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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Segmentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modelling_and_visualization_of_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modelling_and_visualization_of_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modelling and visualization of networks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modelling_and_visualization_of_networks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modelling and visualization of networks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modelling_and_visualization_of_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li 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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Longitudinal_SNA_in_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longitudinal_SNA_in_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Longitudinal SNA in schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longitudinal_SNA_in_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Security applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textual_analysis_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textual_analysis_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Textual analysis applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textual_analysis_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Internet applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Netocracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netocracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Netocracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netocracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_media_internet_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media_internet_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Social media internet applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_media_internet_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_computer-supported_collaborative_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_computer-supported_collaborative_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>In computer-supported collaborative learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_computer-supported_collaborative_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Key_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Key terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unique_capabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unique_capabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Unique capabilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unique_capabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_methods_used_alongside_SNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_methods_used_alongside_SNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>Other methods used alongside SNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_methods_used_alongside_SNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Social network analysis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تحليل الشبكة الاجتماعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحليل الشبكة الاجتماعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosial_%C5%9F%C9%99b%C9%99k%C9%99_analizi" title="Sosial şəbəkə analizi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosial şəbəkə analizi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal%C3%BDza_soci%C3%A1ln%C3%ADch_s%C3%ADt%C3%AD" title="Analýza sociálních sítí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Analýza sociálních sítí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziale_Netzwerkanalyse" title="Soziale Netzwerkanalyse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Soziale Netzwerkanalyse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A1lisis_de_redes_sociales" title="Análisis de redes sociales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Análisis de redes sociales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="تحلیل شبکه اجتماعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تحلیل شبکه اجتماعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyse_des_r%C3%A9seaux_sociaux" title="Analyse des réseaux sociaux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Analyse des réseaux sociaux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C_%EC%97%B0%EA%B2%B0%EB%A7%9D_%EB%B6%84%EC%84%9D" title="사회 연결망 분석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회 연결망 분석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analiza_dru%C5%A1tvenih_mre%C5%BEa" title="Analiza društvenih mreža – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Analiza društvenih mreža" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analisis_jaringan_sosial" title="Analisis jaringan sosial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Analisis jaringan sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analisi_delle_reti_sociali" title="Analisi delle reti sociali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Analisi delle reti sociali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ניתוח רשתות חברתיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניתוח רשתות חברתיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapcsolath%C3%A1l%C3%B3-elemz%C3%A9s" title="Kapcsolatháló-elemzés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kapcsolatháló-elemzés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A1lise_de_redes_sociais" title="Análise de redes sociais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Análise de redes sociais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Аналіз соціальних мереж – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аналіз соціальних мереж" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="社會網絡分析 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="社會網絡分析" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" 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For quantitative application to social media, see <a href="/wiki/Social_media_analytics" title="Social media analytics">social media analytics</a>. For social networking sites, see <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking service</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Social_network_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Social network (disambiguation)">Social network (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Network_Diagram_(segment).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/250px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/375px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/500px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sociology" title="Outline of sociology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Key themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li> <li>Industrial revolutions <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Industrial Revolution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">Popularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">Social complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Social power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">Social cycle theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sociological_theory" title="Sociological theory">Perspectives</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Structural functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social darwinism">Social darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of sociology">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_architecture" title="Sociology of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosociology" title="Astrosociology">Astrosociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body" title="Sociology of the body">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_death" title="Sociology of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_disaster" title="Sociology of disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">Emotion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_jealousy" title="Social aspects of jealousy">Jealousy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_sociology" title="Fiscal sociology">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_gender" title="Sociology of gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration" title="Sociology of immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_sociology" title="Industrial sociology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Jewry" title="Sociology of Jewry">Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_leisure" title="Sociology of leisure">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_peace,_war,_and_social_conflict" title="Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict">Peace, war, and social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_philosophy" title="Sociology of philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sociology" title="Public sociology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment" title="Sociology of punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">History of science</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_theory" title="Social movement theory">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sociology" title="Sociology of sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_utopian_sociology" title="Real utopian sociology">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sociology" title="Visual sociology">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">Methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">Major theorists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>1700s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a><br /></li></ul> <p><b>1800s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a> · <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> · <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias</a><br /> </p> <b>1900s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Merton</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a> · <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">Mills</a> · <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a> · <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Schoeck</a> · <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a> · <a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann </a> · <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Giddens</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology" title="Bibliography of sociology">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociological_terminology" title="Category:Sociological terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociology_journals" title="List of sociology journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociological_associations" title="List of sociological associations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sociology" title="Timeline of sociology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology_by_country" title="Category:Sociology by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/16px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/24px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sociology" title="Template:Sociology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sociology" title="Template talk:Sociology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Network_science" title="Category:Network science">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Network_science" title="Network science">Network science</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="center"><div class="center"> <div style="width: 250px; height: 250px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 250px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Internet_map_1024.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/250px-Internet_map_1024.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/375px-Internet_map_1024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/500px-Internet_map_1024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_theory" title="Network theory">Theory</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)" title="Graph (discrete mathematics)">Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_network" title="Complex network">Complex network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_contagion" title="Complex contagion">Contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-world_network" title="Small-world network">Small-world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale-free_network" title="Scale-free network">Scale-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_structure" title="Community structure">Community structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percolation_theory" title="Percolation theory">Percolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolving_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolving networks">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_controllability" title="Network controllability">Controllability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_analysis" title="Link analysis">Link analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_optimization" title="Combinatorial optimization">Optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(network_science)" title="Reciprocity (network science)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadic_closure" title="Triadic closure">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophily" title="Homophily">Homophily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitive_relation" title="Transitive relation">Transitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preferential_attachment" title="Preferential attachment">Preferential attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_theory" title="Balance theory">Balance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_effect" title="Network effect">Network effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Network types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Informational (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport network">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_collaboration_network" title="Scientific collaboration network">Scientific collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_network" title="Biological network">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdependent_networks" title="Interdependent networks">Interdependent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_network" title="Spatial network">Spatial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_network" title="Dependency network">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_network" title="Flow network">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">on-Chip</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)" title="Graph (discrete mathematics)">Graphs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Features</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clique_(graph_theory)" title="Clique (graph theory)">Clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_component_(graph_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Connected component (graph theory)">Component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_(graph_theory)" title="Cut (graph theory)">Cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_(graph_theory)" title="Cycle (graph theory)">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_(abstract_data_type)" title="Graph (abstract data type)">Data structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_(graph_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge (graph theory)">Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_(graph_theory)" title="Loop (graph theory)">Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood_(graph_theory)" title="Neighbourhood (graph theory)">Neighborhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_(graph_theory)" title="Path (graph theory)">Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertex_(graph_theory)" title="Vertex (graph theory)">Vertex</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adjacency_list" title="Adjacency list">Adjacency list</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adjacency_matrix" title="Adjacency matrix">matrix</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incidence_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Incidence list">Incidence list</a> / <a href="/wiki/Incidence_matrix" title="Incidence matrix">matrix</a></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipartite_graph" title="Bipartite graph">Bipartite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_graph" title="Complete graph">Complete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_graph" title="Directed graph">Directed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergraph" title="Hypergraph">Hyper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeled_graph" class="mw-redirect" title="Labeled graph">Labeled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multigraph" title="Multigraph">Multi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_graph" title="Random graph">Random</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weighted_graph" class="mw-redirect" title="Weighted graph">Weighted</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metrics_(networking)" title="Metrics (networking)">Metrics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_algorithms#Networking" title="List of algorithms">Algorithms</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrality" title="Centrality">Centrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degree_(graph_theory)" title="Degree (graph theory)">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_motif" title="Network motif">Motif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clustering_coefficient" title="Clustering coefficient">Clustering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degree_distribution" title="Degree distribution">Degree distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assortativity" title="Assortativity">Assortativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_(graph_theory)" title="Distance (graph theory)">Distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modularity_(networks)" title="Modularity (networks)">Modularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficiency_(network_science)" title="Efficiency (network science)">Efficiency</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Models</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Topology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Random_graph" title="Random graph">Random graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erd%C5%91s%E2%80%93R%C3%A9nyi_model" title="Erdős–Rényi model">Erdős–Rényi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barab%C3%A1si%E2%80%93Albert_model" title="Barabási–Albert model">Barabási–Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bianconi%E2%80%93Barab%C3%A1si_model" title="Bianconi–Barabási model">Bianconi–Barabási</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_model_(network_theory)" title="Fitness model (network theory)">Fitness model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watts%E2%80%93Strogatz_model" title="Watts–Strogatz model">Watts–Strogatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exponential_random_graph_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Exponential random graph models">Exponential random (ERGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_geometric_graph" title="Random geometric graph">Random geometric (RGG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_geometric_graph" title="Hyperbolic geometric graph">Hyperbolic (HGN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_network_model" title="Hierarchical network model">Hierarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_block_model" title="Stochastic block model">Stochastic block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockmodeling" title="Blockmodeling">Blockmodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum-entropy_random_graph_model" title="Maximum-entropy random graph model">Maximum entropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_configuration_model" title="Soft configuration model">Soft configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancichinetti%E2%80%93Fortunato%E2%80%93Radicchi_benchmark" title="Lancichinetti–Fortunato–Radicchi benchmark">LFR Benchmark</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Dynamics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_network" title="Boolean network">Boolean network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model" title="Agent-based model">agent based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemic model">Epidemic</a>/<a href="/wiki/SIR_model" class="mw-redirect" title="SIR model">SIR</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Categories</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_network_theory_topics" title="List of network theory topics">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis_software" title="Social network analysis software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_network_scientists" title="List of network scientists">Network scientists</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Network_theory" title="Category:Network theory">Category:Network theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Graph_theory" title="Category:Graph theory">Category:Graph theory</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Network_science" title="Template:Network science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Network_science" title="Template talk:Network science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Network_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Network science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kencf0618FacebookNetwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kencf0618FacebookNetwork.jpg/220px-Kencf0618FacebookNetwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kencf0618FacebookNetwork.jpg/330px-Kencf0618FacebookNetwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kencf0618FacebookNetwork.jpg/440px-Kencf0618FacebookNetwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Network_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Network diagram">social network diagram</a> displaying friendship ties among a set of <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> users.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Social network analysis</b> (<b>SNA</b>) is the process of investigating social structures through the use of <a href="/wiki/Network_theory" title="Network theory">networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">graph theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It characterizes networked structures in terms of <i>nodes</i> (individual actors, people, or things within the network) and the <i>ties</i>, <i>edges</i>, or <i>links</i> (relationships or interactions) that connect them. Examples of <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structures</a> commonly visualized through social network analysis include <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media networks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hagen_L_2018_523–541_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagen_L_2018_523–541-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">meme</a> proliferation,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> information circulation,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Weak_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak ties">friendship and acquaintance networks</a>, business networks, knowledge networks,<sup id="cite_ref-Brennecke2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brennecke2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harris2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> difficult working relationships,<sup id="cite_ref-Brennecke2019_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brennecke2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_graph" title="Collaboration graph">collaboration graphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disease_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Disease transmission">disease transmission</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_network" title="Sexual network">sexual relationships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These networks are often visualized through <i><a href="/wiki/Sociogram" title="Sociogram">sociograms</a></i> in which nodes are represented as points and ties are represented as lines. These visualizations provide a means of qualitatively assessing networks by varying the visual representation of their nodes and edges to reflect attributes of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social network analysis has emerged as a key technique in modern <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>. It has also gained significant popularity in the following: <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communication studies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hagen_L_2018_523–541_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagen_L_2018_523–541-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">information science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organizational_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational studies">organizational studies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Brennecke2017_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brennecke2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brennecke2019_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brennecke2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gao2023_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gao2023-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> public health,<sup id="cite_ref-Harris2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harris2009_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Development_studies" title="Development studies">development studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ghanbarnejad_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanbarnejad-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> education and distance education research,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is now commonly available as a consumer tool (see the <a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis_software" title="Social network analysis software">list of SNA software</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social network analysis has its theoretical roots in the work of early sociologists such as <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Georg Simmel</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, who wrote about the importance of studying patterns of relationships that connect social actors. Social scientists have used the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Social_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networks">social networks</a>" since early in the 20th century to connote complex sets of relationships between members of social systems at all scales, from interpersonal to international.<sup id="cite_ref-Freeman_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freeman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Moreno" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Moreno">Jacob Moreno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helen_Hall_Jennings" title="Helen Hall Jennings">Helen Jennings</a> introduced basic analytical methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Freeman_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freeman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954, <a href="/wiki/John_Arundel_Barnes" title="John Arundel Barnes">John Arundel Barnes</a> started using the term systematically to denote patterns of ties, encompassing concepts traditionally used by the public and those used by social scientists: bounded <a href="/wiki/Group_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group (sociology)">groups</a> (e.g., tribes, families) and social <a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">categories</a> (e.g., gender, ethnicity). </p><p>Starting in the 1970s, scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Burt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Burt">Ronald Burt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Granovetter" title="Mark Granovetter">Mark Granovetter</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Krackhardt" title="David Krackhardt">David Krackhardt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Laumann" title="Edward Laumann">Edward Laumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport#Social_network_analysis" title="Anatol Rapoport">Anatol Rapoport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Wellman" title="Barry Wellman">Barry Wellman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_R._White" title="Douglas R. White">Douglas R. White</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harrison_White" title="Harrison White">Harrison White</a> expanded the use of systematic social network analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-development_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-development-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the late 1990s, social network analysis experienced a further resurgence with work by sociologists, political scientists, economists, computer scientists, and physicists such as <a href="/wiki/Duncan_J._Watts" title="Duncan J. Watts">Duncan J. Watts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert-L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Barab%C3%A1si" title="Albert-László Barabási">Albert-László Barabási</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bearman" title="Peter Bearman">Peter Bearman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_A._Christakis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas A. Christakis">Nicholas A. Christakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_H._Fowler" title="James H. Fowler">James H. Fowler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Newman" title="Mark Newman">Mark Newman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_O._Jackson" title="Matthew O. Jackson">Matthew Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Kleinberg" title="Jon Kleinberg">Jon Kleinberg</a>, and others, developing and applying new models and methods, prompted in part by the emergence of new data available about online social networks as well as "digital traces" regarding face-to-face networks. </p><p>Computational SNA has been extensively used in research on study-abroad second language acquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-Paradowskietal2022_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paradowskietal2022-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paradowskietal2024_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paradowskietal2024-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in the study of literature, network analysis has been applied by Anheier, Gerhards and Romo,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wouter De Nooy,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Burgert Senekal.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, social network analysis has found applications in various academic disciplines as well as practical contexts such as countering <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metrics">Metrics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Metrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Size: The number of network members in a given network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connections">Connections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Connections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Homophily" title="Homophily">Homophily</a>: The extent to which actors form ties with similar versus dissimilar others. Similarity can be defined by gender, race, age, occupation, educational achievement, status, values or any other salient characteristic.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homophily is also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Assortativity" title="Assortativity">assortativity</a>. </p><p>Multiplexity: The number of content-forms contained in a tie.<sup id="cite_ref-Podo97_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podo97-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, two people who are friends and also work together would have a multiplexity of 2.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiplexity has been associated with relationship strength and can also comprise overlap of positive and negative network ties.<sup id="cite_ref-Brennecke2019_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brennecke2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mutuality/Reciprocity: The extent to which two actors reciprocate each other's friendship or other interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-Kadu12_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kadu12-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Triadic_closure" title="Triadic closure">Network Closure</a>: A measure of the completeness of relational triads. An individual's assumption of network closure (i.e. that their friends are also friends) is called transitivity. Transitivity is an outcome of the individual or situational trait of <a href="/wiki/Closure_(psychology)" title="Closure (psychology)">Need for Cognitive Closure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flyn10_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flyn10-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Propinquity" title="Propinquity">Propinquity</a>: The tendency for actors to have more ties with geographically close others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distributions">Distributions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bridge_(graph_theory)" title="Bridge (graph theory)">Bridge</a>: An individual whose weak ties fill a <a href="/wiki/Structural_holes" title="Structural holes">structural hole</a>, providing the only link between two individuals or clusters. It also includes the shortest route when a longer one is unfeasible due to a high risk of message distortion or delivery failure.<sup id="cite_ref-Granovetter,_M._1973_1360–1380_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Granovetter,_M._1973_1360–1380-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Centrality" title="Centrality">Centrality</a>: Centrality refers to a group of metrics that aim to quantify the "importance" or "influence" (in a variety of senses) of a particular node (or group) within a network.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of common methods of measuring "centrality" include <a href="/wiki/Betweenness_centrality" title="Betweenness centrality">betweenness centrality</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-comprehensive_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comprehensive-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Closeness_centrality" title="Closeness centrality">closeness centrality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eigenvector_centrality" title="Eigenvector centrality">eigenvector centrality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_centrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha centrality">alpha centrality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Degree_centrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Degree centrality">degree centrality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dense_graph" title="Dense graph">Density</a>: The proportion of direct ties in a network relative to the total number possible.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Distance: The minimum number of ties required to connect two particular actors, as popularized by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Milgram" title="Stanley Milgram">Stanley Milgram</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Small_world_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Small world experiment">small world experiment</a> and the idea of 'six degrees of separation'. </p><p>Structural holes: The absence of ties between two parts of a network. Finding and exploiting a structural hole can give an <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneur</a> a competitive advantage. This concept was developed by sociologist <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Stuart_Burt" title="Ronald Stuart Burt">Ronald Burt</a>, and is sometimes referred to as an alternate conception of social capital. </p><p>Tie Strength: Defined by the linear combination of time, emotional intensity, intimacy and reciprocity (i.e. mutuality).<sup id="cite_ref-Granovetter,_M._1973_1360–1380_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Granovetter,_M._1973_1360–1380-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strong ties are associated with homophily, propinquity and transitivity, while weak ties are associated with bridges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Segmentation">Segmentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Segmentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groups are identified as '<a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">cliques</a>' if every individual is directly tied to every other individual, '<a href="/wiki/Social_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Social circle">social circles</a>' if there is less stringency of direct contact, which is imprecise, or as <a href="/wiki/Structural_cohesion" title="Structural cohesion">structurally cohesive</a> blocks if precision is wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-uci_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uci-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Clustering_coefficient" title="Clustering coefficient">Clustering coefficient</a>: A measure of the likelihood that two associates of a node are associates. A higher clustering coefficient indicates a greater 'cliquishness'.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cohesion: The degree to which actors are connected directly to each other by <a href="/wiki/Social_cohesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Social cohesion">cohesive bonds</a>. <a href="/wiki/Structural_cohesion" title="Structural cohesion">Structural cohesion</a> refers to the minimum number of members who, if removed from a group, would disconnect the group.<sup id="cite_ref-asanet_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asanet-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modelling_and_visualization_of_networks">Modelling and visualization of networks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modelling and visualization of networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_network_characteristics_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Social_network_characteristics_diagram.jpg/330px-Social_network_characteristics_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Social_network_characteristics_diagram.jpg/495px-Social_network_characteristics_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Social_network_characteristics_diagram.jpg/660px-Social_network_characteristics_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2794" data-file-height="1758" /></a><figcaption>Different characteristics of social networks. A, B, and C show varying centrality and density of networks; panel D shows network closure, i.e., when two actors, tied to a common third actor, tend to also form a direct tie between them. Panel E represents two actors with different attributes (e.g., organizational affiliation, beliefs, gender, education) who tend to form ties. Panel F consists of two types of ties: friendship (solid line) and dislike (dashed line). In this case, two actors being friends both dislike a common third (or, similarly, two actors that dislike a common third tend to be friends).</figcaption></figure> <p>Visual representation of social networks is important to understand the network data and convey the result of the analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous methods of visualization for data produced by social network analysis have been presented.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the <a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis_software" title="Social network analysis software">analytic software</a> have modules for network visualization. The data is explored by displaying nodes and ties in various layouts and attributing colors, size, and other advanced properties to nodes. Visual representations of networks may be a powerful method for conveying complex information. Still, care should be taken in interpreting node and graph properties from visual displays alone, as they may misrepresent structural properties better captured through quantitative analyses.<sup id="cite_ref-interpreting_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interpreting-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Signed_graph" title="Signed graph">Signed graphs</a> can be used to illustrate good and bad relationships between humans. A positive edge between two nodes denotes a positive relationship (friendship, alliance, dating), and a negative edge denotes a negative relationship (hatred, anger). Signed social network graphs can be used to predict the future evolution of the graph. In <a href="/wiki/Signed_network" title="Signed network">signed social networks</a>, there is the concept of "balanced" and "unbalanced" cycles. A balanced cycle is defined as a <a href="/wiki/Cycle_(graph_theory)" title="Cycle (graph theory)">cycle</a> where the product of all the signs are positive. According to <a href="/wiki/Balance_theory" title="Balance theory">balance theory</a>, balanced graphs represent a group of people who are unlikely to change their opinions of the other people in the group. Unbalanced graphs represent a group of people who are very likely to change their opinions of the people in their group. For example, a group of 3 people (A, B, and C) where A and B have a positive relationship, B and C have a positive relationship. Still, C and A have a negative relationship, an unbalanced cycle. This group is very likely to morph into a balanced cycle, such as one where B only has a good relationship with A, and both A and B have a negative relationship with C. By using the concept of balanced and unbalanced cycles, the evolution of signed <a href="/wiki/Social_network_graph" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network graph">social network graphs</a> can be predicted.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different approaches to participatory network mapping have proven useful, especially when using social network analysis as a tool for facilitating change. Here, participants/interviewers provide network data by mapping the network (with pen and paper or digitally) during the data collection session. An example of a pen-and-paper network mapping approach, which also includes the collection of some actor attributes (perceived influence and goals of actors) is the * <a href="/wiki/Net-map_toolbox" title="Net-map toolbox">Net-map toolbox</a>. One benefit of this approach is that it allows researchers to collect qualitative data and ask clarifying questions while the network data is collected.<sup id="cite_ref-visualizing_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visualizing-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_networking_potential">Social networking potential</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social networking potential"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social Networking Potential (SNP) is a numeric <a href="/wiki/Coefficient" title="Coefficient">coefficient</a>, derived through <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to represent both the size of an individual's <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social network</a> and their ability to influence that network. SNP coefficients were first defined and used by Bob Gerstley in 2002. A closely related term is <a href="/wiki/Social_marketing_intelligence#Alpha_users" title="Social marketing intelligence">Alpha User</a>, defined as a person with a high SNP. </p><p>SNP coefficients have two primary functions: </p> <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">classification</a> of individuals based on their social networking potential, and</li> <li>The weighting of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/respondent" class="extiw" title="wikt:respondent">respondents</a> in quantitative <a href="/wiki/Marketing_research" title="Marketing research">marketing research</a> studies.</li></ol> <p>By calculating the SNP of respondents and by <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_targeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral targeting">targeting</a> High SNP respondents, the <a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">strength</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relevance" title="Relevance">relevance</a> of quantitative marketing research used to drive <a href="/wiki/Viral_marketing" title="Viral marketing">viral marketing</a> strategies is enhanced. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Variable_(research)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable (research)">Variables</a> used to calculate an individual's SNP include but are not limited to: participation in Social Networking activities, group memberships, leadership roles, recognition, publication/editing/contributing to non-electronic media, publication/editing/contributing to electronic media (websites, blogs), and frequency of past distribution of information within their network. The acronym "SNP" and some of the first algorithms developed to quantify an individual's social networking potential were described in the white paper "Advertising Research is Changing" (Gerstley, 2003) See <a href="/wiki/Viral_Marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral Marketing">Viral Marketing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first book<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to discuss the commercial use of Alpha Users among mobile telecoms audiences was 3G Marketing by Ahonen, Kasper and Melkko in 2004. The first book to discuss Alpha Users more generally in the context of <a href="/wiki/Social_marketing_intelligence" title="Social marketing intelligence">social marketing intelligence</a> was Communities Dominate Brands by Ahonen & Moore in 2005. In 2012, Nicola Greco (<a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">UCL</a>) presents at <a href="/wiki/TEDx" class="mw-redirect" title="TEDx">TEDx</a> the Social Networking Potential as a parallelism to the <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential energy</a> that users generate and companies should use, stating that "SNP is the new asset that every company should aim to have".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practical_applications">Practical applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Practical applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis_in_criminology" title="Social network analysis in criminology">Social network analysis in criminology</a></div> <p>Social network analysis is used extensively in a wide range of applications and disciplines. Some common network analysis applications include data aggregation and <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">mining</a>, network propagation modeling, network modeling and sampling, user attribute and behavior analysis, community-maintained resource support, location-based interaction analysis, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_sharing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social sharing (page does not exist)">social sharing</a> and filtering, <a href="/wiki/Recommender_system" title="Recommender system">recommender systems</a> development, and <a href="/wiki/Link_prediction" title="Link prediction">link prediction</a> and entity resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Golbeck_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golbeck-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the private sector, businesses use social network analysis to support activities such as customer interaction and analysis, <a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">information system</a> development analysis,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marketing, and <a href="/wiki/Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">business intelligence</a> needs (see <a href="/wiki/Social_media_analytics" title="Social media analytics">social media analytics</a>). Some public sector uses include development of leader engagement strategies, analysis of individual and group engagement and <a href="/wiki/Media_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Media use">media use</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_problem-solving_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative problem-solving group">community-based problem solving</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longitudinal_SNA_in_schools">Longitudinal SNA in schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Longitudinal SNA in schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large numbers of researchers worldwide examine the social networks of children and adolescents. In questionnaires, they list all classmates, students in the same grade, or schoolmates, asking: "Who are your best friends?". Students may sometimes nominate as many peers as they wish; other times, the number of nominations is limited. Social network researchers have investigated similarities in friendship networks. The similarity between friends was established as far back as classical antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resemblance is an important basis for the survival of friendships. Similarity in characteristics, attitudes, or behaviors means that friends understand each other more quickly, have common interests to talk about, know better where they stand with each other, and have more trust in each other.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, such relationships are more stable and valuable. Moreover, looking more alike makes young people more confident and strengthens them in developing their identity.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarity in behavior can result from two processes: selection and influence. These two processes can be distinguished using longitudinal social network analysis in the R package SIENA (Simulation Investigation for Empirical Network Analyses), developed by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Snijders" title="Tom Snijders">Tom Snijders</a> and colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Longitudinal social network analysis became mainstream after the publication of a special issue of the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Research_on_Adolescence" title="Journal of Research on Adolescence">Journal of Research on Adolescence</a></i> in 2013, edited by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Veenstra" title="René Veenstra">René Veenstra</a> and containing 15 empirical papers.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_applications">Security applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Security applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social network analysis is also used in intelligence, <a href="/wiki/Counter-intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-intelligence">counter-intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> activities. This technique allows the analysts to map covert organizations such as an <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> ring, an organized crime family or a street gang. The <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA) uses its <a href="/wiki/Computer_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer surveillance">electronic surveillance</a> programs to generate the data needed to perform this type of analysis on terrorist cells and other networks deemed relevant to national security. The NSA looks up to three nodes deep during this network analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-nsa_degrees_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsa_degrees-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the initial mapping of the social network is complete, analysis is performed to determine the structure of the network and determine, for example, the leaders within the network.<sup id="cite_ref-nsa_how_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsa_how-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows military or law enforcement assets to launch capture-or-kill <a href="/wiki/Decapitation_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapitation attack">decapitation attacks</a> on the <a href="/wiki/High-value_targets" class="mw-redirect" title="High-value targets">high-value targets</a> in leadership positions to disrupt the functioning of the network. The NSA has been performing social network analysis on <a href="/wiki/Call_detail_record" title="Call detail record">call detail records</a> (CDRs), also known as <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>, since shortly after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NSA_SNA_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA_SNA-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nsa_usa_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsa_usa-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textual_analysis_applications">Textual analysis applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Textual analysis applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large textual corpora can be turned into networks and then analyzed using social network analysis. In these networks, the nodes are Social Actors, and the links are Actions. The extraction of these networks can be automated by using parsers. The resulting networks, which can contain thousands of nodes, are then analyzed using tools from network theory to identify the key actors, the key communities or parties, and general properties such as the robustness or structural stability of the overall network or the centrality of certain nodes.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This automates the approach introduced by Quantitative Narrative Analysis,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereby subject-verb-object triplets are identified with pairs of actors linked by an action, or pairs formed by actor-object.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripletsnew2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tripletsnew2012.png/220px-Tripletsnew2012.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tripletsnew2012.png/330px-Tripletsnew2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tripletsnew2012.png/440px-Tripletsnew2012.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>Narrative network of US Elections 2012<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In other approaches, textual analysis is carried out considering the network of words co-occurring in a text. In these networks, nodes are words and links among them are weighted based on their frequency of co-occurrence (within a specific maximum range). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_applications">Internet applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Internet applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social network analysis has also been applied to understanding online behavior by individuals, organizations, and between websites.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghanbarnejad_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanbarnejad-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">Hyperlink</a> analysis can be used to analyze the connections between <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a> or <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">webpages</a> to examine how information flows as individuals navigate the web.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The connections between organizations has been analyzed via hyperlink analysis to examine which organizations within an issue community.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netocracy">Netocracy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Netocracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another concept that has emerged from this connection between social network theory and the Internet is the concept of <a href="/wiki/Netocracy" title="Netocracy">netocracy</a>, where several authors have emerged studying the correlation between the extended use of online social networks, and changes in social power dynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_media_internet_applications">Social media internet applications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Social media internet applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social network analysis has been applied to social media as a tool to understand behavior between individuals or organizations through their linkages on social media websites such as <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_computer-supported_collaborative_learning">In computer-supported collaborative learning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In computer-supported collaborative learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most current methods of the application of SNA is to the study of <a href="/wiki/Computer-supported_collaborative_learning" title="Computer-supported collaborative learning">computer-supported collaborative learning</a> (CSCL). When applied to CSCL, SNA is used to help understand how learners collaborate in terms of amount, frequency, and length, as well as the quality, topic, and strategies of communication.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, SNA can focus on specific aspects of the network connection, or the entire network as a whole. It uses graphical representations, written representations, and data representations to help examine the connections within a CSCL network.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When applying SNA to a CSCL environment the interactions of the participants are treated as a social network. The focus of the analysis is on the "connections" made among the participants – how they interact and communicate – as opposed to how each participant behaved on his or her own. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Key_terms">Key terms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Key terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several key terms associated with social network analysis research in computer-supported collaborative learning such as: <b>density</b>, <b>centrality</b>, <b>indegree</b>, <b>outdegree</b>, and <b>sociogram</b>. </p> <ul><li><b>Density</b> refers to the "connections" between participants. Density is defined as the number of connections a participant has, divided by the total possible connections a participant could have. For example, if there are 20 people participating, each person could potentially connect to 19 other people. A density of 100% (19/19) is the greatest density in the system. A density of 5% indicates there is only 1 of 19 possible connections.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Centrality</b> focuses on the behavior of individual participants within a network. It measures the extent to which an individual interacts with other individuals in the network. The more an individual connects to others in a network, the greater their centrality in the network.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In-degree and out-degree variables are related to centrality. </p> <ul><li><b>In-degree</b> centrality concentrates on a specific individual as the point of focus; centrality of all other individuals is based on their relation to the focal point of the "in-degree" individual.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Out-degree</b> is a measure of centrality that still focuses on a single individual, but the analytic is concerned with the out-going interactions of the individual; the measure of out-degree centrality is how many times the focus point individual interacts with others.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <b>sociogram</b> is a visualization with defined boundaries of connections in the network. For example, a sociogram which shows out-degree centrality points for Participant A would illustrate all outgoing connections Participant A made in the studied network.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unique_capabilities">Unique capabilities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Unique capabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers employ social network analysis in the study of computer-supported collaborative learning in part due to the unique capabilities it offers. This particular method allows the study of interaction patterns within a <a href="/wiki/Networked_learning" title="Networked learning">networked learning community</a> and can help illustrate the extent of the participants' interactions with the other members of the group.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The graphics created using SNA tools provide visualizations of the connections among participants and the strategies used to communicate within the group. Some authors also suggest that SNA provides a method of easily analyzing changes in participatory patterns of members over time.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of research studies have applied SNA to CSCL across a variety of contexts. The findings include the correlation between a network's density and the teacher's presence,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a greater regard for the recommendations of "central" participants,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> infrequency of cross-gender interaction in a network,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the relatively small role played by an instructor in an <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_learning" title="Asynchronous learning">asynchronous learning</a> network.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_methods_used_alongside_SNA">Other methods used alongside SNA</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other methods used alongside SNA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although many studies have demonstrated the value of social network analysis within the computer-supported collaborative learning field,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> researchers have suggested that SNA by itself is not enough for achieving a full understanding of CSCL. The complexity of the interaction processes and the myriad sources of data make it difficult for SNA to provide an in-depth analysis of CSCL.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers indicate that SNA needs to be complemented with other methods of analysis to form a more accurate picture of collaborative learning experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of research studies have combined other types of analysis with SNA in the study of CSCL. This can be referred to as a multi-method approach or data <a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(social_science)" title="Triangulation (social science)">triangulation</a>, which will lead to an increase of evaluation <a href="/wiki/Reliability_(statistics)" title="Reliability (statistics)">reliability</a> in CSCL studies. </p> <ul><li>Qualitative method – The principles of qualitative case study research constitute a solid framework for the integration of SNA methods in the study of CSCL experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnographic</a> data</i> such as student questionnaires and interviews and classroom non-participant observations<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case studies</a></i>: comprehensively study particular CSCL situations and relate findings to general schemes<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">Content analysis</a>:</i> offers information about the content of the communication among members<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Quantitative method – This includes simple descriptive statistical analyses on occurrences to identify particular attitudes of group members who have not been able to be tracked via SNA in order to detect general tendencies. <ul><li><i>Computer <a href="/wiki/Logfile" class="mw-redirect" title="Logfile">log files</a>:</i> provide automatic data on how collaborative tools are used by learners<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_84-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_scaling" title="Multidimensional scaling">Multidimensional scaling (MDS)</a></i>: charts similarities among actors, so that more similar input data is closer together<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_84-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a> tools:</i> QUEST, SAMSA (System for Adjacency Matrix and Sociogram-based Analysis), and Nud*IST<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_84-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor-network_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Actor-network theory">Actor-network theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_inequality" title="Attention inequality">Attention inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockmodeling" title="Blockmodeling">Blockmodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_structure" title="Community structure">Community structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_network" title="Complex network">Complex network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_network_analysis" title="Dynamic network analysis">Dynamic network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_paradox" title="Friendship paradox">Friendship paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_mobility" title="Individual mobility">Individual mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalfe%27s_law" title="Metcalfe's law">Metcalfe's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netocracy" title="Netocracy">Netocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-based_diffusion_analysis" title="Network-based diffusion analysis">Network-based diffusion analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_science" title="Network science">Network science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_patterns" title="Organizational patterns">Organizational patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_world_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Small world phenomenon">Small world phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_analytics" title="Social media analytics">Social media analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_intelligence" title="Social media intelligence">Social media intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_mining" title="Social media mining">Social media mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">Social network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis_software" title="Social network analysis software">Social network analysis software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Social networking service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_web" title="Social web">Social web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomapping" title="Sociomapping">Sociomapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_collective_consciousness" title="Virtual collective consciousness">Virtual collective consciousness</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 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(November 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBozkurtAkgun-OzbekYilmazelErdogdu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bozkurt, Aras; Akgun-Ozbek, Ela; Yilmazel, Sibel; Erdogdu, Erdem; Ucar, Hasan; Guler, Emel; Sezgin, Sezan; Karadeniz, Abdulkadir; Sen-Ersoy, Nazife; Goksel-Canbek, Nil; Dincer, Gokhan Deniz; Ari, Suleyman; Aydin, Cengiz Hakan (January 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1953">"Trends in distance education research: A content analysis of journals 2009–2013"</a>. <i>The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning</i>. <b>16</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.19173%2Firrodl.v16i1.1953">10.19173/irrodl.v16i1.1953</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1492-3831">1492-3831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Review+of+Research+in+Open+and+Distributed+Learning&rft.atitle=Trends+in+distance+education+research%3A+A+content+analysis+of+journals+2009%E2%80%932013&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2015-01-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.19173%2Firrodl.v16i1.1953&rft.issn=1492-3831&rft.aulast=Bozkurt&rft.aufirst=Aras&rft.au=Akgun-Ozbek%2C+Ela&rft.au=Yilmazel%2C+Sibel&rft.au=Erdogdu%2C+Erdem&rft.au=Ucar%2C+Hasan&rft.au=Guler%2C+Emel&rft.au=Sezgin%2C+Sezan&rft.au=Karadeniz%2C+Abdulkadir&rft.au=Sen-Ersoy%2C+Nazife&rft.au=Goksel-Canbek%2C+Nil&rft.au=Dincer%2C+Gokhan+Deniz&rft.au=Ari%2C+Suleyman&rft.au=Aydin%2C+Cengiz+Hakan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irrodl.org%2Findex.php%2Firrodl%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19699776">"Facebook friends mapped by Wolfram Alpha app"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 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Springer. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-19459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-19459-7"><bdi>978-3-642-19459-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Web+Data+Mining%3A+Exploring+Hyperlinks%2C+Contents%2C+and+Usage+Data&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-642-19459-7&rft.au=Liu%2C+Bing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjnCi0Cq1YVkC%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanneman,_Robert_A.Riddle,_Mark2011" class="citation book cs1">Hanneman, Robert A. & Riddle, Mark (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2chSmLzClXgC&pg=PA364">"Concepts and Measures for Basic Network Analysis"</a>. <i>The Sage Handbook of Social Network Analysis</i>. SAGE. pp. <span class="nowrap">364–</span>367. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84787-395-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84787-395-8"><bdi>978-1-84787-395-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Concepts+and+Measures+for+Basic+Network+Analysis&rft.btitle=The+Sage+Handbook+of+Social+Network+Analysis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E364-%3C%2Fspan%3E367&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84787-395-8&rft.au=Hanneman%2C+Robert+A.&rft.au=Riddle%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2chSmLzClXgC%26pg%3DPA364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsvetovat,_MaksimKouznetsov,_Alexander2011" class="citation book cs1">Tsvetovat, Maksim & Kouznetsov, Alexander (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hVOxjkoLSiEC&pg=PA45"><i>Social Network Analysis for Startups: Finding Connections on the Social Web</i></a>. O'Reilly. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4493-1762-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4493-1762-1"><bdi>978-1-4493-1762-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Network+Analysis+for+Startups%3A+Finding+Connections+on+the+Social+Web&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4493-1762-1&rft.au=Tsvetovat%2C+Maksim&rft.au=Kouznetsov%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhVOxjkoLSiEC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-comprehensive-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-comprehensive_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The most comprehensive reference is: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserman,_StanleyFaust,_Katherine1994" class="citation book cs1">Wasserman, Stanley & Faust, Katherine (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0521387078"><i>Social Networks Analysis: Methods and Applications</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Networks+Analysis%3A+Methods+and+Applications&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Wasserman%2C+Stanley&rft.au=Faust%2C+Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D0521387078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network+analysis" class="Z3988"></span> A short, clear basic summary is in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebs,_Valdis2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Valdis_Krebs" title="Valdis Krebs">Krebs, Valdis</a> (2000). "The Social Life of Routers". <i>Internet Protocol Journal</i>. 3 (December): <span class="nowrap">14–</span>25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Protocol+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Social+Life+of+Routers&rft.volume=3+%28December%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Krebs%2C+Valdis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpsahlAgneessensSkvoretz2010" class="citation journal cs1">Opsahl, Tore; Agneessens, Filip; Skvoretz, John (July 2010). "Node centrality in weighted networks: Generalizing degree and shortest paths". <i>Social Networks</i>. <b>32</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">245–</span>251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socnet.2010.03.006">10.1016/j.socnet.2010.03.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Networks&rft.atitle=Node+centrality+in+weighted+networks%3A+Generalizing+degree+and+shortest+paths&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.socnet.2010.03.006&rft.aulast=Opsahl&rft.aufirst=Tore&rft.au=Agneessens%2C+Filip&rft.au=Skvoretz%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-24.pdf">"Social Network Analysis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Field Manual 3-24: Counterinsurgency</i>. Headquarters, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Army">Department of the Army</a>. pp. B–11 – B–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Network+Analysis&rft.btitle=Field+Manual+3-24%3A+Counterinsurgency&rft.pages=B-11+-+B-12&rft.pub=Headquarters%2C+Department+of+the+Army&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fdoddir%2Farmy%2Ffm3-24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu,_Guandong2010" class="citation book cs1">Xu, Guandong; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXo9zKeYa6cC&pg=PA25"><i>Web Mining and Social Networking: Techniques and Applications</i></a>. Springer. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-7734-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-7734-2"><bdi>978-1-4419-7734-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Web+Mining+and+Social+Networking%3A+Techniques+and+Applications&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-7734-2&rft.au=Xu%2C+Guandong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXo9zKeYa6cC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uci-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uci_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/Cohesive_blocking">Cohesive.blocking</a> is the R program for computing structural cohesion according to the Moody-White (2003) algorithm. This wiki site provides numerous examples and a tutorial for use with R.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanneman,_Robert_A.Riddle,_Mark2011" class="citation book cs1">Hanneman, Robert A. & Riddle, Mark (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2chSmLzClXgC&pg=PA346">"Concepts and Measures for Basic Network Analysis"</a>. <i>The Sage Handbook of Social Network Analysis</i>. SAGE. pp. <span class="nowrap">346–</span>347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84787-395-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84787-395-8"><bdi>978-1-84787-395-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Concepts+and+Measures+for+Basic+Network+Analysis&rft.btitle=The+Sage+Handbook+of+Social+Network+Analysis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E346-%3C%2Fspan%3E347&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84787-395-8&rft.au=Hanneman%2C+Robert+A.&rft.au=Riddle%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2chSmLzClXgC%26pg%3DPA346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asanet-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asanet_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoodyWhite2003" class="citation journal cs1">Moody, James; White, Douglas R. (February 2003). "Structural Cohesion and Embeddedness: A Hierarchical Concept of Social Groups". <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>68</b> (1): 103. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.18.5695">10.1.1.18.5695</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3088904">10.2307/3088904</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3088904">3088904</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142591846">142591846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Structural+Cohesion+and+Embeddedness%3A+A+Hierarchical+Concept+of+Social+Groups&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103&rft.date=2003-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.18.5695%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142591846%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3088904%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3088904&rft.aulast=Moody&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=White%2C+Douglas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattillo,_Jeffrey2011" class="citation book cs1">Pattillo, Jeffrey; et al. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bdRdcHxQQLQC&pg=PA149">"Clique relaxation models in social network analysis"</a>. In Thai, My T. & Pardalos, Panos M. (eds.). <i>Handbook of Optimization in Complex Networks: Communication and Social Networks</i>. Springer. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-0856-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-0856-7"><bdi>978-1-4614-0856-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clique+relaxation+models+in+social+network+analysis&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Optimization+in+Complex+Networks%3A+Communication+and+Social+Networks&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-0856-7&rft.au=Pattillo%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbdRdcHxQQLQC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinton_C._Freeman" class="citation journal cs1">Linton C. Freeman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmu.edu/joss/content/articles/volume1/Freeman.html">"Visualizing Social Networks"</a>. <i>Journal of Social Structure</i>. <b>1</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+Structure&rft.atitle=Visualizing+Social+Networks&rft.volume=1&rft.au=Linton+C.+Freeman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmu.edu%2Fjoss%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2Fvolume1%2FFreeman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamdaqaTahvildari,_LadanLaChapelle,_NeilCampbell,_Brian2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hamdaqa, Mohammad; Tahvildari, Ladan; LaChapelle, Neil; Campbell, Brian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/889712">"Cultural Scene Detection Using Reverse Louvain Optimization"</a>. <i>Science of Computer Programming</i>. <b>95</b>: <span class="nowrap">44–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scico.2014.01.006">10.1016/j.scico.2014.01.006</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+Computer+Programming&rft.atitle=Cultural+Scene+Detection+Using+Reverse+Louvain+Optimization&rft.volume=95&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scico.2014.01.006&rft.aulast=Hamdaqa&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft.au=Tahvildari%2C+Ladan&rft.au=LaChapelle%2C+Neil&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F889712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacher,_R.1995" class="citation conference cs1">Bacher, R. (1995). "Graphical interaction and visualization for the analysis and interpretation of contingency analysis results". <i>Graphical Interaction and Visualization for the Analysis and Interpretation of Contingency Analysis Result</i>. Proceedings of the 1995 Power Industry Computer Applications. 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Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_i0a6/page/289">289–304</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-30112-7_25">10.1007/978-3-540-30112-7_25</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2117%2F116654">2117/116654</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540230168" title="Special:BookSources/9783540230168"><bdi>9783540230168</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6605">6605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Integrated+Approach+for+Analysing+and+Assessing+the+Performance+of+Virtual+Learning+Groups&rft.btitle=Groupware%3A+Design%2C+Implementation%2C+and+Use&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=289-304&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2004-09-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2117%2F116654&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6605%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-30112-7_25&rft.isbn=9783540230168&rft.aulast=Daradoumis&rft.aufirst=Thanasis&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Mon%C3%A9s%2C+Alejandra&rft.au=Xhafa%2C+Fatos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_i0a6%2Fpage%2F289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_84-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_84-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_84-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez,_A.Dimitriadis,_Y.Rubia,_B.Gómez,_E.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Martínez, A.; Dimitriadis, Y.; Rubia, B.; Gómez, E.; de la Fuente, P. (December 1, 2003). "Combining qualitative evaluation and social network analysis for the study of classroom social interactions". <i>Computers & Education. Documenting Collaborative Interactions: Issues and Approaches</i>. <b>41</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">353–</span>368. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.114.7474">10.1.1.114.7474</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.compedu.2003.06.001">10.1016/j.compedu.2003.06.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10636524">10636524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computers+%26+Education.+Documenting+Collaborative+Interactions%3A+Issues+and+Approaches&rft.atitle=Combining+qualitative+evaluation+and+social+network+analysis+for+the+study+of+classroom+social+interactions&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E353-%3C%2Fspan%3E368&rft.date=2003-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.114.7474%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10636524%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.compedu.2003.06.001&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+A.&rft.au=Dimitriadis%2C+Y.&rft.au=Rubia%2C+B.&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez%2C+E.&rft.au=de+la+Fuente%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network+analysis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Karen E. 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"Review of The Art of Case Study Research". <i>The Modern Language Journal</i>. <b>80</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">556–</span>557. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F329758">10.2307/329758</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/329758">329758</a>.</cite><span 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.mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Further_reading_cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Further reading</a>" section <b>may need cleanup</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">editing guide</a> and help improve the section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516133549/http://stat.gamma.rug.nl/SnijdersSteglichVdBunt2009.pdf">Introduction to Stochastic Actor-Based Models for Network Dynamics – Snijders et al.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casos.cs.cmu.edu">Center for Computational Analysis of Social and Organizational Systems (CASOS) at Carnegie Mellon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman/netlab/ABOUT/index.html">NetLab at the University of Toronto, studies the intersection of social, communication, information and computing networks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215084223/http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/netgov/">Program on Networked Governance</a>, Harvard University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110217151303/http://www.oeaw.ac.at/byzanz/historicaldynamics.htm">Historical Dynamics in a time of Crisis: Late Byzantium, 1204–1453 (a discussion of social network analysis from the point of view of historical studies)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leb.fbi.gov/2013/march/social-network-analysis-a-systematic-approach-for-investigating">Social Network Analysis: A Systematic Approach for Investigating</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/kleinber/networks-book/">Networks, Crowds, and Markets</a></i> (2010) by D. Easley & J. Kleinberg</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.ucr.edu/~hanneman/nettext/">Introduction to Social Networks Methods</a></i> (2005) by R. Hanneman & M. Riddle</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118169476.html">Social Network Analysis with Applications</a></i> (2013) by I. McCulloh, H. Armstrong & A. Johnson</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insna.org/">International Network for Social Network Analysis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/briatte/awesome-network-analysis/">Awesome Network Analysis</a> – 200+ links to books, conferences, courses, journals, research groups, software, tutorials and more</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://netwiki.amath.unc.edu/">Netwiki</a> – wiki page devoted to social networks; maintained at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</li></ul> <style 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title="Social network">Social networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_network" title="Personal network">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_network_service" title="Professional network service">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_network" title="Sexual network">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_network" title="Value network">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">Adolescent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Networks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0E;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_media" title="Corporate social media">Corporate social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_social_network" title="Distributed social network">Distributed social network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_software_and_protocols_for_distributed_social_networking" title="Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking"><i>list</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_social_networking" title="Enterprise social networking">Enterprise social networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_social_software" title="Enterprise social software">Enterprise social software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Mobile social network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_knowledge_networking" title="Personal knowledge networking">Personal knowledge networking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_networking_services" title="List of social networking services">List of social networking services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_virtual_communities_with_more_than_1_million_users" title="List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users">List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and<br /> theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0E;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_awareness" title="Ambient awareness">Ambient awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assortative_mixing" title="Assortative mixing">Assortative mixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_inequality" title="Attention inequality">Attention inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_(interpersonal)" title="Bridge (interpersonal)">Interpersonal bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_network_analysis" title="Organizational network analysis">Organizational network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-world_experiment" title="Small-world experiment">Small-world experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_data_revolution" title="Social data revolution">Social data revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exchange_theory" title="Social exchange theory">Social exchange theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_theory" title="Social identity theory">Social identity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_psychology" title="Social media and psychology">Social media and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_intelligence" title="Social media intelligence">Social media intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_mining" title="Social media mining">Social media mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_optimization" title="Social media optimization">Social media optimization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_web" title="Social web">Social web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_endogamy" title="Structural endogamy">Structural endogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_collective_consciousness" title="Virtual collective consciousness">Virtual collective consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models and<br /> processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Account_verification" title="Account verification">Account verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_aggregation" title="Social network aggregation">Aggregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_change_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network change detection">Change detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockmodeling" title="Blockmodeling">Blockmodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_graph" title="Collaboration graph">Collaboration graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_consumption" title="Collaborative consumption">Collaborative consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Global_Graph" title="Giant Global Graph">Giant Global Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_communication" title="Lateral communication">Lateral communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_system" title="Reputation system">Reputation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_graph" title="Social graph">Social graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_analytics" title="Social media analytics">Social media analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis_software" title="Social network analysis software">Social network analysis software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking potential">Social networking potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_television" title="Social television">Social television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_cohesion" title="Structural cohesion">Structural cohesion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0E;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_fraud" title="Affinity fraud">Affinity fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_economy" title="Attention economy">Attention economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_finance" title="Collaborative finance">Collaborative finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_economy" title="Creator economy">Creator economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influencer_marketing" title="Influencer marketing">Influencer marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowcasting" title="Narrowcasting">Narrowcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_commerce" title="Social commerce">Social commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sorting" title="Social sorting">Social sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_marketing" title="Viral marketing">Viral marketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization" title="Algorithmic radicalization">Algorithmic radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_recognition" title="Community recognition">Community recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_contagion" title="Complex contagion">Complex contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_addiction" title="Computer addiction">Computer addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequential_strangers" title="Consequential strangers">Consequential strangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_of_a_friend" title="Friend of a friend">Friend of a friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friending_and_following" title="Friending and following">Friending and following</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_paradox" title="Friendship paradox">Friendship paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet addiction">Internet addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">Information overload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overchoice" title="Overchoice">Overchoice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_degrees_of_separation" title="Six degrees of separation">Six degrees of separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media addiction">Social media addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">Social media and suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_invisibility" title="Social invisibility">Social invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_game" title="Social network game">Social network game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_the_Internet" title="Suicide and the Internet">Suicide and the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(internet)" title="Tribe (internet)">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0E;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_recession" title="Friendship recession">Friendship recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_network_researchers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of social network researchers">Researchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_profile" title="User profile">User profile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_identity" title="Online identity">Online identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persona_(user_experience)" title="Persona (user experience)">Persona</a></li> <li><a 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