine.com%2Fchina-grants-kuwait-highest-investment-quot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-extremism-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-extremism_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-extremism_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-extremism_180-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.counterextremism.com/countries/kuwait">"Kuwait: Extremism and Terrorism | Counter Extremism Project"</a>. www.counterextremism.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410195946/https://www.counterextremism.com/countries/kuwait">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.counterextremism.com&rft.atitle=Kuwait%3A+Extremism+and+Terrorism+%26%23124%3B+Counter+Extremism+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.counterextremism.com%2Fcountries%2Fkuwait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-isis-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isis_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isis_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/kuwait-top-ally-on-syria-is-also-the-leading-funder-of-extremist-rebels/2014/04/25/10142b9a-ca48-11e3-a75e-463587891b57_story.html">"Kuwait, ally on Syria, is also the leading funder of extremist rebels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211004621/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/kuwait-top-ally-on-syria-is-also-the-leading-funder-of-extremist-rebels/2014/04/25/10142b9a-ca48-11e3-a75e-463587891b57_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Kuwait%2C+ally+on+Syria%2C+is+also+the+leading+funder+of+extremist+rebels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fnational-security%2Fkuwait-top-ally-on-syria-is-also-the-leading-funder-of-extremist-rebels%2F2014%2F04%2F25%2F10142b9a-ca48-11e3-a75e-463587891b57_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-how-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-how_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-how_182-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/kuwait/11077537/How-our-allies-in-Kuwait-and-Qatar-funded-Islamic-State.html">"How our allies in Kuwait and Qatar funded Islamic State"</a>. www.telegraph.co.uk. 6 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/kuwait/11077537/How-our-allies-in-Kuwait-and-Qatar-funded-Islamic-State.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=How+our+allies+in+Kuwait+and+Qatar+funded+Islamic+State&rft.date=2014-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fkuwait%2F11077537%2FHow-our-allies-in-Kuwait-and-Qatar-funded-Islamic-State.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-carn-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carn_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-carn_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Andrew_Weinberg2014" class="citation web cs1">David Andrew Weinberg (16 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/new-kuwaiti-justice-minister-has-deep-extremist-ties-9719">"New Kuwaiti Justice Minister Has Deep Extremist Ties"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323011240/https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/new-kuwaiti-justice-minister-has-deep-extremist-ties-9719">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Kuwaiti+Justice+Minister+Has+Deep+Extremist+Ties&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft.au=David+Andrew+Weinberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Fcommentary%2Fnew-kuwaiti-justice-minister-has-deep-extremist-ties-9719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj.com-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wsj.com_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsj.com_184-1">b</a> William Mauldin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-calls-qatar-kuwait-lax-over-terror-financing-1414108799">"U.S. Calls Qatar, Kuwait Lax Over Terror Financing"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927172301/https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-calls-qatar-kuwait-lax-over-terror-financing-1414108799">Archived</a> 27 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Wall Street Journal, 23 October 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-p-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPall" class="citation web cs1">Pall, Zoltan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2014/05/kuwaiti-salafism-and-its-growing-influence-in-the-levant?lang=en">"Kuwaiti Salafism and Its Growing Influence in the Levant"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322235927/https://carnegieendowment.org/2014/05/07/kuwaiti-salafism-and-its-growing-influence-in-levant-pub-55514">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwaiti+Salafism+and+Its+Growing+Influence+in+the+Levant&rft.aulast=Pall&rft.aufirst=Zoltan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fresearch%2F2014%2F05%2Fkuwaiti-salafism-and-its-growing-influence-in-the-levant%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-frank-186"><a href="#cite_ref-frank_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMary_Ann_Tétreault2001" class="citation web cs1">Mary Ann Tétreault (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fpif.org/frankensteins_lament_in_kuwait/">"Frankenstein's Lament in Kuwait"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307214458/https://fpif.org/frankensteins_lament_in_kuwait/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frankenstein%27s+Lament+in+Kuwait.&rft.date=2001-11&rft.au=Mary+Ann+T%C3%A9treault&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffpif.org%2Ffrankensteins_lament_in_kuwait%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pl-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pl_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pl_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDickinson2001" class="citation web cs1">Dickinson, Elizabeth (30 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/playing-with-fire-why-private-gulf-financing-for-syrias-extremist-rebels-risks-igniting-sectarian-conflict-at-home/">"Playing with Fire: Why Private Gulf Financing for Syria's Extremist Rebels Risks Igniting Sectarian Conflict at Home"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323001003/https://www.brookings.edu/research/playing-with-fire-why-private-gulf-financing-for-syrias-extremist-rebels-risks-igniting-sectarian-conflict-at-home/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Playing+with+Fire%3A+Why+Private+Gulf+Financing+for+Syria%27s+Extremist+Rebels+Risks+Igniting+Sectarian+Conflict+at+Home&rft.date=2001-11-30&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fresearch%2Fplaying-with-fire-why-private-gulf-financing-for-syrias-extremist-rebels-risks-igniting-sectarian-conflict-at-home%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dail-188"><a href="#cite_ref-dail_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogin2014" class="citation news cs1">Rogin, Josh (14 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/americas-allies-are-funding-isis">"America's Allies Are Funding ISIS"</a>. The Daily Beast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210314193601/https://www.thedailybeast.com/americas-allies-are-funding-isis">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=America%27s+Allies+Are+Funding+ISIS&rft.date=2014-06-14&rft.aulast=Rogin&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Famericas-allies-are-funding-isis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-terror-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-terror_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-terror_189-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/terrorist-funding-disconnect-qatar-and-kuwait">"The Terrorist Funding Disconnect with Qatar and Kuwait"</a>. The Washington Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323022308/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/terrorist-funding-disconnect-qatar-and-kuwait">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Terrorist+Funding+Disconnect+with+Qatar+and+Kuwait&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fterrorist-funding-disconnect-qatar-and-kuwait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuwait.tt-190"><a href="#cite_ref-kuwait.tt_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alwatan.kuwait.tt/articledetails.aspx?id=570738&yearquarter=20183">"تفجير مسجد الصادق رفض إلزام الحكومة تعويض المتضررين"</a> (in Arabic). 4 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220101012536/http://alwatan.kuwait.tt/articledetails.aspx?id=570738&yearquarter=20183">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82+%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B6+%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B6+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.date=2018-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falwatan.kuwait.tt%2Farticledetails.aspx%3Fid%3D570738%26yearquarter%3D20183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922003555/https://www.hasanews.com/6534967.html">"حكم نهائي يُخلي مسؤولية الحكومة الكويتية من تعويض متضرري تفجير مسجد الإمام الصادق | صحيفة الأحساء نيوز"</a> (in Arabic). 4 September 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hasanews.com/6534967.html">the original</a> on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85+%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A+%D9%8A%D9%8F%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B6+%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82+%26%23124%3B+%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2&rft.date=2018-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hasanews.com%2F6534967.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-economic1-192"><a href="#cite_ref-economic1_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/kuwait-budget-idUSL8N2FF76K">"UPDATE 1-Kuwait closes 2019-2020 fiscal year with $18 bln deficit -finance ministry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 30 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717040611/https://www.reuters.com/article/kuwait-budget-idUSL8N2FF76K">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=UPDATE+1-Kuwait+closes+2019-2020+fiscal+year+with+%2418+bln+deficit+-finance+ministry&rft.date=2020-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fkuwait-budget-idUSL8N2FF76K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twf-193"><a href="#cite_ref-twf_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theworldfolio.com/news/sea-city-achieves-the-impossible/4013/">"Sea City achieves the impossible"</a>. The Worldfolio. March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220081001/http://www.theworldfolio.com/news/sea-city-achieves-the-impossible/4013/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Worldfolio&rft.atitle=Sea+City+achieves+the+impossible&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworldfolio.com%2Fnews%2Fsea-city-achieves-the-impossible%2F4013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tamdeen-194"><a href="#cite_ref-tamdeen_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamdeen.com/10march2015.shtml">"Tamdeen Group's US$700 million Al Khiran development to bolster Kuwait's retail and tourism growth"</a>. Tamdeen Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220081408/http://www.tamdeen.com/10march2015.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tamdeen+Group&rft.atitle=Tamdeen+Group%27s+US%24700+million+Al+Khiran+development+to+bolster+Kuwait%27s+retail+and+tourism+growth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamdeen.com%2F10march2015.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mill-195"><a href="#cite_ref-mill_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeialy2016" class="citation news cs1">Heialy, Yasmin (26 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-39724-kuwait-multi-billion-sea-city-ready-in-25-years/">"Kuwait: Multi-billion Sea City ready in 25 years"</a>. Construction Week Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715141358/https://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-39724-kuwait-multi-billion-sea-city-ready-in-25-years/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Construction+Week+Online&rft.atitle=Kuwait%3A+Multi-billion+Sea+City+ready+in+25+years&rft.date=2016-06-26&rft.aulast=Heialy&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constructionweekonline.com%2Farticle-39724-kuwait-multi-billion-sea-city-ready-in-25-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ecology-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Ecology_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonesNithyanandanWilliams2012" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, D. A.; Nithyanandan, M.; Williams, I. (4 June 2012). "Sabah Al-Ahmad Sea City Kuwait: development of a sustainable man-made coastal ecosystem in a saline desert". Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management. 15: 84–92. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AqEHM..15S..84J">2012AqEHM..15S..84J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14634988.2012.663706">10.1080/14634988.2012.663706</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83932029">83932029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquatic+Ecosystem+Health+%26+Management&rft.atitle=Sabah+Al-Ahmad+Sea+City+Kuwait%3A+development+of+a+sustainable+man-made+coastal+ecosystem+in+a+saline+desert&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2012-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83932029%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14634988.2012.663706&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012AqEHM..15S..84J&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rft.au=Nithyanandan%2C+M.&rft.au=Williams%2C+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kisr.edu.kw/en/projects/46/details/">"Sabah Al-Ahmad Sea City - Khiran"</a>. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510182606/https://www.kisr.edu.kw/en/projects/46/details/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+Institute+for+Scientific+Research&rft.atitle=Sabah+Al-Ahmad+Sea+City+-+Khiran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kisr.edu.kw%2Fen%2Fprojects%2F46%2Fdetails%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-china5-198"><a href="#cite_ref-china5_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIsmail_Numan_Telci,_Mehmet_Rakipoğlu2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ismail Numan Telci, Mehmet Rakipoğlu (17 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allazimuth.com/2021/07/17/hedging-as-a-survival-strategy-for-small-states-the-case-of-kuwait/">"Hedging as a Survival Strategy for Small States: The Case of Kuwait"</a>. All Azimuth. 10 (2): 213–229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20991%2Fallazimuth.960945">10.20991/allazimuth.960945</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726173928/https://www.allazimuth.com/2021/07/17/hedging-as-a-survival-strategy-for-small-states-the-case-of-kuwait/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=All+Azimuth&rft.atitle=Hedging+as+a+Survival+Strategy+for+Small+States%3A+The+Case+of+Kuwait&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E229&rft.date=2021-07-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.20991%2Fallazimuth.960945&rft.au=Ismail+Numan+Telci%2C+Mehmet+Rakipo%C4%9Flu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allazimuth.com%2F2021%2F07%2F17%2Fhedging-as-a-survival-strategy-for-small-states-the-case-of-kuwait%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-china2-199"><a href="#cite_ref-china2_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2926010&language=en">"Trade with China worth USD 19 billion"</a>. Kuwait News Agency (KUNA). 23 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+News+Agency+%28KUNA%29&rft.atitle=Trade+with+China+worth+USD+19+billion&rft.date=2020-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticleDetails.aspx%3Fid%3D2926010%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-china3-200"><a href="#cite_ref-china3_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaziza2020" class="citation journal cs1">Chaziza, Mordechai (19 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2347798920940081">"China's Strategic Partnership with Kuwait: New Opportunities for the Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. Contemporary Review of the Middle East. 7 (4): 501–519. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2347798920940081">10.1177/2347798920940081</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225578218">225578218</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416201307/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2347798920940081">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review+of+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=China%27s+Strategic+Partnership+with+Kuwait%3A+New+Opportunities+for+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E501-%3C%2Fspan%3E519&rft.date=2020-07-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2347798920940081&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225578218%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chaziza&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F2347798920940081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-china4-201"><a href="#cite_ref-china4_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2760151&language=en">"Kuwait, China seek to link vision with initiative"</a>. Kuwait News Agency (KUNA). 19 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416201315/https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2760151&language=en">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+News+Agency+%28KUNA%29&rft.atitle=Kuwait%2C+China+seek+to+link+vision+with+initiative&rft.date=2018-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticleDetails.aspx%3Fid%3D2760151%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newes-202"><a href="#cite_ref-newes_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://santandertrade.com/en/portal/analyse-markets/kuwait/foreign-trade-figures">"Foreign Trade in Figures"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126224416/https://santandertrade.com/en/portal/analyse-markets/kuwait/foreign-trade-figures">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+Trade+in+Figures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsantandertrade.com%2Fen%2Fportal%2Fanalyse-markets%2Fkuwait%2Fforeign-trade-figures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-china1-203"><a href="#cite_ref-china1_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/economy/story/Kuwaits_imports_from_China_decline_13_in_two_months-SNG_170879613/">"Kuwait's imports from China decline 13% in two months"</a>. Zawya. 23 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416201314/https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/economy/story/Kuwaits_imports_from_China_decline_13_in_two_months-SNG_170879613/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zawya&rft.atitle=Kuwait%27s+imports+from+China+decline+13%25+in+two+months&rft.date=2020-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zawya.com%2Fmena%2Fen%2Feconomy%2Fstory%2FKuwaits_imports_from_China_decline_13_in_two_months-SNG_170879613%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mutlaa4-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mutlaa4_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mutlaa4_204-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/business/story/CGGC_completes_Kuwait_Residential_City_infrastructure_work-SNG_203492771/">"CGGC completes Kuwait Residential City infrastructure work"</a>. Zawya. 8 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121062625/https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/business/story/CGGC_completes_Kuwait_Residential_City_infrastructure_work-SNG_203492771/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zawya&rft.atitle=CGGC+completes+Kuwait+Residential+City+infrastructure+work&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zawya.com%2Fmena%2Fen%2Fbusiness%2Fstory%2FCGGC_completes_Kuwait_Residential_City_infrastructure_work-SNG_203492771%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mutlaa-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mutlaa_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mutlaa_205-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarrier2021" class="citation news cs1">Warrier, Ranju (12 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constructionweekonline.com/projects-and-tenders/271132-cggc-completes-main-works-at-kuwaits-al-mutlaa-residential-city-project">"CGGC completes main works at Kuwait's Al Mutlaa Residential City project"</a>. Construction Week Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415182954/https://www.constructionweekonline.com/projects-and-tenders/271132-cggc-completes-main-works-at-kuwaits-al-mutlaa-residential-city-project">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Construction+Week+Online&rft.atitle=CGGC+completes+main+works+at+Kuwait%27s+Al+Mutlaa+Residential+City+project&rft.date=2021-03-12&rft.aulast=Warrier&rft.aufirst=Ranju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constructionweekonline.com%2Fprojects-and-tenders%2F271132-cggc-completes-main-works-at-kuwaits-al-mutlaa-residential-city-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mutlaa2-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mutlaa2_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mutlaa2_206-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDadlani2020" class="citation news cs1">Dadlani, Disha (14 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constructionweekonline.com/products-and-services/265791-chinas-cggc-prioritises-health-at-kuwaits-al-mutlaa-project">"China's CGGC prioritises health at Kuwait's Al Mutlaa project"</a>. Construction Week Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430052919/https://www.constructionweekonline.com/products-and-services/265791-chinas-cggc-prioritises-health-at-kuwaits-al-mutlaa-project">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Construction+Week+Online&rft.atitle=China%27s+CGGC+prioritises+health+at+Kuwait%27s+Al+Mutlaa+project&rft.date=2020-06-14&rft.aulast=Dadlani&rft.aufirst=Disha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constructionweekonline.com%2Fproducts-and-services%2F265791-chinas-cggc-prioritises-health-at-kuwaits-al-mutlaa-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mutlaa3-207"><a href="#cite_ref-mutlaa3_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarrier2020" class="citation news cs1">Warrier, Ranju (26 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constructionweekonline.com/projects-and-tenders/268278-cggc-delivers-plots-for-12177-units-at-kuwaits-al-mutlaa-residential-project">"CGGC delivers plots for 12,177 units at Kuwait's Al Mutlaa Project"</a>. Construction Week Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509005053/https://www.constructionweekonline.com/projects-and-tenders/268278-cggc-delivers-plots-for-12177-units-at-kuwaits-al-mutlaa-residential-project">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Construction+Week+Online&rft.atitle=CGGC+delivers+plots+for+12%2C177+units+at+Kuwait%27s+Al+Mutlaa+Project&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft.aulast=Warrier&rft.aufirst=Ranju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constructionweekonline.com%2Fprojects-and-tenders%2F268278-cggc-delivers-plots-for-12177-units-at-kuwaits-al-mutlaa-residential-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuwaitvision2035-208"><a href="#cite_ref-kuwaitvision2035_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://80.241.146.114/gulfconstruction/news/1625946_Eyeing-the-private-sector.html">"Eyeing the private sector"</a>. Gulf Construction. 1 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822204915/http://80.241.146.114/gulfconstruction/news/1625946_Eyeing-the-private-sector.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gulf+Construction&rft.atitle=Eyeing+the+private+sector&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F80.241.146.114%2Fgulfconstruction%2Fnews%2F1625946_Eyeing-the-private-sector.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bri-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bri_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bri_209-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bri_209-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bri_209-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beltandroad.hktdc.com/en/insights/phase-one-kuwaits-bri-backed-us130-billion-silk-city-opens">"Phase One of Kuwait's BRI-Backed US$130 Billion Silk City Opens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Trade_Development_Council" title="Hong Kong Trade Development Council">Hong Kong Trade Development Council</a>. 10 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003220049/https://beltandroad.hktdc.com/en/insights/phase-one-kuwaits-bri-backed-us130-billion-silk-city-opens">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Trade+Development+Council&rft.atitle=Phase+One+of+Kuwait%27s+BRI-Backed+US%24130+Billion+Silk+City+Opens&rft.date=2019-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeltandroad.hktdc.com%2Fen%2Finsights%2Fphase-one-kuwaits-bri-backed-us130-billion-silk-city-opens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-north_vision-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-north_vision_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-north_vision_210-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2794252">"Sheikh Jaber Bridge to give impetus to Kuwait's 2035 vision in northern region"</a>. KUNA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609122528/https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2794252">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KUNA&rft.atitle=Sheikh+Jaber+Bridge+to+give+impetus+to+Kuwait%27s+2035+vision+in+northern+region&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticleDetails.aspx%3Fid%3D2794252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasa-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Nasa_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/145624/the-long-bridge-to-silk-city">"The Long Bridge to "Silk City""</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory" title="NASA Earth Observatory">NASA Earth Observatory</a>. 8 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322132807/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/145624/the-long-bridge-to-silk-city">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Long+Bridge+to+%22Silk+City%22&rft.pub=NASA+Earth+Observatory&rft.date=2019-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2Fimages%2F145624%2Fthe-long-bridge-to-silk-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cashstrapped-212"><a href="#cite_ref-cashstrapped_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thearabweekly.com/cash-strapped-kuwait-struggles-paying-government-salaries">"Cash-strapped Kuwait struggles with paying government salaries"</a>. The Arab Weekly. 19 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717195913/https://thearabweekly.com/cash-strapped-kuwait-struggles-paying-government-salaries">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Arab+Weekly&rft.atitle=Cash-strapped+Kuwait+struggles+with+paying+government+salaries&rft.date=2020-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthearabweekly.com%2Fcash-strapped-kuwait-struggles-paying-government-salaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-toolate-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toolate_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-toolate_213-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-toolate_213-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-toolate_213-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllis2021" class="citation web cs1">Ellis, Eric (30 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euromoney.com/article/28gk87i7dpxgv6dhweznk/capital-markets/financial-markets-is-it-too-late-for-kuwait">"Financial markets: Is it too late for Kuwait?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Euromoney" title="Euromoney">Euromoney</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328125250/https://www.euromoney.com/article/28gk87i7dpxgv6dhweznk/capital-markets/financial-markets-is-it-too-late-for-kuwait">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euromoney&rft.atitle=Financial+markets%3A+Is+it+too+late+for+Kuwait%3F&rft.date=2021-04-30&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euromoney.com%2Farticle%2F28gk87i7dpxgv6dhweznk%2Fcapital-markets%2Ffinancial-markets-is-it-too-late-for-kuwait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crisis1-214"><a href="#cite_ref-crisis1_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabianbusiness.com/politics-economics/458217-kuwait-facing-immediate-crisis-as-it-seeks-cash-to-plug-deficit">"Kuwait facing "immediate crisis" as it seeks cash to plug deficit"</a>. Arabian Business. 3 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Business&rft.atitle=Kuwait+facing+%22immediate+crisis%22+as+it+seeks+cash+to+plug+deficit&rft.date=2021-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianbusiness.com%2Fpolitics-economics%2F458217-kuwait-facing-immediate-crisis-as-it-seeks-cash-to-plug-deficit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crisis2-215"><a href="#cite_ref-crisis2_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/11/24/when-kuwait-emerged-from-a-monthslong-coronavirus-lockdown-hundr">"Oil-rich Kuwait faces looming debt crisis"</a>. Al Jazeera. 24 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717204711/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/11/24/when-kuwait-emerged-from-a-monthslong-coronavirus-lockdown-hundr">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Oil-rich+Kuwait+faces+looming+debt+crisis&rft.date=2020-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Feconomy%2F2020%2F11%2F24%2Fwhen-kuwait-emerged-from-a-monthslong-coronavirus-lockdown-hundr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-undermine_reforms-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-undermine_reforms_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-undermine_reforms_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mei.edu/publications/kuwaits-fractious-politics-undermine-much-needed-fiscal-measures">"Kuwait's fractious politics undermine much-needed fiscal measures"</a>. MEI. 11 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327163000/https://www.mei.edu/publications/kuwaits-fractious-politics-undermine-much-needed-fiscal-measures">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MEI&rft.atitle=Kuwait%27s+fractious+politics+undermine+much-needed+fiscal+measures&rft.date=2021-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmei.edu%2Fpublications%2Fkuwaits-fractious-politics-undermine-much-needed-fiscal-measures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/kuwait-emir-urges-parliament-cast-aside-fabricated-conflicts">"Kuwait emir urges MPs to end conflict and help tackle liquidity crunch"</a>. The New Arab. 15 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717042738/https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/kuwait-emir-urges-parliament-cast-aside-fabricated-conflicts">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Arab&rft.atitle=Kuwait+emir+urges+MPs+to+end+conflict+and+help+tackle+liquidity+crunch&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alaraby.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fkuwait-emir-urges-parliament-cast-aside-fabricated-conflicts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Monetary_Fund2000" class="citation web cs1">International Monetary Fund (1 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/KWTGGBGDPGDPPT">"Overall Fiscal Balance for General Government for Kuwait"</a>. FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912110326/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/KWTGGBGDPGDPPT">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FRED%2C+Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+St.+Louis&rft.atitle=Overall+Fiscal+Balance+for+General+Government+for+Kuwait&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.au=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffred.stlouisfed.org%2Fseries%2FKWTGGBGDPGDPPT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thearabweekly.com/cash-strapped-kuwait-struggles-paying-government-salaries">"Cash-strapped Kuwait struggles with paying government salaries |"</a>. AW. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717195915/https://thearabweekly.com/cash-strapped-kuwait-struggles-paying-government-salaries">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AW&rft.atitle=Cash-strapped+Kuwait+struggles+with+paying+government+salaries+%7C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthearabweekly.com%2Fcash-strapped-kuwait-struggles-paying-government-salaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/9/30/sheikh-nawaf-al-ahmad-al-sabah-becomes-kuwaits-new-ruling-emir">"Kuwait swears in new emir after Sheikh Sabah's death"</a>. Aljazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930113743/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/9/30/sheikh-nawaf-al-ahmad-al-sabah-becomes-kuwaits-new-ruling-emir">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aljazeera&rft.atitle=Kuwait+swears+in+new+emir+after+Sheikh+Sabah%27s+death&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F9%2F30%2Fsheikh-nawaf-al-ahmad-al-sabah-becomes-kuwaits-new-ruling-emir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al_Jazeera_2020-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_2020_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/8/kuwait-parliament-endorses-sheikh-meshaal-as-crown-prince">"Sheikh Meshaal sworn in as Kuwait's new crown prince – Middle East"</a>. Al Jazeera. 8 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020001711/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/8/kuwait-parliament-endorses-sheikh-meshaal-as-crown-prince">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Sheikh+Meshaal+sworn+in+as+Kuwait%27s+new+crown+prince+%E2%80%93+Middle+East&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F10%2F8%2Fkuwait-parliament-endorses-sheikh-meshaal-as-crown-prince&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AUM-222"><a href="#cite_ref-AUM_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2021" class="citation news cs1">MacDonald, Fiona (19 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-20/how-a-600-billion-wealth-fund-got-caught-in-political-crossfire">"This $600 Billion Wealth Fund Got Caught in a Power Struggle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=This+%24600+Billion+Wealth+Fund+Got+Caught+in+a+Power+Struggle&rft.date=2021-06-19&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2021-06-20%2Fhow-a-600-billion-wealth-fund-got-caught-in-political-crossfire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-deadlock-223"><a href="#cite_ref-deadlock_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreer2021" class="citation news cs1">Freer, Courtney (30 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/29617/political-gridlock-is-damaging-the-kuwaiti-economy">"Political Gridlock Is Damaging the Kuwaiti Economy"</a>. World Politics Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717052113/https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/29617/political-gridlock-is-damaging-the-kuwaiti-economy">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics+Review&rft.atitle=Political+Gridlock+Is+Damaging+the+Kuwaiti+Economy&rft.date=2021-04-30&rft.aulast=Freer&rft.aufirst=Courtney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldpoliticsreview.com%2Farticles%2F29617%2Fpolitical-gridlock-is-damaging-the-kuwaiti-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-16/kuwait-credit-rating-cut-for-second-time-in-two-years-by-s-p">"Kuwait Credit Rating Cut for Second Time in Two Years by S&P"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a>. 16 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717043607/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-16/kuwait-credit-rating-cut-for-second-time-in-two-years-by-s-p">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Kuwait+Credit+Rating+Cut+for+Second+Time+in+Two+Years+by+S%26P&rft.date=2021-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2021-07-16%2Fkuwait-credit-rating-cut-for-second-time-in-two-years-by-s-p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/16/kuwaits-emir-sheikh-nawaf-al-ahmad-al-jaber-al-sabah-dies-at-86-state-tv">"Kuwait's Emir Sheikh Nawaf dies at 86, Sheikh Meshaal named successor"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218085251/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/16/kuwaits-emir-sheikh-nawaf-al-ahmad-al-jaber-al-sabah-dies-at-86-state-tv">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Kuwait%27s+Emir+Sheikh+Nawaf+dies+at+86%2C+Sheikh+Meshaal+named+successor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F12%2F16%2Fkuwaits-emir-sheikh-nawaf-al-ahmad-al-jaber-al-sabah-dies-at-86-state-tv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-largest_US_miltiary_presence-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-largest_US_miltiary_presence_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-largest_US_miltiary_presence_226-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-largest_US_miltiary_presence_226-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-largest_US_miltiary_presence_226-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-largest_US_miltiary_presence_226-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-largest_US_miltiary_presence_226-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security-usa-presence-factbox-idUSKBN1Z72GF">"Factbox: U.S. forces in Gulf region and Iraq"</a>. 8 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113175605/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security-usa-presence-factbox-idUSKBN1Z72GF">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Factbox%3A+U.S.+forces+in+Gulf+region+and+Iraq&rft.date=2020-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-iraq-security-usa-presence-factbox-idUSKBN1Z72GF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-projects-227"><a href="#cite_ref-projects_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meedprojects.com/Countries/kuwait-projects-overview/">"Kuwait Projects"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MEED" title="MEED">MEED</a>. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416202650/https://www.meedprojects.com/Countries/kuwait-projects-overview/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MEED&rft.atitle=Kuwait+Projects&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meedprojects.com%2FCountries%2Fkuwait-projects-overview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-least_developed-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-least_developed_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-least_developed_228-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/research/articles/210215-expat-exodus-adds-to-gulf-region-s-economic-diversification-challenges-11800970">"Expat Exodus Adds To Gulf Region's Economic Diversification"</a>. <a href="/wiki/S%26P_Global" title="S&P Global">S&P Global</a>. 15 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230401195545/https://www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/research/articles/210215-expat-exodus-adds-to-gulf-region-s-economic-diversification-challenges-11800970">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%26P+Global&rft.atitle=Expat+Exodus+Adds+To+Gulf+Region%27s+Economic+Diversification&rft.date=2021-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spglobal.com%2Fratings%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Farticles%2F210215-expat-exodus-adds-to-gulf-region-s-economic-diversification-challenges-11800970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-impactpolicies-229"><a href="#cite_ref-impactpolicies_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://impactpolicies.org/news/391/kuwaiti-citizenship-and-punitive-recovation">"Kuwaiti Citizenship and Punitive Revocation"</a>. ImpACT International for Human Rights Policies. April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ImpACT+International+for+Human+Rights+Policies&rft.atitle=Kuwaiti+Citizenship+and+Punitive+Revocation&rft.date=2024-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimpactpolicies.org%2Fnews%2F391%2Fkuwaiti-citizenship-and-punitive-recovation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-adhrb-230"><a href="#cite_ref-adhrb_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adhrb.org/2024/07/kuwaits-unlawful-citizenship-revocations-a-tool-of-repression-leading-to-statelessness/">"Kuwait's Unlawful Citizenship Revocations: a Tool of Repression Leading to Statelessness"</a>. Americans for Democracy and Human Rights in Bahrain (ADHRB). July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Americans+for+Democracy+and+Human+Rights+in+Bahrain+%28ADHRB%29&rft.atitle=Kuwait%27s+Unlawful+Citizenship+Revocations%3A+a+Tool+of+Repression+Leading+to+Statelessness&rft.date=2024-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adhrb.org%2F2024%2F07%2Fkuwaits-unlawful-citizenship-revocations-a-tool-of-repression-leading-to-statelessness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-france24-231"><a href="#cite_ref-france24_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20250315-an-authoritarian-shift-in-kuwait-stripps-42-000-citizens-of-their-nationality">"'Stateless overnight': Authoritarian crackdown strips 42,000 Kuwaitis of nationality"</a>. <a href="/wiki/France24" class="mw-redirect" title="France24">France24</a>. March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France24&rft.atitle=%27Stateless+overnight%27%3A+Authoritarian+crackdown+strips+42%2C000+Kuwaitis+of+nationality&rft.date=2025-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east%2F20250315-an-authoritarian-shift-in-kuwait-stripps-42-000-citizens-of-their-nationality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fintimes-232"><a href="#cite_ref-fintimes_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/03f51141-ddde-439e-ba57-e82f5ffb2696">"The Gulf state purging tens of thousands of its citizens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=The+Gulf+state+purging+tens+of+thousands+of+its+citizens&rft.date=2025-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F03f51141-ddde-439e-ba57-e82f5ffb2696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gulfnews-233"><a href="#cite_ref-gulfnews_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/kuwait/more-than-42000-lose-kuwaiti-citizenship-in-six-months-1.500062316">"More than 42,000 lose Kuwaiti citizenship in six months"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gulf_News" title="Gulf News">Gulf News</a>. March 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gulf+News&rft.atitle=More+than+42%2C000+lose+Kuwaiti+citizenship+in+six+months&rft.date=2025-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fworld%2Fgulf%2Fkuwait%2Fmore-than-42000-lose-kuwaiti-citizenship-in-six-months-1.500062316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/kuwait/kuwait-revokes-citizenship-of-two-celebrities-1.1733060070141">"Kuwait revokes citizenship of two celebrities"</a>. gulfnews.com. 1 December 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gulfnews.com&rft.atitle=Kuwait+revokes+citizenship+of+two+celebrities&rft.date=2024-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fworld%2Fgulf%2Fkuwait%2Fkuwait-revokes-citizenship-of-two-celebrities-1.1733060070141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-demographic_engineering-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-demographic_engineering_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demographic_engineering_235-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demographic_engineering_235-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Al-Mailam2023" class="citation web cs1">Mohammad Al-Mailam (July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2023/07/turning-points-the-junior-fellows-compendium?lang=en#chapter4">"Kuwait's Stateless Stalemate: How the Weaponization of Citizenship Transformed State and Society"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment&rft.atitle=Kuwait%27s+Stateless+Stalemate%3A+How+the+Weaponization+of+Citizenship+Transformed+State+and+Society&rft.date=2023-07&rft.au=Mohammad+Al-Mailam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fposts%2F2023%2F07%2Fturning-points-the-junior-fellows-compendium%3Flang%3Den%23chapter4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20081210093103/http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-82709/Bubiyan">"Bubiyan (island, Kuwait)"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-82709/Bubiyan">the original</a> on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bubiyan+%28island%2C+Kuwait%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Ftopic-82709%2FBubiyan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0000613">"Structurae [en]: Bubiyan Bridge (1983)"</a>. En.structurae.de. 19 October 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110428185717/http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0000613">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=En.structurae.de&rft.atitle=Structurae+%5Ben%5D%3A+Bubiyan+Bridge+%281983%29&rft.date=2002-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.structurae.de%2Fstructures%2Fdata%2Findex.cfm%3FID%3Ds0000613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPendick" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pendick, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091101114016/http://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_761594234/Kuwaiti_Oil_Lakes.html">"Kuwaiti Oil Lakes"</a>. Encarta. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_761594234/Kuwaiti_Oil_Lakes.html">the original</a> on 1 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kuwaiti+Oil+Lakes&rft.btitle=Encarta&rft.aulast=Pendick&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fsidebar_761594234%2FKuwaiti_Oil_Lakes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100729024343/http://www1.american.edu/TED/KUWAIT.HTM">"The Economic and Environmental Impact of the Gulf War on Kuwait and the Persian Gulf"</a>. American.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.american.edu/ted/kuwait.htm">the original</a> on 29 July 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American.edu&rft.atitle=The+Economic+and+Environmental+Impact+of+the+Gulf+War+on+Kuwait+and+the+Persian+Gulf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.american.edu%2Fted%2Fkuwait.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091021011805/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563200_2/Kuwait_(country).html">"Kuwait (country)"</a>. Encarta. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563200_2/Kuwait_(country).html">the original</a> on 21 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kuwait+%28country%29&rft.btitle=Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761563200_2%2FKuwait_%28country%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.beatona.net/dataset/ea7925a8-381b-4b9d-bb91-29804ad5a0c9/resource/4c0e74a4-7429-4204-ba7f-11df55dcc1c8/download/20-somer-report_-final-may-2017.pdf">"Surveying and Establishment of a Comprehensive Database for the Marine Environment of Kuwait eMISK"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170905/http://data.beatona.net/dataset/ea7925a8-381b-4b9d-bb91-29804ad5a0c9/resource/4c0e74a4-7429-4204-ba7f-11df55dcc1c8/download/20-somer-report_-final-may-2017.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surveying+and+Establishment+of+a+Comprehensive+Database+for+the+Marine+Environment+of+Kuwait+eMISK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.beatona.net%2Fdataset%2Fea7925a8-381b-4b9d-bb91-29804ad5a0c9%2Fresource%2F4c0e74a4-7429-4204-ba7f-11df55dcc1c8%2Fdownload%2F20-somer-report_-final-may-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45144/Kuwait">"Kuwait: Climate"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080604090410/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45144/Kuwait">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kuwait%3A+Climate&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-45144%2FKuwait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218172054/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth">"WMO verifies 3rd and 4th hottest temperature recorded on Earth"</a>. public.wmo.int/en. <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization (WMO)</a>. 18 June 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth">the original</a> on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=public.wmo.int%2Fen&rft.atitle=WMO+verifies+3rd+and+4th+hottest+temperature+recorded+on+Earth&rft.date=2019-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic-old.wmo.int%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fpress-release%2Fwmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMasters2012" class="citation web cs1">Masters, Jeff (15 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142227/https://maps.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2328">"2012: Earth's 10th warmest year on record, and warmest with a La Niña – New country and territory hottest temperature records set in 2012"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground_(weather_service)" title="Weather Underground (weather service)">Weather Underground</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2328">the original</a> on 17 February 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2012%3A+Earth%27s+10th+warmest+year+on+record%2C+and+warmest+with+a+La+Ni%C3%B1a+%E2%80%93+New+country+and+territory+hottest+temperature+records+set+in+2012&rft.pub=Weather+Underground&rft.date=2012-01-15&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.wunderground.com%2Fblog%2FJeffMasters%2Fcomment.html%3Fentrynum%3D2328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2020#emissions_table">"EDGAR - The Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research"</a>. edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210531025125/https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2020#emissions_table">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=EDGAR+-+The+Emissions+Database+for+Global+Atmospheric+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu%2Freport_2020%23emissions_table&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-test-246"><a href="#cite_ref-test_246-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC">CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001220436/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC">Archived</a> 1 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, according to the World Bank. </li> <li id="cite_note-footprintdata-247"><a href="#cite_ref-footprintdata_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=118&type=BCpc,EFCpc">"Country Trends"</a>. Global Footprint Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808050235/http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=118&type=BCpc,EFCpc">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Trends&rft.pub=Global+Footprint+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.footprintnetwork.org%2F%23%2FcountryTrends%3Fcn%3D118%26type%3DBCpc%2CEFCpc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinHanscomMurthyGalli2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, David; Hanscom, Laurel; Murthy, Adeline; Galli, Alessandro; Evans, Mikel; Neill, Evan; Mancini, MariaSerena; Martindill, Jon; Medouar, FatimeZahra; Huang, Shiyu; Wackernagel, Mathis (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fresources7030058">"Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012–2018"</a>. Resources. 7 (3): 58. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Resou...7...58L">2018Resou...7...58L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fresources7030058">10.3390/resources7030058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources&rft.atitle=Ecological+Footprint+Accounting+for+Countries%3A+Updates+and+Results+of+the+National+Footprint+Accounts%2C+2012%E2%80%932018&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=58&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fresources7030058&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Resou...7...58L&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Hanscom%2C+Laurel&rft.au=Murthy%2C+Adeline&rft.au=Galli%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Evans%2C+Mikel&rft.au=Neill%2C+Evan&rft.au=Mancini%2C+MariaSerena&rft.au=Martindill%2C+Jon&rft.au=Medouar%2C+FatimeZahra&rft.au=Huang%2C+Shiyu&rft.au=Wackernagel%2C+Mathis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fresources7030058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ramsar-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ramsar_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramsar_249-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramsar_249-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamsar2015" class="citation web cs1">Ramsar (7 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdguides.com/webzine/article.asp?a=5210">"Kuwait becomes Ramsar state"</a>. BirdGuides. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219121906/http://www.birdguides.com/webzine/article.asp?a=5210">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BirdGuides&rft.atitle=Kuwait+becomes+Ramsar+state&rft.date=2015-09-07&rft.au=Ramsar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birdguides.com%2Fwebzine%2Farticle.asp%3Fa%3D5210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bsc-eoc-250"><a href="#cite_ref-bsc-eoc_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLepage" class="citation web cs1">Lepage, Denis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=KW">"Checklist of birds of Kuwait"</a>. Bird Checklists of the World. Avibase. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627110859/https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=KW">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bird+Checklists+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Checklist+of+birds+of+Kuwait&rft.aulast=Lepage&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favibase.bsc-eoc.org%2Fchecklist.jsp%3Fregion%3DKW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOmarBhat2008" class="citation journal cs1">Omar, Samira A. S.; Bhat, N. R. (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207230701823332">"Alteration of the Rhanterium epapposum plant community in Kuwait and restoration measures"</a>. International Journal of Environmental Studies. 65 (1): 139–155. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008IJEnS..65..139O">2008IJEnS..65..139O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00207230701823332">10.1080/00207230701823332</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7233">0020-7233</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95988423">95988423</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331213525/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207230701823332">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Studies&rft.atitle=Alteration+of+the+Rhanterium+epapposum+plant+community+in+Kuwait+and+restoration+measures&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00207230701823332&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A95988423%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-7233&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008IJEnS..65..139O&rft.aulast=Omar&rft.aufirst=Samira+A.+S.&rft.au=Bhat%2C+N.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00207230701823332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-natstrat-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-natstrat_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natstrat_252-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natstrat_252-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natstrat_252-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natstrat_252-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natstrat_252-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natstrat_252-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natstrat_252-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdguides.com/webzine/article.asp?a=5210">"National Biodiversity Strategy for the State of Kuwait"</a>. 7 September 2015. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219121906/http://www.birdguides.com/webzine/article.asp?a=5210">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Biodiversity+Strategy+for+the+State+of+Kuwait&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2015-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birdguides.com%2Fwebzine%2Farticle.asp%3Fa%3D5210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-biodiversity_marine-253"><a href="#cite_ref-biodiversity_marine_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdmondsAl-ZaidanAl-SabahLe_Quesne2021" class="citation journal cs1">Edmonds, N.J.; Al-Zaidan, A.S.; Al-Sabah, A.A.; Le Quesne, W.J.F.; Devlin, M.J.; Davison, P.I.; Lyons, B.P. (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2020.111915">"Kuwait's marine biodiversity: Qualitative assessment of indicator habitats and species"</a>. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 163: 111915. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MarPB.16311915E">2021MarPB.16311915E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2020.111915">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111915</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33360724">33360724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Pollution+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Kuwait%27s+marine+biodiversity%3A+Qualitative+assessment+of+indicator+habitats+and+species&rft.volume=163&rft.pages=111915&rft.date=2021-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33360724&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2020.111915&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021MarPB.16311915E&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=N.J.&rft.au=Al-Zaidan%2C+A.S.&rft.au=Al-Sabah%2C+A.A.&rft.au=Le+Quesne%2C+W.J.F.&rft.au=Devlin%2C+M.J.&rft.au=Davison%2C+P.I.&rft.au=Lyons%2C+B.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.marpolbul.2020.111915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bli-254"><a href="#cite_ref-bli_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kubbar-island-iba-kuwait">"Kubbar Island"</a>. BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205051048/http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kubbar-island-iba-kuwait">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BirdLife+Data+Zone&rft.atitle=Kubbar+Island&rft.date=2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdatazone.birdlife.org%2Fsite%2Ffactsheet%2Fkubbar-island-iba-kuwait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbdelmohsenSultanSaveAbotalib2022" class="citation journal cs1">Abdelmohsen, Karem; Sultan, Mohamed; Save, Himanshu; Abotalib, Abotalib Z.; Yan, Eugene; Zahran, Khaled H. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8907168">"Buffering the impacts of extreme climate variability in the highly engineered Tigris Euphrates river system"</a>. Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 4178. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatSR..12.4178A">2022NatSR..12.4178A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-022-07891-0">10.1038/s41598-022-07891-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8907168">8907168</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35264678">35264678</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247361048">247361048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Buffering+the+impacts+of+extreme+climate+variability+in+the+highly+engineered+Tigris+Euphrates+river+system&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4178&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8907168%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247361048%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatSR..12.4178A&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35264678&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-022-07891-0&rft.aulast=Abdelmohsen&rft.aufirst=Karem&rft.au=Sultan%2C+Mohamed&rft.au=Save%2C+Himanshu&rft.au=Abotalib%2C+Abotalib+Z.&rft.au=Yan%2C+Eugene&rft.au=Zahran%2C+Khaled+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8907168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZentner2012" class="citation book cs1">Zentner, Matthew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uJse5WYKvtMC&pg=PA144">Design and impact of water treaties: Managing climate change</a>. Springer. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642237430" title="Special:BookSources/9783642237430"><bdi>9783642237430</bdi></a>. <q>The Tigris-Euphrates-Shatt al Arab is shared between Iraq, Iran, Syria, Kuwait and Turkey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+and+impact+of+water+treaties%3A+Managing+climate+change&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783642237430&rft.aulast=Zentner&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuJse5WYKvtMC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRubec2009" class="citation web cs1">Rubec, Clayton (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1829/download/pdf/">"The Key Biodiversity Areas Project in Iraq: Objectives and scope 2004–2008"</a>. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Key+Biodiversity+Areas+Project+in+Iraq%3A+Objectives+and+scope+2004%E2%80%932008&rft.pages=40&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rubec&rft.aufirst=Clayton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiorisk.pensoft.net%2Farticle%2F1829%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022326/http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/lower_tigris_euphrates">"Lower Tigris & Euphrates"</a>. feow.org. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/lower_tigris_euphrates">the original</a> on 17 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lower+Tigris+%26+Euphrates&rft.pub=feow.org&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.feow.org%2Fecoregions%2Fdetails%2Flower_tigris_euphrates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/441">"Lower Tigris & Euphrates"</a>. feow.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225095400/https://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/441">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lower+Tigris+%26+Euphrates&rft.pub=feow.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.feow.org%2Fecoregions%2Fdetails%2F441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eu-260"><a href="#cite_ref-eu_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBozkurtOmer_Lutfi_Sen2012" class="citation web cs1">Bozkurt, Deniz; Omer Lutfi Sen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2011/EGU2011-11072.pdf">"Hydrological response of past and future climate changes in the Euphrates-Tigris Basin"</a> (PDF). p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200306134458/https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2011/EGU2011-11072.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2021. <q>The Euphrates-Tigris Basin, covering areas in five countries (Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran and Kuwait), is a major water resource of the Middle East.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hydrological+response+of+past+and+future+climate+changes+in+the+Euphrates-Tigris+Basin&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Bozkurt&rft.aufirst=Deniz&rft.au=Omer+Lutfi+Sen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeetingorganizer.copernicus.org%2FEGU2011%2FEGU2011-11072.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaldwel2011" class="citation book cs1">Caldwel, Dan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QifgYV59DK0C&pg=PA60">Vortex of Conflict: U.S. Policy Toward Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq</a>. Stanford University Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804777490" title="Special:BookSources/9780804777490"><bdi>9780804777490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vortex+of+Conflict%3A+U.S.+Policy+Toward+Afghanistan%2C+Pakistan%2C+and+Iraq&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780804777490&rft.aulast=Caldwel&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQifgYV59DK0C%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meso_Marsh-262"><a href="#cite_ref-Meso_Marsh_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurst2019" class="citation book cs1">Hurst, Christon J. (13 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BruXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">The Structure and Function of Aquatic Microbial Communities</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030167752" title="Special:BookSources/9783030167752"><bdi>9783030167752</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172021/https://books.google.com/books?id=BruXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+and+Function+of+Aquatic+Microbial+Communities&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019-05-13&rft.isbn=9783030167752&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=Christon+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBruXDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrzoqyIbrahimAl-Tufaily2022" class="citation journal cs1">Irzoqy, Israa Mahmooed Mohammed; Ibrahim, Lamia Flaieh; Al-Tufaily, Hodoud Mohamed Abboud (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1755-1315%2F1002%2F1%2F012010">"Analysis of the environmental reality of the marshes and its sustainable development"</a>. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 1002 (1): 7–15. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022E&ES.1002a2010I">2022E&ES.1002a2010I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1755-1315%2F1002%2F1%2F012010">10.1088/1755-1315/1002/1/012010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248237509">248237509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IOP+Conference+Series%3A+Earth+and+Environmental+Science&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+the+environmental+reality+of+the+marshes+and+its+sustainable+development&rft.volume=1002&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248237509%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1755-1315%2F1002%2F1%2F012010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022E%26ES.1002a2010I&rft.aulast=Irzoqy&rft.aufirst=Israa+Mahmooed+Mohammed&rft.au=Ibrahim%2C+Lamia+Flaieh&rft.au=Al-Tufaily%2C+Hodoud+Mohamed+Abboud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1755-1315%252F1002%252F1%252F012010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mesopotamian_Marsh-264"><a href="#cite_ref-Mesopotamian_Marsh_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2017" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Anthony (15 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K_1UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT258">Swamp: Nature and Culture</a>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780238913" title="Special:BookSources/9781780238913"><bdi>9781780238913</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171415/https://books.google.com/books?id=K_1UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT258">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swamp%3A+Nature+and+Culture&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft.isbn=9781780238913&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_1UDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Wadi-Al-Batin">Wadi Al-Bāṭin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201133407/https://www.britannica.com/place/Wadi-Al-Batin">Archived</a> 1 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-266"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/16">"'Abd Allah Khawr"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8"><bdi>978-1-59339-837-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Abd+Allah+Khawr&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-837-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia2009ency%2Fpage%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scidi-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scidi_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidi_267-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidi_267-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidi_267-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidi_267-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFF._Hamoda2001" class="citation journal cs1">F. Hamoda, Mohamed (September 2001). "Desalination and water resource management in Kuwait". Desalination. 138 (1–3): 165. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Desal.138..165H">2001Desal.138..165H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0011-9164%2801%2900259-4">10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00259-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Desalination&rft.atitle=Desalination+and+water+resource+management+in+Kuwait&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=165&rft.date=2001-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0011-9164%2801%2900259-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Desal.138..165H&rft.aulast=F.+Hamoda&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fao-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fao_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fao_268-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fao_268-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/w4356e/w4356e0g.htm">"Irrigation in the near east region in figures"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011071303/http://www.fao.org/docrep/w4356e/w4356e0g.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irrigation+in+the+near+east+region+in+figures&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2Fw4356e%2Fw4356e0g.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Kultermann 1981 </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Aga Khan Award </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beatona.net/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1560&Itemid=84&lang=en">"Regulations of Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in Kuwait"</a>. Beatona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219121906/http://www.beatona.net/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1560&Itemid=84&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regulations+of+Wastewater+Treatment+and+Reuse+in+Kuwait&rft.pub=Beatona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beatona.net%2FCMS%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1560%26Itemid%3D84%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autocracy-272"><a href="#cite_ref-autocracy_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/Kuwait2010.pdf">"Polity IV Country Report 2010: Kuwait"</a> (PDF). Center for Systemic Peace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226175203/https://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/Kuwait2010.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polity+IV+Country+Report+2010%3A+Kuwait&rft.pub=Center+for+Systemic+Peace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.systemicpeace.org%2Fpolity%2FKuwait2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.systemicpeace.org/polityproject.html">"About Polity"</a>. Center for Systemic Peace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720030746/https://www.systemicpeace.org/polityproject.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Polity&rft.pub=Center+for+Systemic+Peace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.systemicpeace.org%2Fpolityproject.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Polity gives it a score of −7<a href="#cite_note-autocracy-272">[270]</a> which it categories as autocratic<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-autocracy2-275"><a href="#cite_ref-autocracy2_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/01/22/global-democracy-has-another-bad-year">"Global democracy has another bad year"</a>. The Economist. 22 January 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323135217/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/01/22/global-democracy-has-another-bad-year">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Global+democracy+has+another+bad+year&rft.date=2020-01-22&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fgraphic-detail%2F2020%2F01%2F22%2Fglobal-democracy-has-another-bad-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSelvik2011" class="citation journal cs1">Selvik, Kjetil (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2904861">"Elite Rivalry in a Semi-Democracy: The Kuwaiti Press Scene"</a>. Middle Eastern Studies. 47 (3): 478. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2011.565143">10.1080/00263206.2011.565143</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154057034">154057034</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806181800/http://www.academia.edu/2904861/Elite_Rivalry_in_a_Semi-Democracy_The_Kuwaiti_Press_Scene">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Elite+Rivalry+in+a+Semi-Democracy%3A+The+Kuwaiti+Press+Scene&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=478&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2011.565143&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154057034%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Selvik&rft.aufirst=Kjetil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2904861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FH2011-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FH2011_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/kuwait">"Freedom in the World: Kuwait"</a>. Freedom House. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130307034630/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/kuwait">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+in+the+World%3A+Kuwait&rft.pub=Freedom+House&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-world%2F2011%2Fkuwait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lse-278"><a href="#cite_ref-lse_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/65693/1/39_MichaelHerb.pdf">"The origins of Kuwait's National Assembly"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116225625/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/65693/1/39_MichaelHerb.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+Kuwait%27s+National+Assembly&rft.pages=7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F65693%2F1%2F39_MichaelHerb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_279-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_279-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_279-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuwait" class="citation book cs1">Kuwait, Government of. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Kuwait_Constitution#Article_107_%5BDissolution%5D">Kuwait Constitution</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404221140/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Kuwait_Constitution#Article_107_%5BDissolution%5D">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kuwait+Constitution&rft.aulast=Kuwait&rft.aufirst=Government+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FKuwait_Constitution%23Article_107_%255BDissolution%255D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-corruption_kuwait_royals-280"><a href="#cite_ref-corruption_kuwait_royals_280-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/05/08/kuwaits-royals-are-taking-their-feuds-public/">"Kuwait's royals are taking their feuds public"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. 8 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318113230/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/05/08/kuwaits-royals-are-taking-their-feuds-public/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Kuwait%27s+royals+are+taking+their+feuds+public&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmonkey-cage%2Fwp%2F2014%2F05%2F08%2Fkuwaits-royals-are-taking-their-feuds-public%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fitch-281"><a href="#cite_ref-fitch_281-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-revises-kuwait-outlook-to-negative-affirms-at-aa-02-02-2021">"Fitch Revises Kuwait's Outlook to Negative; Affirms at 'AA'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fitch_Ratings" title="Fitch Ratings">Fitch Ratings</a>. 2 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171539/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-revises-kuwait-outlook-to-negative-affirms-at-aa-02-02-2021">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fitch+Ratings&rft.atitle=Fitch+Revises+Kuwait%27s+Outlook+to+Negative%3B+Affirms+at+%27AA%27&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fitchratings.com%2Fresearch%2Fsovereigns%2Ffitch-revises-kuwait-outlook-to-negative-affirms-at-aa-02-02-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hgh-282"><a href="#cite_ref-hgh_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=2405039&language=en">"Kuwait highest in closing gender gap: WEF"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011005918/http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=2405039&language=en">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwait+highest+in+closing+gender+gap%3A+WEF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticlePrintPage.aspx%3Fid%3D2405039%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wid-283"><a href="#cite_ref-wid_283-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://widgets.weforum.org/gender-gap-report-2014/#mena">"The Global Gender Gap Index 2014 – World Economic Forum"</a>. World Economic Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170414040242/http://widgets.weforum.org/gender-gap-report-2014/#mena">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Gender+Gap+Index+2014+%E2%80%93+World+Economic+Forum&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwidgets.weforum.org%2Fgender-gap-report-2014%2F%23mena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wef-284"><a href="#cite_ref-wef_284-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2015/the-global-gender-gap-index-results-in-2015/">"Global Gender Gap Index Results in 2015"</a>. Global Gender Gap Report 2015. World Economic Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160605193255/http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2015/the-global-gender-gap-index-results-in-2015/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Gender+Gap+Report+2015&rft.atitle=Global+Gender+Gap+Index+Results+in+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freports.weforum.org%2Fglobal-gender-gap-report-2015%2Fthe-global-gender-gap-index-results-in-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gend-285">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gend_285-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gend_285-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gend_285-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2013/cr13337.pdf">"Kuwait: Selected Issues"</a> (PDF). p. 17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141030072718/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2013/cr13337.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2014. <q>Kuwait has higher female labor market participation than other GCC countries; further improvements in labor force participation can support future growth prospects. Kuwait's labor force participation rate for Kuwaiti women (53 percent) is slightly above the world average (51 percent) and much higher than the <a href="/wiki/MENA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENA">MENA</a> average (21 percent).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwait%3A+Selected+Issues&rft.pages=17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fscr%2F2013%2Fcr13337.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnw-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gnw_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnw_286-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnw_286-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnw_286-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/kuwait/kuwait-leads-gulf-states-in-women-in-workforce-1.1705940">"Kuwait leads Gulf states in women in workforce"</a>. Gulf News. 8 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514103256/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/kuwait/kuwait-leads-gulf-states-in-women-in-workforce-1.1705940">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gulf+News&rft.atitle=Kuwait+leads+Gulf+states+in+women+in+workforce&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fnews%2Fgulf%2Fkuwait%2Fkuwait-leads-gulf-states-in-women-in-workforce-1.1705940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFund2012" class="citation book cs1">Fund, International Monetary (2012). <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BfZR8SNg0bwC&pg=PA43">Kuwait: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix</a>. International Monetary Fund. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4755-2741-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4755-2741-4"><bdi>978-1-4755-2741-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kuwait%3A+Selected+Issues+and+Statistical+Appendix&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4755-2741-4&rft.aulast=Fund&rft.aufirst=International+Monetary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBfZR8SNg0bwC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-socialprogress-288"><a href="#cite_ref-socialprogress_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialprogress.org/index/global/results">"Social Progress Index"</a>. The Social Progress Imperative. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220503073115/https://www.socialprogress.org/index/global/results/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Social+Progress+Index&rft.pub=The+Social+Progress+Imperative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialprogress.org%2Findex%2Fglobal%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephenson2011" class="citation news cs1">Stephenson, Lindsey (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1271909">"Women and the Malleability of the Kuwaiti Diwaniyya"</a>. Academia.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806162420/http://www.academia.edu/1271909/Women_and_the_Malleability_of_the_Kuwaiti_Diwaniyya">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Women+and+the+Malleability+of+the+Kuwaiti+Diwaniyya&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1271909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/kuwaiti-women-struggle-suffrage-blue-revolution-2002-2005">"Kuwaiti women struggle for suffrage (Blue Revolution), 2002–2005 | Global Nonviolent Action Database"</a>. nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826163906/https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/kuwaiti-women-struggle-suffrage-blue-revolution-2002-2005">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu&rft.atitle=Kuwaiti+women+struggle+for+suffrage+%28Blue+Revolution%29%2C+2002%E2%80%932005+%7C+Global+Nonviolent+Action+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnvdatabase.swarthmore.edu%2Fcontent%2Fkuwaiti-women-struggle-suffrage-blue-revolution-2002-2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-expectancy-291"><a href="#cite_ref-expectancy_291-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.688">"Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy, data by country"</a>. World Health Organization. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130305150130/https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.688">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+expectancy+and+Healthy+life+expectancy%2C+data+by+country&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Fgho%2Fdata%2Fnode.main.688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-foodindex-292"><a href="#cite_ref-foodindex_292-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211012202030/https://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Country/Details#Kuwait">"Global Food Security Index 2021"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>. 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Country/Details#Kuwait">the original</a> on 12 October 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft.atitle=Global+Food+Security+Index+2021&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoodsecurityindex.eiu.com%2FCountry%2FDetails%23Kuwait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-schoolsecurity-293"><a href="#cite_ref-schoolsecurity_293-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2952282&Language=en">"Kuwait first worldwide in school order plus safety index"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_News_Agency" title="Kuwait News Agency">Kuwait News Agency</a>. 12 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527235558/https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2952282&Language=en">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Kuwait+first+worldwide+in+school+order+plus+safety+index&rft.date=2021-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticleDetails.aspx%3Fid%3D2952282%26Language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rubin-294">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rubin_294-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rubin_294-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRubin2013" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Barry (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BSNGAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">Crises in the Contemporary Persian Gulf</a>. Routledge. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-28882-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-28882-2"><bdi>978-1-135-28882-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219121906/https://books.google.com/books?id=BSNGAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crises+in+the+Contemporary+Persian+Gulf&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-28882-2&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBSNGAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-greo-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greo_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greo_295-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFF._Gregory_Gause1994" class="citation book cs1">F. Gregory Gause (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oilmonarchiesdom00gaus">Oil Monarchies: Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab Gulf States</a>. Council on Foreign Relations. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oilmonarchiesdom00gaus/page/69">69</a>–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-151-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-151-7"><bdi>978-0-87609-151-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oil+Monarchies%3A+Domestic+and+Security+Challenges+in+the+Arab+Gulf+States&rft.pages=69-70&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87609-151-7&rft.au=F.+Gregory+Gause&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foilmonarchiesdom00gaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_296-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_296-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_296-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_296-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_296-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUlrichsenHenderson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ulrichsen, Kristian; Henderson, Simon (4 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/kuwait-changing-system-under-stress-sudden-succession-essay-series">"Kuwait: A Changing System Under Stress"</a>. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210902231012/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/kuwait-changing-system-under-stress-sudden-succession-essay-series">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Institute+for+Near+East+Policy&rft.atitle=Kuwait%3A+A+Changing+System+Under+Stress&rft.date=2019-10-04&rft.aulast=Ulrichsen&rft.aufirst=Kristian&rft.au=Henderson%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fkuwait-changing-system-under-stress-sudden-succession-essay-series&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2020/08/next-in-line-succession-and-the-kuwaiti-monarchy?lang=en">"Next in Line: Succession and the Kuwaiti Monarchy"</a>. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230504142556/https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/82471">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=Next+in+Line%3A+Succession+and+the+Kuwaiti+Monarchy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fsada%2F2020%2F08%2Fnext-in-line-succession-and-the-kuwaiti-monarchy%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-russ-298">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russ_298-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-russ_298-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYetiv1995" class="citation book cs1">Yetiv, Steve (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MLYm3JB8dMC&pg=PA51">America and the Persian Gulf: The Third Party Dimension in World Politics</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94973-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94973-0"><bdi>978-0-275-94973-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+and+the+Persian+Gulf%3A+The+Third+Party+Dimension+in+World+Politics&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94973-0&rft.aulast=Yetiv&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8MLYm3JB8dMC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWallace1987" class="citation news cs1">Wallace, Charles P. (20 July 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-07-21-mn-5326-story.html">"No Military Bases for U.S., Kuwait Says"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140726220538/http://articles.latimes.com/1987-07-21/news/mn-5326_1_persian-gulf">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=No+Military+Bases+for+U.S.%2C+Kuwait+Says&rft.date=1987-07-20&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Charles+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1987-07-21-mn-5326-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-300"><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_300-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710093904/https://gbtimes.com/china-and-kuwait-agree-to-establish-strategic-partnership">"China and Kuwait agree to establish strategic partnership"</a>. GBTIMES. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gbtimes.com/china-and-kuwait-agree-to-establish-strategic-partnership">the original</a> on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GBTIMES&rft.atitle=China+and+Kuwait+agree+to+establish+strategic+partnership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgbtimes.com%2Fchina-and-kuwait-agree-to-establish-strategic-partnership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-301"><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_301-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2644133&language=en">"KUNA : Kuwait calls for stronger GCC-ASEAN partnership – Politics – 28/09/2017"</a>. www.kuna.net.kw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712090443/https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2644133&language=en">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.kuna.net.kw&rft.atitle=KUNA+%3A+Kuwait+calls+for+stronger+GCC-ASEAN+partnership+%E2%80%93+Politics+%E2%80%93+28%2F09%2F2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticleDetails.aspx%3Fid%3D2644133%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710093904/https://gbtimes.com/china-and-kuwait-agree-to-establish-strategic-partnership">"China and Kuwait agree to establish strategic partnership"</a>. GBTIMES. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gbtimes.com/china-and-kuwait-agree-to-establish-strategic-partnership">the original</a> on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GBTIMES&rft.atitle=China+and+Kuwait+agree+to+establish+strategic+partnership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgbtimes.com%2Fchina-and-kuwait-agree-to-establish-strategic-partnership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2644133&language=en">"KUNA : Kuwait calls for stronger GCC-ASEAN partnership- Politics - 28/09/2017"</a>. www.kuna.net.kw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712090443/https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2644133&language=en">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.kuna.net.kw&rft.atitle=KUNA+%3A+Kuwait+calls+for+stronger+GCC-ASEAN+partnership-+Politics+-+28%2F09%2F2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticleDetails.aspx%3Fid%3D2644133%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuwait_China-304"><a href="#cite_ref-Kuwait_China_304-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhedr2021" class="citation web cs1">Khedr, Hatem (13 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/04/kuwait-and-china-seek-diversifying-economy-belt-and-road-initiative">"Kuwait and China seek diversifying economy via Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al-Monitor" title="Al-Monitor">Al-Monitor</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230805104345/http://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/04/kuwait-and-china-seek-diversifying-economy-belt-and-road-initiative">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Kuwait+and+China+seek+diversifying+economy+via+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.date=2021-04-13&rft.aulast=Khedr&rft.aufirst=Hatem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Foriginals%2F2021%2F04%2Fkuwait-and-china-seek-diversifying-economy-belt-and-road-initiative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-beltroad2-305"><a href="#cite_ref-beltroad2_305-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.porttechnology.org/news/china_and_kuwait_to_build_new_port/">"China and Kuwait to Build New Port"</a>. Port Technology. 21 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531185043/https://www.porttechnology.org/news/china_and_kuwait_to_build_new_port/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Port+Technology&rft.atitle=China+and+Kuwait+to+Build+New+Port&rft.date=2019-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.porttechnology.org%2Fnews%2Fchina_and_kuwait_to_build_new_port%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iiss2023-306"><a href="#cite_ref-iiss2023_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIISS2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">IISS</a> (2023). The Military Balance 2023. International Institute for Strategic Studies. pp. 336–337.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2023&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E336-%3C%2Fspan%3E337&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=2023&rft.au=IISS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAfactbook-307"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAfactbook_307-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kuwait/#military-and-security">"Kuwait"</a>. CIA World Factbook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072824/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kuwait/#military-and-security">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Kuwait&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fkuwait%2F%23military-and-security&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArdemagni,_Eleonora2018" class="citation web cs1">Ardemagni, Eleonora (25 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2018/04/building-new-gulf-states-through-conscription?lang=en">"Building New Gulf States Through Conscription"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201115720/https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/76178">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=Building+New+Gulf+States+Through+Conscription&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft.au=Ardemagni%2C+Eleonora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fsada%2F2018%2F04%2Fbuilding-new-gulf-states-through-conscription%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarany,_Zoltan2023" class="citation web cs1">Barany, Zoltan (5 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/national-service-in-the-gulf-unsurprising-disparities-130654">"National Service in the Gulf: Unsurprising Disparities"</a>. Italian Institute for International Political Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234922/https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/national-service-in-the-gulf-unsurprising-disparities-130654">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Italian+Institute+for+International+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=National+Service+in+the+Gulf%3A+Unsurprising+Disparities&rft.date=2023-06-05&rft.au=Barany%2C+Zoltan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ispionline.it%2Fen%2Fpublication%2Fnational-service-in-the-gulf-unsurprising-disparities-130654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarany,_Zoltan2017" class="citation web cs1">Barany, Zoltan (25 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/big-news-conscription-gulf">"Big News! Conscription in the Gulf"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Institute" title="Middle East Institute">Middle East Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205231513/https://www.mei.edu/publications/big-news-conscription-gulf">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=Big+News%21+Conscription+in+the+Gulf&rft.date=2017-01-25&rft.au=Barany%2C+Zoltan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Fbig-news-conscription-gulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0UC0JI/">"Kuwait to send troops to Saudi Arabia to fight Yemen rebels - newspaper"</a>. Reuters. 29 December 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Kuwait+to+send+troops+to+Saudi+Arabia+to+fight+Yemen+rebels+-+newspaper&rft.date=2015-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSKBN0UC0JI%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCafiero,_Giorgio2020" class="citation web cs1">Cafiero, Giorgio (12 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/kuwaits-yemen-foreign-policy">"Kuwait's Yemen foreign policy"</a>. Middle East Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205233522/https://www.mei.edu/publications/kuwaits-yemen-foreign-policy">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=Kuwait%27s+Yemen+foreign+policy&rft.date=2020-08-12&rft.au=Cafiero%2C+Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Fkuwaits-yemen-foreign-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812073056/http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=6148">"Kuwaiti Constitution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=6148">the original</a> on 12 August 2014. <q>The Kuwait Legal system is based on civil law jurisdiction; it is derived from Egyptian and French laws.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwaiti+Constitution&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fwipolex%2Fen%2Fdetails.jsp%3Fid%3D6148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080006/http://us.practicallaw.com/4-500-3987?source=relatedcontent#a674071">"Doing business in Kuwait"</a>. Practical Law. <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuters</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.practicallaw.com/4-500-3987?source=relatedcontent#a674071">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Practical+Law&rft.atitle=Doing+business+in+Kuwait&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fus.practicallaw.com%2F4-500-3987%3Fsource%3Drelatedcontent%23a674071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/tax/documents/doing-business-guides/doing-business-guide-kuwait.pdf">"Doing Business in Kuwait: A tax and legal guide"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010154115/https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/tax/documents/doing-business-guides/doing-business-guide-kuwait.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doing+Business+in+Kuwait%3A+A+tax+and+legal+guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwc.com%2Fm1%2Fen%2Ftax%2Fdocuments%2Fdoing-business-guides%2Fdoing-business-guide-kuwait.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNyrop1985" class="citation book cs1">Nyrop, Richard F. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010492950;view=1up;seq=106">Persian Gulf states: Country Studies</a>. DA pam;550-185. For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O. p. 80. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118010904/http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010492950;view=1up;seq=106">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2014. <q>In addition, Kuwait has established a secular legal system, unique among the Gulf states.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Gulf+states%3A+Country+Studies&rft.series=DA+pam%3B550-185&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=For+sale+by+the+Supt.+of+Docs.%2C+U.S.+G.P.O.&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Nyrop&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015010492950%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hopkins-317">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hopkins_317-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hopkins_317-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHopkinsIbrahim1997" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Nicholas S.; Ibrahim, Saad Eddin, eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g6SzZK_xx4gC&pg=PA417">Arab Society: Class, Gender, Power, and Development</a> (3rd ed.). Cairo, Egypt: American University of Cairo. p. 417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774244049" title="Special:BookSources/9789774244049"><bdi>9789774244049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Society%3A+Class%2C+Gender%2C+Power%2C+and+Development&rft.place=Cairo%2C+Egypt&rft.pages=417&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=American+University+of+Cairo&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9789774244049&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg6SzZK_xx4gC%26pg%3DPA417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInduragi" class="citation web cs1">Induragi, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/27337551">"The Legal System of Kuwait: An Evaluation Of Its Applicability"</a>. academia.edu. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806175845/http://www.academia.edu/27337551/THE_LEGAL_SYSTEM_OF_KUWAIT_AN_EVALUTION_OF_ITS_APPLICABILITY">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Legal+System+of+Kuwait%3A+An+Evaluation+Of+Its+Applicability&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=academia.edu&rft.aulast=Induragi&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F27337551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaddex2014" class="citation book cs1">Maddex, Robert L. (5 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WqMAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA153">Constitutions of the World</a>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-21789-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-21789-0"><bdi>978-1-136-21789-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutions+of+the+World&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-03-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-21789-0&rft.aulast=Maddex&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWqMAAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiebesny1974" class="citation book cs1">Liebesny, Herbert J. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2H-2EUJjOG0C&pg=PA110">The Law of the Near and Middle East: Readings, Cases, and Materials</a>. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-256-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-256-9"><bdi>978-0-87395-256-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+the+Near+and+Middle+East%3A+Readings%2C+Cases%2C+and+Materials&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-87395-256-9&rft.aulast=Liebesny&rft.aufirst=Herbert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2H-2EUJjOG0C%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810171642/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023178.pdf?q=kuwait">"State of Kuwait, Public Administration Country Profile"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. September 2004. p. 7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023178.pdf?q=kuwait">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+of+Kuwait%2C+Public+Administration+Country+Profile&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funpan1.un.org%2Fintradoc%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2Fdocuments%2Fun%2Funpan023178.pdf%3Fq%3Dkuwait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101085334/http://www.lse.ac.uk/middleEastCentre/kuwait/resources/factsAndFigures/factskuwait.aspx">"State of Kuwait"</a>. <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>. 21 March 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/middleEastCentre/kuwait/resources/factsAndFigures/factskuwait.aspx">the original</a> on 1 November 2014. <q>The court system in Kuwait is secular and tries both civil and criminal cases.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+of+Kuwait&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft.date=2011-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2FmiddleEastCentre%2Fkuwait%2Fresources%2FfactsAndFigures%2Ffactskuwait.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipo-323">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ipo_323-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipo_323-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipo_323-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrice2009" class="citation book cs1">Price, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cfN8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">The Development of Intellectual Property Regimes in the Arabian Gulf States: Infidels at the Gates</a>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge-Cavendish. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-02496-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-02496-4"><bdi>978-1-134-02496-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Intellectual+Property+Regimes+in+the+Arabian+Gulf+States%3A+Infidels+at+the+Gates&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Routledge-Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-134-02496-4&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcfN8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHafeez" class="citation book cs1">Hafeez, Zeeshan Javed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BIqIy0Hss5IC&pg=PA10">Islamic Commercial Law and Economic Development</a>. San Fabcisco, California: Heliographica. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933037-09-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933037-09-7"><bdi>978-1-933037-09-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Commercial+Law+and+Economic+Development&rft.place=San+Fabcisco%2C+California&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Heliographica&rft.isbn=978-1-933037-09-7&rft.aulast=Hafeez&rft.aufirst=Zeeshan+Javed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBIqIy0Hss5IC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/gulf-parliaments-war-on-alcohol-1.1424859">"Gulf parliaments' war on alcohol"</a>. Gulf News. 10 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227165130/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/gulf-parliaments-war-on-alcohol-1.1424859">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gulf+News&rft.atitle=Gulf+parliaments%27+war+on+alcohol&rft.date=2014-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fnews%2Fgulf%2Foman%2Fgulf-parliaments-war-on-alcohol-1.1424859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> Citizenship, Faith, & Feminism: Jewish and Muslim Women Reclaim ... 1611680115 Jan Lynn Feldman – 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-mass_graves_bedoon3-327"><a href="#cite_ref-mass_graves_bedoon3_327-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Mew-06.htm">"Human Rights Developments Kuwait"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+Developments+Kuwait&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1993%2FWR93%2FMew-06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unitednations-328"><a href="#cite_ref-unitednations_328-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210405164006/https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en%2FA%2FHRC%2F46%2FNGO%2F33">"Human Rights Council, Forty-sixth session, 22 February–19 March 2021, Agenda item 3, Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development. Written statement* submitted by International Council. Supporting Fair Trial and Human Rights, a nongovernmental organization in special consultative status. The Secretary-General has received the following written statement which is circulated in accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 1996/31"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. 17 February 2021. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en/A/HRC/46/NGO/33">the original</a> on 5 April 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+Council%2C+Forty-sixth+session%2C+22+February%E2%80%9319+March+2021%2C+Agenda+item+3%2C+Promotion+and+protection+of+all+human+rights%2C+civil%2C+political%2C+economic%2C+social+and+cultural+rights%2C+including+the+right+to+development.+Written+statement%2A+submitted+by+International+Council.+Supporting+Fair+Trial+and+Human+Rights%2C+a+nongovernmental+organization+in+special+consultative+status.+The+Secretary-General+has+received+the+following+written+statement+which+is+circulated+in+accordance+with+Economic+and+Social+Council+resolution+1996%2F31.&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2021-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundocs.org%2Fpdf%3Fsymbol%3Den%2FA%2FHRC%2F46%2FNGO%2F33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw-329"><a href="#cite_ref-hrw_329-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Kuwait.htm">"The Bedoons of Kuwait Citizens without Citizenship"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bedoons+of+Kuwait+Citizens+without+Citizenship&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1995%2FKuwait.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-una-330">^ <a href="#cite_ref-una_330-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-una_330-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-una_330-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Deen, Susan Kennedy Nour al (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/39817003">"Kuwait Bedoon - Special Rapporteurs, United Nations, Requesting Investigation of Kuwait's Treatment of the Bedoon"</a>. UN Special Procedures Request – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UN+Special+Procedures+Request&rft.atitle=Kuwait+Bedoon+-+Special+Rapporteurs%2C+United+Nations%2C+Requesting+Investigation+of+Kuwait%27s+Treatment+of+the+Bedoon&rft.date=2019-01&rft.aulast=Deen&rft.aufirst=Susan+Kennedy+Nour+al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F39817003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dis-331"><a href="#cite_ref-dis_331-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKareem2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mona_Kareem" title="Mona Kareem">Kareem, Mona</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/03/kuwait-bedoon-naturalization.html">"Is Kuwait Serious About Bedoon Naturalization?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Kuwait+Serious+About+Bedoon+Naturalization%3F&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kareem&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2013%2F03%2Fkuwait-bedoon-naturalization.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rights-332"><a href="#cite_ref-rights_332-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeissbrodt2008" class="citation book cs1">Weissbrodt, David S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_4somFYg1REC&pg=PA98">The Human Rights of Non-citizens</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199547821" title="Special:BookSources/9780199547821"><bdi>9780199547821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Human+Rights+of+Non-citizens&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780199547821&rft.aulast=Weissbrodt&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_4somFYg1REC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFILGA_WorldLucas_Ramón_Mendos2019" class="citation report cs1">ILGA World; Lucas Ramón Mendos (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230612062601/https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2019.pdf">State-Sponsored Homophobia</a> (PDF) (Report) (13th ed.). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. pp. 201, 444–446. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2019.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=State-Sponsored+Homophobia&rft.pages=201%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E444-%3C%2Fspan%3E446&rft.edition=13th&rft.pub=International+Lesbian%2C+Gay%2C+Bisexual%2C+Trans+and+Intersex+Association&rft.date=2019&rft.au=ILGA+World&rft.au=Lucas+Ram%C3%B3n+Mendos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filga.org%2Fdownloads%2FILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2007">"Trafficking in Persons Report 2007"</a>. U.S. Department of State. 2007. Retrieved 25 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trafficking+in+Persons+Report+2007&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Ftip%2Frls%2Ftiprpt%2F2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318015657/http://survey07.ituc-csi.org/getcountry.php?IDCountry=KWT&IDLang=EN">"2007: Annual Survey of violations of trade union rights"</a>. International Trade Union Confederation. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://survey07.ituc-csi.org/getcountry.php?IDCountry=KWT&IDLang=EN">the original</a> on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2007%3A+Annual+Survey+of+violations+of+trade+union+rights&rft.pub=International+Trade+Union+Confederation&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsurvey07.ituc-csi.org%2Fgetcountry.php%3FIDCountry%3DKWT%26IDLang%3DEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-covid2-336"><a href="#cite_ref-covid2_336-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCastelier2021" class="citation web cs1">Castelier, Sebastian (14 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/.premium-vaccine-nationalism-in-the-gulf-kuwait-s-cruel-covid-caste-system-1.9617911">"Vaccine Nationalism in the Gulf: Kuwait's Cruel COVID Caste System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Vaccine+Nationalism+in+the+Gulf%3A+Kuwait%27s+Cruel+COVID+Caste+System&rft.date=2021-03-14&rft.aulast=Castelier&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fmiddle-east-news%2F.premium-vaccine-nationalism-in-the-gulf-kuwait-s-cruel-covid-caste-system-1.9617911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/25/sondos-alqattan-kuwaiti-blogger-instagram-makeup-beauty">"Beauty brands cut ties with Kuwaiti blogger over domestic worker comments"</a>. The Guardian. 25 July 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Beauty+brands+cut+ties+with+Kuwaiti+blogger+over+domestic+worker+comments&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fjul%2F25%2Fsondos-alqattan-kuwaiti-blogger-instagram-makeup-beauty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2020/11/egypt-kuwait-assaults-criticism-dismissal-action.html">"Egyptian government fires official who insulted Kuwait to avoid diplomatic crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al-Monitor" title="Al-Monitor">Al-Monitor</a>. November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Egyptian+government+fires+official+who+insulted+Kuwait+to+avoid+diplomatic+crisis&rft.date=2020-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Foriginals%2F2020%2F11%2Fegypt-kuwait-assaults-criticism-dismissal-action.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabianbusiness.com/kuwait/politics-economics/384499-kuwait-jails-mps-dissidents-over-2011-parliament-raid">"Kuwait jails MPs, dissidents over 2011 parliament raid"</a>. Arabian Business. 27 November 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Business&rft.atitle=Kuwait+jails+MPs%2C+dissidents+over+2011+parliament+raid&rft.date=2017-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianbusiness.com%2Fkuwait%2Fpolitics-economics%2F384499-kuwait-jails-mps-dissidents-over-2011-parliament-raid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trial1-340">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trial1_340-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trial1_340-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kuwait-blogger-idUSTRE6530UX20100604">"U.S. concerned by case of jailed Kuwaiti blogger"</a>. Reuters. 4 June 2010 – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+concerned+by+case+of+jailed+Kuwaiti+blogger&rft.date=2010-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-kuwait-blogger-idUSTRE6530UX20100604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140315212855/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/kuwait/snapshot.aspx">"A Snapshot of Corruption in Kuwait"</a>. Business Anti-Corruption Portal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/kuwait/snapshot.aspx">the original</a> on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Snapshot+of+Corruption+in+Kuwait&rft.pub=Business+Anti-Corruption+Portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-anti-corruption.com%2Fcountry-profiles%2Fmiddle-east-north-africa%2Fkuwait%2Fsnapshot.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208140122/http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2007">Corruption Perceptions Index 2007</a> <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElbeheriEverattMalki2009" class="citation journal cs1">Elbeheri, Gad; Everatt, John; Malki, Mohammad Al (2009). "The incidence of dyslexia among young offenders in Kuwait". Dyslexia. 15 (2): 86–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fdys.361">10.1002/dys.361</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18433005">18433005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41540141">41540141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dyslexia&rft.atitle=The+incidence+of+dyslexia+among+young+offenders+in+Kuwait&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41540141%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18433005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fdys.361&rft.aulast=Elbeheri&rft.aufirst=Gad&rft.au=Everatt%2C+John&rft.au=Malki%2C+Mohammad+Al&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFidoAl-Jabally1993" class="citation journal cs1">Fido, Abdullahi; Al-Jabally, Maher (1993). "Presence of psychiatric morbidity in prison population in Kuwait". Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 5 (2): 107–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F10401239309148971">10.3109/10401239309148971</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8348201">8348201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Clinical+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Presence+of+psychiatric+morbidity+in+prison+population+in+Kuwait&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F10401239309148971&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8348201&rft.aulast=Fido&rft.aufirst=Abdullahi&rft.au=Al-Jabally%2C+Maher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-diver-345"><a href="#cite_ref-diver_345-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220152239/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2116.html#ku">"The World Factbook"</a>. CIA Factbook. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2116.html#ku">the original</a> on 20 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=CIA+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2116.html%23ku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usatoday-346"><a href="#cite_ref-usatoday_346-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuneson2019" class="citation web cs1">Suneson, Grant (7 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/07/07/richest-countries-in-the-world/39630693/">"These are the 25 richest countries in the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=These+are+the+25+richest+countries+in+the+world&rft.date=2019-07-07&rft.aulast=Suneson&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fmoney%2F2019%2F07%2F07%2Frichest-countries-in-the-world%2F39630693%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldbank-347"><a href="#cite_ref-worldbank_347-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2014+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc">"GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)", World Development Indicators database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228194132/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2014+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc">Archived</a> 28 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, World Bank. Database updated on 14 April 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html">GDP – per capita (PPP)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004710/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html">Archived</a> 13 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>, Central Intelligence Agency. </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2014&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=16&pr1.y=7&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=World">Economic Outlook Database, October 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129191700/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2014&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=16&pr1.y=7&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=World">Archived</a> 29 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28">International Monetary Fund</a>. Database updated on 6 October 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-hktdc-350"><a href="#cite_ref-hktdc_350-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.hktdc.com/en/article/MzU3OTgyNjcw">"Kuwait: Market Profile"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Trade_Development_Council" title="Hong Kong Trade Development Council">Hong Kong Trade Development Council</a>. 30 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Trade+Development+Council&rft.atitle=Kuwait%3A+Market+Profile&rft.date=2021-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.hktdc.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2FMzU3OTgyNjcw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-exports-351"><a href="#cite_ref-exports_351-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldstopexports.com/kuwaits-top-10-exports/">"Kuwait's Top Exports 2022"</a>. www.worldstopexports.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldstopexports.com&rft.atitle=Kuwait%27s+Top+Exports+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstopexports.com%2Fkuwaits-top-10-exports%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-exports1-352">^ <a href="#cite_ref-exports1_352-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-exports1_352-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oec.world/en/profile/country/kwt">"Kuwait"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Observatory_of_Economic_Complexity" title="The Observatory of Economic Complexity">The Observatory of Economic Complexity</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Observatory+of+Economic+Complexity&rft.atitle=Kuwait&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foec.world%2Fen%2Fprofile%2Fcountry%2Fkwt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.albawaba.com/business/citing-security-concerns-kuwait-bans-entry-these-nationalities-1210600">"Citing Security Concerns, Kuwait Bans Entry to These Nationalities"</a>. Al Bawaba. 8 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Bawaba&rft.atitle=Citing+Security+Concerns%2C+Kuwait+Bans+Entry+to+These+Nationalities&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.albawaba.com%2Fbusiness%2Fciting-security-concerns-kuwait-bans-entry-these-nationalities-1210600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.albawaba.com/news/kuwait-re-activates-ban-bangladeshi-workers-1097934">"Kuwait Re-Activates Ban on Bangladeshi Workers"</a>. Al Bawaba. 5 March 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Bawaba&rft.atitle=Kuwait+Re-Activates+Ban+on+Bangladeshi+Workers&rft.date=2018-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.albawaba.com%2Fnews%2Fkuwait-re-activates-ban-bangladeshi-workers-1097934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/kuwait/70-of-domestic-workers-in-kuwait-have-expired-contracts-1.75626878#:~:text=Ban%20on%20new%20recruitment%20of%20domestic%20workers&text=In%20April%202019%2C%20Kuwait%20added,bringing%20the%20total%20to%2020">"70% of domestic workers in Kuwait have expired contracts"</a>. 2 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=70%25+of+domestic+workers+in+Kuwait+have+expired+contracts&rft.date=2020-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fworld%2Fgulf%2Fkuwait%2F70-of-domestic-workers-in-kuwait-have-expired-contracts-1.75626878%23%3A~%3Atext%3DBan%2520on%2520new%2520recruitment%2520of%2520domestic%2520workers%26text%3DIn%2520April%25202019%252C%2520Kuwait%2520added%2Cbringing%2520the%2520total%2520to%252020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuwaitvision-356">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kuwaitvision_356-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kuwaitvision_356-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPritchard2021" class="citation web cs1">Pritchard, Ellie (22 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121165954/https://valve-world.net/webarticles/2021/06/22/al-zour-kuwaits-vision-of-becoming-an-international-hub-in-the-middle-east.html">"Al-Zour: Kuwait's vision of becoming an international hub in the Middle East"</a>. Valve World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.valve-world.net/webarticles/2021/06/22/al-zour-kuwaits-vision-of-becoming-an-international-hub-in-the-middle-east.html">the original</a> on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Valve+World&rft.atitle=Al-Zour%3A+Kuwait%27s+vision+of+becoming+an+international+hub+in+the+Middle+East&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=Ellie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.valve-world.net%2Fwebarticles%2F2021%2F06%2F22%2Fal-zour-kuwaits-vision-of-becoming-an-international-hub-in-the-middle-east.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zour1-357"><a href="#cite_ref-zour1_357-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com/news/2019/12/sinopec-completes-main-unit-of-the-middle-easts-largest-refinery">"Sinopec completes main unit of the Middle East's largest refinery"</a>. Hydrocarbon Processing. 16 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hydrocarbon+Processing&rft.atitle=Sinopec+completes+main+unit+of+the+Middle+East%27s+largest+refinery&rft.date=2019-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrocarbonprocessing.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F12%2Fsinopec-completes-main-unit-of-the-middle-easts-largest-refinery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zour2-358"><a href="#cite_ref-zour2_358-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.process-worldwide.com/largest-refinery-project-in-the-middle-east-a-547741/">"Largest Refinery Project in the Middle East"</a>. Process Worldwide. 24 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Process+Worldwide&rft.atitle=Largest+Refinery+Project+in+the+Middle+East&rft.date=2016-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.process-worldwide.com%2Flargest-refinery-project-in-the-middle-east-a-547741%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zour3-359"><a href="#cite_ref-zour3_359-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2196345-startup-of-kuwaits-alzour-refinery-still-months-off">"Start-up of Kuwait's al-Zour refinery still months off"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Argus_Media" title="Argus Media">Argus Media</a>. 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Argus+Media&rft.atitle=Start-up+of+Kuwait%27s+al-Zour+refinery+still+months+off&rft.date=2021-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.argusmedia.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2196345-startup-of-kuwaits-alzour-refinery-still-months-off&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alzour_env-360"><a href="#cite_ref-alzour_env_360-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTalal_AljiranWalid_Alkandari2019" class="citation journal cs1">Talal Aljiran; Walid Alkandari (13 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onepetro.org/SPEKOGS/proceedings-abstract/19KOGS/3-19KOGS/D033S018R006/218128">"Site Preparation & Soil remediation for Kuwait's Largest Environmental Friendly oil Refinery, by Utilizing Dredging & Soil Compaction"</a>. OnePetro. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2118%2F198101-MS">10.2118/198101-MS</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210318313">210318313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OnePetro&rft.atitle=Site+Preparation+%26+Soil+remediation+for+Kuwait%27s+Largest+Environmental+Friendly+oil+Refinery%2C+by+Utilizing+Dredging+%26+Soil+Compaction&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2118%2F198101-MS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210318313%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Talal+Aljiran&rft.au=Walid+Alkandari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonepetro.org%2FSPEKOGS%2Fproceedings-abstract%2F19KOGS%2F3-19KOGS%2FD033S018R006%2F218128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chinakuwaitzour-361"><a href="#cite_ref-chinakuwaitzour_361-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214024129/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/14/c_138629489.htm">"Feature: Kuwait's refinery project showcases Chinese concept of "win-win cooperation""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a>. 14 December 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/14/c_138629489.htm">the original</a> on 14 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xinhua+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Feature%3A+Kuwait%27s+refinery+project+showcases+Chinese+concept+of+%22win-win+cooperation%22&rft.date=2019-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2019-12%2F14%2Fc_138629489.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lng-362"><a href="#cite_ref-lng_362-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-15/kuwait-aims-to-finish-mideast-s-biggest-lng-terminal-by-march">"Kuwait Aims to Finish Middle East's Biggest LNG Terminal by March"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a>. 15 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Kuwait+Aims+to+Finish+Middle+East%27s+Biggest+LNG+Terminal+by+March&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-09-15%2Fkuwait-aims-to-finish-mideast-s-biggest-lng-terminal-by-march&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lng1-363"><a href="#cite_ref-lng1_363-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosmopolitantdaily.com/energy/middle-easts-largest-import-terminal-for-liquefied-natural-gas/">"Middle East's Largest Import Terminal for Liquefied Natural Gas"</a>. Cosmopolitan Daily. 21 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cosmopolitan+Daily&rft.atitle=Middle+East%27s+Largest+Import+Terminal+for+Liquefied+Natural+Gas&rft.date=2020-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcosmopolitantdaily.com%2Fenergy%2Fmiddle-easts-largest-import-terminal-for-liquefied-natural-gas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lng2-364"><a href="#cite_ref-lng2_364-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiow2020" class="citation web cs1">Siow, Alex (2 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icis.com/explore/resources/news/2020/10/02/10559376/kuwait-lng-import-to-rival-pakistan-in-three-years">"Kuwait LNG import to rival Pakistan in three years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RELX" title="RELX">ICIS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICIS&rft.atitle=Kuwait+LNG+import+to+rival+Pakistan+in+three+years&rft.date=2020-10-02&rft.aulast=Siow&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icis.com%2Fexplore%2Fresources%2Fnews%2F2020%2F10%2F02%2F10559376%2Fkuwait-lng-import-to-rival-pakistan-in-three-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lng7-365"><a href="#cite_ref-lng7_365-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.denso.net/al-zour-lng-import-project/">"AL-ZOUR LNG IMPORT PROJECT"</a>. Denso. 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Denso&rft.atitle=AL-ZOUR+LNG+IMPORT+PROJECT&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.denso.net%2Fal-zour-lng-import-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lng8-366"><a href="#cite_ref-lng8_366-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526030202/https://kipic.com.kw/OurBusiness/Details/5">"Liquefied Natural Gas Import Facility (LNGI)"</a>. KIPIC. 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kipic.com.kw/OurBusiness/Details/5">the original</a> on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KIPIC&rft.atitle=Liquefied+Natural+Gas+Import+Facility+%28LNGI%29&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkipic.com.kw%2FOurBusiness%2FDetails%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lng4-367"><a href="#cite_ref-lng4_367-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nesfircroft.com/candidates/projects/al-zour-project">"Al-Zour Project"</a>. NES Fircroft. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NES+Fircroft&rft.atitle=Al-Zour+Project&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nesfircroft.com%2Fcandidates%2Fprojects%2Fal-zour-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lng3-368"><a href="#cite_ref-lng3_368-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/al-zour-lng-import-terminal-project/">"Al-Zour LNG Import Terminal Project, Kuwait"</a>. Hydrocarbons Technology. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hydrocarbons+Technology&rft.atitle=Al-Zour+LNG+Import+Terminal+Project%2C+Kuwait&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrocarbons-technology.com%2Fprojects%2Fal-zour-lng-import-terminal-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-argus-369"><a href="#cite_ref-argus_369-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2220011-kuwait-completes-work-on-16bn-clean-fuels-project">"Kuwait completes work on $16bn Clean Fuels Project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Argus_Media" title="Argus Media">Argus Media</a>. 30 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Argus+Media&rft.atitle=Kuwait+completes+work+on+%2416bn+Clean+Fuels+Project&rft.date=2021-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.argusmedia.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2220011-kuwait-completes-work-on-16bn-clean-fuels-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-biofuel-370"><a href="#cite_ref-biofuel_370-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2979519&language=en">"Kuwait completes biofuel project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_News_Agency" title="Kuwait News Agency">Kuwait News Agency</a>. 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Kuwait+completes+biofuel+project&rft.date=2021-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticleDetails.aspx%3Fid%3D2979519%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl_Amir2025" class="citation web cs1">Al Amir, Khitam (2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/business/energy/kuwait-announces-major-hydrocarbon-discovery-at-al-jlaiaa-offshore-field-1.500019996">"Kuwait announces major hydrocarbon discovery at Al Jlaiaa offshore field"</a>. Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema. Retrieved 21 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gulf+News%3A+Latest+UAE+news%2C+Dubai+news%2C+Business%2C+travel+news%2C+Dubai+Gold+rate%2C+prayer+time%2C+cinema&rft.atitle=Kuwait+announces+major+hydrocarbon+discovery+at+Al+Jlaiaa+offshore+field&rft.date=2025&rft.aulast=Al+Amir&rft.aufirst=Khitam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy%2Fkuwait-announces-major-hydrocarbon-discovery-at-al-jlaiaa-offshore-field-1.500019996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spa.gov.sa/en/N2246980">"Kuwait Uncovers Significant Hydrocarbon Reserves in Al-Jlaiaa Offshore Field"</a>. Saudi Press Agency. 20 January 2025. Retrieved 21 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwait+Uncovers+Significant+Hydrocarbon+Reserves+in+Al-Jlaiaa+Offshore+Field&rft.pub=Saudi+Press+Agency&rft.date=2025-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spa.gov.sa%2Fen%2FN2246980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-steel4-373">^ <a href="#cite_ref-steel4_373-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-steel4_373-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-steel4_373-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1708673&language=en">"United Steel Industries covers Kuwait's demand for steel—Chairman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_News_Agency" title="Kuwait News Agency">Kuwait News Agency</a>. 6 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+News+Agency&rft.atitle=United+Steel+Industries+covers+Kuwait%27s+demand+for+steel%E2%80%94Chairman&rft.date=2007-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticleDetails.aspx%3Fid%3D1708673%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-steel1-374">^ <a href="#cite_ref-steel1_374-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-steel1_374-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-steel1_374-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.steelorbis.com/steel-news/interviews/kwt-steel-our-ultimate-goal-is-to-become-a-fully_integrated-steel-manufacturer-1065742.htm">"KWT Steel: Our ultimate goal is to become a fully-integrated steel manufacturer"</a>. Steel Orbis. 13 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Steel+Orbis&rft.atitle=KWT+Steel%3A+Our+ultimate+goal+is+to+become+a+fully-integrated+steel+manufacturer&rft.date=2018-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.steelorbis.com%2Fsteel-news%2Finterviews%2Fkwt-steel-our-ultimate-goal-is-to-become-a-fully_integrated-steel-manufacturer-1065742.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-steel2-375">^ <a href="#cite_ref-steel2_375-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-steel2_375-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-steel2_375-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.steelorbis.com/steel-news/latest-news/new-rebar-capacity-coming-up-in-kuwait-1120965.htm">"New rebar capacity coming up in Kuwait"</a>. Steel Orbis. 19 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Steel+Orbis&rft.atitle=New+rebar+capacity+coming+up+in+Kuwait&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.steelorbis.com%2Fsteel-news%2Flatest-news%2Fnew-rebar-capacity-coming-up-in-kuwait-1120965.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-steel3-376">^ <a href="#cite_ref-steel3_376-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-steel3_376-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-steel3_376-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epicos.com/company/11120/united-steel-industrial-co-kwtsteel">"United Steel Industrial Co. (KWTSTEEL)"</a>. Epicos. 19 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Epicos&rft.atitle=United+Steel+Industrial+Co.+%28KWTSTEEL%29&rft.date=2019-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epicos.com%2Fcompany%2F11120%2Funited-steel-industrial-co-kwtsteel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-steel-377"><a href="#cite_ref-steel_377-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220202054418/https://www.thebusinessyear.com/kuwait-2019/go-big-or-go-home/interview">"Faisal Awwad Al Khaldi: Go Big or Go Home"</a>. The Business Year. 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebusinessyear.com/kuwait-2019/go-big-or-go-home/interview">the original</a> on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Business+Year&rft.atitle=Faisal+Awwad+Al+Khaldi%3A+Go+Big+or+Go+Home&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebusinessyear.com%2Fkuwait-2019%2Fgo-big-or-go-home%2Finterview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-food_selfsufficient-378"><a href="#cite_ref-food_selfsufficient_378-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/678034/kuwait-food-self-sufficiency-ratio-by-type/">"Food self-sufficiency ratio in Kuwait in 2016, by type"</a>. Statista. 26 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Food+self-sufficiency+ratio+in+Kuwait+in+2016%2C+by+type&rft.date=2020-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F678034%2Fkuwait-food-self-sufficiency-ratio-by-type%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-agri2-379"><a href="#cite_ref-agri2_379-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoon-hee2021" class="citation web cs1">Moon-hee, Choi (18 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=67375">"South Korean Companies Building Smart Farms in the Middle East"</a>. Business Korea.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Korea&rft.atitle=South+Korean+Companies+Building+Smart+Farms+in+the+Middle+East&rft.date=2021-05-18&rft.aulast=Moon-hee&rft.aufirst=Choi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesskorea.co.kr%2Fnews%2FarticleView.html%3Fidxno%3D67375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-agri3-380"><a href="#cite_ref-agri3_380-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/land-use/">"Land use - The World Factbook"</a>. www.cia.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=Land+use+-+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fland-use%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aidanbrooks.co.uk/farmers-of-jahra/nyrzyh4fvwxx7o49vf4ynub8vyfbrq">"Farmers of Jahra"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Farmers+of+Jahra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aidanbrooks.co.uk%2Ffarmers-of-jahra%2Fnyrzyh4fvwxx7o49vf4ynub8vyfbrq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloomberg_swf-382">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg_swf_382-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg_swf_382-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-02/kuwait-s-life-after-oil-fund-swells-to-a-record-700-billion">"World's Oldest Wealth Fund Swells to Record and Cracks the Top 3"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a>. 2 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=World%27s+Oldest+Wealth+Fund+Swells+to+Record+and+Cracks+the+Top+3&rft.date=2021-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2021-07-02%2Fkuwait-s-life-after-oil-fund-swells-to-a-record-700-billion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-swf1-383">^ <a href="#cite_ref-swf1_383-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-swf1_383-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swfinstitute.org/fund-rankings/sovereign-wealth-fund">"SWFI"</a>. 16 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SWFI&rft.date=2021-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swfinstitute.org%2Ffund-rankings%2Fsovereign-wealth-fund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wages-384">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wages_384-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wages_384-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wages_384-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wages_384-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wages_384-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wages_384-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wages_384-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wages_384-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wages_384-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wages_384-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wages_384-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wages_384-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wages_384-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerb2014" class="citation book cs1">Herb, Michael (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wagesofoilparlia00herb">The Wages of Oil: Parliaments and Economic Development in Kuwait and the UAE</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5468-4"><bdi>978-0-8014-5468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wages+of+Oil%3A+Parliaments+and+Economic+Development+in+Kuwait+and+the+UAE&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-5468-4&rft.aulast=Herb&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwagesofoilparlia00herb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Kharafi2014" class="citation news cs1">Al-Kharafi, Naeimah (12 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129082746/http://news.kuwaittimes.net/encouraging-social-entrepreneurship-kuwait-special-report/">"Encouraging social entrepreneurship in Kuwait – Special report"</a>. Kuwait Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.kuwaittimes.net/encouraging-social-entrepreneurship-kuwait-special-report/">the original</a> on 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+Times&rft.atitle=Encouraging+social+entrepreneurship+in+Kuwait+%E2%80%93+Special+report&rft.date=2014-10-12&rft.aulast=Al-Kharafi&rft.aufirst=Naeimah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.kuwaittimes.net%2Fencouraging-social-entrepreneurship-kuwait-special-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaltzman2014" class="citation news cs1">Saltzman, Jason (11 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/240022">"Keeping Up With Kuwaiti Connection: The Startup Circuit In Kuwait Is Up And At 'Em"</a>. Entrepreneur Middle East.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entrepreneur+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Keeping+Up+With+Kuwaiti+Connection%3A+The+Startup+Circuit+In+Kuwait+Is+Up+And+At+%27Em&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft.aulast=Saltzman&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.entrepreneur.com%2Farticle%2F240022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEtheridge2014" class="citation news cs1">Etheridge, Jamie (27 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129083014/http://news.kuwaittimes.net/whats-behind-growth-kuwaits-informal-economy/">"What's behind the growth of Kuwait's informal economy"</a>. Kuwait Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.kuwaittimes.net/whats-behind-growth-kuwaits-informal-economy/">the original</a> on 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+Times&rft.atitle=What%27s+behind+the+growth+of+Kuwait%27s+informal+economy&rft.date=2014-02-27&rft.aulast=Etheridge&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.kuwaittimes.net%2Fwhats-behind-growth-kuwaits-informal-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield2013" class="citation news cs1">Greenfield, Rebecca (12 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129145729/http://www.thewire.com/technology/2013/07/kuwait-instagram-accounts-are-big-business/67127/">"In Kuwait, Instagram Accounts Are Big Business"</a>. The Wire: News for the Atlantic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thewire.com/technology/2013/07/kuwait-instagram-accounts-are-big-business/67127/">the original</a> on 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wire%3A+News+for+the+Atlantic&rft.atitle=In+Kuwait%2C+Instagram+Accounts+Are+Big+Business&rft.date=2013-07-12&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewire.com%2Ftechnology%2F2013%2F07%2Fkuwait-instagram-accounts-are-big-business%2F67127%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuoFoxman2013" class="citation news cs1">Kuo, Lily; Foxman, Simone (16 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qz.com/104499/a-rising-class-of-instagram-entrepreneurs-in-kuwait-is-selling-comics-make-up-and-sheep/">"A rising class of Instagram entrepreneurs in Kuwait is selling comics, makeup and sheep"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quartz_(publication)" title="Quartz (publication)">Quartz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141123114438/http://qz.com/104499/a-rising-class-of-instagram-entrepreneurs-in-kuwait-is-selling-comics-make-up-and-sheep/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=A+rising+class+of+Instagram+entrepreneurs+in+Kuwait+is+selling+comics%2C+makeup+and+sheep&rft.date=2013-07-16&rft.aulast=Kuo&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft.au=Foxman%2C+Simone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F104499%2Fa-rising-class-of-instagram-entrepreneurs-in-kuwait-is-selling-comics-make-up-and-sheep%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kottke.org/13/07/kuwaits-booming-instagram-economy">"Kuwait's booming Instagram economy"</a>. kottke.org. 12 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129171815/http://kottke.org/13/07/kuwaits-booming-instagram-economy">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kottke.org&rft.atitle=Kuwait%27s+booming+Instagram+economy&rft.date=2013-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkottke.org%2F13%2F07%2Fkuwaits-booming-instagram-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crisis3-391"><a href="#cite_ref-crisis3_391-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDomat2021" class="citation web cs1">Domat, Chloe (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gfmag.com/magazine/february-2021/kuwait-crisis-complicates-reform">"Kuwait: Crisis Complicates Reform"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_Finance_(magazine)" title="Global Finance (magazine)">Global Finance</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Finance&rft.atitle=Kuwait%3A+Crisis+Complicates+Reform&rft.date=2021-02&rft.aulast=Domat&rft.aufirst=Chloe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfmag.com%2Fmagazine%2Ffebruary-2021%2Fkuwait-crisis-complicates-reform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-health4-392">^ <a href="#cite_ref-health4_392-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-health4_392-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-health4_392-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-health4_392-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102153127/https://www.kuwaitbuildingshow.com/news6">"Kuwait 2020 Health Infrastructure Report"</a>. 4 April 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kuwaitbuildingshow.com/news6">the original</a> on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwait+2020+Health+Infrastructure+Report&rft.date=2020-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuwaitbuildingshow.com%2Fnews6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-health5-393">^ <a href="#cite_ref-health5_393-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-health5_393-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-health5_393-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabhealthonline.com/magazine/en/latest-issue/Issue-6/Healthcare-Infrastructure-in-Kuwait-On-Solid-Footing.html">"Healthcare Infrastructure in Kuwait: On Solid Footing"</a>. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Healthcare+Infrastructure+in+Kuwait%3A+On+Solid+Footing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabhealthonline.com%2Fmagazine%2Fen%2Flatest-issue%2FIssue-6%2FHealthcare-Infrastructure-in-Kuwait-On-Solid-Footing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-health1-394">^ <a href="#cite_ref-health1_394-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-health1_394-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-health1_394-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/substantial-investment-series-mega-projects-are-set-boost-hospital-capacity">"Mega-projects boost hospital capacity in Kuwait"</a>. Oxford Business Group. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220074237/https://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/substantial-investment-series-mega-projects-are-set-boost-hospital-capacity">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.atitle=Mega-projects+boost+hospital+capacity+in+Kuwait&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbusinessgroup.com%2Fanalysis%2Fsubstantial-investment-series-mega-projects-are-set-boost-hospital-capacity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-health3-395"><a href="#cite_ref-health3_395-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/sites/default/files/blog/specialreports/960401/KISR_CRR_SLIDE.pdf">"Covid-19 Response Report Kuwait"</a> (PDF). Oxford Business Group. 26 March 2021. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.atitle=Covid-19+Response+Report+Kuwait&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2021-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordbusinessgroup.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fblog%2Fspecialreports%2F960401%2FKISR_CRR_SLIDE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-health6-396"><a href="#cite_ref-health6_396-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAliIbrahemAl_MudafAl_Fadalah2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ali, Hayfaa; Ibrahem, Samaa Zenhom; Al Mudaf, Buthaina; Al Fadalah, Talal; Jamal, Diana; El-Jardali, Fadi (March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5840785">"Baseline assessment of patient safety culture in public hospitals in Kuwait"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BMC_Health_Services_Research" title="BMC Health Services Research">BMC Health Services Research</a>. 18 (1): 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12913-018-2960-x">10.1186/s12913-018-2960-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1472-6963">1472-6963</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5840785">5840785</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29510705">29510705</a>. <q>There are 20 public hospitals in Kuwait</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Health+Services+Research&rft.atitle=Baseline+assessment+of+patient+safety+culture+in+public+hospitals+in+Kuwait.&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5840785%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1472-6963&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29510705&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12913-018-2960-x&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Hayfaa&rft.au=Ibrahem%2C+Samaa+Zenhom&rft.au=Al+Mudaf%2C+Buthaina&rft.au=Al+Fadalah%2C+Talal&rft.au=Jamal%2C+Diana&rft.au=El-Jardali%2C+Fadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5840785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-health2-397"><a href="#cite_ref-health2_397-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianbusiness.com/mideast-s-largest-hospital-open-in-kuwait-by-end-of-2016-651711.html">"MidEast's largest hospital to open in Kuwait by end of 2016"</a>. Arabian Business. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213024255/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/mideast-s-largest-hospital-open-in-kuwait-by-end-of-2016-651711.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Business&rft.atitle=MidEast%27s+largest+hospital+to+open+in+Kuwait+by+end+of+2016&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianbusiness.com%2Fmideast-s-largest-hospital-open-in-kuwait-by-end-of-2016-651711.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kdipa.gov.kw/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/5Healthcare.pdf">"Kuwait Healthcare"</a> (PDF). Kdipa.gov.kw.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kdipa.gov.kw&rft.atitle=Kuwait+Healthcare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkdipa.gov.kw%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F02%2F5Healthcare.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</a>. World Intellectual Property Organization. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024%3A+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uspto-400"><a href="#cite_ref-uspto_400-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/cst_all.htm">"Patents By Country, State, and Year – All Patent Types"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212346/http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/cst_all.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office&rft.atitle=Patents+By+Country%2C+State%2C+and+Year+%E2%80%93+All+Patent+Types&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fweb%2Foffices%2Fac%2Fido%2Foeip%2Ftaf%2Fcst_all.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035613/https://www.zawya.com/story/Arab_World_to_have_more_than_197_million_Internet_users_by_2017_according_to_Arab_Knowledge_Economy_Report-ZAWYA20140527111931/">"Arab World to have more than 197 million Internet users by 2017, according to Arab Knowledge Economy Report"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zawya.com/story/Arab_World_to_have_more_than_197_million_Internet_users_by_2017_according_to_Arab_Knowledge_Economy_Report-ZAWYA20140527111931/">the original</a> on 29 November 2014. <q>To date, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) have granted 858 patents to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, positioning it 29th in the world. Kuwait is at second place with 272 patents and Egypt at third with 212 patents, so far</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+World+to+have+more+than+197+million+Internet+users+by+2017%2C+according+to+Arab+Knowledge+Economy+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zawya.com%2Fstory%2FArab_World_to_have_more_than_197_million_Internet_users_by_2017_according_to_Arab_Knowledge_Economy_Report-ZAWYA20140527111931%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-orient-402">^ <a href="#cite_ref-orient_402-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-orient_402-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129050446/http://www.orientplanet.com/akereport2014.pdf">"Arab Economy Knowledge Report 2014"</a> (PDF). pp. 20–22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orientplanet.com/akereport2014.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+Economy+Knowledge+Report+2014&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orientplanet.com%2Fakereport2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/sc_usr05_arab_en.pdf">"UNESCO Science Report 2005"</a> (PDF). p. 162. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207161411/http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/sc_usr05_arab_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Science+Report+2005&rft.pages=162&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Ffileadmin%2FMULTIMEDIA%2FHQ%2FSC%2Fpdf%2Fsc_usr05_arab_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gain-404"><a href="#cite_ref-gain_404-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/kuwait-sees-fastest-growth-gcc-140500793.html">"Kuwait Sees Fastest Growth of GCC Countries in Obtaining U.S. Patents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo_News" title="Yahoo News">Yahoo News</a>. 12 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409143121/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/kuwait-sees-fastest-growth-gcc-140500793.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=Kuwait+Sees+Fastest+Growth+of+GCC+Countries+in+Obtaining+U.S.+Patents&rft.date=2013-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fkuwait-sees-fastest-growth-gcc-140500793.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unescwa.org/sites/www.unescwa.org/files/publications/files/ictd-09-12.pdf">"Regional Profile of the Information Society in Western Asia"</a> (PDF). p. 53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822095646/https://www.unescwa.org/sites/www.unescwa.org/files/publications/files/ictd-09-12.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+Profile+of+the+Information+Society+in+Western+Asia&rft.pages=53&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unescwa.org%2Fsites%2Fwww.unescwa.org%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Ffiles%2Fictd-09-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/sc_usr10_arab_states_EN.pdf">"Arab states"</a> (PDF). pp. 264–265. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011010006/http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/sc_usr10_arab_states_EN.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+states&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E264-%3C%2Fspan%3E265&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Ffileadmin%2FMULTIMEDIA%2FHQ%2FSC%2Fpdf%2Fsc_usr10_arab_states_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220061847/http://www.sesrtcic.org/files/article/274.pdf">"Science and Technology in the OIC Member Countries"</a> (PDF). p. 7. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Science+and+Technology+in+the+OIC+Member+Countries&rft.pages=7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sesrtcic.org%2Ffiles%2Farticle%2F274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mit-408"><a href="#cite_ref-mit_408-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160713142758/http://technologyreview.me/en/business/mixed-bag-scientific-commitment/">"A Mixed Bag of Scientific Commitment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://technologyreview.me/en/business/mixed-bag-scientific-commitment/">the original</a> on 13 July 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=A+Mixed+Bag+of+Scientific+Commitment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechnologyreview.me%2Fen%2Fbusiness%2Fmixed-bag-scientific-commitment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5g-409">^ <a href="#cite_ref-5g_409-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-5g_409-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.analysysmason.com/research/content/white-papers/5g-kuwait-digital-rma18-rdrk0/">"5G's role in transforming Kuwait into a digital economy"</a>. Analysys Mason. 25 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Analysys+Mason&rft.atitle=5G%27s+role+in+transforming+Kuwait+into+a+digital+economy&rft.date=2021-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.analysysmason.com%2Fresearch%2Fcontent%2Fwhite-papers%2F5g-kuwait-digital-rma18-rdrk0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5gkw-410"><a href="#cite_ref-5gkw_410-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realwire.com/releases/UK-ranked-sixth-in-global-5G-market-according-to-OMDIA">"UK ranked sixth in global 5G market, according to OMDIA"</a>. RealWire. 4 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RealWire&rft.atitle=UK+ranked+sixth+in+global+5G+market%2C+according+to+OMDIA&rft.date=2020-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.realwire.com%2Freleases%2FUK-ranked-sixth-in-global-5G-market-according-to-OMDIA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-space-411"><a href="#cite_ref-space_411-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.egic.info/emerging-space-industry-kuwait">"The Emerging Space Industry in Kuwait"</a>. Euro-Gulf Information Centre. 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euro-Gulf+Information+Centre&rft.atitle=The+Emerging+Space+Industry+in+Kuwait&rft.date=2021-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.egic.info%2Femerging-space-industry-kuwait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuwait_News_Agency2001" class="citation web cs1">Kuwait News Agency, KUNA (28 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?language=en&id=1202610">"UM AL-AISH" SATELLITE STATION, THE FIRST IN THE MIDDLE EAST"</a>. Retrieved 7 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UM+AL-AISH%22+SATELLITE+STATION%2C+THE+FIRST+IN+THE+MIDDLE+EAST&rft.date=2001-10-28&rft.aulast=Kuwait+News+Agency&rft.aufirst=KUNA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticleDetails.aspx%3Flanguage%3Den%26id%3D1202610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabianbusiness.com/kuwait-scraps-obsolete-satellite-station-41095.html">"Kuwait scraps obsolete satellite station"</a>. Arabian Business. 7 January 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Business&rft.atitle=Kuwait+scraps+obsolete+satellite+station&rft.date=2009-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianbusiness.com%2Fkuwait-scraps-obsolete-satellite-station-41095.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orbital-space.com/qmrkwt">"Um AlAish 4"</a>. ORBITAL SPACE. Retrieved 7 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ORBITAL+SPACE&rft.atitle=Um+AlAish+4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orbital-space.com%2Fqmrkwt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warehouse.funcube.org.uk/ranking">"Ranking · AMSAT-UK Data Warehouse"</a>. warehouse.funcube.org.uk. Retrieved 7 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warehouse.funcube.org.uk&rft.atitle=Ranking+%C2%B7+AMSAT-UK+Data+Warehouse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarehouse.funcube.org.uk%2Franking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://network.satnogs.org/stations/579/">"SatNOGS Network – Ground Station Um Alaish 4"</a>. network.satnogs.org. Retrieved 7 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=network.satnogs.org&rft.atitle=SatNOGS+Network+%E2%80%93+Ground+Station+Um+Alaish+4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetwork.satnogs.org%2Fstations%2F579%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spaceedu.net/">"Space Challenges Program | www.spaceedu.net"</a>. Space Challenges. Retrieved 7 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space+Challenges&rft.atitle=Space+Challenges+Program+%7C+www.spaceedu.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceedu.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endurosat.com/">"EnduroSat – Class-leading CubeSat Modules, NanoSats & Space Services"</a>. CubeSat by EnduroSat. Retrieved 7 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CubeSat+by+EnduroSat&rft.atitle=EnduroSat+%E2%80%93+Class-leading+CubeSat+Modules%2C+NanoSats+%26+Space+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.endurosat.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orbital-space.com/codeinspace">"Code In Space!"</a>. ORBITAL SPACE. Retrieved 7 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ORBITAL+SPACE&rft.atitle=Code+In+Space%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orbital-space.com%2Fcodeinspace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-first_satellite2-420">^ <a href="#cite_ref-first_satellite2_420-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-first_satellite2_420-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613075750/https://arabspacenews.com/cubesat/">"Orbital Space confirms June 24 launch date for Kuwait's first CubeSat"</a>. Arab Space News. 10 June 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arabspacenews.com/cubesat/">the original</a> on 13 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+Space+News&rft.atitle=Orbital+Space+confirms+June+24+launch+date+for+Kuwait%27s+first+CubeSat&rft.date=2021-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farabspacenews.com%2Fcubesat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-first_satellite-421">^ <a href="#cite_ref-first_satellite_421-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-first_satellite_421-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2985865">"Kuwait's first Satellite launched into space"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_News_Agency" title="Kuwait News Agency">Kuwait News Agency</a>. 30 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Kuwait%27s+first+Satellite+launched+into+space&rft.date=2021-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticleDetails.aspx%3Fid%3D2985865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.satnews.com/2021/05/31/d-orbits-coming-up-with-a-wild-ride-via-their-ion-satellite-carrier/">"D-Orbit's Coming Up With A WILD RIDE Via Their ION Satellite Carrier – SatNews"</a>. news.satnews.com. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.satnews.com&rft.atitle=D-Orbit%27s+Coming+Up+With+A+WILD+RIDE+Via+Their+ION+Satellite+Carrier+%E2%80%93+SatNews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.satnews.com%2F2021%2F05%2F31%2Fd-orbits-coming-up-with-a-wild-ride-via-their-ion-satellite-carrier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dorbit.space/wildride-mission-updates">"WILD RIDE MISSION UPDATES"</a>. D-Orbit. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D-Orbit&rft.atitle=WILD+RIDE+MISSION+UPDATES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dorbit.space%2Fwildride-mission-updates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/momentus-endurosat-contract/">"Momentus and EnduroSat sign two launch agreements"</a>. SpaceNews. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=Momentus+and+EnduroSat+sign+two+launch+agreements&rft.date=2020-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fmomentus-endurosat-contract%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2747736&language=en">"Kuwaiti youth eager to put country on space exploration map"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_News_Agency" title="Kuwait News Agency">Kuwait News Agency</a> (KUNA). 24 September 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+News+Agency+%28KUNA%29&rft.atitle=Kuwaiti+youth+eager+to+put+country+on+space+exploration+map&rft.date=2018-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticleDetails.aspx%3Fid%3D2747736%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212202244/http://al-seyassah.com/ناصر-أشكناني-لـالسياسة-صاروخ-فضائي-ك/">"ناصر أشكناني لـ"السياسة": صاروخ فضائي كويتي يضعنا في الدول المتقدمة"</a>. السياسة جريدة كويتية يومية | Al SEYASSAH Newspaper (in Arabic). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://al-seyassah.com/ناصر-أشكناني-لـالسياسة-صاروخ-فضائي-ك/">the original</a> on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%7C+Al+SEYASSAH+Newspaper&rft.atitle=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A3%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A+%D9%84%D9%80%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9%22%3A+%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AE+%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A+%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A+%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fal-seyassah.com%2F%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%80%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AE-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A-%D9%83%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181825/https://services.tsck.org.kw/space/CompetitionDetails.aspx">"Space Month"</a>. services.tsck.org.kw. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://services.tsck.org.kw/space/CompetitionDetails.aspx">the original</a> on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=services.tsck.org.kw&rft.atitle=Space+Month&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fservices.tsck.org.kw%2Fspace%2FCompetitionDetails.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orbitalspace.org/eis">"EIS"</a>. ORBITALSPACE. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ORBITALSPACE&rft.atitle=EIS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orbitalspace.org%2Feis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/explorer/Investigation.html?#id=8401">"Experiment Details"</a>. www.nasa.gov. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Experiment+Details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fstation%2Fresearch%2Fexperiments%2Fexplorer%2FInvestigation.html%3F%23id%3D8401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-national_satellite-430"><a href="#cite_ref-national_satellite_430-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2988219&language=en">"Kuwait University reveals work for sustainable space sector"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_News_Agency" title="Kuwait News Agency">Kuwait News Agency</a>. 12 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Kuwait+University+reveals+work+for+sustainable+space+sector&rft.date=2021-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticleDetails.aspx%3Fid%3D2988219%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-national_satellite2-431"><a href="#cite_ref-national_satellite2_431-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alanba.com.kw/ar/kuwait-news/1057147/13-07-2021-%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A/">"تمديد التسجيل للدفعة 2 في مشروع القمر الاصطناعي الكويتي إلى 15 الجاري"</a>. Al-Anba (in Arabic). 13 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Anba&rft.atitle=%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A9+2+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A+%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89+15+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A&rft.date=2021-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alanba.com.kw%2Far%2Fkuwait-news%2F1057147%2F13-07-2021-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AC%25D9%258A%25D9%2584-%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D9%2581%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B7%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D9%258A-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2583%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D8%25AA%25D9%258A-%25D8%25A5%25D9%2584%25D9%2589-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emirates247.com/news/region/arab-world-needs-to-rise-to-the-literacy-challenge-2010-07-28-1.272076">"Arab World needs to rise to the literacy challenge"</a>. Emirates 247. 28 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204114145/http://www.emirates247.com/news/region/arab-world-needs-to-rise-to-the-literacy-challenge-2010-07-28-1.272076">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emirates+247&rft.atitle=Arab+World+needs+to+rise+to+the+literacy+challenge&rft.date=2010-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emirates247.com%2Fnews%2Fregion%2Farab-world-needs-to-rise-to-the-literacy-challenge-2010-07-28-1.272076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/National_Reports/ICE_2008/kuwait_NR08.pdf">"The National Report on the Development of Education"</a> (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 8 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=The+National+Report+on+the+Development+of+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibe.unesco.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Farchive%2FNational_Reports%2FICE_2008%2Fkuwait_NR08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-434"><a href="#cite_ref-434">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2">Kuwait Education Indicators Report 2007, Executive Summary</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kuwait+Education+Indicators+Report+2007%2C+Executive+Summary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxfordbusinessgroup-435"><a href="#cite_ref-oxfordbusinessgroup_435-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/new-schools-meet-growing-demand-kuwait">"New schools to meet growing demand in Kuwait"</a>. 22 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202090926/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/new-schools-meet-growing-demand-kuwait">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+schools+to+meet+growing+demand+in+Kuwait&rft.date=2014-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbusinessgroup.com%2Fnews%2Fnew-schools-meet-growing-demand-kuwait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204133407/http://news.kuwaittimes.net/kuwaits-new-curriculum-ready-two-years/">"Kuwait's new curriculum to be ready in two years"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.kuwaittimes.net/kuwaits-new-curriculum-ready-two-years/">the original</a> on 4 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwait%27s+new+curriculum+to+be+ready+in+two+years&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.kuwaittimes.net%2Fkuwaits-new-curriculum-ready-two-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-halafeb-437">^ <a href="#cite_ref-halafeb_437-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-halafeb_437-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.kuwaittimes.net/website/hala-february-kicks-off-with-a-bang/">"Hala February kicks off with a bang"</a>. Kuwait Times. 29 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913192534/http://news.kuwaittimes.net/website/hala-february-kicks-off-with-a-bang/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+Times&rft.atitle=Hala+February+kicks+off+with+a+bang&rft.date=2016-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.kuwaittimes.net%2Fwebsite%2Fhala-february-kicks-off-with-a-bang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albawaba.com/business/pr/hala-febrayer-2016-carnival-attracts-thousands-participants-808956">"Hala Febrayer 2016 Carnival attracts thousands of participants"</a>. Al Bawaba. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911104642/http://www.albawaba.com/business/pr/hala-febrayer-2016-carnival-attracts-thousands-participants-808956">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Bawaba&rft.atitle=Hala+Febrayer+2016+Carnival+attracts+thousands+of+participants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albawaba.com%2Fbusiness%2Fpr%2Fhala-febrayer-2016-carnival-attracts-thousands-participants-808956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ameinfo.com/technology/telecom/ooredoo-sponsors-kuwaits-biggest-annual-festival/">"Ooredoo Sponsors Kuwait's Biggest Annual Festival"</a>. 17 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011005713/http://ameinfo.com/technology/telecom/ooredoo-sponsors-kuwaits-biggest-annual-festival/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ooredoo+Sponsors+Kuwait%27s+Biggest+Annual+Festival&rft.date=2016-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fameinfo.com%2Ftechnology%2Ftelecom%2Fooredoo-sponsors-kuwaits-biggest-annual-festival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203194108/http://news.kuwaittimes.net/website/flag-hoisting-ceremony-signals-start-kuwait-national-celebrations-2017/">"Flag-hoisting ceremony signals start of Kuwait national celebrations of 2017"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Times" title="Kuwait Times">Kuwait Times</a>. 3 February 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.kuwaittimes.net/website/flag-hoisting-ceremony-signals-start-kuwait-national-celebrations-2017/">the original</a> on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+Times&rft.atitle=Flag-hoisting+ceremony+signals+start+of+Kuwait+national+celebrations+of+2017&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.kuwaittimes.net%2Fwebsite%2Fflag-hoisting-ceremony-signals-start-kuwait-national-celebrations-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inbound-441">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inbound_441-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inbound_441-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hospitalitynet.org/news/4103108.html">"RLA hailed for expertise on Kuwait development"</a>. Hospitality Net. 23 February 2021. <q>In 2020, domestic travel and tourism spending for Kuwait reached $6.1bn, up from $1.6bn, with family tourism a rapidly-growing segment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hospitality+Net&rft.atitle=RLA+hailed+for+expertise+on+Kuwait+development&rft.date=2021-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hospitalitynet.org%2Fnews%2F4103108.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.kuwaittimes.net/website/kuwait-tenth-total-arab-countries-tourism-revenue/">"Kuwait tenth in total Arab countries' tourism revenue"</a>. 27 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828133633/http://news.kuwaittimes.net/website/kuwait-tenth-total-arab-countries-tourism-revenue/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwait+tenth+in+total+Arab+countries%27+tourism+revenue&rft.date=2016-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.kuwaittimes.net%2Fwebsite%2Fkuwait-tenth-total-arab-countries-tourism-revenue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011034315/https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic%20impact%20research/countries%202015/kuwait2015.pdf">"Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2015"</a> (PDF). World Travel & Tourism Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic%20impact%20research/countries%202015/kuwait2015.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Travel+%26+Tourism+Council&rft.atitle=Travel+%26+Tourism+Economic+Impact+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wttc.org%2F-%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2Freports%2Feconomic%2520impact%2520research%2Fcountries%25202015%2Fkuwait2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160921152716/http://www.bq-magazine.com/industries/hospitality/2016/04/kuwaits-investments-in-travel-and-tourism-sector-to-grow-by-4-3-percent-per-annum">"Kuwait's investments in travel and tourism sector to grow by 4.3% per annum"</a>. BQ Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bq-magazine.com/industries/hospitality/2016/04/kuwaits-investments-in-travel-and-tourism-sector-to-grow-by-4-3-percent-per-annum">the original</a> on 21 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BQ+Magazine&rft.atitle=Kuwait%27s+investments+in+travel+and+tourism+sector+to+grow+by+4.3%25+per+annum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bq-magazine.com%2Findustries%2Fhospitality%2F2016%2F04%2Fkuwaits-investments-in-travel-and-tourism-sector-to-grow-by-4-3-percent-per-annum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kncd2-445">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kncd2_445-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kncd2_445-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417122527/https://alshaheedparkmuseums.com/kuwait-national-cultural-district/">"Kuwait National Cultural District"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alshaheedparkmuseums.com/kuwait-national-cultural-district/">the original</a> on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwait+National+Cultural+District&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falshaheedparkmuseums.com%2Fkuwait-national-cultural-district%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kncd-446">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kncd_446-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kncd_446-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kncd_446-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kncd_446-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015530/http://aeminternational.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Director-JACC-Candidate-Briefing-Document.pdf">"Kuwait National Cultural District Museums Director"</a> (PDF). 28 August 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aeminternational.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Director-JACC-Candidate-Briefing-Document.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwait+National+Cultural+District+Museums+Director&rft.date=2017-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faeminternational.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F02%2FDirector-JACC-Candidate-Briefing-Document.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kncd3-447"><a href="#cite_ref-kncd3_447-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulfconstructiononline.com/Article/162127">"New details emerge about Kuwait's new cultural district"</a>. Gulf Construction. 1 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gulf+Construction&rft.atitle=New+details+emerge+about+Kuwait%27s+new+cultural+district&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulfconstructiononline.com%2FArticle%2F162127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newkuwait-448"><a href="#cite_ref-newkuwait_448-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426083940/https://newkuwaitsummit.com/venue">Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Cultural Centre</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot/Usurpations" title="Wikipedia:Link rot/Usurpations"><span title="The original domain has been hijacked for the purposes of spam, advertising, or or other fraudulent activity. The archive URL is encased in a usurped template to mitigate accidentally re-activating the underlying usurped URL, such as by converting to a CS1 or CS2 template. See template documentation.">usurped</a>] New Kuwait. </li> <li id="cite_note-gcdn-449">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gcdn_449-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gcdn_449-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gcdn.net/member/the-kuwait-national-cultural-district-test/">"Current Members – Global Cultural Districts Network"</a>. GCDN. <a href="/wiki/Global_Cultural_Districts_Network" title="Global Cultural Districts Network">Global Cultural Districts Network</a>. 25 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GCDN&rft.atitle=Current+Members+%E2%80%93+Global+Cultural+Districts+Network&rft.date=2017-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgcdn.net%2Fmember%2Fthe-kuwait-national-cultural-district-test%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zinco-450"><a href="#cite_ref-zinco_450-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFnetconstructions.de" class="citation web cs1">netconstructions.de, Michael Probst Stuckmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zinco-greenroof.com/al-shaheed-park-green-belt-around-kuwait-city">"Al Shaheed Park - The Green Belt around Kuwait City | ZinCo Green Roof Systems"</a>. zinco-greenroof.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zinco-greenroof.com&rft.atitle=Al+Shaheed+Park+-+The+Green+Belt+around+Kuwait+City+%26%23124%3B+ZinCo+Green+Roof+Systems&rft.aulast=netconstructions.de&rft.aufirst=Michael+Probst+Stuckmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzinco-greenroof.com%2Fal-shaheed-park-green-belt-around-kuwait-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianbusiness.com/13916-kuwaits-ports-continue-to-break-records-">"Kuwait's ports continue to break records – Transportation"</a>. ArabianBusiness.com. 4 June 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArabianBusiness.com&rft.atitle=Kuwait%27s+ports+continue+to+break+records+%E2%80%93+Transportation&rft.date=2007-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianbusiness.com%2F13916-kuwaits-ports-continue-to-break-records-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PACI-452">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PACI_452-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PACI_452-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313222900/http://stat.paci.gov.kw/englishreports/#DataTabPlace:ColumnChartEduAge">"Nationality by Religion in Kuwait 2018"</a>. Statistic PACI. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stat.paci.gov.kw/englishreports/#DataTabPlace:ColumnChartEduAge">the original</a> on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nationality+by+Religion+in+Kuwait+2018&rft.pub=Statistic+PACI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstat.paci.gov.kw%2Fenglishreports%2F%23DataTabPlace%3AColumnChartEduAge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/kuwait/kuwait-mp-seeks-five-year-cap-on-expat-workers-stay-1.1284513">"Kuwait MP seeks five-year cap on expat workers' stay"</a>. Gulf News. 30 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328170436/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/kuwait/kuwait-mp-seeks-five-year-cap-on-expat-workers-stay-1.1284513">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gulf+News&rft.atitle=Kuwait+MP+seeks+five-year+cap+on+expat+workers%27+stay&rft.date=2014-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fnews%2Fgulf%2Fkuwait%2Fkuwait-mp-seeks-five-year-cap-on-expat-workers-stay-1.1284513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-33315868">"How one country came together after a terror attack"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407192121/http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-33315868">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=How+one+country+came+together+after+a+terror+attack&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs-trending-33315868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssi-455"><a href="#cite_ref-ssi_455-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318173523/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub861.pdf">"The Evolution of U. S.-Turkish Relations in a Transatlantic Context"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Studies_Institute" title="Strategic Studies Institute">Strategic Studies Institute</a>. p. 87. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub861.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+U.+S.-Turkish+Relations+in+a+Transatlantic+Context&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Strategic+Studies+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil%2Fpdffiles%2Fpub861.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-irfr2007-456">^ <a href="#cite_ref-irfr2007_456-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-irfr2007_456-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2007/90214.htm">"International Religious Freedom Report for 2007"</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a>. 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+State+Department&rft.atitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+for+2007&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2007%2F90214.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orthodoxchurchahmadi.org/aboutus">"About Us - St.Thomas Indian Orthodox Pazhayapally"</a>. www.orthodoxchurchahmadi.org. Retrieved 17 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.orthodoxchurchahmadi.org&rft.atitle=About+Us+-+St.Thomas+Indian+Orthodox+Pazhayapally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxchurchahmadi.org%2Faboutus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref-458"><a href="#cite_ref-ref_458-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/country,,,ANNUALREPORT,KWT,,3ae6a88954,0.html">"International Religious Freedom Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a>. 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310114405/http://www.refworld.org/country,,,annualreport,kwt,,3ae6a88954,0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+State+Department&rft.atitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fcountry%2C%2C%2CANNUALREPORT%2CKWT%2C%2C3ae6a88954%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-459"><a href="#cite_ref-459">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alraimedia.com/Articles.aspx?id=583204">"البهائيون في الكويت 100 منتمٍ... ومحفل يديره تسعة أشخاص"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Rai_(Kuwaiti_newspaper)" title="Al Rai (Kuwaiti newspaper)">Al Rai</a> (in Arabic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706204435/http://www.alraimedia.com/Articles.aspx?id=583204">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Rai&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA+100+%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8D...+%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%84+%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87+%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alraimedia.com%2FArticles.aspx%3Fid%3D583204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-460"><a href="#cite_ref-460">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160713142832/http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55661/1/U584180.pdf">"page 19"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55661/1/U584180.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=page+19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forca.cf.ac.uk%2F55661%2F1%2FU584180.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120084008/http://kuwait.tt/articledetails.aspx?Id=161203">"خالد الرشيد: "اللهجة الكويتية" "مظلومة" في مدارسنا.. لأن أغلب معلمينا وافدون"</a>. 20 January 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kuwait.tt/articledetails.aspx?Id=161203">the original</a> on 20 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF%3A+%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9%22+%22%D9%85%D8%B8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9%22+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7..+%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86+%D8%A3%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A8+%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86&rft.date=2015-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkuwait.tt%2Farticledetails.aspx%3FId%3D161203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.p2bk.com/mag/mag_jan2011.pdf">"page 28"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160713142830/http://www.p2bk.com/mag/mag_jan2011.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=page+28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.p2bk.com%2Fmag%2Fmag_jan2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-463"><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlhabib2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Alhabib, Mohammad E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=history_theses">The Shia Migration from Southwestern Iran to Kuwait: Push-Pull Factors during the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_University" title="Georgia State University">Georgia State University</a> (Thesis). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227165722/http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=history_theses">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Shia+Migration+from+Southwestern+Iran+to+Kuwait%3A+Push-Pull+Factors+during+the+Late+Nineteenth+and+Early+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Alhabib&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.gsu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1040%26context%3Dhistory_theses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-464"><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazsi" class="citation web cs1">Gazsi, Dénes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/nacil/pdfs/abstracts/Gazsi_NACIL1.pdf">"The Persian Dialects of the Ajam in Kuwait"</a> (PDF). The University of Iowa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Iowa&rft.atitle=The+Persian+Dialects+of+the+Ajam+in+Kuwait&rft.aulast=Gazsi&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A9nes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stonybrook.edu%2Fcommcms%2Fnacil%2Fpdfs%2Fabstracts%2FGazsi_NACIL1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-465"><a href="#cite_ref-465">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Tajir2013" class="citation book cs1">Al-Tajir (2013). Al-Tajir (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=euezAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">Lang & Linguistic in Bahrain</a>. Routledge. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136136269" title="Special:BookSources/9781136136269"><bdi>9781136136269</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105063055/http://books.google.com/books?id=euezAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11&dq">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lang+%26+Linguistic+in+Bahrain&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136136269&rft.au=Al-Tajir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeuezAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-466"><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButenschonDavisHassassian2000" class="citation book cs1">Butenschon, Nils A.; Davis, Uri; Hassassian, Manuel (2000). Nils August Butenschøn; Uri Davis; Manuel Sarkis Hassassian (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C9TkD3ugwEUC&pg=PA190">Citizenship and the State in the Middle East: Approaches and Applications</a>. Syracuse University Press. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815628293" title="Special:BookSources/9780815628293"><bdi>9780815628293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+and+the+State+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Approaches+and+Applications&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780815628293&rft.aulast=Butenschon&rft.aufirst=Nils+A.&rft.au=Davis%2C+Uri&rft.au=Hassassian%2C+Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC9TkD3ugwEUC%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-467"><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinder1999" class="citation book cs1">Binder, Leonard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michaelherb.net/herb_shia_gulf.pdf">Ethnic Conflict and International Politics in the Middle East</a> (PDF). University Press of Florida. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813016870" title="Special:BookSources/9780813016870"><bdi>9780813016870</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131208101957/http://books.google.com/books?id=h96DAuS0dLkC&pg=PA164&dq">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2013. <q>Unlike the Shi'a of Saudi Arabia or Bahrain, the Kuwaiti Shi'a mostly are of Persian descent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Conflict+and+International+Politics+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780813016870&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmichaelherb.net%2Fherb_shia_gulf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-468"><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHertogLucianiValeri2013" class="citation book cs1">Hertog, Steffen; Luciani, Giacomo; Valeri, Marc (2013). Rivka Azoulay (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yczrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">Business Politics in the Middle East</a>. Hurst Publishers. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849042352" title="Special:BookSources/9781849042352"><bdi>9781849042352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+Politics+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Hurst+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781849042352&rft.aulast=Hertog&rft.aufirst=Steffen&rft.au=Luciani%2C+Giacomo&rft.au=Valeri%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyczrAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-469"><a href="#cite_ref-469">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEndeSteinbach2002" class="citation book cs1">Ende, Werner; Steinbach, Udo (2002). Werner Ende, Udo Steinbach (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-dM4hPlxMw8C&pg=PA533">Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society</a>. Cornell University Press. p. 533. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801464897" title="Special:BookSources/0801464897"><bdi>0801464897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+World+Today%3A+A+Handbook+of+Politics%2C+Religion%2C+Culture%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=533&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0801464897&rft.aulast=Ende&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft.au=Steinbach%2C+Udo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-dM4hPlxMw8C%26pg%3DPA533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPotter2014" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Lawrence G. (June 2014). Lawrence G. Potter (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6EBeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA135">Sectarian Politics in the Persian Gulf</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190237967" title="Special:BookSources/9780190237967"><bdi>9780190237967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sectarian+Politics+in+the+Persian+Gulf&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-06&rft.isbn=9780190237967&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6EBeBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLouër2011" class="citation book cs1">Louër, Laurence (2011). Laurence Louër (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B8wnEtH8oDgC&pg=PA47">Transnational Shia Politics: Religious and Political Networks in the Gulf</a>. Hurst. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849042147" title="Special:BookSources/9781849042147"><bdi>9781849042147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transnational+Shia+Politics%3A+Religious+and+Political+Networks+in+the+Gulf&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781849042147&rft.aulast=Lou%C3%ABr&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB8wnEtH8oDgC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-472"><a href="#cite_ref-472">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlawi2013" class="citation web cs1">Alawi, Ali (6 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417033320/http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/features/alis-roadtrip-from-bahrain-to-kuwait-photos_13423">"Ali's roadtrip from Bahrain to Kuwait (PHOTOS)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/features/alis-roadtrip-from-bahrain-to-kuwait-photos_13423">the original</a> on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016. <q>The trip to Kuwait – a country that has built a deep connection with people in the Persian Gulf thanks to its significant drama productions in theater, television, and even music – started with 25 kilometers of spectacular sea view</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ali%27s+roadtrip+from+Bahrain+to+Kuwait+%28PHOTOS%29&rft.date=2013-03-06&rft.aulast=Alawi&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourmiddleeast.com%2Ffeatures%2Falis-roadtrip-from-bahrain-to-kuwait-photos_13423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-473"><a href="#cite_ref-473">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZubirBrebbia2014" class="citation book cs1">Zubir, S.S.; Brebbia, C.A., eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yeg8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA599">The Sustainable City VIII (2 Volume Set): Urban Regeneration and Sustainability</a>. Volume 179 of WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. Ashurst, Southampton, UK: WIT Press. p. 599. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84564-746-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84564-746-9"><bdi>978-1-84564-746-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sustainable+City+VIII+%282+Volume+Set%29%3A+Urban+Regeneration+and+Sustainability&rft.place=Ashurst%2C+Southampton%2C+UK&rft.series=Volume+179+of+WIT+Transactions+on+Ecology+and+the+Environment&rft.pages=599&rft.pub=WIT+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84564-746-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyeg8AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ktv-474"><a href="#cite_ref-ktv_474-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamada2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Hamada, Ahmad (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5088&context=etd">The Integration History of Kuwaiti Television from 1957-1990: An Audience-Generated Oral Narrative on the Arrival and Integration of the Device in the City</a> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University" title="Virginia Commonwealth University">Virginia Commonwealth University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Integration+History+of+Kuwaiti+Television+from+1957-1990%3A+An+Audience-Generated+Oral+Narrative+on+the+Arrival+and+Integration+of+the+Device+in+the+City&rft.inst=Virginia+Commonwealth+University&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Hamada&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarscompass.vcu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D5088%26context%3Detd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-omn-475">^ <a href="#cite_ref-omn_475-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-omn_475-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl_Mukrashi2015" class="citation news cs1">Al Mukrashi, Fahad (22 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/omanis-turn-their-backs-on-local-dramas-1.1568086">"Omanis turn their backs on local dramas"</a>. Gulf News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425210746/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/omanis-turn-their-backs-on-local-dramas-1.1568086">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2016. <q>Kuwait's drama industry tops other Gulf drama as it has very prominent actors and actresses, enough scripts and budgets, produces fifteen serials annually at least.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gulf+News&rft.atitle=Omanis+turn+their+backs+on+local+dramas&rft.date=2015-08-22&rft.aulast=Al+Mukrashi&rft.aufirst=Fahad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fnews%2Fgulf%2Foman%2Fomanis-turn-their-backs-on-local-dramas-1.1568086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahma-476">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ahma_476-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahma_476-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahma_476-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammond2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hammond, Andrew, ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P57PDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143">Pop Culture in North Africa and the Middle East: Entertainment and Society Around the World</a>. California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 143–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440833847" title="Special:BookSources/9781440833847"><bdi>9781440833847</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pop+Culture+in+North+Africa+and+the+Middle+East%3A+Entertainment+and+Society+Around+the+World&rft.place=California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781440833847&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP57PDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-477"><a href="#cite_ref-477">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415200332/http://omanobserver.om/closer-cultural-relations-two-countries/">"Closer cultural relations between the two countries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oman_Daily_Observer" title="Oman Daily Observer">Oman Daily Observer</a>. 20 February 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://omanobserver.om/closer-cultural-relations-two-countries/">the original</a> on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017. <q>The Kuwaiti television is considered the most active in the Gulf Arab region, as it has contributed to the development of television drama in Kuwait and the Persian Gulf region. Therefore, all the classics of the Gulf television drama are today Kuwaiti dramas by Kuwaiti actors</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oman+Daily+Observer&rft.atitle=Closer+cultural+relations+between+the+two+countries&rft.date=2017-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fomanobserver.om%2Fcloser-cultural-relations-two-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-478"><a href="#cite_ref-478">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423065348/http://www.broadcastprome.com/content-creation/big-plans-for-small-screens/#.VwhXXvl97IV">"Big plans for small screens"</a>. BroadcastPro Me. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcastprome.com/content-creation/big-plans-for-small-screens/#.VwhXXvl97IV">the original</a> on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016. <q>Around 90% of Khaleeji productions take place in Kuwait.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BroadcastPro+Me&rft.atitle=Big+plans+for+small+screens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcastprome.com%2Fcontent-creation%2Fbig-plans-for-small-screens%2F%23.VwhXXvl97IV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-479"><a href="#cite_ref-479">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPapavassilopoulos2014" class="citation news cs1">Papavassilopoulos, Constantinos (10 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422205143/https://technology.ihs.com/496709/osn-targets-new-markets-by-enriching-its-arabic-content-offering">"OSN targets new markets by enriching its Arabic content offering"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IHS_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="IHS Inc.">IHS Inc.</a> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technology.ihs.com/496709/osn-targets-new-markets-by-enriching-its-arabic-content-offering">the original</a> on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IHS+Inc.&rft.atitle=OSN+targets+new+markets+by+enriching+its+Arabic+content+offering&rft.date=2014-04-10&rft.aulast=Papavassilopoulos&rft.aufirst=Constantinos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnology.ihs.com%2F496709%2Fosn-targets-new-markets-by-enriching-its-arabic-content-offering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fattah-480"><a href="#cite_ref-fattah_480-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFattahova2015" class="citation news cs1">Fattahova, Nawara (26 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100511/http://news.kuwaittimes.net/first-kuwaiti-horror-movie-to-be-set-in-haunted-palace-chilling-news-for-film-buffs/">"First Kuwaiti horror movie to be set in "haunted" palace"</a>. Kuwait Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.kuwaittimes.net/first-kuwaiti-horror-movie-to-be-set-in-haunted-palace-chilling-news-for-film-buffs/">the original</a> on 18 May 2015. <q>Kuwait's TV soaps and theatrical plays are among the best in the region and second most popular after Egypt in the Middle East.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+Times&rft.atitle=First+Kuwaiti+horror+movie+to+be+set+in+%22haunted%22+palace&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft.aulast=Fattahova&rft.aufirst=Nawara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.kuwaittimes.net%2Ffirst-kuwaiti-horror-movie-to-be-set-in-haunted-palace-chilling-news-for-film-buffs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-481"><a href="#cite_ref-481">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsheim" class="citation web cs1">Asheim, Bjørn T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710120935/http://kfas.org/media/06ad8542-ef34-42b1-a274-1d854f5c9407/CtBx-A/Studies%20and%20Research%20Papers/An%20Innovation%20driven%20Economic%20Diversification%20Strategy%20for%20Kuwait.pdf">"An Innovation driven Economic Diversification Strategy for Kuwait"</a> (PDF). Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kfas.org/media/06ad8542-ef34-42b1-a274-1d854f5c9407/CtBx-A/Studies%20and%20Research%20Papers/An%20Innovation%20driven%20Economic%20Diversification%20Strategy%20for%20Kuwait.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Innovation+driven+Economic+Diversification+Strategy+for+Kuwait&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Kuwait+Foundation+for+the+Advancement+of+Sciences&rft.aulast=Asheim&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B8rn+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kfas.org%2Fmedia%2F06ad8542-ef34-42b1-a274-1d854f5c9407%2FCtBx-A%2FStudies%2520and%2520Research%2520Papers%2FAn%2520Innovation%2520driven%2520Economic%2520Diversification%2520Strategy%2520for%2520Kuwait.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-482"><a href="#cite_ref-482">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427062226/http://www.theasian.asia/archives/87665">"Kuwaiti Drama Museum: formulating thoughts of the Gulf"</a>. 23 May 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theasian.asia/archives/87665">the original</a> on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kuwaiti+Drama+Museum%3A+formulating+thoughts+of+the+Gulf&rft.date=2014-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theasian.asia%2Farchives%2F87665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-483"><a href="#cite_ref-483">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMansfield1990" class="citation book cs1">Mansfield, Peter (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uzy_AAAAIAAJ">Kuwait: vanguard of the Gulf</a>. Hutchinson. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780091736040" title="Special:BookSources/9780091736040"><bdi>9780091736040</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416061149/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uzy_AAAAIAAJ&q">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kuwait%3A+vanguard+of+the+Gulf&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780091736040&rft.aulast=Mansfield&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUzy_AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hollywood-484"><a href="#cite_ref-Hollywood_484-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlsalem2021" class="citation book cs1">Alsalem, Fatima (2021). Kuwait From "Hollywood of the Gulf" to Social Media Diwaniyas. Global Communications. Vol. 3. pp. 163–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0238">10.11647/obp.0238</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80064-059-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80064-059-7"><bdi>978-1-80064-059-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234896146">234896146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kuwait+From+%22Hollywood+of+the+Gulf%22+to+Social+Media+Diwaniyas&rft.series=Global+Communications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234896146%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11647%2Fobp.0238&rft.isbn=978-1-80064-059-7&rft.aulast=Alsalem&rft.aufirst=Fatima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-485"><a href="#cite_ref-485">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=2478560&language=ar">"Kuwait Cultural Days kick off in Seoul"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_News_Agency" title="Kuwait News Agency">Kuwait News Agency</a> (in Arabic). 18 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160713142819/http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=2478560&language=ar">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Kuwait+Cultural+Days+kick+off+in+Seoul&rft.date=2015-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticlePrintPage.aspx%3Fid%3D2478560%26language%3Dar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-486"><a href="#cite_ref-486">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlhajri" class="citation thesis cs1">Alhajri, Khalifah Rashed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/793/1/uk_bl_ethos_487699.pdf">A Scenographer's Perspective on Arabic Theatre and Arab-Muslim Identity</a> (PDF) (PhD). Leeds, UK: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>. p. 207. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170304041302/http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/793/1/uk_bl_ethos_487699.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Scenographer%27s+Perspective+on+Arabic+Theatre+and+Arab-Muslim+Identity&rft.inst=University+of+Leeds&rft.aulast=Alhajri&rft.aufirst=Khalifah+Rashed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.whiterose.ac.uk%2F793%2F1%2Fuk_bl_ethos_487699.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thae-487">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thae_487-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thae_487-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505143238/https://www.y-oman.com/2013/07/shooting-the-past/">"Shooting the Past"</a>. y-oman.com. 11 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.y-oman.com/2013/07/shooting-the-past/">the original</a> on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016. <q>Most Omanis who get to study drama abroad tend to go to Kuwait or Egypt. In the Gulf, Kuwait has long been a pioneer in theatre, film and television since the establishment of its Higher Institute of Dramatic Arts (HIDA) in 1973. By contrast, there is no drama college or film school in Oman, although there is a drama course at Sultan Qaboos University.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=y-oman.com&rft.atitle=Shooting+the+Past&rft.date=2013-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.y-oman.com%2F2013%2F07%2Fshooting-the-past%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hub-488"><a href="#cite_ref-hub_488-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Hudaid2020" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Hudaid, Nada (February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lucris.lub.lu.se/ws/portalfiles/portal/121228410/RWOR_A_1735502.pdf">"Karamah ('marvel'): an exploration of the literal and ethnographic meaning of miracles among Shìa female artists in Kuwait"</a> (PDF). World Art. 10 (1): 4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21500894.2020.1735502">10.1080/21500894.2020.1735502</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216347543">216347543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Art&rft.atitle=Karamah+%28%27marvel%27%29%3A+an+exploration+of+the+literal+and+ethnographic+meaning+of+miracles+among+Sh%C3%ACa+female+artists+in+Kuwait&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2020-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21500894.2020.1735502&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216347543%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Al-Hudaid&rft.aufirst=Nada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flucris.lub.lu.se%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F121228410%2FRWOR_A_1735502.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hammond-489">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hammond_489-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hammond_489-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammond2007" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Andrew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O06bOHRW7s8C&pg=PA277">Popular Culture in the Arab World: Arts, Politics, and the Media</a>. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774160547" title="Special:BookSources/9789774160547"><bdi>9789774160547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Culture+in+the+Arab+World%3A+Arts%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+Media&rft.place=Cairo%2C+Egypt&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789774160547&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO06bOHRW7s8C%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-490"><a href="#cite_ref-490">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCavendish2006" class="citation book cs1">Cavendish, Marshall (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&pg=PA244">World and Its Peoples, Volume 1</a>. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2"><bdi>978-0-7614-7571-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102030425/https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2&rft.aulast=Cavendish&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj894miuOqc4C%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-491"><a href="#cite_ref-491">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson2010" class="citation news cs1">Watson, Katie (18 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-12025499">"Reviving Kuwait's theatre industry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111041620/http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-12025499">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Reviving+Kuwait%27s+theatre+industry&rft.date=2010-12-18&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-12025499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theat-492">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theat_492-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theat_492-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbertLeclercq2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbert, Ian; Leclercq, Nicole, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2mP5KTDn8C&pg=PA147">"An Account of the Theatre Seasons 1996–97, 1997–98 and 1998–99"</a>. The World of Theatre (2000 ed.). London: Taylor & Francis. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23866-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23866-3"><bdi>978-0-415-23866-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Account+of+the+Theatre+Seasons+1996%E2%80%9397%2C+1997%E2%80%9398+and+1998%E2%80%9399&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Theatre&rft.place=London&rft.pages=147&rft.edition=2000&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23866-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTG2mP5KTDn8C%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-493"><a href="#cite_ref-493">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRubin1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Rubin, Don, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W63OCzel54IC&pg=PA132">"Kuwait"</a>. The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre. Vol. 4: The Arab world. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05932-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05932-9"><bdi>978-0-415-05932-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kuwait&rft.btitle=The+World+Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+Theatre&rft.place=London&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05932-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW63OCzel54IC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-494"><a href="#cite_ref-494">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbertLeclercq2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbert, Ian; Leclercq, Nicole, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pWqCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA214">"World of Theatre 2003 Edition: An Account of the World's Theatre Seasons"</a>. The World of Theatre (2003 ed.). London: Taylor & Francis. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134402120" title="Special:BookSources/9781134402120"><bdi>9781134402120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=World+of+Theatre+2003+Edition%3A+An+Account+of+the+World%27s+Theatre+Seasons&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Theatre&rft.place=London&rft.pages=214&rft.edition=2003&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781134402120&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpWqCAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-495"><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod" class="citation news cs1">MacLeod, Fiona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/65da7588-65ad-11e4-a454-00144feabdc0">"The London musician who found harmony in Kuwait"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170409111502/https://www.ft.com/content/65da7588-65ad-11e4-a454-00144feabdc0">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=The+London+musician+who+found+harmony+in+Kuwait&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F65da7588-65ad-11e4-a454-00144feabdc0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-qdl-496">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qdl_496-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-qdl_496-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-qdl_496-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKillius2014" class="citation web cs1">Killius, Rolf (17 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qdl.qa/en/hidden-treasures-reflections-traditional-music-kuwait">"Hidden Treasures: Reflections on Traditional Music in Kuwait"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Digital_Library" title="Qatar Digital Library">Qatar Digital Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323143437/http://www.qdl.qa/en/hidden-treasures-reflections-traditional-music-kuwait">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hidden+Treasures%3A+Reflections+on+Traditional+Music+in+Kuwait&rft.pub=Qatar+Digital+Library&rft.date=2014-10-17&rft.aulast=Killius&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qdl.qa%2Fen%2Fhidden-treasures-reflections-traditional-music-kuwait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kwq-497">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kwq_497-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kwq_497-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kwq_497-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKillius2017" class="citation news cs1">Killius, Rolf (15 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/cradle-arabic-sawt-music-early-musician-generations-kuwait">"The Cradle of Arabic Sawt Music: The Early Musician Generations in Kuwait"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Digital_Library" title="Qatar Digital Library">Qatar Digital Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828143118/https://www.qdl.qa/en/cradle-arabic-sawt-music-early-musician-generations-kuwait">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Cradle+of+Arabic+Sawt+Music%3A+The+Early+Musician+Generations+in+Kuwait&rft.date=2017-06-15&rft.aulast=Killius&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qdl.qa%2Fen%2Fcradle-arabic-sawt-music-early-musician-generations-kuwait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-498"><a href="#cite_ref-498">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140904093725/http://news.kuwaittimes.net/archives-kuwaits-musical-heritage-heartbeat-nation/">"Kuwait's musical heritage: The heartbeat of a nation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.kuwaittimes.net/archives-kuwaits-musical-heritage-heartbeat-nation/">the original</a> on 4 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwait%27s+musical+heritage%3A+The+heartbeat+of+a+nation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.kuwaittimes.net%2Farchives-kuwaits-musical-heritage-heartbeat-nation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ya_Bahr-499"><a href="#cite_ref-Ya_Bahr_499-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChamas" class="citation web cs1">Chamas, Sophie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140613202735/http://brownbook.me/ya-bahr/">"Ya Bahr"</a>. Brownbook. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brownbook.me/ya-bahr/">the original</a> on 13 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ya+Bahr&rft.pub=Brownbook&rft.aulast=Chamas&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrownbook.me%2Fya-bahr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-500"><a href="#cite_ref-500">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aevmTZN4dBA">"The Innerworkings of Kuwaiti Pearl Diving: Ghazi AlMulaifi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 2 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606102911/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aevmTZN4dBA">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=The+Innerworkings+of+Kuwaiti+Pearl+Diving%3A+Ghazi+AlMulaifi&rft.date=2013-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DaevmTZN4dBA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rvo-501"><a href="#cite_ref-rvo_501-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920222753/https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2015/04/Creative%20Industries%20in%20the%20Gulf.pdf">"Opportunity report for Dutch businesses in Gulf region – Creative Industries"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Government of Netherlands</a>. p. 10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2015/04/Creative%20Industries%20in%20the%20Gulf.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Netherlands&rft.atitle=Opportunity+report+for+Dutch+businesses+in+Gulf+region+%E2%80%93+Creative+Industries&rft.pages=10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rvo.nl%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2015%2F04%2FCreative%2520Industries%2520in%2520the%2520Gulf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shart-502">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shart_502-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shart_502-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaid" class="citation web cs1">Said, Mustafa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amar-foundation.org/050-history-of-recording-in-the-gulf-area-part-1/">"History of Recording in the Gulf area, Part 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160715033243/http://www.amar-foundation.org/050-history-of-recording-in-the-gulf-area-part-1/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Recording+in+the+Gulf+area%2C+Part+1&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amar-foundation.org%2F050-history-of-recording-in-the-gulf-area-part-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pers-503">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pers_503-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pers_503-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUlaby" class="citation thesis cs1">Ulaby, Laith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wNsvpwAACAAJ">Performing the Past: Sea Music in the Arab Gulf States</a> (PDF) (PhD). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>. p. 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Performing+the+Past%3A+Sea+Music+in+the+Arab+Gulf+States&rft.inst=University+of+California%2C+Los+Angeles&rft.aulast=Ulaby&rft.aufirst=Laith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwNsvpwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shartw-504">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shartw_504-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shartw_504-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaid" class="citation web cs1">Said, Mustafa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amar-foundation.org/051-history-of-recording-in-the-gulf-area-part-2/">"History of Recording in the Gulf area, Part 2"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527002135/http://www.amar-foundation.org/051-history-of-recording-in-the-gulf-area-part-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Recording+in+the+Gulf+area%2C+Part+2&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amar-foundation.org%2F051-history-of-recording-in-the-gulf-area-part-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-505"><a href="#cite_ref-505">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.madamasr.com/en/2015/02/24/feature/culture/a-gulfie-record-collector-writes/">"A Gulfie record collector writes"</a>. Mada Masr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mada+Masr&rft.atitle=A+Gulfie+record+collector+writes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.madamasr.com%2Fen%2F2015%2F02%2F24%2Ffeature%2Fculture%2Fa-gulfie-record-collector-writes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuwaiti-506"><a href="#cite_ref-kuwaiti_506-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUrkevich2008" class="citation journal cs1">Urkevich, Lisa (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vFZ1AAAAMAAJ&q=Crossing+Paths+in+the+Middle+East:+Cultural+Struggles+of+Jewish-Kuwaiti+Musicians+in+the+20th+Century%22.+American+Historical+Association.">"Crossing Paths in the Middle East: Cultural Struggles of Jewish-Kuwaiti Musicians in the 20th Century"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Association" title="American Historical Association">American Historical Association</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Crossing+Paths+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Cultural+Struggles+of+Jewish-Kuwaiti+Musicians+in+the+20th+Century&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Urkevich&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvFZ1AAAAMAAJ%26q%3DCrossing%2BPaths%2Bin%2Bthe%2BMiddle%2BEast%3A%2BCultural%2BStruggles%2Bof%2BJewish-Kuwaiti%2BMusicians%2Bin%2Bthe%2B20th%2BCentury%2522.%2BAmerican%2BHistorical%2BAssociation.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sawt-507"><a href="#cite_ref-sawt_507-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabosounds.com/en/the-sawt-in-kowait/">"The Sawt in Kowait"</a>. Arab Sounds. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sawt+in+Kowait&rft.pub=Arab+Sounds&rft.date=2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabosounds.com%2Fen%2Fthe-sawt-in-kowait%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sawt_academic_study-508"><a href="#cite_ref-sawt_academic_study_508-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Ali_AlSalhi2021" class="citation web cs1">Ahmad Ali AlSalhi (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/portal/files/30299144/2018alsalhiahmadphd.pdf">"ṢAUT IN BAHRAIN AND KUWAIT: History and Creativity in Concept and Practice"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London" title="Royal Holloway, University of London">Royal Holloway, University of London</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E1%B9%A2AUT+IN+BAHRAIN+AND+KUWAIT%3A+History+and+Creativity+in+Concept+and+Practice&rft.pub=Royal+Holloway%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Ahmad+Ali+AlSalhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.royalholloway.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Ffiles%2F30299144%2F2018alsalhiahmadphd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sawt_scholarly_journal-509"><a href="#cite_ref-sawt_scholarly_journal_509-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambert2020" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Jean (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02476223/document">THE YEMENI SOURCES OF POETRY AND MUSIC IN THE SAWT OF THE GULF: THE ROLE OF THE ARABIAN DIASPORA IN INDIA</a>. <a href="/wiki/HAL_(open_archive)" title="HAL (open archive)">HAL (open archive)</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+YEMENI+SOURCES+OF+POETRY+AND+MUSIC+IN+THE+SAWT+OF+THE+GULF%3A+THE+ROLE+OF+THE+ARABIAN+DIASPORA+IN+INDIA&rft.pub=HAL+%28open+archive%29&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-02476223%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-510"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_510-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-30447043">"The Jews of Arabia"</a>. BBC News. 13 December 2014. <q>Kuwaiti musicians Daoud Al-Kuwaiti (oud) and his brother Saleh (violin).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+Jews+of+Arabia&rft.date=2014-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs-magazine-monitor-30447043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-511"><a href="#cite_ref-511">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.kuwaittimes.net/pdf/2016/may/19/p04.pdf">"International Music Festival opens in Kuwait"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913210506/http://news.kuwaittimes.net/pdf/2016/may/19/p04.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Music+Festival+opens+in+Kuwait&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.kuwaittimes.net%2Fpdf%2F2016%2Fmay%2F19%2Fp04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohiol-512"><a href="#cite_ref-ohiol_512-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=2503036&language=en">"Int'l Music Festival opens in Kuwait"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_News_Agency" title="Kuwait News Agency">Kuwait News Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911034628/http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=2503036&language=en">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Int%27l+Music+Festival+opens+in+Kuwait&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticlePrintPage.aspx%3Fid%3D2503036%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-513"><a href="#cite_ref-513">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jacc-kw.com/">"Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad Cultural Centre"</a>. jacc-kw.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jacc-kw.com&rft.atitle=Sheikh+Jaber+Al+Ahmad+Cultural+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjacc-kw.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-soton-514">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soton_514-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-soton_514-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-soton_514-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-soton_514-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlderaiwaish" class="citation thesis cs1">Alderaiwaish, Ahmad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/370714/1/Ahmad%2520Alderaiwaish.pdf">Teaching the Clarinet in Kuwait: Creating A Curriculum for the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training</a> (PDF) (PhD). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a>. pp. 51–55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825231804/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/370714/1/Ahmad%2520Alderaiwaish.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Teaching+the+Clarinet+in+Kuwait%3A+Creating+A+Curriculum+for+the+Public+Authority+for+Applied+Education+and+Training&rft.inst=University+of+Southampton&rft.aulast=Alderaiwaish&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soton.ac.uk%2F370714%2F1%2FAhmad%252520Alderaiwaish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohiocsw-515">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ohiocsw_515-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohiocsw_515-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohiocsw_515-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohiocsw_515-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlyoser" class="citation thesis cs1">Alyoser, Abdulaziz Z. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/486018ada5df664329a9b42cf7d51e42/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y">Self-Reported Attitudes and Practices of Music Instructors in Kuwait regarding Adult Music Learners</a> (PhD). <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a>. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826025927/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=case1467218380&disposition=inline">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Self-Reported+Attitudes+and+Practices+of+Music+Instructors+in+Kuwait+regarding+Adult+Music+Learners&rft.inst=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.aulast=Alyoser&rft.aufirst=Abdulaziz+Z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F486018ada5df664329a9b42cf7d51e42%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D18750%26diss%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohiol2-516">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ohiol2_516-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohiol2_516-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohiol2_516-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Faraj" class="citation thesis cs1">Al-Faraj, Hamed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/fa9142959884761ae08f649f4deb1b6c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y">Kuwait music educators' perspectives regarding the general goals for music education in Kuwait</a> (PhD). <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a>. pp. 23–26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826030105/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=case1491489220798265&disposition=inline">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Kuwait+music+educators%27+perspectives+regarding+the+general+goals+for+music+education+in+Kuwait&rft.inst=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.aulast=Al-Faraj&rft.aufirst=Hamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2Ffa9142959884761ae08f649f4deb1b6c%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D18750%26diss%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-517"><a href="#cite_ref-517">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025230857/http://www.kuwaitembassy.at/index.php/kuwait/kuwait-culture">"Culture of Kuwait"</a>. Kuwait Embassy in Austria. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuwaitembassy.at/index.php/kuwait/kuwait-culture">the original</a> on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Culture+of+Kuwait&rft.pub=Kuwait+Embassy+in+Austria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuwaitembassy.at%2Findex.php%2Fkuwait%2Fkuwait-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roughguide-518"><a href="#cite_ref-roughguide_518-0">^</a> Badley, Bill. "Sounds of the Arabian Peninsula". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 351–354. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0">1-85828-636-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-movemnt-519">^ <a href="#cite_ref-movemnt_519-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-movemnt_519-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBloomSheila2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bloom, Jonathan; Sheila, Blair, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA405">Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set</a> (2009 ed.). London: Oxford University Press. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1"><bdi>978-0-19-530991-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430090859/https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+%26+Architecture%3A+Three-Volume+Set&rft.place=London&rft.pages=405&rft.edition=2009&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530991-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dun4WcfEASZwC%26pg%3DRA1-PA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-520"><a href="#cite_ref-520">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZuhur2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zuhur, Sherifa, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOVPaLXjjsAC">Colors of Enchantment: Theater, Dance, Music, and the Visual Arts of the Middle East</a> (2001 ed.). New York: American University in Cairo Press. p. 383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781617974809" title="Special:BookSources/9781617974809"><bdi>9781617974809</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colors+of+Enchantment%3A+Theater%2C+Dance%2C+Music%2C+and+the+Visual+Arts+of+the+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=383&rft.edition=2001&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781617974809&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMOVPaLXjjsAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-521"><a href="#cite_ref-521">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsheim" class="citation web cs1">Asheim, Bjørn T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710120935/http://kfas.org/media/06ad8542-ef34-42b1-a274-1d854f5c9407/CtBx-A/Studies%20and%20Research%20Papers/An%20Innovation%20driven%20Economic%20Diversification%20Strategy%20for%20Kuwait.pdf">"An Innovation driven Economic Diversification Strategy for Kuwait"</a> (PDF). Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences. pp. 49–50. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kfas.org/media/06ad8542-ef34-42b1-a274-1d854f5c9407/CtBx-A/Studies%20and%20Research%20Papers/An%20Innovation%20driven%20Economic%20Diversification%20Strategy%20for%20Kuwait.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Innovation+driven+Economic+Diversification+Strategy+for+Kuwait&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Kuwait+Foundation+for+the+Advancement+of+Sciences&rft.aulast=Asheim&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B8rn+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kfas.org%2Fmedia%2F06ad8542-ef34-42b1-a274-1d854f5c9407%2FCtBx-A%2FStudies%2520and%2520Research%2520Papers%2FAn%2520Innovation%2520driven%2520Economic%2520Diversification%2520Strategy%2520for%2520Kuwait.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-522"><a href="#cite_ref-522">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl_Qassemi2013" class="citation news cs1">Al Qassemi, Sultan Sooud (22 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/11/gulf-visual-arts-modern-indigenous-tradition-misconception.html#">"Correcting misconceptions of the Gulf's modern art movement"</a>. Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129020838/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/11/gulf-visual-arts-modern-indigenous-tradition-misconception.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor%3A+The+Pulse+of+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Correcting+misconceptions+of+the+Gulf%27s+modern+art+movement&rft.date=2013-11-22&rft.aulast=Al+Qassemi&rft.aufirst=Sultan+Sooud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2013%2F11%2Fgulf-visual-arts-modern-indigenous-tradition-misconception.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-523"><a href="#cite_ref-523">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129051742/http://ateliervoyage.com/destinations/?land=kuwait">"Kuwait"</a>. Atelier Voyage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ateliervoyage.com/destinations/?land=kuwait">the original</a> on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atelier+Voyage&rft.atitle=Kuwait&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fateliervoyage.com%2Fdestinations%2F%3Fland%3Dkuwait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-524"><a href="#cite_ref-524">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhouri2014" class="citation web cs1">Khouri, Kristine (15 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arteeast.org/quarterly/mapping-arab-art-through-the-sultan-gallery/">"Mapping Arab Art through the Sultan Gallery"</a>. ArteEast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011010704/http://arteeast.org/quarterly/mapping-arab-art-through-the-sultan-gallery/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapping+Arab+Art+through+the+Sultan+Gallery&rft.pub=ArteEast&rft.date=2014-04-15&rft.aulast=Khouri&rft.aufirst=Kristine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farteeast.org%2Fquarterly%2Fmapping-arab-art-through-the-sultan-gallery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-525"><a href="#cite_ref-525">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jsr5SSWKfPQ">"The Sultan Gallery – Kristine Khouri"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 26 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118010904/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jsr5SSWKfPQ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=The+Sultan+Gallery+%E2%80%93+Kristine+Khouri&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DJsr5SSWKfPQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-526"><a href="#cite_ref-526">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuwaitembassy.at/index.php/kuwait/kuwait-culture">"Culture of Kuwait"</a>. Kuwait Embassy in Austria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402081106/http://www.kuwaitembassy.at/index.php/kuwait/kuwait-culture">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Culture+of+Kuwait&rft.pub=Kuwait+Embassy+in+Austria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuwaitembassy.at%2Findex.php%2Fkuwait%2Fkuwait-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-527"><a href="#cite_ref-527">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artkuwait.org/art-galleries-art-museums-art-institutions-exhibition-halls-in-kuwait">"Art Galleries and Art Museums in Kuwait"</a>. Art Kuwait. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170503115416/http://artkuwait.org/art-galleries-art-museums-art-institutions-exhibition-halls-in-kuwait">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art+Galleries+and+Art+Museums+in+Kuwait&rft.pub=Art+Kuwait&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartkuwait.org%2Fart-galleries-art-museums-art-institutions-exhibition-halls-in-kuwait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-528"><a href="#cite_ref-528">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reconnectingarts.com/2017/01/29/egyptian-artist-fatma-talks-about-the-gateway-to-human-faces-and-equality-for-all/">"Egyptian Artist Fatma, talks about the gateway to human faces and equality for all"</a>. Reconnecting Arts. 29 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822134034/https://reconnectingarts.com/2017/01/29/egyptian-artist-fatma-talks-about-the-gateway-to-human-faces-and-equality-for-all/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reconnecting+Arts&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Artist+Fatma%2C+talks+about+the+gateway+to+human+faces+and+equality+for+all&rft.date=2017-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freconnectingarts.com%2F2017%2F01%2F29%2Fegyptian-artist-fatma-talks-about-the-gateway-to-human-faces-and-equality-for-all%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-529"><a href="#cite_ref-529">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reconnectingarts.com/2017/04/03/kuwaiti-artist-rua-alshaheen-tells-us-about-recycling-existing-elements-to-tell-a-new-narrative/">"Kuwaiti Artist Rua AlShaheen tells us about recycling existing elements to tell a new narrative"</a>. Reconnecting Arts. 3 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170405035901/https://reconnectingarts.com/2017/04/03/kuwaiti-artist-rua-alshaheen-tells-us-about-recycling-existing-elements-to-tell-a-new-narrative/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reconnecting+Arts&rft.atitle=Kuwaiti+Artist+Rua+AlShaheen+tells+us+about+recycling+existing+elements+to+tell+a+new+narrative&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freconnectingarts.com%2F2017%2F04%2F03%2Fkuwaiti-artist-rua-alshaheen-tells-us-about-recycling-existing-elements-to-tell-a-new-narrative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-530"><a href="#cite_ref-530">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.alostouramagazine.com/2017/05/04/farah-behbehani-the-story-of-the-letter-haa/">"Farah Behbehani & the Story of the letter Haa '"</a>. Al Ostoura Magazine. 4 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822094804/https://eng.alostouramagazine.com/2017/05/04/farah-behbehani-the-story-of-the-letter-haa/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Ostoura+Magazine&rft.atitle=Farah+Behbehani+%26+the+Story+of+the+letter+Haa+%27&rft.date=2017-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.alostouramagazine.com%2F2017%2F05%2F04%2Ffarah-behbehani-the-story-of-the-letter-haa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-531"><a href="#cite_ref-531">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuayad_H.2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Muayad H., Hussain (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/3909/1/Hussain_12_PhD_v1.pdf">Modern Art from Kuwait: Khalifa Qattan and Circulism</a> (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Birmingham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011005806/http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/3909/1/Hussain_12_PhD_v1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Modern+Art+from+Kuwait%3A+Khalifa+Qattan+and+Circulism&rft.inst=University+of+Birmingham&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Muayad+H.&rft.aufirst=Hussain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.bham.ac.uk%2F3909%2F1%2FHussain_12_PhD_v1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-532"><a href="#cite_ref-532">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khalifaqattan.com/about-khalifa-qattan/">"Khalifa Qattan, Founder of Circulism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129023638/http://www.khalifaqattan.com/about-khalifa-qattan/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khalifa+Qattan%2C+Founder+of+Circulism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khalifaqattan.com%2Fabout-khalifa-qattan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-533"><a href="#cite_ref-533">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxgaps.org/files/interview_al-youha.pdf">"Interview with Ali Al-Youha – Secretary General of Kuwait National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters (NCCAL)"</a> (PDF). oxgaps.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803012022/http://www.oxgaps.org/files/interview_al-youha.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oxgaps.org&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Ali+Al-Youha+%E2%80%93+Secretary+General+of+Kuwait+National+Council+for+Culture%2C+Arts+and+Letters+%28NCCAL%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxgaps.org%2Ffiles%2Finterview_al-youha.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-534"><a href="#cite_ref-534">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=2485541&language=en">"Kuwait celebrates formative arts festival"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_News_Agency" title="Kuwait News Agency">Kuwait News Agency</a> (KUNA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331115755/http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=2485541&language=en">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+News+Agency+%28KUNA%29&rft.atitle=Kuwait+celebrates+formative+arts+festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticlePrintPage.aspx%3Fid%3D2485541%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-535"><a href="#cite_ref-535">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2591882&language=en">"KAA honors winners of His Highness Amir formative arts award"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_News_Agency" title="Kuwait News Agency">Kuwait News Agency</a> (KUNA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331120238/http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2591882&language=en">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kuwait+News+Agency+%28KUNA%29&rft.atitle=KAA+honors+winners+of+His+Highness+Amir+formative+arts+award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticleDetails.aspx%3Fid%3D2591882%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-biennial-536">^ <a href="#cite_ref-biennial_536-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-biennial_536-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331205003/http://www.aaa.org.hk/Collection/Details/13716">"12th Kuwait International Biennial"</a>. AsiaArt archive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaa.org.hk/Collection/Details/13716">the original</a> on 31 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=12th+Kuwait+International+Biennial&rft.pub=AsiaArt+archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaa.org.hk%2FCollection%2FDetails%2F13716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-537"><a href="#cite_ref-537">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/s9727e/s9727e03.htm">"Consumption of fish and shellfish and the regional markets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. Retrieved 8 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumption+of+fish+and+shellfish+and+the+regional+markets&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2Fs9727e%2Fs9727e03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tareqrajabmuseum-538">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tareqrajabmuseum_538-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tareqrajabmuseum_538-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trmkt.org/">"Home"</a>. Tareq Rajab Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tareq+Rajab+Museum&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrmkt.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-539"><a href="#cite_ref-539">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuwait2017" class="citation web cs1">Kuwait, Adrian Murphy Main Image: a rain forest at the Sheikh Abdullah Al Salam Cultural Centre in (30 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://advisor.museumsandheritage.com/features/beck-international-museum-fit-breaking-boundaries-whats-possible/">"BECK – international museum fit-out: breaking the boundaries of what's possible"</a>. Museums + Heritage Advisor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museums+%2B+Heritage+Advisor&rft.atitle=BECK+%E2%80%93+international+museum+fit-out%3A+breaking+the+boundaries+of+what%27s+possible&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft.aulast=Kuwait&rft.aufirst=Adrian+Murphy+Main+Image%3A+a+rain+forest+at+the+Sheikh+Abdullah+Al+Salam+Cultural+Centre+in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadvisor.museumsandheritage.com%2Ffeatures%2Fbeck-international-museum-fit-breaking-boundaries-whats-possible%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-540"><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_540-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412145908/https://www.cbastudios.com/usr/projects/96/0248-sasaa-cultural-museum-kuwait.pdf">"Kuwait Cultural Centre"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbastudios.com/usr/projects/96/0248-sasaa-cultural-museum-kuwait.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwait+Cultural+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbastudios.com%2Fusr%2Fprojects%2F96%2F0248-sasaa-cultural-museum-kuwait.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-541"><a href="#cite_ref-541">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myartguides.com/art-spaces/museums/kuwait-museum-of-modern-art/">"Kuwait Museum of Modern Art"</a>. myartguides.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170518235118/http://myartguides.com/art-spaces/museums/kuwait-museum-of-modern-art/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=myartguides.com&rft.atitle=Kuwait+Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyartguides.com%2Fart-spaces%2Fmuseums%2Fkuwait-museum-of-modern-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tookuw-542"><a href="#cite_ref-tookuw_542-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207204436/https://timesofoman.com/article/53142/Lifestyle/Travel/Top-tourism-attractions-for-traveler-exploring-Kuwait-city">"Top tourism attractions in Kuwait city"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_Oman" title="Times of Oman">Times of Oman</a>. 8 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesofoman.com/article/53142/Lifestyle/Travel/Top-tourism-attractions-for-traveler-exploring-Kuwait-city">the original</a> on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Oman&rft.atitle=Top+tourism+attractions+in+Kuwait+city&rft.date=2015-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofoman.com%2Farticle%2F53142%2FLifestyle%2FTravel%2FTop-tourism-attractions-for-traveler-exploring-Kuwait-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-543"><a href="#cite_ref-543">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YqsxAQAAIAAJ&q=%22DHOW+AMAZING%21%22">Guinness World Records 2002</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness World Records Limited">Guinness World Records Limited</a>. 2001. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851121241" title="Special:BookSources/0851121241"><bdi>0851121241</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records+2002&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records+Limited&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0851121241&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYqsxAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522DHOW%2BAMAZING%2521%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-544"><a href="#cite_ref-544">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonzales2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gonzales, Desi (November–December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224135926/http://www.artpapers.org/feature_articles/feature3_2014_1112.html">"Acquiring Modernity: Kuwait at the 14th International Architecture Exhibition"</a>. Art Papers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artpapers.org/feature_articles/feature3_2014_1112.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+Papers&rft.atitle=Acquiring+Modernity%3A+Kuwait+at+the+14th+International+Architecture+Exhibition&rft.date=2014-11%2F2014-12&rft.aulast=Gonzales&rft.aufirst=Desi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artpapers.org%2Ffeature_articles%2Ffeature3_2014_1112.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-modmus-545">^ <a href="#cite_ref-modmus_545-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-modmus_545-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-modmus_545-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFExell2016" class="citation book cs1">Exell, Karen (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQu4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA169">Modernity and the Museum in the Arabian Peninsula</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 147–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317279006" title="Special:BookSources/9781317279006"><bdi>9781317279006</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416061105/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQu4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA169">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernity+and+the+Museum+in+the+Arabian+Peninsula&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317279006&rft.aulast=Exell&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwQu4CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-546"><a href="#cite_ref-546">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thealsabahcollection.com">"HOME - The Al-Sabah Collection"</a>. thealsabahcollection.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thealsabahcollection.com&rft.atitle=HOME+-+The+Al-Sabah+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthealsabahcollection.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dai-547">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dai_547-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dai_547-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dai_547-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220806130909/https://darmuseum.com/amricani-cultural-centre/">"Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah at Amricani Cultural Centre"</a>. darmuseum.org.kw. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://darmuseum.com/amricani-cultural-centre/">the original</a> on 6 August 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=darmuseum.org.kw&rft.atitle=Dar+al-Athar+al-Islamiyyah+at+Amricani+Cultural+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdarmuseum.com%2Famricani-cultural-centre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dai_two-548">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dai_two_548-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dai_two_548-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220806130928/https://darmuseum.com/yarmouk-cultural-centre/">"Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah at Yarmouk Cultural Centre"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://darmuseum.com/yarmouk-cultural-centre/">the original</a> on 6 August 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dar+al-Athar+al-Islamiyyah+at+Yarmouk+Cultural+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdarmuseum.com%2Fyarmouk-cultural-centre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-549"><a href="#cite_ref-549">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capkuwait.com/about">"Abous Us – CAPKuwait"</a>. capkuwait.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=capkuwait.com&rft.atitle=Abous+Us+%E2%80%93+CAPKuwait&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capkuwait.com%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-550"><a href="#cite_ref-550">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artkuwait.org/2013/04/first-art-library-in-kuwait.html">"First Art Library in Kuwait"</a>. artkuwait.org. 29 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222030020/http://www.artkuwait.org/2013/04/first-art-library-in-kuwait.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artkuwait.org&rft.atitle=First+Art+Library+in+Kuwait&rft.date=2013-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartkuwait.org%2F2013%2F04%2Ffirst-art-library-in-kuwait.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-551"><a href="#cite_ref-551">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibraaz.org/interviews/163">"The Great Journey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ibraaz" title="Ibraaz">Ibraaz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127004349/https://www.ibraaz.org/interviews/163">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ibraaz&rft.atitle=The+Great+Journey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibraaz.org%2Finterviews%2F163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trans-552">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trans_552-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trans_552-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFExcellWakefield2016" class="citation book cs1">Excell, Karen; Wakefield, Sarina, eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EkAnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137">Museums in Arabia: Transnational Practices and Regional Processes</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 137–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317092766" title="Special:BookSources/9781317092766"><bdi>9781317092766</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416060250/https://books.google.com/books?id=EkAnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137&lpg=PA137">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Museums+in+Arabia%3A+Transnational+Practices+and+Regional+Processes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317092766&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEkAnDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-553"><a href="#cite_ref-553">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFExell2016" class="citation book cs1">Exell, Karen (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQu4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176">Modernity and the Museum in the Arabian Peninsula</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317279006" title="Special:BookSources/9781317279006"><bdi>9781317279006</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416061239/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQu4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernity+and+the+Museum+in+the+Arabian+Peninsula&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317279006&rft.aulast=Exell&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwQu4CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-554"><a href="#cite_ref-554">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlazemi" class="citation thesis cs1">Alazemi, Einas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/359887/">The role of fashion design in the construct of national identity of Kuwaiti women in the 21st century</a> (PhD). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a>. pp. 140–199. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822095613/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/359887/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+role+of+fashion+design+in+the+construct+of+national+identity+of+Kuwaiti+women+in+the+21st+century&rft.inst=University+of+Southampton&rft.aulast=Alazemi&rft.aufirst=Einas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soton.ac.uk%2F359887%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-venez2-555"><a href="#cite_ref-venez2_555-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl_Sager2014" class="citation book cs1">Al Sager, Noura, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=201yBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">Acquiring Modernity: Kuwait's Modern Era Between Memory and Forgetting</a>. National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789990604238" title="Special:BookSources/9789990604238"><bdi>9789990604238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acquiring+Modernity%3A+Kuwait%27s+Modern+Era+Between+Memory+and+Forgetting&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=National+Council+for+Culture%2C+Arts+and+Letters&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789990604238&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D201yBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-556"><a href="#cite_ref-556">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamad_H._Albloshi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hamad H. Albloshi (9 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bakerinstitute.org/research/social-activism-and-political-change-kuwait-2006">"Social Activism and Political Change in Kuwait Since 2006"</a>. Issue Brief.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issue+Brief&rft.atitle=Social+Activism+and+Political+Change+in+Kuwait+Since+2006&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft.au=Hamad+H.+Albloshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bakerinstitute.org%2Fresearch%2Fsocial-activism-and-political-change-kuwait-2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-557"><a href="#cite_ref-557">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamad_H._Albloshi" class="citation web cs1">Hamad H. Albloshi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342902339">"Kuwait's National Assembly: Roles and Dynamics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwait%27s+National+Assembly%3A+Roles+and+Dynamics&rft.au=Hamad+H.+Albloshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F342902339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-558"><a href="#cite_ref-558">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2014/509985/IPOL_STU(2014)509985_EN.pdf">"The Situation of Women in the Gulf States"</a> (PDF). p. 18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606133834/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2014/509985/IPOL_STU(2014)509985_EN.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Situation+of+Women+in+the+Gulf+States&rft.pages=18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2FRegData%2Fetudes%2FSTUD%2F2014%2F509985%2FIPOL_STU%282014%29509985_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-559"><a href="#cite_ref-559">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung2015" class="citation web cs1">Young, Karen E. (17 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170617032643/http://www.agsiw.org/small-victories-for-gcc-women-more-educated-more-unemployed/">"Small Victories for GCC Women: More Educated, More Unemployed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Arab_Gulf_States_Institute" title="The Arab Gulf States Institute">The Arab Gulf States Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agsiw.org/small-victories-for-gcc-women-more-educated-more-unemployed/">the original</a> on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Arab+Gulf+States+Institute&rft.atitle=Small+Victories+for+GCC+Women%3A+More+Educated%2C+More+Unemployed&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Karen+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agsiw.org%2Fsmall-victories-for-gcc-women-more-educated-more-unemployed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-560"><a href="#cite_ref-560">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung" class="citation web cs1">Young, Karen E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822093550/http://www.oxgaps.org/files/analysis_young_spring_2017.pdf">"More Educated, Less Employed: The Paradox of Women's Employment in the Gulf"</a> (PDF). pp. 7–8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxgaps.org/files/analysis_young_spring_2017.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+Educated%2C+Less+Employed%3A+The+Paradox+of+Women%27s+Employment+in+the+Gulf&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Karen+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxgaps.org%2Ffiles%2Fanalysis_young_spring_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-561"><a href="#cite_ref-561">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephenson" class="citation news cs1">Stephenson, Lindsey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1271909">"Women and the Malleability of the Kuwaiti Diwaniyya"</a>. p. 190. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806162420/http://www.academia.edu/1271909/Women_and_the_Malleability_of_the_Kuwaiti_Diwaniyya">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Women+and+the+Malleability+of+the+Kuwaiti+Diwaniyya&rft.pages=190&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1271909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-562"><a href="#cite_ref-562">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSakr2004" class="citation book cs1">Sakr, Naomi (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u_vIR5Y-LK8C&pg=PA122">Women and Media in the Middle East: Power Through Self-Expression</a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-545-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-545-7"><bdi>978-1-85043-545-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219121906/https://books.google.com/books?id=u_vIR5Y-LK8C&pg=PA122">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Media+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Power+Through+Self-Expression&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-545-7&rft.aulast=Sakr&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du_vIR5Y-LK8C%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-563"><a href="#cite_ref-563">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarwish2009" class="citation book cs1">Darwish, Ali (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJcYgHVmV58C&pg=PA120">Social Semiotics of Arabic Satellite Television: Beyond the Glamour</a>. Writescope Publishers. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9757419-8-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9757419-8-6"><bdi>978-0-9757419-8-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529134628/https://books.google.com/books?id=IJcYgHVmV58C">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Semiotics+of+Arabic+Satellite+Television%3A+Beyond+the+Glamour&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Writescope+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9757419-8-6&rft.aulast=Darwish&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIJcYgHVmV58C%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-564"><a href="#cite_ref-564">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/report-types/freedom-press">"Freedom of the Press – Scores and Status Data 1980–2014"</a>. Freedom House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317202328/https://freedomhouse.org/report-types/freedom-press">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+the+Press+%E2%80%93+Scores+and+Status+Data+1980%E2%80%932014&rft.pub=Freedom+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Freport-types%2Ffreedom-press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prfr-565"><a href="#cite_ref-prfr_565-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chronicle.fanack.com/kuwait/society-media-culture/media/press-freedom/">"Press Freedom"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927123112/https://chronicle.fanack.com/kuwait/society-media-culture/media/press-freedom/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2015. <q>Since 2005, Kuwait has earned the highest ranking of all Arab countries on the annual Press Freedom Index of Reporters Without Borders.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Freedom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.fanack.com%2Fkuwait%2Fsociety-media-culture%2Fmedia%2Fpress-freedom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fanak-566">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fanak_566-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fanak_566-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chronicle.fanack.com/kuwait/society-media-culture/media/press-freedom/">"Kuwait Press Freedom"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927123112/https://chronicle.fanack.com/kuwait/society-media-culture/media/press-freedom/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwait+Press+Freedom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.fanack.com%2Fkuwait%2Fsociety-media-culture%2Fmedia%2Fpress-freedom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-isr-567">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isr_567-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isr_567-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index-20112012">"Press Freedom Index 2011–2012"</a>. 20 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914133131/https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index-20112012">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Freedom+Index+2011%E2%80%932012&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fworld-press-freedom-index-20112012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indi-568">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indi_568-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indi_568-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index-2013">"Press Freedom Index 2013"</a>. 2 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914162037/https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index-2013">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Freedom+Index+2013&rft.date=2016-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fworld-press-freedom-index-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indextwo-569">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indextwo_569-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indextwo_569-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index-2014">"World Press Freedom Index 2014 – Reporters Without Borders"</a>. 2 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914160636/https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index-2014">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Press+Freedom+Index+2014+%E2%80%93+Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.date=2016-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fworld-press-freedom-index-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-570"><a href="#cite_ref-570">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/worldwide-press-freedom-index-2006">"Press Freedom Index 2006"</a>. 20 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914160727/https://rsf.org/en/worldwide-press-freedom-index-2006">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Freedom+Index+2006&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fworldwide-press-freedom-index-2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-571"><a href="#cite_ref-571">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/worldwide-press-freedom-index-2007">"Press Freedom Index 2007"</a>. 20 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914171341/https://rsf.org/en/worldwide-press-freedom-index-2007">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Freedom+Index+2007&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fworldwide-press-freedom-index-2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-572"><a href="#cite_ref-572">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index-2008">"Press Freedom Index 2008"</a>. 20 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914114832/https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index-2008">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Freedom+Index+2008&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fworld-press-freedom-index-2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ofa-573">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ofa_573-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ofa_573-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index-2009">"Press Freedom Index 2009"</a>. 20 April 2016. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914135149/https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index-2009">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Freedom+Index+2009&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fworld-press-freedom-index-2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-574"><a href="#cite_ref-574">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index-2010">"Press Freedom Index 2010"</a>. 20 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914132934/https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index-2010">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Freedom+Index+2010&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fworld-press-freedom-index-2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lead-575"><a href="#cite_ref-lead_575-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/07/23/operation-roll-back-kuwaiti-freedom">"Operation Roll Back Kuwaiti Freedom"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 21 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103212941/http://www.hrw.org/news/2010/07/23/operation-roll-back-kuwaiti-freedom">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operation+Roll+Back+Kuwaiti+Freedom&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2010-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2010%2F07%2F23%2Foperation-roll-back-kuwaiti-freedom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-576"><a href="#cite_ref-576">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTP2010--Final%20Booklet_5May.pdf">"Freedom of the Press 2010"</a> (PDF). p. 25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011005714/https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTP2010--Final%20Booklet_5May.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+the+Press+2010&rft.pages=25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FFOTP2010--Final%2520Booklet_5May.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-577"><a href="#cite_ref-577">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTP%202009%20Full%20Release%20Booklet.pdf">"Freedom of the Press 2009"</a> (PDF). p. 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227165109/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTP%202009%20Full%20Release%20Booklet.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+the+Press+2009&rft.pages=20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FFOTP%25202009%2520Full%2520Release%2520Booklet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-578"><a href="#cite_ref-578">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTP2008Booklet.pdf">"Freedom of the Press 2008"</a> (PDF). p. 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011005737/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTP2008Booklet.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+the+Press+2008&rft.pages=24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FFOTP2008Booklet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-579"><a href="#cite_ref-579">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2006-press-freedom-book-v3%20final.pdf">"Freedom of the Press 2006"</a> (PDF). p. 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141230010038/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2006-press-freedom-book-v3%20final.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+the+Press+2006&rft.pages=15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2006-press-freedom-book-v3%2520final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-580"><a href="#cite_ref-580">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTP%202007%20Full%20Report.pdf">"Freedom of the Press 2007"</a> (PDF). p. 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011005622/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTP%202007%20Full%20Report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+the+Press+2007&rft.pages=21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FFOTP%25202007%2520Full%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-581"><a href="#cite_ref-581">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTP%202005%20Full%20Report.pdf">"Freedom of the Press 2005"</a> (PDF). p. 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141230014023/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTP%202005%20Full%20Report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+the+Press+2005&rft.pages=15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FFOTP%25202005%2520Full%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-582"><a href="#cite_ref-582">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1897106&language=en">"Kuwaiti literature interacts with foreign literature – study"</a>. KUNA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KUNA&rft.atitle=Kuwaiti+literature+interacts+with+foreign+literature+%E2%80%93+study&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticleDetails.aspx%3Fid%3D1897106%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-583"><a href="#cite_ref-583">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSzemberg,_SzymonPodnieks,_Andrew2008" class="citation web cs1">Szemberg, Szymon; Podnieks, Andrew (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-42.html">"Story #42;Breakup of old Europe creates a new hockey world"</a>. International Ice Hockey Federation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615155631/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-42.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Ice+Hockey+Federation&rft.atitle=Story+%2342%3BBreakup+of+old+Europe+creates+a+new+hockey+world&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Szemberg%2C+Szymon&rft.au=Podnieks%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iihf.com%2Fiihf-home%2Fthe-iihf%2F100-year-anniversary%2F100-top-stories%2Fstory-42.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-584"><a href="#cite_ref-584">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101228102759/http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/article/welcome-georgia-kuwait.html?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2912&cHash=397959c9ce">"Welcome, Georgia & Kuwait"</a>. International Ice Hockey Federation. 13 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/article/welcome-georgia-kuwait.html?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2912&cHash=397959c9ce">the original</a> on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Ice+Hockey+Federation&rft.atitle=Welcome%2C+Georgia+%26+Kuwait&rft.date=2009-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iihf.com%2Fhome-of-hockey%2Fnews%2Fnews-singleview%2Farticle%2Fwelcome-georgia-kuwait.html%3Ftx_ttnews%255BbackPid%255D%3D2912%26cHash%3D397959c9ce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-585"><a href="#cite_ref-585">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=2437767&language=en">"Kuwait wins IIHF Ice Hockey Challenge Cup of Asia"</a>. 12 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204193348/http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=2437767&language=en">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwait+wins+IIHF+Ice+Hockey+Challenge+Cup+of+Asia&rft.date=2015-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticlePrintPage.aspx%3Fid%3D2437767%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-586"><a href="#cite_ref-586">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.kuwaittimes.net/kuwait-top-ice-hockey-challenge-cup/">"Kuwait top ice hockey Challenge Cup"</a>. 12 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204123012/http://news.kuwaittimes.net/kuwait-top-ice-hockey-challenge-cup/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuwait+top+ice+hockey+Challenge+Cup&rft.date=2015-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.kuwaittimes.net%2Fkuwait-top-ice-hockey-challenge-cup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-587"><a href="#cite_ref-587">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gulftoday.ae/sport/2020/02/14/double-delight-for-team-abu-dhabi-riders-at-kuwait-grand-prix">"Double delight for Team Abu Dhabi riders at Kuwait Grand Prix"</a>. www.gulftoday.ae.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gulftoday.ae&rft.atitle=Double+delight+for+Team+Abu+Dhabi+riders+at+Kuwait+Grand+Prix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gulftoday.ae%2Fsport%2F2020%2F02%2F14%2Fdouble-delight-for-team-abu-dhabi-riders-at-kuwait-grand-prix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-588"><a href="#cite_ref-588">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gdnonline.com/Details/1071405/Kuwait-names-red-fox-the-official-mascot-of-Third-GCC-Games">"Kuwait: Kuwait names red fox the official mascot of Third GCC Games"</a>. www.gdnonline.com. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gdnonline.com&rft.atitle=Kuwait%3A+Kuwait+names+red+fox+the+official+mascot+of+Third+GCC+Games&rft.date=2017-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdnonline.com%2FDetails%2F1071405%2FKuwait-names-red-fox-the-official-mascot-of-Third-GCC-Games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Hakima1983" class="citation book cs1">Abu-Hakima, Ahmad Mustafa, ed. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C4K9AAAAIAAJ">The Modern History of Kuwait: 1750–1965</a>. London: Luzac & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7189-0259-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7189-0259-9"><bdi>978-0-7189-0259-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+History+of+Kuwait%3A+1750%E2%80%931965&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Luzac+%26+Company&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-7189-0259-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC4K9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Hakima1965" class="citation book cs1">Abu-Hakima, Ahmad Mustafa, ed. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v_FtAAAAMAAJ">History of Eastern Arabia, 1750–1800: The rise and development of Bahrain and Kuwait</a>. Bahrain: Khayats.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Eastern+Arabia%2C+1750%E2%80%931800%3A+The+rise+and+development+of+Bahrain+and+Kuwait&rft.place=Bahrain&rft.pub=Khayats&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv_FtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bianco, C. (2020a). The GCC monarchies: Perceptions of the Iranian threat amid shifting geopolitics. The International Spectator, 55(2), 92–107.</li> <li>Bianco, C. (2020b). A Gulf apart: How Europe can gain influence with the Gulf Cooperation Council. European Council on Foreign Relations, February 2020. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ecfr.eu/archive/page/-/a_gulf_apart_how_europe_can_gain_influence_with_gulf_cooperation_council.pdf">[1]</a>.</li> <li>Bianco, C. (2021). Can Europe Choreograph a Saudi-Iranian Détente? European University Institute, Robert Schuman Center for Advanced Studies, Middle East Directions. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/70351/PB_2021_10-MED.pdf?sequence=1">[2]</a>.</li> <li>Bianco, C., & Stansfield, G. (2018). The intra-GCC crises: Mapping GCC fragmentation after 2011. International Affairs, 94(3), 613–635.</li> <li>Miniaoui, Héla, ed. Economic Development in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: From Rentier States to Diversified Economies. Vol. 1. Springer Nature, 2020.</li> <li>Guzansky, Y., & Even, S. (2020). The economic crisis in the Gulf States: A challenge to the "contract" between rulers and ruled. INSS Insight No. 1327, 1 June 2020. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.INSS.org.il/publication/gulf-states-economy/?offset=7&posts=201&outher=Yoel%20Guzansky">[3]</a>.</li> <li>Guzansky, Y., & Marshall, Z. A. (2020). The Abraham accords: Immediate significance and long-term implications. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, 1–11.</li> <li>Guzansky, Y., & Segal, E. (2020). All in the family: Leadership changes in the Gulf. INSS Insight No. 1378, 30 August 2020. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.INSS.org.il/publication/gulf-royal-families/?offset=1&posts=201&outher=Yoel%20Guzansky">[4]</a></li> <li>Guzansky, Y., & Winter, O. (2020). Apolitical Normalization: A New Approach to Jews in Arab States. INSS Insight No. 1332, 8 June 2020. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.INSS.org.il/publication/judaism-in-the-arab-world/?offset=5&posts=201&outher=Yoel%20Guzansky">[5]</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTauschHeshmatiKaroui2015" class="citation book cs1">Tausch, Arno; Heshmati, Almas; Karoui, Hichem (2015). The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world (1st ed.). New York: Nova Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62948-899-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62948-899-8"><bdi>978-1-62948-899-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+political+algebra+of+global+value+change.+General+models+and+implications+for+the+Muslim+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Nova+Science&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62948-899-8&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rft.au=Heshmati%2C+Almas&rft.au=Karoui%2C+Hichem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"> Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290349218_The_political_algebra_of_global_value_change_General_models_and_implications_for_the_Muslim_world">(PDF) The political algebra of global value change: General models and implications for the Muslim world</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTausch2021" class="citation book cs1">Tausch, Arno (2021). The Future of the Gulf Region: Value Change and Global Cycles. Gulf Studies, Volume 2, edited by Prof. Mizanur Rahman, Qatar University (1st ed.). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-78298-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-78298-6"><bdi>978-3-030-78298-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+the+Gulf+Region%3A+Value+Change+and+Global+Cycles.+Gulf+Studies%2C+Volume+2%2C+edited+by+Prof.+Mizanur+Rahman%2C+Qatar+University&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-030-78298-6&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuwait" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Woertz, Eckart. "Wither the self-sufficiency illusion? Food security in Arab Gulf States and the impact of COVID-19." Food Security 12.4 (2020): 757-760.</li> <li>Zweiri, Mahjoob, Md Mizanur Rahman, and Arwa Kamal, eds. The 2017 Gulf Crisis: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Vol. 3. Springer Nature, 2020.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Kuwait at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kuwait" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Kuwait">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA_/_Kuwait" class="extiw" title="c:الكويت / Kuwait">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Kuwait" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Kuwait">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kuwait" class="extiw" title="q:Kuwait">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kuwait" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Kuwait">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kuwait" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Kuwait">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kuwait" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Kuwait">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kuwait" class="extiw" title="voy:Kuwait">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/20px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/40px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Kuwait" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Kuwait">Wikimedia Atlas of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/kuwait-population/">[6]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kuwait_articles552" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kuwait_topics" title="Template:Kuwait topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kuwait_topics" title="Template talk:Kuwait topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kuwait_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kuwait topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kuwait_articles552" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kuwait</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kuwait-related_articles" title="Index of Kuwait-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chains" title="Battle of Chains">Battle of Chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Sheikhdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait-Najd_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait-Najd War">Kuwait-Najd War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kuwait_City" title="Timeline of Kuwait City">Timeline of Kuwait City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kuwait" title="Geography of Kuwait">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Kuwait" title="Template:Borders of Kuwait">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kuwait" title="Geography of Kuwait">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Kuwait" title="List of islands of Kuwait">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers of Kuwait">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kuwait" title="Wildlife of Kuwait">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kuwait" title="Politics of Kuwait">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Kuwait">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Kuwait" title="Cabinet of Kuwait">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kuwait" title="Constitution of Kuwait">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Kuwait" title="Crown Prince of Kuwait">Crown Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emirs_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="List of emirs of Kuwait">Emir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kuwait" title="Elections in Kuwait">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kuwait" title="Foreign relations of Kuwait">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kuwait" title="Government of Kuwait">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prime ministers of Kuwait">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kuwait" title="Human rights in Kuwait">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kuwait">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kuwait" title="Women in Kuwait">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Kuwait)" title="National Assembly (Kuwait)">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Military_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait Military Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Kuwait" title="List of political parties in Kuwait">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Kuwait" title="Visa policy of Kuwait">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Kuwait" title="List of banks in Kuwait">Banks in Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kuwait" title="Central Bank of Kuwait">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_dinar" title="Kuwaiti dinar">Dinar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kuwait" title="Health in Kuwait">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boursa_Kuwait" title="Boursa Kuwait">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kuwait" title="Telecommunications in Kuwait">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kuwait" title="Transport in Kuwait">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kuwait" title="Culture of Kuwait">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Kuwait" title="List of museums in Kuwait">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Kuwait" title="Art of Kuwait">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_National_Cultural_District" title="Kuwait National Cultural District">Kuwait National Cultural District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kuwait" title="Cinema of Kuwait">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Kuwait" title="Television in Kuwait">Kuwaiti television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kuwait" title="Demographics of Kuwait">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kuwait" title="Education in Kuwait">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kuwait">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Kuwait" title="Public holidays in Kuwait">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Kuwait" title="Sport in Kuwait">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kuwait" title="Outline of Kuwait">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kuwait-related_articles" title="Index of Kuwait-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kuwait" title="Category:Kuwait">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kuwait" title="Portal:Kuwait">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_East150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East" title="Template:Middle East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East" title="Template talk:Middle East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_East150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_countries_by_population" title="List of Middle Eastern countries by population">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Middle_East" title="Energy in the Middle East">Energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history" title="Timeline of Middle Eastern history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">Modern conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Water politics in the Middle East">Water politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa">conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East" title="Demographics of the Middle East">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Religion in the Middle East">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East" title="Etiquette in the Middle East">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia997" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia997" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gulf_Cooperation_Council195" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Template:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Template talk:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gulf_Cooperation_Council195" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the (Persian) Gulf"><img alt="Flag of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the (Persian) Gulf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="216" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_Gas_Project" title="Dolphin Gas Project">Dolphin Gas Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Patent_Office" title="GCC Patent Office">GCC Patent Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Standardization_Organization" title="GCC Standardization Organization">GCC Standardization Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_and_Arabian_Peninsula_Unity_Forum" title="Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Unity Forum">Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Unity Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Conformity_mark" title="Gulf Conformity mark">Gulf Conformity mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Organization_for_Industrial_Consulting" title="Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting">Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Railway" title="Gulf Railway">Gulf Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleeji_(currency)" title="Khaleeji (currency)">Khaleeji currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bilateral_free-trade_agreements#Gulf_Cooperation_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bilateral free-trade agreements">Bilateral free-trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council_region" title="Migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region">Migrant workers in the GCC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">kafala system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_homosexuality_test" title="GCC homosexuality test">homosexuality test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workforce_nationalization" title="Workforce nationalization">Workforce nationalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geopolitical history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Shield_Force" title="Peninsula Shield Force">Peninsula Shield Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_North_Thunder" title="Exercise North Thunder">Exercise North Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh_meetings_on_Syria_(2025)" title="Riyadh meetings on Syria (2025)">Riyadh meetings on Syria (2025)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Cup" title="Arabian Gulf Cup">Arabian Gulf Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Futsal_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Gulf Futsal Cup">Arabian Gulf Futsal Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_rugby_union_team" title="Arabian Gulf rugby union team">Arabian Gulf rugby union team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGCFF_Gulf_Club_Champions_League" title="AGCFF Gulf Club Champions League">AGCFF Gulf Club Champions League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Games" title="GCC Games">GCC Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_GCC_Games" title="2011 GCC Games">2011 Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council_Athletics_Championships" title="Gulf Cooperation Council Athletics Championships">GCC Athletics Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Ice_Hockey_Championship" title="Gulf Ice Hockey Championship">Gulf Ice Hockey Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-17_Championship" title="GCC U-17 Championship">GCC U-17 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-19_Championship" title="GCC U-19 Championship">GCC U-19 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-23_Championship" title="GCC U-23 Championship">GCC U-23 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Volleyball_Club_Championship" title="GCC Volleyball Club Championship">GCC Volleyball Club Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council_Youth_Athletics_Championships" title="Gulf Cooperation Council Youth Athletics Championships">GCC Youth Athletics Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Category:Gulf Cooperation Council">Category:Gulf Cooperation Council</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_SCO_summit" title="2012 SCO summit">Beijing 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_SCO_summit" title="2014 SCO summit">Dushanbe 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_SCO_summit" title="2017 SCO summit">Astana 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_SCO_summit" title="2022 SCO summit">Samarkand 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit" title="2024 SCO summit">Astana 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit_(heads_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 SCO summit (heads of government)">Islamabad 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/40px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/60px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/40px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/60px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/40px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/60px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Syria_%282025-%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Syria_%282025-%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Syria_%282025-%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Syria_%282025-%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Anti-Terrorist_Structure" title="Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure">Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Evils" title="Three Evils">Three Evils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium" title="SCO Interbank Consortium">SCO Interbank Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2538" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2538" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404023410">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/146527866">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208566/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4073919-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80053139">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118644945">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118644945">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566942">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36506410">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129719&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX451393">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90984030">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202015193">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl021sm606xg5sg">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548063505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/f03f2625-dc7d-38b2-a058-4e9ca0e10424">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/3c01ae12-73c8-4b0f-bd48-072b5065cd6f">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/F9yT9RkZ">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026387840">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003417">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035716">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kuveyt">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kuwait&params=29_30_N_47_45_E_type:country_region:KW">29°30′N 47°45′E / 29.500°N 47.750°E / 29.500; 47.750</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&oldid=1284697739">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&oldid=1284697739</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kuwait" title="Category:Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" title="Category:Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language">Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Asia" title="Category:Countries in Asia">Countries in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emirates" title="Category:Emirates">Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_OPEC" title="Category:Member states of OPEC">Member states of OPEC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Category:Member states of the Arab League">Member states of the Arab League</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Category:Member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council">Member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the United Nations">Member states of the United Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Persian_Gulf" title="Category:Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1961" title="Category:States and territories established in 1961">States and territories established in 1961</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Asian_countries" title="Category:West Asian countries">West Asian countries</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Gulf_Arabic_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Gulf Arabic IPA">Pages with Gulf Arabic IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2022">Articles with dead external links from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar)" title="Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)">CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2021">Use dmy dates from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2024" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 April 2025, at 04:46 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuwait&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Kuwait</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 244 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-58799fd575-ws5qd","wgBackendResponseTime":5217,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.148","walltime":"4.661","ppvisitednodes":{"value":35937,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1222924,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":63896,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":63,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":2151936,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3993.744 1 -total"," 61.36% 2450.562 2 Template:Reflist"," 29.28% 1169.555 336 Template:Cite_web"," 10.36% 413.787 98 Template:Cite_book"," 8.43% 336.856 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 7.86% 313.892 1 Template:Navboxes"," 7.06% 281.979 1 Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organization"," 5.11% 204.127 57 Template:Cite_news"," 4.94% 197.092 46 Template:Cite_journal"," 3.25% 129.923 1 Template:Kuwait_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.712","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23414117,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-58799fd575-ws5qd","timestamp":"20250409113716","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kuwait","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuwait","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q817","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q817","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-11T00:23:05Z","dateModified":"2025-04-09T04:46:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/aa\/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg","headline":"sovereign state in Western Asia"}</script> </body> </html>