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<a href="http://188.254.92.189/wlib/wlib/html/_modules/search/_additional/find.php?iddb=150&ID=CNC/PRAVENC/1319740" target="_blank">斜懈斜谢懈芯褌械泻邪</a></div> <div class="info"><span style="margin-right:20px;"> <a href="/vol/xxix.html">29</a>, 小. 42-49 </span> <img src="/images/icon_clock.gif" width="10" height="8" border="0" alt="" /><b>芯锌褍斜谢懈泻芯胁邪薪芯:</b> 20 写械泻邪斜褉褟 2016谐.</div> </nobr> <div style="clear: both; height:0px;"></div> </div> <br clear="all" /> <br clear="all" /> <div class="article_text" > <div class="toc"> <div class="toc_header"><span class="TOCWindowHeader">小芯写械褉卸邪薪懈械</span></div> <div class="toc_content"> <ul> <li><a href="#part_2"> 袪械谢懈谐懈褟 </a></li> <li><a href="#part_3"> 袪械谢懈谐懈芯蟹薪芯械蟹邪泻芯薪芯写邪褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯 </a></li> <li><a href="#part_4"> 袠褋褌芯褉懈褟 </a></li> <ul> <li><a href="#part_5"> 袣芯谢芯薪懈邪谢褜薪褘泄锌械褉懈芯写 </a></li> <li><a href="#part_6"> 袘芯褉褜斜邪蟹邪薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌褜 (20-械谐谐. XX 胁.- 1975) </a></li> <li><a href="#part_7"> 袣.-袙. 胁 1975-2012 谐谐. </a></li> </ul> </ul> </div> <div class="toc_bottom"></div> </div> <h1 class="article_title" itemprop="title">袣袗袘袨-袙袝袪袛袝</h1> <div itemprop="content"><p> [袪械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻邪袣邪斜芯-袙械褉写械; 锌芯褉褌褍谐. Republica de Cabo Verde; 写芯 1986 薪邪褉褍褋. 褟蟹褘泻锌械褉械胁芯写懈谢芯褋褜泻邪泻袪械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻邪袨褋褌褉芯胁邪袟械谢褢薪芯谐芯袦褘褋邪], 芯褋褌褉芯胁薪芯械谐芯褋-胁芯胁袗褌谢邪薪褌懈褔械褋泻芯屑芯泻械邪薪械, 褉邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪薪芯械薪邪芯-胁邪褏袟械谢褢薪芯谐芯袦褘褋邪, 胁 570 泻屑芯褌蟹邪锌. 锌芯斜械褉械卸褜褟袗褎褉懈泻懈. </p> <p> <div class="right_image" style="width: 430px"><div class="image" style="float: right; width: 430px;"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"> <span class="content"> <div align="center"><a class="highslide" onclick="return hs.expand(this)" href="/data/2012/09/11/1233265420/i800.jpg" ><img src="/data/2012/09/11/1233265420/i400.jpg" itemprop="photo" width="400" height="383" alt="" title="袣谢懈泻薪懈褌械写谢褟褍胁械谢懈褔械薪懈褟泻邪褉褌懈薪泻懈" align="right" hspace="2" vspace="2"/></a></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>袗褉褏懈锌械谢邪谐芯斜褖械泄锌谢芯褖邪写褜褞 4033,3 泻胁. 泻屑褋芯褋褌芯懈褌懈蟹 18 芯褋褌褉芯胁芯胁胁褍谢泻邪薪懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯锌褉芯懈褋褏芯卸写械薪懈褟, 9 懈蟹泻-褉褘褏褟胁谢褟褞褌褋褟芯斜懈褌邪械屑褘屑懈. 袩褉芯褌褟卸械薪薪芯褋褌褜斜械褉械谐芯胁芯泄谢懈薪懈懈胁褋械褏芯褋褌褉芯胁芯胁 - 1053 泻屑. 袣.-袙. 懈屑械械褌屑芯褉褋泻懈械谐褉邪薪懈褑褘褋袚邪屑斜懈械泄, 袚胁懈薪械械泄-袘懈褋邪褍, 袦邪胁褉懈褌邪薪懈械泄懈小械薪械谐邪谢芯屑. 小褌芯谢懈褑邪 - 袩褉邪褟 (芯-胁小邪薪褌褜褟谐褍) (131 褌褘褋. 褔械谢.); 写褉. 泻褉褍锌薪褘械谐芯褉芯写邪 - 袦懈薪写械谢褍 - 65 褌褘褋. (芯-胁小邪薪-袙懈褋械薪褌懈) 懈袗褋芯屑邪写邪 - 43 褌褘褋. (芯-胁小邪薪褌褜褟谐褍). 袣.-袙. 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟褔谢械薪芯屑袨袨袧 (1975), 袛胁懈卸械薪懈褟薪械锌褉懈褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈褟, 协泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯褋芯芯斜褖械褋褌胁邪谐芯褋-胁袟邪锌. 袗褎褉懈泻懈, 袦袙肖, 袗褎褉懈泻邪薪褋泻芯谐芯褋芯胁械褌邪, 小芯芯斜褖械褋褌胁邪锌芯褉褌褍谐邪谢芯褟蟹褘褔薪褘褏褋褌褉邪薪, 袙孝袨. 袨褎懈褑. 褟蟹褘泻 - 锌芯褉褌褍谐邪谢褜褋泻懈泄. <span style="font-weight:bold;">袚械芯谐褉邪褎懈褟.</span> 袪械谢褜械褎邪褉褏懈锌械谢邪谐邪锌褉械懈屑褍褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯谐芯褉懈褋褌褘泄, 锌械褉械褋械褔械薪薪褘泄; 胁胁懈写褍懈蟹褉械蟹邪薪薪芯褋褌懈斜械褉械谐芯胁芯泄谢懈薪懈懈褋泻邪谢邪屑懈泻芯谢懈褔械褋褌胁芯褍写芯斜薪褘褏械褋褌械褋褌胁械薪薪褘褏谐邪胁邪薪械泄薪械蟹薪邪褔懈褌械谢褜薪芯. 袙褘褋褕邪褟褌芯褔泻邪褋褌褉邪薪褘 - 写械泄褋褌胁褍褞褖懈泄胁褍谢泻邪薪肖芯谐褍 (薪邪芯-胁械肖芯谐褍, 2829 屑). 袛谢褟芯-胁芯胁小邪谢, 袘芯邪-袙懈褕褌邪, 袦邪褞, 褉邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪薪褘褏胁胁芯褋褌. 褔邪褋褌懈邪褉褏懈锌械谢邪谐邪, 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉械薪斜芯谢械械胁褘褉芯胁薪械薪薪褘泄褉械谢褜械褎, 懈蟹芯斜懈谢褍褞褖懈泄褉邪胁薪懈薪邪屑懈. 袨褋褌褉芯胁邪褋械泄褋屑懈褔械褋泻懈邪泻褌懈胁薪褘, 薪械褉械写泻芯褋谢褍褔邪褞褌褋褟蟹械屑谢械褌褉褟褋械薪懈褟. 袣谢懈屑邪褌褌褉芯锌懈褔械褋泻懈泄, 锌邪褋褋邪褌薪褘泄, 写芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪芯褋褍褏芯泄. 袗屑锌谢懈褌褍写邪褌械屑锌械褉邪褌褍褉胁褌械褔械薪懈械谐芯写邪薪械蟹薪邪褔懈褌械谢褜薪邪: 褋邪屑褘泄褌械锌谢褘泄锌械褉懈芯写谐芯写邪薪邪锌芯斜械褉械卸褜械 - 褋械薪褌.-芯泻褌. (24-26掳小), 褋邪屑褘泄锌褉芯褏谢邪写薪褘泄 - 褟薪胁.-褎械胁褉. (21-22掳小); 胁谐芯褉邪褏褌械屑锌械褉邪褌褍褉褘薪懈卸械薪邪 3-4掳小. 小褉械写薪械谐芯写芯胁芯械泻芯谢懈褔械褋褌胁芯芯褋邪写泻芯胁薪械蟹薪邪褔懈褌械谢褜薪芯, 芯斜褘褔薪芯芯薪芯薪械锌褉械胁褘褕邪械褌 300 屑屑胁谐芯写: 写芯卸写谢懈胁褘泄褋械蟹芯薪, 懈蟹芯斜懈谢褍褞褖懈泄谢懈胁薪褟屑懈, 芯褋芯斜械薪薪芯胁谐芯褉邪褏, 写谢懈褌褋褟褋邪胁谐. 锌芯芯泻褌.; 褋芯泻褌. 锌芯懈褞薪褜锌芯写胁谢懈褟薪懈械屑褋褍褏芯谐芯卸邪褉泻芯谐芯胁械褌褉邪褏邪褉屑邪褌邪懈邪锌芯谐芯写邪芯褔械薪褜褋褍褏邪褟, 锌褉邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈斜械蟹芯褋邪写泻芯胁. 袪邪褋褌懈褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌褜芯褋褌褉芯胁芯胁泻褉邪泄薪械褋泻褍写薪邪褟; 屑邪褋褋芯胁邪褟胁褘褉褍斜泻邪谢械褋芯胁胁褌械褔械薪懈械褋褌芯谢械褌懈泄锌芯胁谢懈褟谢邪懈薪邪懈褋褌芯褖械薪懈械胁芯写薪褘褏褉械褋褍褉褋芯胁: 褉械褔薪邪褟褋械褌褜薪邪褏芯写懈褌褋褟薪邪谐褉邪薪懈懈褋褔械蟹薪芯胁械薪懈褟, 泻芯褉芯褌泻懈械褉褍褋谢邪褉械泻锌械褉械褋褘褏邪褞褌, 蟹邪锌芯谢薪褟褟褋褜胁芯写芯泄谢懈褕褜胁锌械褉懈芯写写芯卸写械泄. </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;">袧邪褋械谢械薪懈械</span> 袣.-袙. 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟械褌 516 褌褘褋. 褔械谢. (懈褞谢褜 2011): 71% 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟泻褉械芯谢褘 (邪褎褉懈泻邪薪芯-械胁褉芯锌. 锌褉芯懈褋褏芯卸写械薪懈褟), 28% - 邪褎褉懈泻邪薪褑褘 (屑邪薪写懈薪谐芯, 斜邪谢邪薪褌械, 褎褍谢褜斜械, 胁芯谢芯褎, 屑邪薪写卸邪泻懈写褉.), 1% - 械胁褉芯锌械泄褑褘. 携蟹褘泻泻褉懈褍谢褍 (泻邪斜褍胁械褉写褍) 褋褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁邪谢褋褟胁褉械蟹褍谢褜褌邪褌械胁蟹邪懈屑芯写械泄褋褌胁懈褟褋褌邪褉芯锌芯褉褌褍谐. 褟蟹褘泻邪褋褟蟹褘泻邪屑懈蟹邪锌邪写薪芯邪褌谢邪薪褌懈褔械褋泻芯泄谐褉褍锌锌褘薪懈谐械褉芯-泻芯褉写芯褎邪薪褋泻芯泄褋械屑褜懈. 袩谢芯褌薪芯褋褌褜薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟 127,94 褔械谢. 薪邪 1 泻胁. 泻屑 (2011). 袪芯卸写邪械屑芯褋褌褜褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟械褌 21,47 褔械谢. 薪邪 1 褌褘褋. 卸懈褌械谢械泄, 褋屑械褉褌薪芯褋褌褜 - 6,34 褔械谢. 薪邪 1 褌褘褋. 卸懈褌械谢械泄, 褍褉芯胁械薪褜锌褉懈褉芯褋褌邪薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟 - 1,45% 胁谐芯写. 小褉械写薪懈泄胁芯蟹褉邪褋褌薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟 22,7 谐芯写邪. 袙胁芯蟹褉邪褋褌薪芯泄褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉械薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟写芯谢褟写械褌械泄写芯 14 谢械褌褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟械褌 32,6%, 谢懈褑褌褉褍写芯褋锌芯褋芯斜薪芯谐芯胁芯蟹褉邪褋褌邪 (15-64 谐芯写邪) - 61,9, 谢懈褑褋褌邪褉褕械 65 谢械褌 - 5,5%. 袘芯谢械械锌芯谢芯胁懈薪褘薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟屑芯谢芯卸械 20 谢械褌. 小褉械写薪褟褟锌褉芯写芯谢卸懈褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌褜卸懈蟹薪懈 -70,7 谐芯写邪 (屑褍卸褔懈薪褘 - 68,5 谐芯写邪, 卸械薪褖懈薪褘 - 72,96 谐芯写邪). 袚芯褉芯写褋泻芯械薪邪褋械谢械薪懈械褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟械褌 38% 芯褌芯斜褖械谐芯褔懈褋谢邪卸懈褌械谢械泄褋褌褉邪薪褘. 袙薪邪褋褌. 胁褉械屑褟褔懈褋谢芯泻邪斜芯胁械褉写褑械胁, 锌褉芯卸懈胁邪褞褖懈褏蟹邪褉褍斜械卸芯屑, 锌褉械胁褘褕邪械褌薪邪褋械谢械薪懈械褋褌褉邪薪褘; 泻邪斜芯胁械褉写褋泻邪褟写懈邪褋锌芯褉邪胁袝胁褉芯锌械褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟械褌 81 褌褘褋. 褔械谢., 胁小楔袗 - 芯褌 250 写芯 350 褌褘褋. 褔械谢., 胁褋褌褉邪薪邪褏袗褎褉懈泻懈 - 写芯 400 褌褘褋. 褔械谢. 袙褑械谢芯屑蟹邪褉褍斜械卸芯屑锌褉芯卸懈胁邪械褌芯泻. 800 褌褘褋. 胁褘褏芯写褑械胁懈蟹袣.-袙. 懈谢懈懈褏锌芯褌芯屑泻芯胁. 袘芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁芯褝屑懈谐褉邪薪褌芯胁褋芯褏褉邪薪褟褞褌谐褉邪卸写邪薪褋褌胁芯袣.-袙., 褋褔懈褌邪褟褋械斜褟胁褉械屑械薪薪褘屑懈卸懈褌械谢褟屑懈胁写褉. 褋褌褉邪薪邪褏, 懈, 薪邪泻芯锌懈胁芯锌褉械写械谢械薪薪褘泄泻邪锌懈褌邪谢, 胁泻谢邪写褘胁邪褞褌懈褏胁褝泻芯薪芯屑懈泻褍袣.-袙. 协褌懈胁泻谢邪写褘, 邪褌邪泻卸械写械薪械卸薪褘械锌械褉械胁芯写褘薪邪褉芯写懈薪褍褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟褞褌斜芯谢械械 30% 袙袙袩褋褌褉邪薪褘. 袩褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯锌褉懈薪懈屑邪械褌屑械褉褘锌芯锌芯写写械褉卸泻械褝屑懈谐褉邪薪褌芯胁懈褍泻褉械锌谢械薪懈褞褋胁褟蟹械泄褋薪懈屑懈, 褋褍褖械褋褌胁褍械褌写胁芯泄薪芯械谐褉邪卸写邪薪褋褌胁芯, 褋褉褟写芯屑褋褌褉邪薪锌芯写锌懈褋邪薪褘褋芯谐谢邪褕械薪懈褟锌芯蟹邪褖懈褌械懈薪褌械褉械褋芯胁谐褉邪卸写邪薪袣.-袙., 胁褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁懈懈褋褔械屑芯薪懈锌芯谢褜蟹褍褞褌褋褟褉邪胁薪褘屑懈褋屑械褋褌薪褘屑懈谐褉邪卸写邪薪邪屑懈锌褉邪胁邪屑懈薪邪褌褉褍写, 褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪芯械芯斜械褋锌械褔械薪懈械懈锌芯谢褍褔械薪懈械褋锌械褑懈邪谢褜薪芯褋褌懈. </p> <p> <span style="font-weight:bold;">袚芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪芯械褍褋褌褉芯泄褋褌胁芯.</span> 小芯谐谢邪褋薪芯袣芯薪褋褌懈褌褍褑懈懈, 锌褉懈薪褟褌芯泄 25 褋械薪褌. 1992 谐., 袣.-袙.- 褍薪懈褌邪褉薪芯械谐芯褋-胁芯, 锌芯褎芯褉屑械锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈褟 - 锌邪褉谢邪屑械薪褌褋泻邪褟褉械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻邪. 袚谢邪胁邪谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁邪 - 锌褉械蟹懈写械薪褌, 懈蟹斜懈褉邪械屑褘泄薪邪胁褋械芯斜褖懈褏胁褘斜芯褉邪褏薪邪 5-谢械褌薪懈泄褋褉芯泻. 袨薪褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟谐邪褉邪薪褌芯屑褋芯斜谢褞写械薪懈褟袣芯薪褋褌懈褌褍褑懈懈, 胁薪褍褌褉懈- 懈胁薪械褕薪械锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈褏锌褉邪胁芯胁褘褏薪芯褉屑, 胁锌械褉胁褍褞芯褔械褉械写褜胁邪褋锌械泻褌邪褏薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈, 械写懈薪褋褌胁邪懈褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈邪谢褜薪芯泄褑械谢芯褋褌薪芯褋褌懈谐芯褋-胁邪, 邪褌邪泻卸械褋芯斜谢褞写械薪懈褟屑械卸写褍薪邪褉芯写薪褘褏褋芯谐谢邪褕械薪懈泄. 袟邪泻芯薪芯写邪褌械谢褜薪邪褟胁谢邪褋褌褜锌褉懈薪邪写谢械卸懈褌锌邪褉谢邪屑械薪褌褍, 芯写薪芯锌邪谢邪褌薪芯泄袧邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯泄邪褋褋邪屑斜谢械械, 褔谢械薪邪屑懈泻芯褌芯褉芯泄褟胁谢褟褞褌褋褟芯褌 66 写芯 72 写械锌褍褌邪褌芯胁, 懈蟹斜褉邪薪薪褘褏薪邪 5 谢械褌. 袠褋锌芯谢薪懈褌械谢褜薪邪褟胁谢邪褋褌褜锌褉懈薪邪写谢械卸懈褌锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁褍, 胁芯谐谢邪胁械泻-褉芯谐芯褋褌芯懈褌锌褉械屑褜械褉-屑懈薪懈褋褌褉, 薪邪蟹薪邪褔邪械屑褘泄锌褉械蟹懈写械薪褌芯屑锌芯褉械蟹褍谢褜褌邪褌邪屑泻芯薪褋褍谢褜褌邪褑懈泄褋锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢褟屑懈锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈褏锌邪褉褌懈泄. 袨薪锌褉械写谢邪谐邪械褌锌褉械蟹懈写械薪褌褍泻邪薪写懈写邪褌褍褉褘写谢褟薪邪蟹薪邪褔械薪懈褟薪邪锌芯褋褌褘屑懈薪懈褋褌褉芯胁懈谐芯褋. 褋械泻褉械褌邪褉械泄. 袣褉褍谐锌芯谢薪芯屑芯褔懈泄锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁邪写芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪芯褕懈褉芯泻: 械屑褍锌褉懈薪邪写谢械卸邪褌胁褋械邪写屑懈薪懈褋褌褉邪褌懈胁薪芯-褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪褔械褋泻懈械褎褍薪泻褑懈懈, 褌邪泻卸械芯薪芯褍褔邪褋褌胁褍械褌胁锌褉邪胁芯胁芯泄懈蟹邪泻芯薪芯褌胁芯褉褔械褋泻芯泄写械褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌懈. 袩褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯锌芯写芯褌褔械褌薪芯袧邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯泄邪褋褋邪屑斜谢械械. 袣芯谢谢械谐懈邪谢褜薪褘屑芯褉谐邪薪芯屑锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁邪褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟小芯胁械褌屑懈薪懈褋褌褉芯胁, 锌褉械写褋械写邪褌械谢械屑泻-褉芯谐芯屑芯卸械褌斜褘褌褜锌褉械屑褜械褉-屑懈薪懈褋褌褉懈谢懈锌芯械谐芯锌褉械写谢芯卸械薪懈褞锌褉械蟹懈写械薪褌. </p> <p> 小褍写械斜薪邪褟胁谢邪褋褌褜胁袣.-袙. 薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑邪, 邪褋褍写械斜薪邪褟褋懈褋褌械屑邪褋芯褋褌芯懈褌懈蟹袙械褉褏芯胁薪芯谐芯褋褍写邪, 小褔械褌薪芯泄锌邪谢邪褌褘, 袙褘褋褕械谐芯褋芯胁械褌邪屑邪谐懈褋褌褉邪褌褍褉褘, 袣芯薪褋褌懈褌褍褑懈芯薪薪芯谐芯褋褍写邪, 褋褍写芯胁 1-泄懈 2-泄懈薪褋褌邪薪褑懈懈, 胁芯械薪薪褘褏, 薪邪谢芯谐芯胁褘褏懈褌邪屑芯卸械薪薪褘褏褋褍写芯胁. 小芯蟹写邪褞褌褋褟褌邪泻卸械褋褍写褘锌芯褍谐芯谢芯胁薪褘屑懈邪写屑. 写械谢邪屑. 袙褋芯褋褌邪胁袙械褉褏芯胁薪芯谐芯褋褍写邪胁褏芯写褟褌 7 褋褍写械泄, 锌褉械写褋械写邪褌械谢褜薪邪蟹薪邪褔邪械褌褋褟锌褉械蟹懈写械薪褌芯屑懈蟹褔懈褋谢邪械谐芯褔谢械薪芯胁锌芯锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪懈褞袙褘褋褕械谐芯褋芯胁械褌邪屑邪谐懈褋褌褉邪褌褍褉褘. 袙械褉褏芯胁薪褘泄褋褍写褉械褕邪械褌胁芯锌褉芯褋褘芯写械械褋锌芯褋芯斜薪芯褋褌懈谐谢邪胁褘谐芯褋-胁邪, 褉邪褋褋屑邪褌褉懈胁邪械褌懈芯写芯斜褉褟械褌泻邪薪写懈写邪褌褍褉褘薪邪锌芯褋褌锌褉械蟹懈写械薪褌邪褉械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻懈, 写邪械褌褋芯谐谢邪褋懈械薪邪褋芯蟹写邪薪懈械锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈褏锌邪褉褌懈泄, 褋芯褞蟹芯胁懈邪褋褋芯褑懈邪褑懈泄, 褉邪褋褋屑邪褌褉懈胁邪械褌薪邪懈斜芯谢械械胁邪卸薪褘械褍谐芯谢芯胁薪褘械懈谐褉邪卸写邪薪褋泻懈械写械谢邪. 小褔械褌薪邪褟锌邪谢邪褌邪褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟胁褘褋褕懈屑芯褉谐邪薪芯屑泻芯薪褌褉芯谢褟薪邪写褉邪褋褏芯写芯胁邪薪懈械屑褋褉械写褋褌胁谐芯褋. 芯褉谐邪薪邪屑懈, 锌褉芯胁械褉褟械褌褎懈薪邪薪褋芯胁褘械褋褔械褌邪. 袩褉械写褋械写邪褌械谢褜小褔械褌薪芯泄锌邪谢邪褌褘薪邪蟹薪邪褔邪械褌褋褟锌褉械蟹懈写械薪褌芯屑锌芯锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪懈褞锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁邪. 袙褘褋褕懈泄褋芯胁械褌屑邪谐懈褋褌褉邪褌褍褉褘谐邪褉邪薪褌懈褉褍械褌薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌褜胁褋械褏褋褍写械泄懈褋芯褋褌芯懈褌懈蟹 9 褔谢械薪芯胁: 锌褉械写褋械写邪褌械谢褟袙械褉褏芯胁薪芯谐芯褋褍写邪, 胁褘褋褕械谐芯褞褉懈写懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯懈薪褋锌械泻褌芯褉邪, 2 褔谢械薪芯胁, 薪邪蟹薪邪褔邪械屑褘褏锌褉械蟹懈写械薪褌芯屑, 3 - 懈蟹斜懈褉邪械屑褘褏袧邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯泄邪褋褋邪屑斜谢械械泄懈 2 褔谢械薪芯胁, 懈蟹斜懈褉邪械屑褘褏褋褍写械泄褋泻懈屑泻芯褉锌褍褋芯屑懈蟹褋胁芯械谐芯褔懈褋谢邪. 袧邪写蟹芯褉蟹邪褋芯斜谢褞写械薪懈械屑蟹邪泻芯薪薪芯褋褌懈芯褋褍褖械褋褌胁谢褟械褌锌褉芯泻褍褉邪褌褍褉邪, 泻-褉褍褞胁芯蟹谐谢邪胁谢褟械褌袚械薪械褉邪谢褜薪褘泄锌褉芯泻褍褉芯褉. 袙锌谢邪薪械邪写屑. 褍褋褌褉芯泄褋褌胁邪褋褌褉邪薪邪褉邪蟹写械谢械薪邪薪邪 22 屑褍薪懈褑懈锌邪谢褜薪褘褏芯泻褉褍谐邪. </p> <h3><a class="an" name="part_2"> 袪械谢懈谐懈褟 </a></h3> <div class="section_3"> <p> 袩芯褔褌懈 95% 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟 - 褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪械, 胁锌芯写邪胁谢褟褞褖械屑斜芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁械泻邪褌芯谢懈泻懈 (91%), 芯褋褌邪谢褜薪褘械 - 锌褉芯褌械褋褌邪薪褌褘 (4%). 袦褍褋褍谢褜屑邪薪械褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟褞褌芯泻. 2%. 效懈褋谢械薪薪芯褋褌褜锌褉懈胁械褉卸械薪褑械胁褌褉邪写懈褑. 胁械褉芯胁邪薪懈泄 - 芯褌 2 写芯 3% 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟, 锌褉懈褝褌芯屑胁邪卸薪芯泄褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉薪芯泄褔械褉褌芯泄褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟写胁芯械胁械褉懈械: 屑薪芯谐懈械锌褉邪泻褌懈泻褍褞褌邪褎褉懈泻邪薪. 泻褍谢褜褌褘锌邪褉邪谢谢械谢褜薪芯褋褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪褋褌胁芯屑懈谢懈懈褋谢邪屑芯屑. 效懈褋谢械薪薪芯褋褌褜邪写械锌褌芯胁薪芯胁褘褏褉械谢懈谐. 写胁懈卸械薪懈泄褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟械褌薪械斜芯谢械械 0,1%. </p> <p> <span style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">袩褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁懈械</span> 袣.-袙. 胁褏芯写懈褌胁褞褉懈褋写懈泻褑懈褞械锌懈褋泻芯锌懈懈小褜械褉褉邪-袥械芯薪械 <a href="/text/袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉懈泄褋泻邪褟袩褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪邪褟笑械褉泻芯胁褜 (袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉懈泄褋泻懈泄袩邪褌褉懈邪褉褏邪褌).html"style="font-style:italic;">袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉懈泄褋泻芯泄袩褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪芯泄笑械褉泻胁懈</a>, 7 芯泻褌. 2010 谐. 胁褘写械谢械薪薪芯泄懈蟹褋芯褋褌邪胁邪袗泻泻褉褋泻芯泄屑懈褌褉芯锌芯谢懈懈. </p> <p> <div class="left_image" style="width: 230px"><div class="image" style="float: left; width: 230px;"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"> <span class="content"> <div align="center"><a class="highslide" onclick="return hs.expand(this, {captionId:'img_caption_1318709_81'})" href="/data/2012/09/11/1233264103/i400.jpg" ><img src="/data/2012/09/11/1233264103/i200.jpg" itemprop="photo" width="200" height="126" alt="笑械褉泻芯胁褜袘芯谐芯屑邪褌械褉懈袠蟹斜邪胁谢械薪懈褟胁写械褉. 袩芯薪褌邪-写褍-小芯谢薪邪芯-胁械小邪薪褌褍袗薪褌邪薪. XVII鈥揦IX 胁胁." title="袣谢懈泻薪懈褌械写谢褟褍胁械谢懈褔械薪懈褟泻邪褉褌懈薪泻懈" align="center" hspace="2" vspace="2"/></a><div class="highslide-caption" id="img_caption_1318709_81">笑械褉泻芯胁褜袘芯谐芯屑邪褌械褉懈袠蟹斜邪胁谢械薪懈褟胁写械褉. 袩芯薪褌邪-写褍-小芯谢薪邪芯-胁械小邪薪褌褍袗薪褌邪薪. XVII鈥揦IX 胁胁.</div></div><br><small>笑械褉泻芯胁褜袘芯谐芯屑邪褌械褉懈袠蟹斜邪胁谢械薪懈褟胁写械褉. 袩芯薪褌邪-写褍-小芯谢薪邪芯-胁械小邪薪褌褍袗薪褌邪薪. XVII鈥揦IX 胁胁.</small></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><span style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">袪懈屑褋泻芯-泻邪褌芯谢懈褔械褋泻邪褟笑械褉泻芯胁褜</span> 胁袣.-袙. 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪邪 2 械锌邪褉褏懈褟屑懈: 械锌-褋褌胁芯小邪薪褌褜褟谐褍-写懈-袣邪斜褍-袙械褉写懈斜褘谢芯芯褋薪芯胁邪薪芯 31 褟薪胁. 1533 谐.; 14 薪芯褟斜. 2003 谐. 斜褘谢芯胁褘写械谢械薪芯械锌-褋褌胁芯袦懈薪写械谢褍. 袩芯褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈褞薪邪 2010 谐. 胁褋褌褉邪薪械写械泄褋褌胁芯胁邪谢懈 33 泻邪褌芯谢懈褔. 锌褉懈褏芯写邪, 褋谢褍卸懈谢懈 3 械锌懈褋泻芯锌邪 (1 薪邪锌芯泻芯械), 54 褋胁褟褖械薪薪懈泻邪, 薪邪褋褔懈褌褘胁邪谢芯褋褜 38 屑芯薪邪褏芯胁懈 105 屑芯薪邪褏懈薪褜. 袨斜褖械械泻芯谢懈褔械褋褌胁芯泻邪褌芯谢懈泻芯胁 - 芯泻. 455 褌褘褋. 褔械谢. 袝锌懈褋泻芯锌褘袣.-袙. 褟胁谢褟褞褌褋褟褔谢械薪邪屑懈袣芯薪褎械褉械薪褑懈懈械锌懈褋泻芯锌芯胁小械薪械谐邪谢邪, 袦邪胁褉懈褌邪薪懈懈, 袣.-袙. 懈袚胁懈薪械懈-袘懈褋邪褍<span style="font-family: ;">.</span> </p> <p> <span style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">袩褉芯褌械褋褌邪薪褌褋泻懈械褑械褉泻胁懈, 写械薪芯屑懈薪邪褑懈懈懈褋械泻褌褘.</span> 袘邪锌褌懈褋褌褘胁袣.-袙. 芯斜褗械写懈薪械薪褘袘邪锌褌懈褋褌褋泻芯泄屑懈褋褋懈械泄, 芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹芯胁邪薪薪芯泄胁 50-褏谐谐. XX 胁. 邪屑械褉. 斜邪锌褌懈褋褌邪屑懈懈蟹袗褋褋芯褑懈邪褑懈懈斜邪锌褌懈褋褌褋泻懈褏屑懈褋褋懈泄懈薪邪褋褔懈褌褘胁邪褞褖械泄芯泻. 260 褔械谢. (1 芯斜褖懈薪邪). </p> <p> <a href="/text/袛胁懈卸械薪懈械褋胁褟褌芯褋褌懈.html"style="font-style:italic;">袛胁懈卸械薪懈械褋胁褟褌芯褋褌懈</a> 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪芯笑械褉泻芯胁褜褞袧邪蟹邪褉褟薪懈薪邪, 芯褋薪芯胁邪薪薪芯泄胁 1933 谐. 锌褉芯锌芯胁械写薪懈泻邪屑懈懈蟹小楔袗懈褟胁谢褟褞褖械泄褋褟褋邪屑芯泄泻褉褍锌薪芯泄锌褉芯褌械褋褌邪薪褌褋泻芯泄芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹邪褑懈械泄褋褌褉邪薪褘. 袩芯褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈褞薪邪 2010 谐. 褔谢械薪邪屑懈褑械褉泻胁懈褟胁谢褟谢懈褋褜芯泻. 10 褌褘褋. 褔械谢. (55 芯斜褖懈薪). </p> <p> 袩褟褌懈写械褋褟褌薪懈褔械褋褌胁芯锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪芯褌邪泻懈屑懈谐褉褍锌锌邪屑懈, 泻邪泻 <a href="/text/袗褋褋邪屑斜谢械懈袘芯谐邪.html"style="font-style:italic;">袗褋褋邪屑斜谢械懈袘芯谐邪</a>, 泻-褉褘械锌芯褟胁懈谢懈褋褜胁袣.-袙. 胁 1989 谐. 斜谢邪谐芯写邪褉褟褍褋懈谢懈褟屑屑懈褋褋懈芯薪械褉芯胁懈蟹袘褉邪蟹懈谢懈懈懈懈屑械褞褌 5 芯斜褖懈薪, 泻芯谢懈褔械褋褌胁芯胁械褉褍褞褖懈褏芯泻. 400 褔械谢. 袩芯屑懈屑芯褝褌芯谐芯胁褋褌褉邪薪械褋褍褖械褋褌胁褍褞褌褌邪泻懈械薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑褘械芯褉谐-褑懈懈锌褟褌懈写械褋褟褌薪懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯褌芯谢泻邪, 胁芯蟹薪懈泻褕懈械胁薪邪褔. 90-褏谐谐. XX 胁., 泻邪泻袩褟褌懈写械褋褟褌薪懈褔械褋泻邪褟褑械褉泻芯胁褜芦袘芯谐械褋褌褜谢褞斜芯胁褜禄 (6 芯斜褖懈薪, 2,5 褌褘褋. 褔械谢.), 袙褋械谢械薪褋泻邪褟褑械褉泻芯胁褜笑邪褉褋褌胁懈褟袘芯卸懈褟 (13 芯斜褖懈薪, 1,5 褌褘褋. 褔械谢.) 懈写褉. <a href="/text/袗写胁械薪褌懈褋褌褘.html"style="font-style:italic;">袗写胁械薪褌懈褋褌褘</a> 褋械写褜屑芯谐芯写薪褟锌芯褟胁懈谢懈褋褜薪邪芯褋褌褉芯胁邪褏胁 1935 谐. 胁屑械褋褌械褋锌芯褉褌褍谐. 屑懈褋褋懈芯薪械褉邪屑懈, 芯薪懈锌褉懈薪邪写谢械卸邪褌泻袨斜褗械写懈薪械薪薪芯泄屑懈褋褋懈懈小邪褏械谢褜, 胁褏芯写褟褖械泄胁褋芯褋褌邪胁写懈胁懈蟹懈芯薪邪袟邪锌邪写薪芯-笑械薪褌褉邪谢褜薪芯泄袗褎褉懈泻懈. 袙薪邪褋褌. 胁褉械屑褟胁袣.-袙. 6677 邪写胁械薪褌懈褋褌芯胁 (32 芯斜褖懈薪褘). <a href="/text/袧芯胁芯邪锌芯褋褌芯谢褜褋泻邪褟褑械褉泻芯胁褜.html"style="font-style:italic;">袧芯胁芯邪锌芯褋褌芯谢褜褋泻邪褟褑械褉泻芯胁褜</a>, 褉芯褋褌芯斜褖懈薪泻-褉芯泄薪邪褔邪谢褋褟褋 1980 谐., 芯斜褗械写懈薪褟械褌斜芯谢械械 2 褌褘褋. 锌褉懈胁械褉卸械薪褑械胁胁 22 锌褉懈褏芯写邪褏. <a href="/text/袠械谐芯胁褘褋胁懈写械褌械谢懈.html"style="font-style:italic;">袠械谐芯胁褘褋胁懈写械褌械谢懈</a>, 锌芯写邪薪薪褘屑薪邪 2011 谐., 薪邪褋褔懈褌褘胁邪褞褌 2 褌褘褋. 邪写械锌褌芯胁胁 35 芯斜褖懈薪邪褏. <a href="/text/袦芯褉屑芯薪褘.html"style="font-style:italic;">袦芯褉屑芯薪褘</a> (笑械褉泻芯胁褜袠懈褋褍褋邪啸褉懈褋褌邪褋胁褟褌褘褏锌芯褋谢械写薪懈褏写薪械泄) 懈屑械褞褌 3 褌褘褋. 锌芯褋谢械写芯胁邪褌械谢械泄胁 18 芯斜褖懈薪邪褏. </p> <p> <span style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">袠褋谢邪屑,</span> 胁锌芯写邪胁谢褟褞褖械屑斜芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁械褋褍薪薪懈褌褋泻芯谐芯褌芯谢泻邪, 胁袣.-袙. 懈褋锌芯胁械写褍褞褌胁褘褏芯写褑褘懈蟹褋褌褉邪薪泻芯薪褌懈薪械薪褌邪谢褜薪芯泄袟邪锌. 袗褎褉懈泻懈 (小械薪械谐邪谢, 袦邪胁褉懈褌邪薪懈褟懈写褉.), 蟹邪薪褟褌褘械锌褉械懈屑褍褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯胁褋褎械褉械褌芯褉谐芯胁谢懈. 袩芯写邪薪薪褘屑薪邪 2010 谐., 泻芯谢懈褔械褋褌胁芯屑褍褋褍谢褜屑邪薪胁褋褌褉邪薪械褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟谢芯芯泻. 10 褌褘褋. 褔械谢. </p> <p> <span style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">袧芯胁褘械褉械谢懈谐懈芯蟹薪褘械写胁懈卸械薪懈褟</span> 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪褘 <a href="/text/袘邪褏邪懈褉械谢懈谐懈械泄 .html"style="font-style:italic;">袘邪褏邪懈褉械谢懈谐懈械泄,</a> 锌芯褟胁懈胁褕械泄褋褟胁袣.-袙. 胁薪邪褔. 50-褏谐谐. XX 胁., 胁懈褏芯褉谐-褑懈褟褏泻 2000 谐. 薪邪褋褔懈褌褘胁邪谢芯褋褜芯泻. 650 褔谢械薪芯胁. </p> <p> 袠褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻芯泄芯褋芯斜械薪薪芯褋褌褜褞芯-胁芯胁袟械谢褢薪芯谐芯袦褘褋邪斜褘谢芯芯褌褋褍褌褋褌胁懈械泻芯褉械薪薪芯谐芯薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟泻邪泻褌邪泻芯胁芯谐芯; 胁褉械蟹褍谢褜褌邪褌械褉邪斜芯褌芯褉谐芯胁谢懈胁褋械邪褎褉懈泻邪薪. 褝褌薪懈褔械褋泻懈械褉械谢懈谐懈懈褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褟谢懈褋褜薪邪芯褋褌褉芯胁邪褏芯写薪芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯褋褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪褋褌胁芯屑懈懈褋谢邪屑芯屑. 袧邪谢懈褔懈械褉邪蟹谢懈褔薪褘褏褝褌薪懈褔械褋泻懈褏谐褉褍锌锌懈斜芯谢褜褕芯械泻芯谢懈褔械褋褌胁芯褋屑械褕邪薪薪褘褏斜褉邪泻芯胁褋褉械写懈褉邪斜芯胁褋锌芯褋芯斜褋褌胁芯胁邪谢懈锌芯褟胁谢械薪懈褞懈褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褞屑薪. 褉械谢懈谐. 褌褉邪写懈褑懈泄. 袙械褉芯胁邪薪懈褟褉邪蟹薪褘褏褌芯谢泻芯胁褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪械薪褘胁锌械褉胁褍褞芯褔械褉械写褜胁褋械谢褜褋泻芯泄屑械褋褌薪芯褋褌懈懈锌褉邪泻褌懈泻褍褞褌褋褟胁褋芯褔械褌邪薪懈懈褋褌械屑懈懈谢懈懈薪褘屑懈褏褉懈褋褌. 懈谢懈屑褍褋褍谢褜屑. 芯斜褉褟写邪屑懈. 袨写薪邪泻芯胁薪邪褋褌. 胁褉械屑褟锌褉懈胁械褉卸械薪薪芯褋褌褜泻褌褉邪写懈褑. 锌谢械屑械薪薪褘屑胁械褉芯胁邪薪懈褟屑锌芯褋褌械锌械薪薪芯褌械褉褟械褌邪泻褌褍邪谢褜薪芯褋褌褜. </p> </div><h3><a class="an" name="part_3"> 袪械谢懈谐懈芯蟹薪芯械蟹邪泻芯薪芯写邪褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯 </a></h3> <div class="section_3"> <p> <div class="right_image" style="width: 230px"><div class="image" style="float: right; width: 230px;"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"> <span class="content"> <div align="center"><a class="highslide" onclick="return hs.expand(this, {captionId:'img_caption_1318519_55'})" href="/data/2012/09/11/1233263781/i400.jpg" ><img src="/data/2012/09/11/1233263781/i200.jpg" itemprop="photo" width="200" height="150" alt="笑械褉泻芯胁褜袘芯谐芯屑邪褌械褉懈袪芯蟹邪褉懈褟胁谐. 袪懈斜械泄褉邪-袚褉邪薪写懈. 1495 谐." title="袣谢懈泻薪懈褌械写谢褟褍胁械谢懈褔械薪懈褟泻邪褉褌懈薪泻懈" align="center" hspace="2" vspace="2"/></a><div class="highslide-caption" id="img_caption_1318519_55">笑械褉泻芯胁褜袘芯谐芯屑邪褌械褉懈袪芯蟹邪褉懈褟胁谐. 袪懈斜械泄褉邪-袚褉邪薪写懈. 1495 谐.</div></div><br><small>笑械褉泻芯胁褜袘芯谐芯屑邪褌械褉懈袪芯蟹邪褉懈褟胁谐. 袪懈斜械泄褉邪-袚褉邪薪写懈. 1495 谐.</small></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> 小芯谐谢邪褋薪芯袣芯薪褋褌懈褌褍褑懈懈, 袪械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻邪袣.-袙. 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褔械褋泻懈屑谐芯褋-胁芯屑, 泻-褉芯械谐邪褉邪薪褌懈褉褍械褌褍胁邪卸械薪懈械泻写芯褋褌芯懈薪褋褌胁褍褔械谢芯胁械褔械褋泻芯泄谢懈褔薪芯褋褌懈懈锌褉懈蟹薪邪械褌锌褉邪胁邪褔械谢芯胁械泻邪胁泻邪褔械褋褌胁械芯褋薪芯胁褘谢褞斜芯谐芯褔械谢芯胁械褔械褋泻芯谐芯褋芯芯斜褖械褋褌胁邪. 效邪褋褌褜 2 褋褌. 1 袣芯薪褋褌懈褌褍褑懈懈锌褉芯胁芯蟹谐谢邪褕邪械褌, 褔褌芯胁褋械谐褉邪卸写邪薪械褉邪胁薪褘锌械褉械写蟹邪泻芯薪芯屑斜械蟹褉邪蟹谢懈褔懈褟褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪芯谐芯锌褉芯懈褋褏芯卸写械薪懈褟懈谢懈褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈褟, 褉邪褋褘, 锌芯谢邪, 褉械谢懈谐. 锌褉懈薪邪写谢械卸薪芯褋褌懈, 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈褏懈谢懈懈写械芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻懈褏褍斜械卸写械薪懈泄; 谐芯褋-胁芯芯斜褟蟹邪薪芯芯斜械褋锌械褔懈胁邪褌褜谐褉邪卸写邪薪邪屑锌芯谢薪芯械芯褋褍褖械褋褌胁谢械薪懈械胁褋械褏芯褋薪芯胁薪褘褏褋胁芯斜芯写. 袛邪薪薪褘械锌褉懈薪褑懈锌褘褉邪胁械薪褋褌胁邪锌芯写褌胁械褉卸写邪褞褌褋褟懈胁褋褌. 22. 小褌. 27, 泻邪褋邪褞褖邪褟褋褟锌褉邪胁邪谐褉邪卸写邪薪薪邪褋胁芯斜芯写褍 (The Right to Liberty), 芯谐芯胁邪褉懈胁邪械褌薪械锌褉懈泻芯褋薪芯胁械薪薪芯褋褌褜写邪薪薪芯谐芯锌褉邪胁邪懈谐邪褉邪薪褌懈褉褍械褌褋胁芯斜芯写褍屑褘褋谢懈懈褋谢芯胁邪, 褉械谢懈谐懈懈懈泻褍谢褜褌芯胁, 邪褌邪泻卸械锌褉芯褔. 褋胁芯斜芯写褘, 锌褉芯锌懈褋邪薪薪褘械胁袣芯薪褋褌懈褌褍褑懈懈, 蟹邪泻芯薪邪褏懈邪泻褌邪褏屑械卸写褍薪邪褉芯写薪芯谐芯锌褉邪胁邪. 袧懈泻褌芯薪械芯斜褟蟹邪薪锌褍斜谢懈褔薪芯写械泻谢邪褉懈褉芯胁邪褌褜褋胁芯懈懈写械芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻懈械, 褉械谢懈谐. 懈锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈械胁蟹谐谢褟写褘. 袙褋褌. 35 褍褌胁械褉卸写邪械褌褋褟, 褔褌芯薪懈泻邪泻芯泄懈薪芯褋褌褉邪薪械褑薪械屑芯卸械褌斜褘褌褜胁褘写邪薪写褉. 谐芯褋-胁褍锌芯锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈屑懈谢懈褉械谢懈谐. 锌褉懈褔懈薪邪屑. 小褌. 42 泻邪褌械谐芯褉懈褔械褋泻懈蟹邪锌褉械褖邪械褌懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪薪懈械泻芯屑锌褜褞褌械褉薪褘褏蟹邪锌懈褋械泄懈懈薪写懈胁懈写褍邪谢褜薪褘褏写邪薪薪褘褏, 泻邪褋邪褞褖懈褏褋褟锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈褏, 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎褋泻懈褏懈谢懈褉械谢懈谐. 褍斜械卸写械薪懈泄谐褉邪卸写邪薪. 小胁芯斜芯写邪褋谢芯胁邪懈懈薪褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈锌芯写褌胁械褉卸写邪械褌褋褟胁褋褌. 45, 谐写械谐芯胁芯褉懈褌褋褟, 褔褌芯泻邪卸写褘泄褔械谢芯胁械泻懈屑械械褌锌褉邪胁芯薪邪褋胁芯斜芯写褍褋谢芯胁邪懈褋胁芯斜芯写褍胁褘褉邪卸械薪懈褟屑薪械薪懈褟, 薪懈泻褌芯薪械屑芯卸械褌斜褘褌褜锌芯写胁械褉谐薪褍褌锌褉械褋谢械写芯胁邪薪懈褟屑懈蟹-蟹邪锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈褏, 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎褋泻懈褏, 褉械谢懈谐. 懈谢懈懈薪褘褏褍斜械卸写械薪懈泄. 小械屑械泄薪褘械芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈褟蟹邪褌褉邪谐懈胁邪褞褌褋褟胁袣芯薪褋褌懈褌褍褑懈懈胁褋褌. 44; 蟹邪泻芯薪薪褍褞褋懈谢褍懈屑械械褌谢褞斜芯泄斜褉邪泻, 蟹邪泻谢褞褔械薪薪褘泄锌芯谐褉邪卸写邪薪褋泻懈屑蟹邪泻芯薪邪屑懈谢懈锌芯芯斜褉褟写褍谢褞斜芯泄泻芯薪褎械褋褋懈懈. 袙褋械屑褉械谢懈谐. 芯褉谐-褑懈褟屑, 褋芯谐谢邪褋薪芯 2-泄懈 3-泄褔邪褋褌懈褋褌. 47 袣芯薪褋褌懈褌褍褑懈懈, 锌褉械写芯褋褌邪胁谢褟械褌褋褟锌褉邪胁芯薪邪褝褎懈褉薪芯械胁褉械屑褟. 小褌. 48 锌芯褋胁褟褖械薪邪胁芯锌褉芯褋邪屑褋胁芯斜芯写褘褋芯胁械褋褌懈, 褉械谢懈谐懈懈懈泻褍谢褜褌邪. 袙褔邪褋褌懈 1 谐芯胁芯褉懈褌褋褟, 褔褌芯褋胁芯斜芯写褘褋芯胁械褋褌懈, 褉械谢懈谐懈懈懈泻褍谢褜褌邪薪械锌褉懈泻芯褋薪芯胁械薪薪褘. 袣邪卸写褘泄懈屑械械褌锌褉邪胁芯懈薪写懈胁懈写褍邪谢褜薪芯懈泻芯谢谢械泻褌懈胁薪芯懈褋锌芯胁械写芯胁邪褌褜谢褞斜褍褞褉械谢懈谐懈褞懈谢懈薪械懈褋锌芯胁械写芯胁邪褌褜褌邪泻芯胁褍褞, 懈屑械褌褜褉械谢懈谐. 褍斜械卸写械薪懈褟锌芯褋胁芯械屑褍胁褘斜芯褉褍, 锌褉懈薪懈屑邪褌褜褍褔邪褋褌懈械胁斜芯谐芯褋谢褍卸械薪懈懈懈胁褘褉邪卸邪褌褜褋胁芯褞胁械褉褍褋胁芯斜芯写薪芯懈褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褟褌褜褋胁芯懈褉械谢懈谐. 褍斜械卸写械薪懈褟, 锌褉懈褍褋谢芯胁懈懈褔褌芯褝褌芯薪械褋褌邪胁懈褌锌芯写褍谐褉芯蟹褍芯斜褖械械斜谢邪谐芯懈薪械薪邪褉褍褕邪械褌锌褉邪胁写褉. 谢懈褑. 袙褔邪褋褌懈 2 写邪薪薪芯泄褋褌邪褌褜懈谐芯胁芯褉懈褌褋褟, 褔褌芯薪懈泻褌芯薪械屑芯卸械褌锌芯写胁械褉谐邪褌褜褋褟写懈褋泻褉懈屑懈薪邪褑懈懈, 锌褉械褋谢械写芯胁邪薪懈褞懈谢懈谢懈褕械薪懈褞锌褉邪胁, 邪褌邪泻卸械薪械屑芯卸械褌锌芯谢褍褔邪褌褜谢褜谐芯褌褘懈谢懈懈屑屑褍薪懈褌械褌锌芯锌褉懈褔懈薪械褉械谢懈谐. 胁械褉褘, 褍斜械卸写械薪懈泄懈谢懈锌褉邪泻褌懈泻懈. 袙褔邪褋褌懈 3 褍泻邪蟹邪薪芯, 褔褌芯褑械褉泻胁懈懈写褉. 褉械谢懈谐. 芯斜褖懈薪褘芯褌写械谢械薪褘芯褌谐芯褋-胁邪懈写芯谢卸薪褘斜褘褌褜薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑褘胁锌谢邪薪械芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹邪褑懈懈, 写械褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌褜懈褏写芯谢卸薪邪斜褘褌褜褋胁芯斜芯写薪芯泄, 芯薪懈屑芯谐褍褌斜褘褌褜锌邪褉褌薪械褉邪屑懈胁写械谢械褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪芯谐芯懈写褍褏芯胁薪芯谐芯褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褟薪邪褉芯写邪. 袙褔邪褋褌懈 4 锌褉芯胁芯蟹谐谢邪褕械薪邪褋胁芯斜芯写邪褉械谢懈谐. 芯斜褍褔械薪懈褟, 褔邪褋褌褜 5 谐邪褉邪薪褌懈褉褍械褌胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯褋褌褜褉械谢懈谐. 芯泻芯褉屑谢械薪懈褟谐褉邪卸写邪薪胁斜芯谢褜薪懈褑邪褏懈褌褞褉褜屑邪褏, 邪褌邪泻卸械胁胁芯芯褉褍卸械薪薪褘褏褋懈谢邪褏. 效邪褋褌褜 6 褋褌. 48 芯谐芯胁邪褉懈胁邪械褌胁褋芯谐谢邪褋懈懈褋蟹邪泻芯薪芯屑锌褉邪胁芯褑械褉泻胁械泄薪邪懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪薪懈械胁褋胁芯懈褏褑械谢褟褏褋褉械写褋褌胁屑邪褋褋芯胁芯泄懈薪褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈, 锌褉懈褝褌芯屑泻邪褌芯谢懈泻邪屑锌褉械写芯褋褌邪胁谢械薪芯锌褉邪胁芯薪邪斜械褋锌谢邪褌薪芯械褌械谢械胁械褖邪薪懈械. </p> <p> 袚芯褋-胁芯谐邪褉邪薪褌懈褉褍械褌芯褏褉邪薪褍屑械褋褌芯褌锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈褟泻褍谢褜褌邪, 邪褌邪泻卸械褉械谢懈谐. 芯斜褉褟写芯胁, 褉械谢懈谐. 褋懈屑胁芯谢芯胁懈褝屑斜谢械屑; 泻芯褖褍薪褋褌胁械薪薪褘械写械泄褋褌胁懈褟锌芯芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈褞泻薪懈屑 (薪邪锌褉., 胁褘褋屑械懈胁邪薪懈械懈谢懈懈屑懈褌邪褑懈褟) 蟹邪锌褉械褖械薪褘. 袙褔邪褋褌懈 3 褋褌. 49 谐邪褉邪薪褌懈褉褍械褌褋褟褋械屑褜褟屑锌褉邪胁芯胁芯褋锌懈褌褘胁邪褌褜褋胁芯懈褏写械褌械泄胁褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁懈懈褋褝褌懈褔械褋泻懈屑懈懈褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪褘屑懈锌褉懈薪褑懈锌邪屑懈, 胁褋芯谐谢邪褋懈懈褋懈褏褉械谢懈谐., 懈写械芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻懈屑懈, 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎褋泻懈屑懈懈写褉. 褍斜械卸写械薪懈褟屑懈. 袙褔邪褋褌懈 5 写邪薪薪芯泄褋褌邪褌褜懈蟹邪褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟, 褔褌芯谐芯褋. 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈械薪械写芯谢卸薪芯斜褘褌褜褉械谢懈谐懈芯蟹薪褘屑, 谐芯褋-胁芯薪械屑芯卸械褌褌褉械斜芯胁邪褌褜懈褋锌芯谢薪械薪懈褟芯锌褉械写械谢械薪薪褘褏写懈褉械泻褌懈胁胁褋褎械褉械芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟, 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉褘懈褉械谢懈谐懈懈 (褔邪褋褌褜 6). 小褌. 61 写械泻谢邪褉懈褉褍械褌薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌褜锌褉芯褎褋芯褞蟹芯胁懈锌褉芯褎械褋褋懈芯薪邪谢褜薪褘褏芯斜褗械写懈薪械薪懈泄芯褌芯褉谐邪薪芯胁褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈褟, 谐芯褋-胁邪, 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈褏锌邪褉褌懈泄, 褑械褉泻胁懈懈褉械谢懈谐. 芯褉谐-褑懈泄. 小褌. 125, 蟹邪褌褉邪谐懈胁邪褞褖邪褟胁芯锌褉芯褋芯斜芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈褟褏屑械卸写褍锌邪褉褌懈褟屑懈懈褉械谢懈谐. 泻芯薪褎械褋褋懈褟屑懈, 芯谐芯胁邪褉懈胁邪械褌, 褔褌芯锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈械锌邪褉褌懈懈薪械胁锌褉邪胁械斜褉邪褌褜薪邪蟹胁邪薪懈褟, 泻-褉褘械锌褉褟屑芯懈谢懈泻芯褋胁械薪薪芯芯褌芯卸写械褋褌胁谢褟褞褌褋褟褋泻.-谢. 褔邪褋褌褜褞薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯泄褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈, 褋泻.-谢. 褑械褉泻芯胁褜褞, 褉械谢懈谐懈械泄懈谢懈褉械谢懈谐. 写芯泻褌褉懈薪芯泄. 小褌. 297 芯锌褉械写械谢褟械褌, 褔褌芯芯斜褗褟胁谢械薪懈械胁芯械薪薪芯谐芯懈谢懈褔褉械蟹胁褘褔邪泄薪芯谐芯锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈褟薪械写芯谢卸薪芯蟹邪褌褉邪谐懈胁邪褌褜芯褋薪芯胁薪褘械锌褉邪胁邪谐褉邪卸写邪薪, 胁褌. 褔. 懈褏锌褉邪胁芯薪邪褋胁芯斜芯写褍褋芯胁械褋褌懈懈褉械谢懈谐. 胁械褉芯懈褋锌芯胁械写邪薪懈褟. </p> <p> 袙褔懈褋谢芯谐芯褋. 锌褉邪蟹写薪懈泻芯胁胁褏芯写褟褌袪芯卸写械褋褌胁芯, 写械薪褜袩芯泻邪褟薪懈褟 (1-泄写械薪褜袙械谢懈泻芯谐芯锌芯褋褌邪), 小褌褉邪褋褌薪邪褟锌褟褌薪懈褑邪, 袩邪褋褏邪懈写械薪褜袙褋械褏褋胁褟褌褘褏. </p> <div class="author"> <span style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">协. 袧械斜芯谢褜褋懈薪</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;"> </span></div></div><h3><a class="an" name="part_4"> 袠褋褌芯褉懈褟 </a></h3> <div class="section_3"> <p> 袩械褉胁褘械锌懈褋褜屑械薪薪褘械褋芯芯斜褖械薪懈褟, 泻邪褋邪褞褖懈械褋褟芯-胁芯胁袟械谢褢薪芯谐芯袦褘褋邪, 芯褌薪芯褋褟褌褋褟泻 I 胁. 锌芯袪. 啸. 懈褋芯写械褉卸邪褌褋褟胁锌褉芯懈蟹胁械写械薪懈褟褏袩芯屑锌芯薪懈褟袦械谢褘懈芦袝褋褌械褋褌胁械薪薪芯泄懈褋褌芯褉懈懈禄袩谢懈薪懈褟小褌邪褉褕械谐芯, 谐写械芯薪懈薪邪蟹胁邪薪褘袚芯褉谐邪写褘, 懈谢懈芯褋褌褉芯胁邪谐芯褉谐芯薪, 泻邪泻屑械褋褌芯芯斜懈褌邪薪懈褟屑懈褎懈褔械褋泻懈褏褔褍写芯胁懈褖, 褍斜懈褌褘褏袩械褉褋械械屑. 校锌芯屑懈薪邪薪懈褟芯斜芯褋褌褉芯胁邪褏, 褉邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪薪褘褏褞卸薪械械袣邪薪邪褉褋泻懈褏芯-胁芯胁, 械褋褌褜褍邪褉邪斜. 锌褍褌械褕械褋褌胁械薪薪懈泻邪袠写褉懈褋懈 (1154) 懈邪胁褌芯褉邪褋褉械写薪械胁械泻. 褝薪褑懈泻谢芯锌械写懈懈 XIV 胁. 袨屑邪褉懈. 袛邪褌芯泄芯褌泻褉褘褌懈褟邪褉褏懈锌械谢邪谐邪褋褔懈褌邪械褌褋褟 1460 谐芯写, 泻泻-褉芯屑褍芯褌薪芯褋懈褌褋褟 1-泄写芯泻褍屑械薪褌, 锌芯写褌胁械褉卸写邪褞褖懈泄芯褌泻褉褘褌懈械芯褋褌褉芯胁芯胁. 袩械褉胁褘械懈蟹薪懈褏斜褘谢懈芯斜薪邪褉褍卸械薪褘胁 1455-1456 谐谐., 泻芯谐写邪锌芯褉褌褍谐. 褝泻褋锌械写懈褑懈褟, 薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪薪邪褟锌芯锌褉懈泻邪蟹褍锌褉懈薪褑邪袚械薪褉懈褏邪袦芯褉械锌谢邪胁邪褌械谢褟泻斜械褉械谐邪屑袗褎褉懈泻懈, 芯斜薪邪褉褍卸懈谢邪谐褉褍锌锌褍薪械芯斜懈褌邪械屑褘褏芯褋褌褉芯胁芯胁. 袙 1459-1460 谐谐. 褝泻褋锌械写懈褑懈械泄袛懈械谐褍袚芯屑械懈褕邪懈袗薪褌芯薪懈褍写邪袧芯谢懈斜褘谢懈芯褌泻褉褘褌褘芯-胁邪小邪薪褌褜褟谐褍, 肖芯谐褍, 袦邪褞懈袘芯邪-袙懈褕褌邪. </p> <h4><a class="an" name="part_5"> 袣芯谢芯薪懈邪谢褜薪褘泄锌械褉懈芯写 </a></h4> <div class="section_4"> <p> 袚褉邪屑芯褌芯泄泻芯褉. 袗褎芯薪褋褍 V 芯褌 3 写械泻. 1460 谐. 芯褋褌褉芯胁邪斜褘谢懈锌械褉械写邪薪褘胁胁械褔薪芯械锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪薪懈械斜褉邪褌褍泻芯褉芯谢褟肖械褉薪邪薪写褍. 袠褏锌械褉胁芯芯褌泻褉褘胁邪褌械谢懈斜褘谢懈薪邪蟹薪邪褔械薪褘薪邪屑械褋褌薪懈泻邪屑懈芯-胁邪小邪薪褌褜褟谐褍, 褉邪蟹写械谢械薪薪芯谐芯薪邪 2 邪写屑. 械写懈薪懈褑褘 - 泻邪锌懈褌邪薪懈懈, 锌褉邪胁芯薪邪褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈械泻芯褌芯褉褘屑懈锌械褉械写邪胁邪谢芯褋褜锌芯薪邪褋谢械写褋褌胁褍. 小 1462 谐. 薪邪褔邪谢芯褋褜蟹邪褋械谢械薪懈械邪褉褏懈锌械谢邪谐邪锌芯褉褌褍谐. 褔懈薪芯胁薪懈泻邪屑懈, 褉邪蟹芯褉懈胁褕懈屑懈褋褟写胁芯褉褟薪邪屑懈, 邪褌邪泻卸械泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪邪屑懈懈谐芯褉芯卸邪薪邪屑懈, 胁锌芯懈褋泻邪褏谢褍褔褕械泄写芯谢懈锌芯泻懈写邪胁褕懈屑懈褉芯写懈薪褍. 袧邪芯褋褌褉芯胁邪褋褌邪谢懈褋褋褘谢邪褌褜懈褍谐芯谢芯胁薪褘褏锌褉械褋褌褍锌薪懈泻芯胁. 袣泻芯薪. XV 胁. 薪邪斜芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁械懈蟹薪懈褏锌芯褟胁懈谢懈褋褜锌芯褉褌褍谐. 锌芯褋械谢械薪懈褟, 锌械褉胁褘屑懈蟹泻-褉褘褏褋褌邪谢芯袪懈斜械泄褉邪-袚褉邪薪写懈薪邪芯-胁械小邪薪褌褜褟谐褍. 袧褘薪械褝褌芯懈褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻芯械屑械褋褌芯薪邪蟹褘胁邪械褌褋褟小懈写邪写懈-袙械谢褜褟 (小褌邪褉褘泄谐芯褉芯写) 懈胁褏芯写懈褌胁褋锌懈褋芯泻袙褋械屑懈褉薪芯谐芯薪邪褋谢械写懈褟挟袧袝小袣袨. 袠蟹-蟹邪薪械褏胁邪褌泻懈褉邪斜芯褔懈褏褉褍泻泻芯谢芯薪懈褋褌褘褋褌邪谢懈褋芯胁械褉褕邪褌褜薪邪斜械谐懈薪邪邪褎褉懈泻邪薪. 锌芯斜械褉械卸褜械写谢褟蟹邪褏胁邪褌邪褉邪斜芯胁. 小褌械褔械薪懈械屑胁褉械屑械薪懈薪邪褋械谢械薪懈械邪褉褏懈锌械谢邪谐邪蟹邪屑械褌薪芯褍胁械谢懈褔懈胁邪谢芯褋褜胁锌械褉胁褍褞芯褔械褉械写褜蟹邪褋褔械褌锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢械泄邪褎褉懈泻邪薪. 锌谢械屑械薪谐胁懈薪械泄褋泻芯谐芯锌芯斜械褉械卸褜褟. 袩械褉胁褘械芯褎懈褑. 写邪薪薪褘械芯褔懈褋谢械薪薪芯褋褌懈锌芯褋褌芯褟薪薪芯谐芯薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟芯-胁邪小邪薪褌褜褟谐褍芯褌薪芯褋褟褌褋褟泻 1513 谐., 泻芯谐写邪胁袪懈斜械泄褉邪-袚褉邪薪写懈锌褉芯卸懈胁邪谢懈 130 斜械谢褘褏懈 32 褔械褉薪褘褏卸懈褌械谢褟. 小锌褍褋褌褟 40 谢械褌褌邪屑褍卸械薪邪褋褔懈褌褘胁邪谢芯褋褜 15,7 褌褘褋. 卸懈褌械谢械泄, 胁褌. 褔. 13,7 褌褘褋. 褉邪斜芯胁. </p> <p> <div class="left_image" style="width: 230px"><div class="image" style="float: left; width: 230px;"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"> <span class="content"> <div align="center"><a class="highslide" onclick="return hs.expand(this, {captionId:'img_caption_1319119_76'})" href="/data/2012/09/11/1233265181/i400.jpg" ><img src="/data/2012/09/11/1233265181/i200.jpg" itemprop="photo" width="200" height="125" alt="肖芯褉褌懈褎懈泻邪褑懈褟胁小褌邪褉芯屑谐芯褉芯写械薪邪芯-胁械小邪薪褌褜褟谐芯. 袨泻. 1587 谐." title="袣谢懈泻薪懈褌械写谢褟褍胁械谢懈褔械薪懈褟泻邪褉褌懈薪泻懈" align="center" hspace="2" vspace="2"/></a><div class="highslide-caption" id="img_caption_1319119_76">肖芯褉褌懈褎懈泻邪褑懈褟胁小褌邪褉芯屑谐芯褉芯写械薪邪芯-胁械小邪薪褌褜褟谐芯. 袨泻. 1587 谐.</div></div><br><small>肖芯褉褌懈褎懈泻邪褑懈褟胁小褌邪褉芯屑谐芯褉芯写械薪邪芯-胁械小邪薪褌褜褟谐芯. 袨泻. 1587 谐.</small></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>袘谢邪谐芯写邪褉褟谐械芯谐褉邪褎懈褔械褋泻芯屑褍锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈褞芯-胁邪袟械谢褢薪芯谐芯袦褘褋邪褋褌邪谢懈胁邪卸薪褘屑锌褍薪泻褌芯屑薪邪褌芯褉谐芯胁褘褏锌褍褌褟褏屑械卸写褍袝胁褉芯锌芯泄, 袗褎褉懈泻芯泄懈袗屑械褉懈泻芯泄, 邪褌邪泻卸械褎芯褉锌芯褋褌芯屑写谢褟写邪谢褜薪械泄褕械谐芯锌褉芯薪懈泻薪芯胁械薪懈褟锌芯褉褌褍谐邪谢褜褑械胁薪邪袗褎褉懈泻邪薪褋泻懈泄泻芯薪褌懈薪械薪褌. 协褌芯锌芯斜褍卸写邪谢芯袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢懈褞锌褉懈谢邪谐邪褌褜褍褋懈谢懈褟泻蟹邪泻褉械锌谢械薪懈褞邪褉褏懈锌械谢邪谐邪胁褋芯褋褌邪胁械薪邪褔邪胁褕械泄褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁邪褌褜褋褟袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢褜褋泻芯泄懈屑锌械褉懈懈. 袧邪芯褋褌褉芯胁邪褋褌邪谢懈薪邪锌褉邪胁谢褟褌褜褋褟锌芯褉褌褍谐. 褔懈薪芯胁薪懈泻懈, 褋芯褋褌邪胁懈胁褕懈械褟写褉芯泻芯谢芯薪懈邪谢褜薪芯泄邪写屑懈薪懈褋褌褉邪褑懈懈, 懈胁芯懈薪褋泻懈械泻芯薪褌懈薪谐械薪褌褘. 袘褘谢懈蟹邪谢芯卸械薪褘锌谢邪薪褌邪褑懈懈褏谢芯锌褔邪褌薪懈泻邪, 褑懈褌褉褍褋芯胁褘褏, 褋邪褏邪褉薪芯谐芯褌褉芯褋褌薪懈泻邪, 泻褍泻褍褉褍蟹褘. 袙 1533 谐. 锌芯褋械谢械薪懈械袪懈斜械泄褉邪-袚褉邪薪写懈锌械褉胁褘屑薪邪邪褉褏懈锌械谢邪谐械锌芯谢褍褔懈谢芯褋褌邪褌褍褋谐芯褉芯写邪, 胁薪械屑薪邪褏芯写懈谢邪褋褜褉械蟹懈写械薪褑懈褟泻邪褌芯谢懈褔. 械锌懈褋泻芯锌邪, 胁谢邪褋褌褜泻-褉芯谐芯褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褟谢邪褋褜薪邪芯-胁邪袟械谢褢薪芯谐芯袦褘褋邪懈胁褋械锌芯斜械褉械卸褜械袟邪锌. 袗褎褉懈泻懈 - 芯褌袦邪褉芯泻泻芯写芯袚胁懈薪械泄褋泻芯谐芯蟹邪谢. </p> <p> 袩械褉械胁芯蟹褟蟹邪褏胁邪褔械薪薪褘褏胁袗褎褉懈泻械薪械胁芯谢褜薪懈泻芯胁, 褉邪斜芯褌芯褉谐芯胁褑褘写械谢邪谢懈泻芯褉芯褌泻褍褞芯褋褌邪薪芯胁泻褍薪邪邪褉褏懈锌械谢邪谐械, 锌芯锌芯谢薪褟谢懈褌邪屑蟹邪锌邪褋褘胁芯写褘懈锌褉芯写芯胁芯谢褜褋褌胁懈褟, 锌褉芯写邪胁邪谢懈屑械褋褌薪褘屑锌谢邪薪褌邪褌芯褉邪屑芯褋谢邪斜械胁褕懈褏胁锌褍褌懈褉邪斜芯胁懈胁械蟹谢懈芯褋褌邪谢褜薪褘褏胁袧芯胁褘泄小胁械褌. 袨褌褌褍写邪写芯褋褌邪胁谢褟谢懈胁袝胁褉芯锌褍泻芯谢芯薪懈邪谢褜薪褘械褌芯胁邪褉褘, 邪蟹邪褌械屑胁薪芯胁褜薪邪锌褉邪胁谢褟谢懈褋褜胁袗褎褉懈泻褍. 协褌芯褌屑邪褉褕褉褍褌褋褌邪谢懈蟹胁械褋褌械薪泻邪泻芦泻芯屑屑械褉褔械褋泻懈泄褌褉械褍谐芯谢褜薪懈泻禄褉邪斜芯褌芯褉谐芯胁谢懈, 懈芯-胁邪袟械谢褢薪芯谐芯袦褘褋邪褟胁谢褟谢懈褋褜械谐芯胁邪卸薪芯泄褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟褞褖械泄. 袙 XVI 胁. 邪褉褏懈锌械谢邪谐锌褉芯褑胁械褌邪谢蟹邪褋褔械褌褉邪斜芯褌芯褉谐芯胁谢懈, 芯写薪邪泻芯薪械褉械写泻芯锌芯写胁械褉谐邪谢褋褟薪邪锌邪写械薪懈褟屑锌懈褉邪褌芯胁. 小锌芯褟胁谢械薪懈械屑胁泻芯薪. XIX 胁. 褌褉邪薪褋邪褌谢邪薪褌懈褔械褋泻懈褏谢邪泄薪械褉芯胁褉邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪薪褘械薪邪锌械褉械泻褉械褋褌泻械屑芯褉褋泻懈褏锌褍褌械泄芯-胁邪袟械谢褢薪芯谐芯袦褘褋邪褋褌邪谢懈锌褍薪泻褌芯屑写芯蟹邪锌褉邪胁泻懈褋褍写芯胁蟹邪胁芯蟹薪褘屑褍谐谢械屑, 胁芯写芯泄懈锌褉芯写芯胁芯谢褜褋褌胁懈械屑. </p> <p> 小褌邪褌褍褋泻芯谢芯薪懈懈薪械芯写薪芯泻褉邪褌薪芯屑械薪褟谢褋褟. 袙 1495 谐. 芯褋褌褉芯胁邪斜褘谢懈芯褎懈褑懈邪谢褜薪芯芯斜褗褟胁谢械薪褘胁谢邪写械薪懈褟屑懈锌芯褉褌褍谐. 泻芯褉芯薪褘, 薪芯胁邪写屑. 芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈懈芯薪懈锌芯-锌褉械卸薪械屑褍锌芯写褉邪蟹写械谢褟谢懈褋褜薪邪泻邪锌懈褌邪薪懈懈. 袙 1510 谐. 褌邪泻芯泄褋褌邪褌褍褋斜褘谢锌褉械写芯褋褌邪胁谢械薪芯-胁褍肖芯谐褍. 袩芯写薪械锌芯褋褉械写褋褌胁械薪薪芯械褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈械泻芯褉芯薪褘芯褋褌褉芯胁邪锌械褉械褕谢懈胁 1564 谐., 泻芯谐写邪泻芯褉芯谢械胁褋泻褍褞邪写屑懈薪懈褋褌褉邪褑懈褞泻芯谢芯薪懈懈胁芯蟹谐谢邪胁懈谢谐褍斜械褉薪邪褌芯褉. 袙锌械褉懈芯写懈褋锌邪薪. 胁谢邪写褘褔械褋褌胁邪胁袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢懈懈 (褋 1580/81 写芯 1640) 芯褋褌褉芯胁邪薪邪褏芯写懈谢懈褋褜锌芯写褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈械屑袠褋锌邪薪懈懈, 褋褌芯谢懈褑械泄斜褘谢谐. 袪懈斜械泄褉邪-袚褉邪薪写懈. 袩芯褋谢械薪邪锌邪写械薪懈褟褎褉邪薪褑褍蟹芯胁胁 1712 谐. 谐芯褉芯写斜褘谢褉邪蟹褉褍褕械薪, 懈褋褌芯谢懈褑械泄芯褎懈褑懈邪谢褜薪芯褋 1770 谐. 褋褌邪谢谐. 袩褉邪褟. 袗褉褏懈锌械谢邪谐褍锌褉邪胁谢褟谢褋褟锌芯褉褌褍谐. 邪写屑懈薪懈褋褌褉邪褑懈械泄褋芯胁屑械褋褌薪芯褋蟹邪褏胁邪褔械薪薪褘屑袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢懈械泄褍褔邪褋褌泻芯屑谐胁懈薪械泄褋泻芯谐芯锌芯斜械褉械卸褜褟, 邪褋 1650 谐. 芯-胁邪袟械谢褢薪芯谐芯袦褘褋邪懈锌芯褉褌褍谐. 袚胁懈薪械褟芯褎懈褑懈邪谢褜薪芯褋芯褋褌邪胁懈谢懈械写懈薪褍褞芦蟹邪屑芯褉褋泻褍褞褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈褞禄袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢懈懈锌芯写褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈械屑谐褍斜械褉薪邪褌芯褉邪. 袙 1879 谐. 械械屑邪褌械褉懈泻芯胁邪褟褔邪褋褌褜斜褘谢邪胁褘写械谢械薪邪胁芯褌写械谢褜薪褍褞邪写屑. 械写懈薪懈褑褍, 褌械屑薪械屑械薪械械褋芯褏褉邪薪懈胁褕褍褞褌械褋薪褘械褋胁褟蟹懈褋芯褋褌褉芯胁薪褘屑懈胁谢邪写械薪懈褟屑懈袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢懈懈. 袧邪芯褋褌褉芯胁邪褏泻褍谢褜褌懈胁懈褉芯胁邪谢懈褏谢芯锌褔邪褌薪懈泻, 褋邪褏邪褉薪褘泄褌褉芯褋褌薪懈泻, 泻褍泻褍褉褍蟹褍, 泻芯褎械, 褎褉褍泻褌褘懈芯胁芯褖懈. 袨褋薪芯胁薪芯泄褝泻褋锌芯褉褌薪芯泄泻褍谢褜褌褍褉芯泄褋褌邪谢懈斜邪薪邪薪褘, 泻-褉褘械锌芯泻邪褔械褋褌胁褍褋褔懈褌邪褞褌褋褟谢褍褔褕懈屑懈胁屑懈褉械. 袠蟹褌械褏薪懈褔械褋泻懈褏泻褍谢褜褌褍褉薪邪懈斜芯谢械械褕懈褉芯泻芯械褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪械薪懈械锌芯谢褍褔懈谢芯褉邪褋褌械薪懈械褍褉蟹械屑邪, 懈蟹泻芯褌芯褉芯谐芯懈蟹谐芯褌邪胁谢懈胁邪谢懈褋懈薪械-褎懈芯谢械褌芯胁褘泄泻褉邪褋懈褌械谢褜写谢褟褌械泻褋褌懈谢褜薪芯泄锌褉芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪芯褋褌懈. 袨泻褉邪褕械薪薪褘械懈屑褌泻邪薪懈锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪谢懈褋褜褕懈褉芯泻懈屑褋锌褉芯褋芯屑薪邪屑懈褉芯胁芯屑褉褘薪泻械, 褔械屑褍褋锌芯褋芯斜褋褌胁芯胁邪谢邪懈懈褏写械褕械胁懈蟹薪邪, 写芯褋褌懈谐薪褍褌邪褟蟹邪褋褔械褌懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟褉邪斜褋泻芯谐芯褌褉褍写邪薪邪锌谢邪薪褌邪褑懈褟褏褏谢芯锌褔邪褌薪懈泻邪. 袣邪泻芯褌屑械褔邪谢锌芯斜褘胁邪胁褕懈泄胁 1853 谐. 胁谐. 袩褉邪褟薪邪褎褉械谐邪褌械芦袩邪谢谢邪写邪禄锌懈褋邪褌械谢褜袠. 袗. 袚芯薪褔邪褉芯胁, 胁邪卸薪褘屑锌褉芯屑褘褋谢芯屑斜褘谢芯写芯斜褘胁邪薪懈械褋芯谢懈: 胁芯胁褉械屑褟锌褉懈谢懈胁芯胁斜邪褋褋械泄薪褘薪邪锌芯谢薪褟谢懈褋褜屑芯褉褋泻芯泄胁芯写芯泄, 泻芯褌芯褉邪褟, 懈褋锌邪褉褟褟褋褜芯褌卸邪褉邪, 芯褋褌邪胁谢褟谢邪芯斜懈谢褜薪褘泄芯褋邪写芯泻褋芯谢懈. </p> <p> 小 XVII 锌芯 XX 胁. 泻芯谢芯薪懈褟袨褋褌褉芯胁芯胁袟械谢褢薪芯谐芯袦褘褋邪锌械褉械卸懈胁邪谢邪写谢懈褌械谢褜薪褘泄锌械褉懈芯写褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻芯泄褋褌邪谐薪邪褑懈懈, 芯褌褟谐芯褖邪胁褕械泄褋褟蟹邪褋褍褏邪屑懈锌褉芯写芯谢卸懈褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌褜褞芯褌 5 写芯 10 谢械褌. 袙褔邪褋褌薪芯褋褌懈, 胁 1773-1776 谐谐. 谐芯谢芯写褍薪械褋卸懈蟹薪懈 28 褌褘褋. 褔械谢., 邪褝锌懈写械屑懈褟 1831-1833 谐谐.- 斜芯谢械械 30 褌褘褋. 袨褌屑械薪邪褉邪斜褋褌胁邪胁 1876 谐. 懈蟹邪锌褉械褖械薪懈械褉邪斜芯褌芯褉谐芯胁谢懈胁薪芯胁褜锌褉懈胁械谢懈泻褉械蟹泻芯屑褍褋芯泻褉邪褖械薪懈褞薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟邪褉褏懈锌械谢邪谐邪懈蟹邪屑械写谢械薪懈褞褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褟锌谢邪薪褌邪褑懈芯薪薪芯谐芯褏芯蟹褟泄褋褌胁邪. 小锌芯谢械泄锌芯褋褌械锌械薪薪芯懈褋褔械蟹谢邪泻褍谢褜褌褍褉邪褏谢芯锌褔邪褌薪懈泻邪, 锌芯褋泻芯谢褜泻褍锌谢邪薪褌邪褌芯褉邪屑斜褘谢芯胁褘谐芯写薪械械胁褘褉邪褖懈胁邪褌褜械谐芯胁袗薪谐芯谢械懈袦芯蟹邪屑斜懈泻械, 懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹褍褟褋懈褋褌械屑褍锌褉懈薪褍写懈褌械谢褜薪芯谐芯褌褉褍写邪褌褍蟹械屑褑械胁, 泻-褉芯泄薪邪邪褉褏懈锌械谢邪谐械胁芯褌谢懈褔懈械芯褌写褉. 锌芯褉褌褍谐. 胁谢邪写械薪懈泄薪械褋褍褖械褋褌胁芯胁邪谢芯, 褌. 泻. 蟹写械褋褜薪械斜褘谢芯泻芯褉械薪薪芯谐芯薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟. 袙 1868 谐., 锌芯褋谢械褍褔褉械卸写械薪懈褟胁袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢懈懈袧邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯谐芯斜邪薪泻邪写谢褟蟹邪屑芯褉褋泻懈褏褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈泄懈褋芯蟹写邪薪懈褟械谐芯褎懈谢懈邪谢邪胁袣.-袙., 薪邪屑械褌懈谢褋褟薪械泻芯褌芯褉褘泄褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻懈泄锌芯写褗械屑. 袘谢邪谐芯写邪褉褟斜邪薪泻芯胁褋泻懈屑泻褉械写懈褌邪屑邪泻褌懈胁懈蟹懈褉芯胁邪谢懈褋褜褌芯褉谐芯胁谢褟, 卸懈谢懈褖薪芯械褋褌褉芯懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯, 屑械谢泻芯械锌褉芯懈蟹胁芯写褋褌胁芯. 袨褔械褉械写薪芯泄褋锌邪写褝泻芯薪芯屑懈泻懈薪邪褔邪谢褋褟锌芯褋谢械锌械褉胁芯泄屑懈褉芯胁芯泄胁芯泄薪褘, 邪褍褉芯胁械薪褜褋械谢褜褋泻芯褏芯蟹褟泄褋褌胁械薪薪芯谐芯锌褉芯懈蟹胁芯写褋褌胁邪褍锌邪谢薪邪褋褌芯谢褜泻芯, 褔褌芯胁锌谢芯褌褜写芯锌芯褋谢械写薪懈褏谢械褌泻芯谢芯薪懈邪谢褜薪芯谐芯谐芯褋锌芯写褋褌胁邪薪邪芯褋褌褉芯胁械械卸械谐芯写薪芯胁胁芯蟹懈谢芯褋褜 90-95% 薪械芯斜褏芯写懈屑芯谐芯写谢褟薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟锌褉芯写芯胁芯谢褜褋褌胁懈褟. </p> <p> 袧邪袣.-袙., 泻邪泻懈薪邪胁褋械芦蟹邪屑芯褉褋泻懈械褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈禄, 褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褟谢褋褟邪写屑., 谐褉邪卸写邪薪褋泻懈泄懈褍谐芯谢芯胁薪褘泄褉械卸懈屑袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢懈懈, 邪锌褉芯卸懈胁邪褞褖懈械胁泻芯谢芯薪懈懈锌芯褉褌褍谐邪谢褜褑褘褋 1821 谐. 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢懈锌褉邪胁芯懈蟹斜懈褉邪褌褜芯写薪芯谐芯写械锌褍褌邪褌邪胁锌邪褉谢邪屑械薪褌屑械褌褉芯锌芯谢懈懈. 袙 1930 谐. 袩褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯屑袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢懈懈斜褘谢锌褉懈薪褟褌芦袣芯谢芯薪懈邪谢褜薪褘泄邪泻褌禄, 褋芯谐谢邪褋薪芯泻芯褌芯褉芯屑褍薪邪褋械谢械薪懈械芦蟹邪屑芯褉褋泻懈褏褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈泄禄写械谢懈谢芯褋褜薪邪褌褍蟹械屑褑械胁懈芦褑懈胁懈谢懈蟹芯胁邪薪薪褘褏禄, 懈谢懈芦邪褋褋懈屑懈谢懈褉芯胁邪薪薪褘褏禄 (邪褋懈屑懈谢邪写褍褕). 袣锌芯褋谢械写薪懈屑芯褌薪芯褋懈谢懈褋褜屑褍谢邪褌褘懈邪褎褉懈泻邪薪褑褘, 锌褉懈薪褟胁褕懈械褏褉懈褋褌懈邪薪褋褌胁芯. 袠蟹褝褌芯泄泻邪褌械谐芯褉懈懈薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟胁芯褋薪芯胁薪芯泄褋褌械锌械薪懈褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁邪谢懈褋褜泻邪写褉褘泻芯谢芯薪懈邪谢褜薪芯泄邪写屑懈薪懈褋褌褉邪褑懈懈锌芯褉褌褍谐. 胁谢邪写械薪懈泄胁袗褎褉懈泻械. 袙 1951 谐. 袣.-袙., 泻邪泻懈写褉. 胁谢邪写械薪懈褟袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢懈懈, 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢邪褋褌邪褌褍褋蟹邪屑芯褉褋泻芯泄锌褉芯胁懈薪褑懈懈, 邪胁褋械械械卸懈褌械谢懈斜褘谢懈褎芯褉屑邪谢褜薪芯褍褉邪胁薪械薪褘胁锌褉邪胁邪褏懈褋褔懈褌邪谢懈褋褜谐褉邪卸写邪薪邪屑懈袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢懈懈. 小褟薪胁. 1973 谐. 袨-胁邪袟械谢褢薪芯谐芯袦褘褋邪褋褌邪谢懈懈屑械薪芯胁邪褌褜褋褟芦邪胁褌芯薪芯屑薪芯泄锌褉芯胁懈薪褑懈械泄禄, 褔褌芯, 芯写薪邪泻芯, 薪械锌芯胁谢械泻谢芯蟹邪屑械褌薪褘褏懈蟹屑械薪械薪懈泄胁褋懈褋褌械屑械褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈褟, 蟹邪懈褋泻谢褞褔械薪懈械屑褌芯谐芯, 褔褌芯褉褟写褎褍薪泻褑懈泄屑懈薪懈褋褌褉邪蟹邪屑芯褉褋泻懈褏锌褉芯胁懈薪褑懈泄斜褘谢锌械褉械写邪薪谐褍斜械褉薪邪褌芯褉褍, 泻-褉褘泄芯褋褌邪胁邪谢褋褟胁褘褋褕懈屑锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢械屑懈褋锌芯谢薪懈褌械谢褜薪芯泄胁谢邪褋褌懈屑械褌褉芯锌芯谢懈懈. 袘褘谢芯写械泻谢邪褉懈褉芯胁邪薪芯芦斜芯谢械械褕懈褉芯泻芯械褍褔邪褋褌懈械蟹邪屑芯褉褋泻懈褏锌褉芯胁懈薪褑懈泄胁褉褍泻芯胁芯写褋褌胁械薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯泄锌芯谢懈褌懈泻芯泄禄, 褔褌芯薪邪锌褉邪泻褌懈泻械褍胁械谢懈褔懈谢芯懈褏锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯胁锌邪褉谢邪屑械薪褌械屑械褌褉芯锌芯谢懈懈, 胁泻-褉褘泄芯褌袣.-袙. 褋褌邪谢懈胁褏芯写懈褌褜 2 泻邪薪写懈写邪褌邪. </p> </div><h4><a class="an" name="part_6"> 袘芯褉褜斜邪蟹邪薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌褜 (20-械谐谐. XX 胁.- 1975) </a></h4> <div class="section_4"> <p> 袣芯谢芯薪懈邪谢褜薪褘泄褉械卸懈屑, 薪械褋屑芯褌褉褟薪邪褉械锌褉械褋褋懈胁薪褘械屑械褉褘懈写械泄褋褌胁懈褟锌芯锌褉懈胁谢械褔械薪懈褞薪邪褋胁芯褞褋褌芯褉芯薪褍褔邪褋褌懈薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟, 薪械屑芯谐锌褉械芯写芯谢械褌褜褋褌褉械屑谢械薪懈械薪邪褉芯写芯胁邪褎褉懈泻邪薪. 胁谢邪写械薪懈泄泻薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈. 校卸械胁薪邪褔. 20-褏谐谐. 啸啸胁. 薪械褋泻. 褋褌褍写械薪褌芯胁-邪褎褉懈泻邪薪褑械胁褋芯蟹写邪谢懈胁袥懈褋褋邪斜芯薪械褌. 薪. 袗褎褉懈泻邪薪褋泻褍褞谢懈谐褍, 泻-褉邪褟懈屑械谢邪褋胁芯懈褏锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢械泄胁锌芯褉褌褍谐. 泻芯谢芯薪懈褟褏. 协褌芯写胁懈卸械薪懈械薪械褋褌邪胁懈谢芯锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈褏褑械谢械泄懈蟹邪薪懈屑邪谢芯褋褜泻褍谢褜褌褍褉薪芯-锌褉芯褋胁械褌懈褌械谢褜褋泻芯泄写械褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌褜褞锌芯褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁邪薪懈褞薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯谐芯褋邪屑芯褋芯蟹薪邪薪懈褟薪邪褉芯写芯胁邪褎褉懈泻邪薪褋泻懈褏胁谢邪写械薪懈泄袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢懈懈. 袙泻邪卸写芯泄懈蟹泻芯谢芯薪懈泄斜褘谢邪褋胁芯褟褋锌械褑懈褎懈泻邪, 懈袣.-袙. 薪邪褏芯写懈谢邪褋褜胁褝褌芯屑褋屑褘褋谢械胁芯褋芯斜芯屑锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈懈, 褟胁谢褟褟褋褜薪邪懈斜芯谢械械芦泻褉械芯谢懈蟹懈褉芯胁邪薪薪芯泄禄褋褌褉邪薪芯泄袗褎褉懈泻懈, 锌芯写芯斜薪芯袘褉邪蟹懈谢懈懈懈褋褌褉邪薪邪屑袥邪褌懈薪褋泻芯泄袗屑械褉懈泻懈胁锌械褉懈芯写懈褋锌邪薪褋泻芯谐芯胁谢邪写褘褔械褋褌胁邪. 小褉械写懈屑械褋褌薪褘褏卸懈褌械谢械泄斜褘谢懈泻褉褍锌薪褘械褋芯斜褋褌胁械薪薪懈泻懈蟹械屑谢懈, 胁谢邪写械谢褜褑褘锌褉械写锌褉懈褟褌懈泄, 褋芯谢褟薪褘褏泻邪褉褜械褉芯胁, 泻褉褍锌薪褘械泻芯屑屑械褉褋邪薪褌褘. 袦褍谢邪褌褘, 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟胁褕懈械斜芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁芯薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟, 薪邪褏芯写懈谢懈褋褜胁锌褉懈胁懈谢械谐懈褉芯胁邪薪薪芯屑锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈懈锌芯褋褉邪胁薪械薪懈褞褋邪褎褉懈泻邪薪褑邪屑懈. 孝械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈邪谢褜薪邪褟褉邪蟹芯斜褖械薪薪芯褋褌褜胁械谢邪泻褌芯屑褍, 褔褌芯泻邪卸写褘泄芯褋褌褉芯胁斜褘谢锌芯-褋胁芯械屑褍芯褉懈械薪褌懈褉芯胁邪薪薪邪褋胁褟蟹懈褋屑械褌褉芯锌芯谢懈械泄懈褎邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈褉邪蟹胁懈胁邪谢褋褟懈蟹芯谢懈褉芯胁邪薪薪芯. 孝械屑薪械屑械薪械械褌械薪写械薪褑懈褟泻褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁邪薪懈褞芯斜褖械谐芯泻邪斜芯胁械褉写褋泻芯谐芯薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢懈蟹屑邪锌芯褋褌械锌械薪薪芯褍褋懈谢懈谢邪褋褜. </p> <p> <div class="right_image" style="width: 230px"><div class="image" style="float: right; width: 230px;"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"> <span class="content"> <div align="center"><a class="highslide" onclick="return hs.expand(this, {captionId:'img_caption_1318820_5'})" href="/data/2012/09/11/1233263990/i400.jpg" ><img src="/data/2012/09/11/1233263990/i200.jpg" itemprop="photo" width="200" height="150" alt="袗泻胁械写褍泻胁袪懈斜械泄褉邪-袚褉邪薪写懈. 袧邪褔. XIX 胁." title="袣谢懈泻薪懈褌械写谢褟褍胁械谢懈褔械薪懈褟泻邪褉褌懈薪泻懈" align="center" hspace="2" vspace="2"/></a><div class="highslide-caption" id="img_caption_1318820_5">袗泻胁械写褍泻胁袪懈斜械泄褉邪-袚褉邪薪写懈. 袧邪褔. XIX 胁.</div></div><br><small>袗泻胁械写褍泻胁袪懈斜械泄褉邪-袚褉邪薪写懈. 袧邪褔. XIX 胁.</small></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>袧芯胁褘泄褝褌邪锌胁薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯-芯褋胁芯斜芯写懈褌械谢褜薪芯屑写胁懈卸械薪懈懈薪邪褉芯写芯胁锌芯褉褌褍谐邪谢褜褋泻懈褏泻芯谢芯薪懈泄薪邪褔邪谢褋褟胁 60-褏谐谐. 啸啸胁., 锌芯褋谢械芯斜褉械褌械薪懈褟薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈斜芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁芯屑谐芯褋-胁效褢褉薪芯谐芯泻芯薪褌懈薪械薪褌邪. 孝械褋薪邪褟褋胁褟蟹褜懈屑薪芯谐芯谢械褌薪械械褋芯胁屑械褋褌薪芯械褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械锌褉懈胁械谢懈泻褌芯屑褍, 褔褌芯薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯-芯褋胁芯斜芯写懈褌械谢褜薪芯械写胁懈卸械薪懈械锌芯褉褌褍谐. 袚胁懈薪械懈懈袣.-袙. 褉邪蟹胁懈胁邪谢芯褋褜胁芯斜褖械屑褉褍褋谢械. 袙邪卸薪褘屑褝褌邪锌芯屑褝褌芯泄褋芯胁屑械褋褌薪芯泄斜芯褉褜斜褘褋褌邪谢芯褋芯蟹写邪薪懈械 19 褋械薪褌. 1956 谐. 胁谐胁懈薪械泄褋泻芯屑谐. 袘懈褋邪褍袗褎褉懈泻邪薪褋泻芯泄锌邪褉褌懈懈薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈 (袩袗袠), 锌械褉械懈屑械薪芯胁邪薪薪芯泄胁褋械薪褌. 1960 谐. 胁袗褎褉懈泻邪薪褋泻褍褞锌邪褉褌懈褞薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈袚胁懈薪械懈懈袣.-袙. (袩袗袠袚袣). 小褉械写懈械械芯褋薪芯胁邪褌械谢械泄斜褘谢懈褍褉芯卸械薪褑褘袣.-袙. 袗屑懈谢泻邪褉袣邪斜褉邪谢, 械谐芯斜褉邪褌袥褍懈褕袣邪斜褉邪谢懈袗褉懈褕褌懈写懈褕袩械褉械泄褉邪. 袚谢邪胁薪褘屑懈褑械谢褟屑懈锌邪褉褌懈褟锌褉芯胁芯蟹谐谢邪褋懈谢邪写芯褋褌懈卸械薪懈械薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯械写懈薪芯谐芯谐芯褋-胁邪袚胁懈薪械懈-袘懈褋邪褍懈袣.-袙., 芯斜械褋锌械褔械薪懈械械谐芯斜褘褋褌褉芯谐芯褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯懈褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪芯谐芯褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褟, 锌芯褋褌褉芯械薪懈械褋芯褑懈邪谢懈褋褌懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯芯斜褖械褋褌胁邪斜械蟹褝泻褋锌谢褍邪褌邪褑懈懈褔械谢芯胁械泻邪褔械谢芯胁械泻芯屑. 袛谢褟写芯褋褌懈卸械薪懈褟褝褌懈褏褑械谢械泄斜褘谢懈褋芯蟹写邪薪褘袧邪褉芯写薪褘械胁芯芯褉褍卸械薪薪褘械褉械胁芯谢褞褑懈芯薪薪褘械褋懈谢褘 (肖袗袪袩), 泻-褉褘械锌芯写褉褍泻芯胁芯写褋褌胁芯屑袙芯械薪薪芯谐芯褋芯胁械褌邪褉邪蟹胁械褉薪褍谢懈锌邪褉褌懈蟹邪薪褋泻褍褞胁芯泄薪褍薪邪胁褋械泄褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈锌芯褉褌褍谐. 袚胁懈薪械懈, 褔褌芯胁懈褌芯谐械锌褉懈胁械谢芯泻褋芯蟹写邪薪懈褞芯褋胁芯斜芯卸写械薪薪褘褏褉邪泄芯薪芯胁, 蟹邪薪懈屑邪胁褕懈褏斜芯谢械械 2/3 褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈泻芯谢芯薪懈懈. 袧邪芯-胁邪褏袟械谢褢薪芯谐芯袦褘褋邪懈蟹-蟹邪芯褌褋褍褌褋褌胁懈褟蟹薪邪褔懈褌械谢褜薪褘褏谢械褋薪褘褏屑邪褋褋懈胁芯胁懈胁褋胁褟蟹懈褋褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈邪谢褜薪芯泄褉邪蟹芯斜褖械薪薪芯褋褌褜褞锌邪褉褌懈蟹邪薪褋泻邪褟胁芯泄薪邪褌邪泻懈薪械写芯褋褌懈谐谢邪蟹邪屑械褌薪褘褏屑邪褋褕褌邪斜芯胁. 袙褌芯卸械胁褉械屑褟袩袗袠袚袣褋芯蟹写邪谢邪薪邪芯褋褌褉芯胁邪褏褋胁芯懈芯褉谐-褑懈懈, 写械泄褋褌胁芯胁邪胁褕懈械胁褍褋谢芯胁懈褟褏锌芯写锌芯谢褜褟懈谐芯褌芯胁懈胁褕懈械褋褟泻褉邪蟹胁械褉褌褘胁邪薪懈褞斜芯褉褜斜褘蟹邪薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌褜. </p> <p> <div class="left_image" style="width: 209px"><div class="image" style="float: left; width: 209px;"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"><div class="image"> <span class="content"> <div align="center"><a class="highslide" onclick="return hs.expand(this, {captionId:'img_caption_1318937_66'})" href="/data/2012/09/11/1233265355/i400.jpg" ><img src="/data/2012/09/11/1233265355/i200.jpg" itemprop="photo" width="179" height="200" alt="笑械褉泻芯胁褜胁袩械写褉芯-写械-袥褍屑邪. 1858 谐." title="袣谢懈泻薪懈褌械写谢褟褍胁械谢懈褔械薪懈褟泻邪褉褌懈薪泻懈" align="center" hspace="2" vspace="2"/></a><div class="highslide-caption" id="img_caption_1318937_66">笑械褉泻芯胁褜胁袩械写褉芯-写械-袥褍屑邪. 1858 谐.</div></div><br><small>笑械褉泻芯胁褜胁袩械写褉芯-写械-袥褍屑邪. 1858 谐.</small></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>袧邪褉褟写褍褋胁芯芯褉褍卸械薪薪芯泄斜芯褉褜斜芯泄袩袗袠袚袣胁褑械谢褟褏芯泻邪蟹邪薪懈褟写邪胁谢械薪懈褟薪邪袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢懈褞邪泻褌懈胁懈蟹懈褉芯胁邪谢邪锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻褍褞懈写懈锌谢芯屑邪褌懈褔械褋泻褍褞写械褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌褜薪邪屑械卸写褍薪邪褉芯写薪芯泄邪褉械薪械. 袩械褉胁褘屑褎芯褉褍屑芯屑, 薪邪泻-褉芯屑斜褘谢邪锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪邪袩袗袠袚袣, 褋褌邪谢邪袣芯薪褎械褉械薪褑懈褟邪褎褉懈泻邪薪. 薪邪褉芯写芯胁胁褟薪胁. 1960 谐. 胁孝褍薪懈褋械. 袙褑械谢褟褏泻芯芯褉写懈薪邪褑懈懈芯褋胁芯斜芯写懈褌械谢褜薪芯泄斜芯褉褜斜褘胁锌芯褉褌褍谐. 泻芯谢芯薪懈褟褏胁邪锌褉. 1961 谐. 斜褘谢邪褋芯蟹写邪薪邪袣芯薪褎械褉械薪褑懈褟薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯-芯褋胁芯斜芯写懈褌械谢褜薪褘褏芯褉谐-褑懈泄锌芯褉褌褍谐. 泻芯谢芯薪懈泄 (袣袨袧袣袩) 褋芯褕褌邪斜-泻胁邪褉褌懈褉芯泄胁袪邪斜邪褌械. 袗. 袣邪斜褉邪谢斜褘谢懈蟹斜褉邪薪蟹邪屑械褋褌懈褌械谢械屑谐械薪械褉邪谢褜薪芯谐芯褋械泻褉械褌邪褉褟. 袙屑邪褉褌械 1961 谐. 芯薪胁锌械褉胁褘械锌芯褋械褌懈谢小小小袪懈锌芯锌褉芯褋懈谢屑械卸写褍薪邪褉芯写薪芯泄锌芯屑芯褖懈写谢褟袩袗袠袚袣胁斜芯褉褜斜械锌褉芯褌懈胁泻芯谢芯薪懈蟹邪褌芯褉芯胁. 小胁懈写械褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯屑褍褋锌械褕薪芯泄屑芯斜懈谢懈蟹邪褑懈懈屑械卸写褍薪邪褉芯写薪芯谐芯芯斜褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯谐芯屑薪械薪懈褟胁锌芯写写械褉卸泻褍袩袗袠袚袣褋褌邪谢邪锌褉芯胁械写械薪薪邪褟胁懈褞薪械 1970 谐. 胁袪懈屑械袣芯薪褎械褉械薪褑懈褟褋芯谢懈写邪褉薪芯褋褌懈褋薪邪褉芯写邪屑懈锌芯褉褌褍谐. 泻芯谢芯薪懈泄, 薪邪泻-褉芯泄锌褉懈褋褍褌褋褌胁芯胁邪谢懈锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢懈 171 芯褉谐-褑懈泄懈蟹 64 褋褌褉邪薪. 校褔懈褌褘胁邪褟胁邪卸薪褍褞褉芯谢褜泻邪褌芯谢懈褔. 笑械褉泻胁懈胁卸懈蟹薪懈薪邪褉芯写芯胁袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢懈懈懈械械蟹邪屑芯褉褋泻懈褏胁谢邪写械薪懈泄, 褉褍泻芯胁芯写懈褌械谢懈袣袨袧袣袩褋褍屑械谢懈芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹芯胁邪褌褜胁 1970 谐. 胁褋褌褉械褔褍褋锌邪锌芯泄袩邪胁谢芯屑 VI, 褔褌芯锌褉芯懈蟹胁械谢芯芯谐褉芯屑薪芯械胁锌械褔邪褌谢械薪懈械薪邪锌芯褉褌褍谐邪谢褜褑械胁懈胁蟹薪邪褔懈褌械谢褜薪芯泄褋褌械锌械薪懈锌芯胁谢懈褟谢芯薪邪懈褏芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈械泻芯褋胁芯斜芯写懈褌械谢褜薪芯泄斜芯褉褜斜械胁泻芯谢芯薪懈褟褏. 袙 1971 谐. 袗. 袣邪斜褉邪谢锌褉懈褋褍褌褋褌胁芯胁邪谢薪邪褋械褋褋懈懈袨褉谐邪薪懈蟹邪褑懈懈邪褎褉懈泻邪薪. 械写懈薪褋褌胁邪胁袗写写懈褋-袗斜械斜械 (协褎懈芯锌懈褟) 懈锌褉芯胁械谢褉褟写斜械褋械写褋褉褍泻芯胁芯写懈褌械谢褟屑懈邪褎褉懈泻邪薪. 谐芯褋-胁. 袙邪卸薪褘屑写芯褋褌懈卸械薪懈械屑褝褌懈褏锌械褉械谐芯胁芯褉芯胁褋褌邪谢芯褌芯, 褔褌芯胁薪芯褟斜. 1972 谐. 袣芯屑懈褌械褌袨袨袧锌芯写械泻芯谢芯薪懈蟹邪褑懈懈锌褉懈蟹薪邪谢袩袗袠袚袣械写懈薪褋褌胁械薪薪褘屑懈锌芯写谢懈薪薪褘屑锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢械屑薪邪褉芯写芯胁袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢褜褋泻芯泄袚胁懈薪械懈懈芯-胁芯胁袟械谢褢薪芯谐芯袦褘褋邪, 邪胁写械泻. 褌芯谐芯卸械谐芯写邪小芯胁械褌袘械蟹芯锌邪褋薪芯褋褌懈袨袨袧胁褘褋泻邪蟹邪谢褋褟蟹邪薪械屑械写谢械薪薪芯械锌褉械写芯褋褌邪胁谢械薪懈械薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈锌芯褉褌褍谐. 泻芯谢芯薪懈褟屑. </p> <p> 孝械屑薪械屑械薪械械泻芯谢芯薪懈邪谢褜薪褘械胁芯泄褋泻邪锌芯锌褘褌邪谢懈褋褜锌芯写邪胁懈褌褜胁芯芯褉褍卸械薪薪褍褞斜芯褉褜斜褍肖袗袪袩, 邪褌邪泄薪邪褟锌芯谢懈褑懈褟 (袩袠袛袝) 邪泻褌懈胁薪芯写械泄褋褌胁芯胁邪谢邪锌褉芯褌懈胁褉褍泻芯胁芯写懈褌械谢械泄袩袗袠袚袣. 袙 1973 谐. 胁袣芯薪邪泻褉懈 (袚胁懈薪械褟-袘懈褋邪褍) 斜褘谢褍斜懈褌袗. 袣邪斜褉邪谢. 袩褉懈锌芯写谐芯褌芯胁泻械褝褌芯泄邪泻褑懈懈袩袠袛袝懈褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪谢邪褝褌薪懈褔械褋泻懈械锌褉芯褌懈胁芯褉械褔懈褟胁薪褍褌褉懈袩袗袠袚袣, 胁褔邪褋褌薪芯褋褌懈薪械锌褉懈褟蟹薪褜褉褟写邪胁芯械薪薪褘褏写械褟褌械谢械泄肖袗袪袩 - 邪褎褉懈泻邪薪褑械胁泻屑褍谢邪褌邪屑. 袧芯胁褘屑谐械薪械褉邪谢褜薪褘屑褋械泻褉械褌邪褉械屑袩袗袠袚袣褋褌邪谢芯写懈薪懈蟹械械芯褋薪芯胁邪褌械谢械泄 - 泻邪斜芯胁械褉写械褑袗. 袩械褉械泄褉邪, 斜褘谢褌邪泻卸械芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪锌芯褋褌芯褟薪薪褘泄褋械泻褉械褌邪褉懈邪褌袩袗袠袚袣, 胁褋芯褋褌邪胁泻-褉芯谐芯懈蟹斜褉邪薪褘懈锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢懈泻芯褉械薪薪褘褏薪邪褉芯写芯胁袚胁懈薪械懈-袘懈褋邪褍. 小屑邪褉褌邪 1974 谐. 写械褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌褜锌芯写锌芯谢褜薪褘褏芯褉谐-褑懈泄芯斜褗械写懈薪懈谢袧邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪褘泄泻芯屑懈褌械褌袩袗袠袚袣锌芯袣.-袙. </p> <p> 袪械胁芯谢褞褑懈褟芦泻褉邪褋薪褘褏谐胁芯蟹写懈泻禄 25 邪锌褉. 1974 谐. 胁袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢懈懈芯蟹薪邪屑械薪芯胁邪谢邪薪邪褔邪谢芯锌芯褋谢械写薪械谐芯褝褌邪锌邪薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯-芯褋胁芯斜芯写懈褌械谢褜薪芯泄斜芯褉褜斜褘. 30 邪锌褉. 1974 谐. 褉褍泻芯胁芯写褋褌胁芯袩袗袠袚袣芯斜褉邪褌懈谢芯褋褜锌芯褉邪写懈芯泻胁褉械屑械薪薪芯屑褍锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁褍屑械褌褉芯锌芯谢懈懈褋锌褉械写谢芯卸械薪懈械屑芯锌褉械泻褉邪褖械薪懈懈胁芯泄薪褘, 芯薪械屑械写谢械薪薪芯屑锌褉懈蟹薪邪薪懈懈褋褍胁械褉械薪懈褌械褌邪袚胁懈薪械懈-袘懈褋邪褍, 锌褉芯胁芯蟹谐谢邪褋懈胁褕械泄薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌褜械褖械 24 褋械薪褌. 1973 谐., 邪褌邪泻卸械芯锌褉懈蟹薪邪薪懈懈锌褉邪胁邪薪邪褉芯写邪袣.-袙. 薪邪薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌褜. 1 屑邪褟 1974 谐. 胁袣.-袙. 锌褉芯懈蟹芯褕谢懈褋褌芯谢泻薪芯胁械薪懈褟写械屑芯薪褋褌褉邪薪褌芯胁褋锌芯谢懈褑懈械泄. 袩芯褏芯褉芯薪褘褍斜懈褌芯谐芯锌芯谢懈褑懈械泄褉邪斜芯褔械谐芯, 褋芯褋褌芯褟胁褕懈械褋褟 2 屑邪褟, 锌械褉械褉芯褋谢懈胁屑芯褖薪褍褞写械屑芯薪褋褌褉邪褑懈褞胁锌芯写写械褉卸泻褍袩袗袠袚袣褋褌褉械斜芯胁邪薪懈械屑薪械屑械写谢械薪薪芯谐芯锌褉械写芯褋褌邪胁谢械薪懈褟薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈邪褉褏懈锌械谢邪谐褍. 19 屑邪褟胁薪芯胁褜锌褉芯懈蟹芯褕谢懈芯卸械褋褌芯褔械薪薪褘械褋褌芯谢泻薪芯胁械薪懈褟屑械卸写褍薪邪褋械谢械薪懈械屑懈锌芯谢懈褑懈械泄, 薪邪褔邪谢懈褋褜锌芯谐褉芯屑褘锌芯谢懈褑械泄褋泻懈褏褍褔邪褋褌泻芯胁. 袩芯褋谢械褉芯褋锌褍褋泻邪泻芯谢芯薪懈邪谢褜薪芯泄锌芯谢懈褑懈懈 300 薪芯胁芯斜褉邪薪褑械胁-泻邪斜芯胁械褉写褑械胁芯褌泻邪蟹邪谢懈褋褜锌褉懈褋褟谐邪褌褜锌芯褉褌褍谐. 褎谢邪谐褍. </p> <p> 袙屑邪械 1974 谐. 胁袛邪泻邪褉械锌褉芯懈蟹芯褕谢邪胁褋褌褉械褔邪谐械薪械褉邪谢褜薪芯谐芯褋械泻褉械褌邪褉褟袩袗袠袚袣袩械褉械泄褉褘褋屑懈薪懈褋褌褉芯屑懈薪芯褋褌褉邪薪薪褘褏写械谢袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢懈懈袦. 小褍邪褉懈褕械屑. 小褌芯褉芯薪褘褉械褕懈谢懈薪邪褔邪褌褜锌械褉械谐芯胁芯褉褘芯锌褉械泻褉邪褖械薪懈懈芯谐薪褟懈芯斜褍褉械谐褍谢懈褉芯胁邪薪懈懈芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈泄. 袧邪 1-屑褝褌邪锌械锌褉械写锌芯谢邪谐邪谢芯褋褜褉械褕懈褌褜胁芯锌褉芯褋芯锌褉械泻褉邪褖械薪懈懈胁芯泄薪褘胁袚胁懈薪械械-袘懈褋邪褍, 邪薪邪 2-屑 - 褉邪褋褋屑芯褌褉械褌褜锌褉芯斜谢械屑褍锌褉懈蟹薪邪薪懈褟薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈袚胁懈薪械懈-袘懈褋邪褍懈锌褉邪胁邪薪邪褋邪屑芯芯锌褉械写械谢械薪懈械袣.-袙. 袙褏芯写械薪邪褔邪胁褕懈褏褋褟 25 屑邪褟 1974 谐. 胁袥芯薪写芯薪械锌械褉械谐芯胁芯褉芯胁袩袗袠袚袣锌芯褋褌邪胁懈谢邪褑械谢褜褞写芯斜懈褌褜褋褟锌褉械写芯褋褌邪胁谢械薪懈褟薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈袣.-袙. 胁褋邪屑芯械斜谢懈卸邪泄褕械械胁褉械屑褟, 薪芯褉械褕械薪懈械胁芯锌褉芯褋邪芯斜褍写褍褖械屑褋褌褉邪薪褘芯泻邪蟹邪谢芯褋褜胁械褋褜屑邪褋谢芯卸薪褘屑. 袩芯褉褌褍谐. 写械谢械谐邪褑懈褟, 褋褋褘谢邪褟褋褜薪邪芯褌褋褍褌褋褌胁懈械胁袣.-袙. 锌褉褟屑褘褏胁芯械薪薪褘褏写械泄褋褌胁懈泄懈械械芯褋芯斜褘泄褋褌邪褌褍褋胁泻芯谢芯薪懈邪谢褜薪芯泄褋懈褋褌械屑械, 薪邪褋褌邪懈胁邪谢邪薪邪褉邪蟹写械谢褜薪芯屑芯斜褋褍卸写械薪懈懈胁芯锌褉芯褋邪芯袚胁懈薪械械-袘懈褋邪褍懈袣.-袙., 褍褌胁械褉卸写邪褟, 褔褌芯锌芯褋谢械写薪褟褟褌褟谐芯褌械械褌泻邪胁褌芯薪芯屑懈懈胁褋芯褋褌邪胁械袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢懈懈. 袨写薪芯泄懈蟹锌褉懈褔懈薪薪械卸械谢邪薪懈褟锌褉械写芯褋褌邪胁懈褌褜薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌褜袣.-袙. 斜褘谢芯褌芯, 褔褌芯袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢懈褟懈械械褋芯褞蟹薪懈泻懈锌芯袧袗孝袨褉邪褋褋屑邪褌褉懈胁邪谢懈屑械卸写褍薪邪褉芯写薪褘泄邪褝褉芯锌芯褉褌薪邪芯-胁械小邪谢懈芯泻械邪薪褋泻懈泄锌芯褉褌薪邪芯-胁械小邪薪-袙懈褋械薪褌懈泻邪泻褋褌褉邪褌械谐懈褔械褋泻懈械胁芯械薪薪褘械芯斜褗械泻褌褘, 锌褉懈褌芯屑褔褌芯袩袗袠袚袣褋褔懈褌邪谢邪褋褜芦锌褉芯褋芯胁械褌褋泻芯泄禄芯褉谐-褑懈械泄. 袩芯褋谢械锌褉懈蟹薪邪薪懈褟锌芯褉褌褍谐邪谢褜褑邪屑懈锌褉邪胁邪袣.-袙. 薪邪褋邪屑芯芯锌褉械写械谢械薪懈械, 锌芯写锌懈褋邪薪懈褟 26 邪胁谐. 1974 谐. 袛械泻谢邪褉邪褑懈懈芯锌褉械泻褉邪褖械薪懈懈泻芯谢芯薪懈邪谢褜薪芯泄胁芯泄薪褘胁袚胁懈薪械械-袘懈褋邪褍, 芯锌褉懈蟹薪邪薪懈懈械械薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈懈胁褘胁芯写械褋械械褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈写芯 15 芯泻褌. 1974 谐. 锌芯褉褌褍谐. 胁芯泄褋泻袩袗袠袚袣褋薪褟谢邪褌褉械斜芯胁邪薪懈械芯锌褉械写芯褋褌邪胁谢械薪懈懈薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈袣.-袙. 芯写薪芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯褋袚胁懈薪械械泄-袘懈褋邪褍. 袘褘谢褋屑械褖械薪锌芯褉褌褍谐. 谐褍斜械褉薪邪褌芯褉袣.-袙., 泻-褉芯谐芯褋屑械薪懈谢屑械褋褌薪褘泄褍褉芯卸械薪械褑小. 肖芯薪褋械泻邪. 袨薪锌芯锌褘褌邪谢褋褟褋芯蟹写邪褌褜锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯懈蟹锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢械泄胁褋械褏锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈褏芯褉谐-褑懈泄泻芯谢芯薪懈懈 (胁褌. 褔. 懈锌褉邪胁褘褏锌邪褉褌懈泄 - 袧邪褉芯写薪芯谐芯褋芯褞蟹邪袣.-袙. 懈袛械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯褋芯褞蟹邪袣.-袙.), 薪芯锌芯褌械褉锌械谢薪械褍写邪褔褍. </p> <p> 袙芯泻褌. 1974 谐. 懈蟹袣芯薪邪泻褉懈锌褉懈斜褘谢邪谐褉褍锌锌邪邪泻褌懈胁懈褋褌芯胁袩袗袠袚袣胁芯谐谢邪胁械褋蟹邪屑. 谐械薪械褉邪谢褜薪芯谐芯褋械泻褉械褌邪褉褟锌邪褉褌懈懈袩械写褉褍袩懈褉械褕械屑. 袩芯褋谢械锌芯锌褘褌芯泻薪芯胁褘褏胁谢邪褋褌械泄薪邪锌褉邪胁懈褌褜泻芯谢芯薪懈邪谢褜薪褘械胁芯泄褋泻邪锌褉芯褌懈胁写械屑芯薪褋褌褉邪薪褌芯胁胁褋械胁芯械薪薪芯褋谢褍卸邪褖懈械 - 褍褉芯卸械薪褑褘芯褋褌褉芯胁芯胁锌芯泻懈薪褍谢懈邪褉屑懈褞. 袧邪褉邪褋褌邪薪懈械薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯-芯褋胁芯斜芯写懈褌械谢褜薪芯泄斜芯褉褜斜褘锌褉懈胁械谢芯泻褌芯屑褍, 褔褌芯 19 写械泻. 1974 谐. 锌芯褉褌褍谐邪谢褜褑褘斜褘谢懈胁褘薪褍卸写械薪褘锌芯写锌懈褋邪褌褜褋芯谐谢邪褕械薪懈械芯锌褉械写芯褋褌邪胁谢械薪懈懈袣.-袙. 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻芯泄褋邪屑芯褋褌芯褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌懈. 小 1 褟薪胁. 1975 谐. 泻褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈褞锌褉懈褋褌褍锌懈谢芯锌械褉械褏芯写薪芯械锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯胁褋芯褋褌邪胁械 3 屑懈薪懈褋褌褉芯胁芯褌袩袗袠袚袣懈 2 - 芯褌屑械褌褉芯锌芯谢懈懈锌芯写锌褉械写褋械写邪褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯屑锌芯褉褌褍谐. 袙械褉褏芯胁薪芯谐芯泻芯屑懈褋褋邪褉邪. 袧邪芯褋薪芯胁械薪芯胁芯谐芯懈蟹斜懈褉邪褌械谢褜薪芯谐芯蟹邪泻芯薪邪 30 懈褞薪褟褌芯谐芯卸械谐芯写邪褋芯褋褌芯褟谢懈褋褜胁褘斜芯褉褘胁袧邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪褍褞薪邪褉芯写薪褍褞邪褋褋邪屑斜谢械褞 (袧袧袗) - 胁褘褋褕懈泄蟹邪泻芯薪芯写邪褌械谢褜薪褘泄芯褉谐邪薪袪械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻懈袣.-袙. 袙胁褘斜芯褉邪褏锌褉懈薪褟谢懈褍褔邪褋褌懈械 84% 蟹邪褉械谐懈褋褌褉懈褉芯胁邪薪薪褘褏懈蟹斜懈褉邪褌械谢械泄, 懈蟹薪懈褏 96% 芯褌写邪谢懈谐芯谢芯褋邪袩袗袠袚袣, 泻芯褌芯褉邪褟胁褉械蟹褍谢褜褌邪褌械锌芯谢褍褔懈谢邪胁褋械 56 写械锌褍褌邪褌褋泻懈褏屑械褋褌胁锌邪褉谢邪屑械薪褌械. 袩褉芯胁芯蟹谐谢邪褕械薪懈械薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈褋芯褋褌芯褟谢芯褋褜 5 懈褞谢褟 1975 谐. </p> </div><h4><a class="an" name="part_7"> 袣.-袙. 胁 1975-2012 谐谐. </a></h4> <div class="section_4"> <p> 袧邪 1-泄褋械褋褋懈懈袧袧袗胁 1975 谐. 斜褘谢锌褉懈薪褟褌袟邪泻芯薪芯锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻芯屑褍褋褌褉芯泄褋褌胁械, 泻-褉褘泄写芯褍褌胁械褉卸写械薪懈褟袣芯薪褋褌懈褌褍褑懈懈褋谢褍卸懈谢袨褋薪芯胁薪褘屑蟹邪泻芯薪芯屑屑芯谢芯写芯谐芯谐芯褋-胁邪. 袝谐芯褑械谢褜褞锌褉芯胁芯蟹谐谢邪褕邪谢芯褋褜芯褋胁芯斜芯卸写械薪懈械薪邪褉芯写邪懈锌芯褋褌褉芯械薪懈械芯斜褖械褋褌胁邪斜械蟹褝泻褋锌谢褍邪褌邪褑懈懈褔械谢芯胁械泻邪褔械谢芯胁械泻芯屑. 袩褉械蟹懈写械薪褌芯屑褋褌褉邪薪褘斜褘谢懈蟹斜褉邪薪谐械薪械褉邪谢褜薪褘泄褋械泻褉械褌邪褉褜袩袗袠袚袣袗. 袩械褉械泄褉邪, 谐谢邪胁芯泄锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁邪薪邪蟹薪邪褔械薪袩. 袩懈褉械褕. 孝. 芯., 袩袗袠袚袣褋褌邪谢邪锌褉邪胁褟褖械泄锌邪褉褌懈械泄褋褉邪蟹褍胁 2 褋褌褉邪薪邪褏 (胁袚胁懈薪械械-袘懈褋邪褍谐谢邪胁芯泄谐芯褋-胁邪褋褌邪谢袥. 袣邪斜褉邪谢). 袩芯褋谢械芯斜芯褋褌褉械薪懈褟屑械卸褝褌薪懈褔械褋泻懈褏锌褉芯褌懈胁芯褉械褔懈泄, 薪芯褟斜褉褜褋泻芯谐芯锌械褉械胁芯褉芯褌邪 1980 谐. 懈锌芯褋谢械写芯胁邪胁褕械泄褋屑械薪褘胁谢邪褋褌懈胁袚胁懈薪械械-袘懈褋邪褍锌褉芯懈蟹芯褕谢芯褉邪蟹写械谢械薪懈械袩袗袠袚袣薪邪 2 芯褉谐-褑懈懈. 袩褉邪胁褟褖邪褟胁袣.-袙. 锌邪褉褌懈褟锌芯谢褍褔懈谢邪薪邪蟹胁邪薪懈械袗褎褉懈泻邪薪褋泻芯泄锌邪褉褌懈懈薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈袣.-袙. (袩袗袠袣袙). 孝芯谐写邪卸械锌褉芯懈蟹芯褕谢芯褉邪蟹写械谢械薪懈械锌褉芯褎褋芯褞蟹薪芯泄, 屑芯谢芯写械卸薪芯泄, 卸械薪褋泻芯泄懈写褉. 芯褉谐-褑懈泄 2 褋褌褉邪薪. </p> <p> 袙褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁懈懈褋袣芯薪褋褌懈褌褍褑懈械泄 1980 谐. 褋褌褉邪薪邪锌褉芯胁芯蟹谐谢邪褕邪谢邪褋褜芦褋褍胁械褉械薪薪芯泄, 写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褔械褋泻芯泄, 褍薪懈褌邪褉薪芯泄, 邪薪褌懈泻芯谢芯薪懈邪谢褜薪芯泄懈邪薪褌懈懈屑锌械褉懈邪谢懈褋褌懈褔械褋泻芯泄褉械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻芯泄禄. 袩芯写褌胁械褉卸写邪谢邪褋褜蟹邪写邪褔邪锌芯褋褌褉芯械薪懈褟芯斜褖械褋褌胁邪, 褋胁芯斜芯写薪芯谐芯芯褌褝泻褋锌谢褍邪褌邪褑懈懈褔械谢芯胁械泻邪褔械谢芯胁械泻芯屑, 写械泄褋褌胁芯胁邪谢邪芯写薪芯锌邪褉褌懈泄薪邪褟褋懈褋褌械屑邪. 袩械褉胁芯泄蟹邪写邪褔械泄薪芯胁褘褏胁谢邪褋褌械泄褋褌邪谢邪蟹邪屑械薪邪泻芯谢芯薪懈邪谢褜薪芯谐芯谐芯褋. 邪锌锌邪褉邪褌邪. 袧邪褋屑械薪褍锌芯褉褌褍谐. 褔懈薪芯胁薪懈泻邪屑锌褉懈褕谢懈邪泻褌懈胁懈褋褌褘袩袗袠袚袣, 褍褔邪褋褌薪懈泻懈薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯-芯褋胁芯斜芯写懈褌械谢褜薪芯泄斜芯褉褜斜褘, 懈褔邪褋褌褜褋锌械褑懈邪谢懈褋褌芯胁, 薪邪褏芯写懈胁褕懈褏褋褟胁褝屑懈谐褉邪褑懈懈. 袘褘谢懈锌褉芯胁械写械薪褘邪写屑. 懈褋褍写械斜薪邪褟褉械褎芯褉屑褘, 锌褉懈薪褟褌褘褍谐芯谢芯胁薪褘泄懈褍谐芯谢芯胁薪芯-锌褉芯褑械褋褋褍邪谢褜薪褘泄泻芯写械泻褋褘, 蟹邪泻芯薪芯褋械屑褜械懈写褉. 袘褘谢懈褋芯蟹写邪薪褘褋谢褍卸斜邪斜械蟹芯锌邪褋薪芯褋褌懈懈锌芯谢懈褑懈褟芯褏褉邪薪褘芯斜褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯谐芯锌芯褉褟写泻邪; 胁锌芯屑芯褖褜褉械谐褍谢褟褉薪芯泄邪褉屑懈懈斜褘谢邪芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹芯胁邪薪邪薪邪褉芯写薪邪褟屑懈谢懈褑懈褟. 袘褘谢芯薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢懈蟹懈褉芯胁邪薪芯懈屑褍褖械褋褌胁芯泻芯谢芯薪懈邪谢褜薪芯泄邪写屑懈薪懈褋褌褉邪褑懈懈懈锌芯泻懈薪褍胁褕懈褏褋褌褉邪薪褍锌芯褉褌褍谐邪谢褜褑械胁, 懈薪邪械谐芯芯褋薪芯胁械斜褘谢懈褋芯蟹写邪薪褘胁薪邪褔邪谢械谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪褘械, 邪蟹邪褌械屑懈褔邪褋褌薪芯-谐芯褋. 褋械泻褌芯褉褘褝泻芯薪芯屑懈泻懈, 泻-褉褘械胁屑械褋褌械褋泻芯芯锌械褉邪褌懈胁薪褘屑褋褌邪谢懈胁械写褍褖懈屑懈胁薪邪褉芯写薪芯屑褏芯蟹褟泄褋褌胁械. 袙褋芯斜褋褌胁械薪薪芯褋褌懈谐芯褋-胁邪薪邪褏芯写懈谢懈褋褜薪械写褉邪, 胁芯写薪褘械懈屑懈薪械褉邪谢褜薪褘械褉械褋褍褉褋褘, 芯斜褗械泻褌褘锌褉芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪芯谐芯锌褉芯懈蟹胁芯写褋褌胁邪, 褋褉械写褋褌胁邪懈薪褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈懈褋胁褟蟹懈, 懈薪褎褉邪褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉邪, 褌褉邪薪褋锌芯褉褌, 邪褌邪泻卸械斜邪薪泻懈懈褋褌褉邪褏芯胁褘械泻芯屑锌邪薪懈懈. 小芯褏褉邪薪懈谢懈褋褜褌邪泻卸械屑械谢泻芯褌芯胁邪褉薪褘泄懈泻邪锌懈褌邪谢懈褋褌懈褔械褋泻懈泄褍泻谢邪写褘. 袣褉褍锌薪芯屑褍褔邪褋褌薪芯屑褍薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯屑褍泻邪锌懈褌邪谢褍褉邪蟹褉械褕邪谢芯褋褜褎褍薪泻褑懈芯薪懈褉芯胁邪褌褜胁芯胁薪褍褌褉械薪薪械泄褉芯蟹薪懈褔薪芯泄褌芯褉谐芯胁谢械, 胁谐芯褋褌懈薪懈褔薪芯屑懈褉械褋褌芯褉邪薪薪芯屑斜懈蟹薪械褋械懈胁褋褎械褉械褍褋谢褍谐. 袙褔邪褋褌薪褘褏褉褍泻邪褏芯褋褌邪胁邪谢懈褋褜蟹械屑械谢褜薪褘械薪邪写械谢褘, 薪械泻-褉褘械褌芯胁邪褉薪褘械褋械谢褜褋泻芯褏芯蟹褟泄褋褌胁械薪薪褘械褎械褉屑褘懈锌谢邪薪褌邪褑懈懈. 袟邪 15 谢械褌锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈褟袩袗袠袣袙 (1975-1990) 褍写邪谢芯褋褜写芯褋褌懈褔褜芯锌褉械写械谢械薪薪褘褏褍褋锌械褏芯胁胁褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻芯屑懈褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪芯屑褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈懈褋褌褉邪薪褘: 胁褔邪褋褌薪芯褋褌懈, 袙袙袩褍胁械谢懈褔懈谢褋褟胁 8 褉邪蟹. 袘褘谢懈褋芯蟹写邪薪褘褋懈褋褌械屑褘斜械褋锌谢邪褌薪芯谐芯蟹写褉邪胁芯芯褏褉邪薪械薪懈褟懈芯斜褟蟹邪褌械谢褜薪芯谐芯薪邪褔邪谢褜薪芯谐芯芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟. 袨写薪邪泻芯锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁褍薪械褍写邪谢芯褋褜泻邪褉写懈薪邪谢褜薪芯锌褉械芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪褌褜褋械谢褜褋泻芯械褏芯蟹褟泄褋褌胁芯懈写芯斜懈褌褜褋褟锌褉芯写芯胁芯谢褜褋褌胁械薪薪芯谐芯褋邪屑芯芯斜械褋锌械褔械薪懈褟褋褌褉邪薪褘. 袙泻芯薪. 80-褏谐谐. XX 胁. 褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪芯-锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻褍褞芯斜褋褌邪薪芯胁泻褍芯褋谢芯卸薪懈谢懈褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻懈械褌褉褍写薪芯褋褌懈, 褉芯褋褌斜械蟹褉邪斜芯褌懈褑褘, 写懈褎褎械褉械薪褑懈邪褑懈褟芯斜褖械褋褌胁邪锌芯屑邪褌械褉懈邪谢褜薪芯屑褍锌褉懈蟹薪邪泻褍, 褉邪蟹芯斜谢邪褔械薪懈褟泻芯褉褉褍锌褑懈懈胁胁械褉褏薪懈褏褝褕械谢芯薪邪褏胁谢邪褋褌懈. </p> <p> 袩芯褋谢械芯褌屑械薪褘胁 1990 谐. 褋褌. 4 袣芯薪褋褌懈褌褍褑懈懈芯褉褍泻芯胁芯写褟褖械泄褉芯谢懈袩袗袠袣袙薪邪锌邪褉谢邪屑械薪褌褋泻懈褏胁褘斜芯褉邪褏 13 褟薪胁. 1991 谐. 锌芯斜械写褍芯写械褉卸邪谢邪褋芯蟹写邪薪薪邪褟谐芯写芯屑褉邪薪褜褕械锌邪褉褌懈褟芦袛胁懈卸械薪懈械蟹邪写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褞禄 (袦袩袛), 泻-褉邪褟锌芯谢褍褔懈谢邪 56 懈蟹 79 屑械褋褌胁袧袧袗, 邪械械谢懈写械褉袣. 袙械泄谐邪褋褌邪谢锌褉械屑褜械褉-屑懈薪懈褋褌褉芯屑. 袙褎械胁褉. 1991 谐. 1-屑胁褋械薪邪褉芯写薪芯懈蟹斜褉邪薪薪褘屑锌褉械蟹懈写械薪褌芯屑褋褌邪谢泻邪薪写懈写邪褌芯褌袦袩袛袗薪褌芯薪懈褍袦邪褕泻邪褉械薪褜褟褕袦芯薪褌械泄褉褍, 泻-褉褘泄, 锌芯谢褍褔懈胁 70% 谐芯谢芯褋芯胁懈蟹斜懈褉邪褌械谢械泄, 芯锌械褉械写懈谢泻邪薪写懈写邪褌邪芯褌袩袗袠袣袙, 1-谐芯锌褉械蟹懈写械薪褌邪褋褌褉邪薪褘袩械褉械泄褉褍. 袩芯谢懈褌懈泻邪薪芯胁芯谐芯锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁邪斜褘谢邪薪邪锌褉邪胁谢械薪邪薪邪写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褔械褋泻懈械锌褉械芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟, 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯谐芯褔邪褋褌薪芯谐芯泻邪锌懈褌邪谢邪, 锌褉懈胁谢械褔械薪懈械懈薪芯褋褌褉邪薪薪褘褏懈薪胁械褋褌懈褑懈泄懈褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈泄褋袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢懈械泄, 袘褉邪蟹懈谢懈械泄懈锌芯褉褌褍谐邪谢芯褟蟹褘褔薪褘屑懈褋褌褉邪薪邪屑懈袗褎褉懈泻懈. 袩褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯锌褉懈褋褌褍锌懈谢芯泻褉械邪谢懈蟹邪褑懈懈薪芯胁芯谐芯褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯泻褍褉褋邪懈泻锌褉芯胁械写械薪懈褞屑邪褋褕褌邪斜薪褘褏褉械褎芯褉屑, 胁泻谢褞褔邪胁褕懈褏褋芯蟹写邪薪懈械褉褘薪芯褔薪芯泄褝泻芯薪芯屑懈泻懈. 袙 1992 谐. 斜褘谢懈锌褉懈薪褟褌褘薪芯胁邪褟袣芯薪褋褌懈褌褍褑懈褟懈褉褟写蟹邪泻芯薪芯胁 -芯锌褉懈胁邪褌懈蟹邪褑懈懈谐芯褋. 锌褉械写锌褉懈褟褌懈泄, 芯胁薪械褕薪懈褏懈薪胁械褋褌懈褑懈褟褏, 芯薪邪谢芯谐邪褏, 芯锌芯芯褖褉械薪懈懈褔邪褋褌薪芯谐芯锌褉械写锌褉懈薪懈屑邪褌械谢褜褋褌胁邪懈褌. 写. 袧邪锌邪褉谢邪屑械薪褌褋泻懈褏胁褘斜芯褉邪褏胁写械泻. 1995 谐. 袦袩袛褋芯褏褉邪薪懈谢芯斜芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁芯屑械褋褌胁袧邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯泄邪褋褋邪屑斜谢械械, 懈锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯袙械泄谐懈锌褉芯写芯谢卸懈谢芯锌褉械卸薪懈泄褝泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻懈泄泻褍褉褋, 邪胁褎械胁褉. 1996 谐. 袦芯薪褌械泄褉褍斜褘谢锌械褉械懈蟹斜褉邪薪薪邪 2-泄褋褉芯泻. 袩褉懈胁褟蟹泻邪泻邪斜芯胁械褉写褋泻芯谐芯褝褕泻褍写褍泻锌芯褉褌褍谐. 胁邪谢褞褌械胁 1998 谐. 芯斜谢械谐褔懈谢邪褌芯褉谐芯胁谢褞褋芯褋褌褉邪薪邪屑懈袝小懈褎褉邪薪泻芯褎芯薪薪芯泄袗褎褉懈泻懈, 邪褋芯蟹写邪薪懈械胁 1997 谐. 械写懈薪芯泄泻芯屑屑褍薪懈泻邪褑懈芯薪薪芯泄褋械褌懈芯褋褌褉芯胁芯胁锌芯蟹胁芯谢懈谢芯褋芯蟹写邪褌褜芯褎褎褕芯褉薪褘泄斜邪薪泻芯胁褋泻懈泄褑械薪褌褉. 袙褌芯卸械胁褉械屑褟锌褉芯胁芯写懈胁褕懈械褋褟袦袩袛褉械褎芯褉屑褘薪械胁褋械谐写邪芯泻邪蟹褘胁邪谢懈锌芯谢芯卸懈褌械谢褜薪芯械胁谢懈褟薪懈械薪邪卸懈蟹薪械薪薪褘泄褍褉芯胁械薪褜薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟, 锌褉芯写芯谢卸邪谢邪褉邪褋褌懈懈屑褍褖械褋褌胁械薪薪邪褟写懈褎褎械褉械薪褑懈邪褑懈褟, 褍褉芯胁械薪褜斜械蟹褉邪斜芯褌懈褑褘写芯褋褌懈谐邪谢 25%. 袧邪邪胁褌芯褉懈褌械褌械袦袩袛芯褌褉懈褑邪褌械谢褜薪芯褋泻邪蟹邪谢邪褋褜懈褉邪蟹胁械褉薪褍胁褕邪褟褋褟胁锌邪褉褌懈懈斜芯褉褜斜邪蟹邪谢懈写械褉褋褌胁芯. </p> <p> 袧械写芯胁芯谢褜褋褌胁芯薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟薪械写芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪褘屑胁薪懈屑邪薪懈械屑锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁邪泻褋芯褑懈邪谢褜薪褘屑锌褉芯斜谢械屑邪屑锌褉懈胁械谢芯泻锌芯褉邪卸械薪懈褞袦袩袛薪邪胁褘斜芯褉邪褏 14 褟薪胁. 2001 谐. 袩袗袠袣袙锌芯谢褍褔懈谢邪胁锌邪褉谢邪屑械薪褌械 40 屑械褋褌, 袦袩袛 - 30, 袛械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褔械褋泻懈泄邪谢褜褟薪褋蟹邪锌械褉械屑械薪褘 - 2, 懈锌褉械屑褜械褉-屑懈薪懈褋褌褉芯屑褋褌邪谢谢懈写械褉锌芯斜械写懈胁褕械泄锌邪褉褌懈懈袞芯蟹械袦邪褉懈褟袩械褉械泄褉邪袧械胁械褕. 袧邪胁褘斜芯褉邪褏胁褎械胁褉. 2001 谐. 锌褉械蟹懈写械薪褌芯屑褋褌邪谢泻邪薪写懈写邪褌芯褌袩袗袠袣袙 1-泄锌褉械屑褜械褉-屑懈薪懈褋褌褉薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯泄袣.-袙. 袩懈褉械褕. 孝. 芯., 袩袗袠袣袙, 芯写械褉卸邪胁锌芯斜械写褍薪邪屑褍薪懈褑懈锌邪谢褜薪褘褏, 锌邪褉谢邪屑械薪褌褋泻懈褏懈锌褉械蟹懈写械薪褌褋泻懈褏胁褘斜芯褉邪褏 2000-2001 谐谐., 锌芯褋谢械 10-谢械褌薪械谐芯锌械褉械褉褘胁邪胁薪芯胁褜褋褌邪谢邪锌褉邪胁褟褖械泄锌邪褉褌懈械泄. 袧芯胁芯械锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯, 褋芯褏褉邪薪懈胁泻褍褉褋薪邪锌褉懈胁邪褌懈蟹邪褑懈褞懈锌褉懈胁谢械褔械薪懈械懈薪芯褋褌褉邪薪薪褘褏懈薪胁械褋褌懈褑懈泄, 胁械褉薪褍谢芯褋褜懈泻薪械泻芯褌芯褉褘屑锌褉懈芯褉懈褌械褌邪屑袩袗袠袣袙, 褔褌芯锌芯蟹胁芯谢懈谢芯褋薪懈蟹懈褌褜褍褉芯胁械薪褜斜械写薪芯褋褌懈胁褋褌褉邪薪械. 袣.-袙. 斜芯谢褜褕械, 褔械屑写褉褍谐懈屑褋褌褉邪薪邪屑, 芯泻邪蟹褘胁邪械褌褋褟懈薪芯褋褌褉邪薪薪邪褟锌芯屑芯褖褜胁褉邪褋褔械褌械薪邪写褍褕褍薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟 - 270 写芯谢谢邪褉芯胁小楔袗, 锌芯屑芯褖褜锌褉械写芯褋褌邪胁谢褟褞褌褋褌褉邪薪褘袝胁褉芯褋芯褞蟹邪, 胁锌械褉胁褍褞芯褔械褉械写褜袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢懈褟. 校褋锌械褕薪芯械褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械懈薪写褍褋褌褉懈懈褌褍褉懈蟹屑邪懈褋芯蟹写邪薪懈械 25 褌褘褋. 薪芯胁褘褏褉邪斜芯褔懈褏屑械褋褌褋锌芯褋芯斜褋褌胁芯胁邪谢懈薪械泻-褉芯屑褍褋芯泻褉邪褖械薪懈褞斜械蟹褉邪斜芯褌懈褑褘. 袙薪邪褋褌. 胁褉械屑褟袣.-袙. 胁褏芯写懈褌胁谐褉褍锌锌褍褋褌褉邪薪褋芯褋褉械写薪懈屑写芯褏芯写芯屑薪邪写褍褕褍薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟, 芯锌械褉械卸邪褟锌芯褝褌芯屑褍锌芯泻邪蟹邪褌械谢褞斜芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁芯褋褌褉邪薪袗褎褉懈泻懈. 孝械屑薪械屑械薪械械褍褉芯胁械薪褜斜械蟹褉邪斜芯褌懈褑褘写芯褋褌懈谐邪械褌 21%, 邪褍褉芯胁械薪褜斜械写薪芯褋褌懈 - 30%. </p> <p> 袧邪锌邪褉谢邪屑械薪褌褋泻懈褏胁褘斜芯褉邪褏 2006 谐. 袩袗袠袣袙胁薪芯胁褜锌芯斜械写懈谢邪, 锌芯谢褍褔懈胁 41 懈蟹 72 屑械褋褌胁胁褘褋褕械屑蟹邪泻芯薪芯写邪褌械谢褜薪芯屑芯褉谐邪薪械, 邪锌褉械蟹懈写械薪褌袩懈褉械褕懈锌褉械屑褜械褉-屑懈薪懈褋褌褉袧械胁械褕锌褉芯写谢懈谢懈褋胁芯懈 5-谢械褌薪懈械屑邪薪写邪褌褘. 袙 2011 谐. 胁锌械褉胁褘械谐谢邪胁邪屑懈谐芯褋-胁邪懈锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁邪褋褌邪谢懈锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢懈褉邪蟹薪褘褏锌邪褉褌懈泄. 袩芯褋谢械锌邪褉谢邪屑械薪褌褋泻懈褏胁褘斜芯褉芯胁胁褎械胁褉. 袩袗袠袣袙锌芯谢褍褔懈谢邪 38 屑械褋褌胁锌邪褉谢邪屑械薪褌械, 懈械械谢懈写械褉袧械胁械褕胁 3-泄褉邪蟹胁芯蟹谐谢邪胁懈谢锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯, 褌芯谐写邪泻邪泻薪邪锌褉械蟹懈写械薪褌褋泻懈褏胁褘斜芯褉邪褏胁褋械薪褌. 斜芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁芯屑胁 55% 谐芯谢芯褋芯胁锌芯斜械写懈谢泻邪薪写懈写邪褌芯褌芯锌锌芯蟹懈褑懈芯薪薪芯谐芯袦袩袛袞芯褉卸械袣邪褉谢褍褕肖芯薪褋械泻邪. 袙芯蟹薪懈泻邪褞褖懈械泻芯谢谢懈蟹懈懈胁谢邪褋褌懈褉械褕邪褞褌褋褟写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褔械褋泻懈屑锌褍褌械屑, 褋褋邪屑芯谐芯薪邪褔邪谢邪薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯谐芯褋褍褖械褋褌胁芯胁邪薪懈褟袣.-袙. 芯褌薪芯褋懈褌褋褟泻褔懈褋谢褍薪邪懈斜芯谢械械褋褌邪斜懈谢褜薪褘褏褋褌褉邪薪屑懈褉邪. 袩褉械写芯褌胁褉邪褖械薪懈褞泻芯薪褎谢懈泻褌芯胁胁胁械褉褏薪械屑褝褕械谢芯薪械胁谢邪褋褌懈褋锌芯褋芯斜褋褌胁褍械褌懈褌芯, 褔褌芯锌芯袣芯薪褋褌懈褌褍褑懈懈褎褍薪泻褑懈懈锌褉械蟹懈写械薪褌邪胁械褋褜屑邪芯谐褉邪薪懈褔械薪褘懈胁褋械械谐芯写械泄褋褌胁懈褟胁泻邪褔械褋褌胁械谐谢邪胁褘谐芯褋-胁邪褋芯谐谢邪褋褍褞褌褋褟褋锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯屑懈袧邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯泄邪褋褋邪屑斜谢械械泄. 孝. 芯., 胁褋褌褉邪薪械褎邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈褍褋褌邪薪芯胁谢械薪邪锌邪褉谢邪屑械薪褌褋泻邪褟褉械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻邪, 邪褉械邪谢褜薪褍褞懈褋锌芯谢薪懈褌械谢褜薪褍褞胁谢邪褋褌褜芯褋褍褖械褋褌胁谢褟械褌谐谢邪胁邪锌褉邪胁懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁邪, 泻芯褌芯褉褘屑褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褌褋褟谢懈写械褉锌芯斜械写懈胁褕械泄薪邪锌邪褉谢邪屑械薪褌褋泻懈褏胁褘斜芯褉邪褏锌邪褉褌懈懈. 袩褉懈锌芯写写械褉卸泻械袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢懈懈胁 2007 谐. 蟹邪泻谢褞褔械薪写芯谐芯胁芯褉芯斜芦芯褋芯斜芯屑锌邪褉褌薪械褉褋褌胁械禄褋袝小, 褔褌芯褋褌邪胁懈褌锌械褉械写袣.-袙. 蟹邪写邪褔懈锌芯褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褞写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈懈懈锌褉懈胁械写械薪懈褞蟹邪泻芯薪芯写邪褌械谢褜褋褌胁邪胁褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁懈械褋械胁褉芯锌. 薪芯褉屑邪屑懈. 袙泻邪褔械褋褌胁械谐谢邪胁薪褘褏胁薪械褕薪械锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈褏褑械谢械泄芯斜褗褟胁谢械薪褘胁褋褌褍锌谢械薪懈械胁袝小懈袧袗孝袨. </p> <div class="reference"> 袥懈褌.: 袧芯胁械泄褕邪褟懈褋褌芯褉懈褟袗褎褉懈泻懈. 袦., 1968 2; <span style="font-style:italic;">袛邪薪懈谢芯胁袩. 袩.</span> 袪械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻邪袟械谢褢薪芯谐芯袦褘褋邪. 袦., 1984; <span style="font-style:italic;">袚褉懈谐芯褉芯胁懈褔袗. 袗., 袚褉懈斜邪薪芯胁袙. 袙.</span> 袣邪斜芯-袙械褉写械. 袦., 1988; <span style="font-style:italic;">Lobban R.</span> Cape Verde: Crioulo Colony to Independent Nation. 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