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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hand_milking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hand_milking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hand milking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hand_milking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vacuum_bucket_milking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vacuum_bucket_milking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vacuum bucket milking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vacuum_bucket_milking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milking_pipeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milking_pipeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Milking pipeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milking_pipeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milking_parlors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milking_parlors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Milking parlors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milking_parlors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Herringbone_and_parallel_parlors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herringbone_and_parallel_parlors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Herringbone and parallel parlors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herringbone_and_parallel_parlors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotary_parlors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotary_parlors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Rotary parlors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotary_parlors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automatic_milker_take-off" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_milker_take-off"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Automatic milker take-off</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatic_milker_take-off-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fully_automated_robotic_milking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fully_automated_robotic_milking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Fully automated robotic milking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fully_automated_robotic_milking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_milk_preservation_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_milk_preservation_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History of milk preservation methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_milk_preservation_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of milk preservation methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_milk_preservation_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Refrigeration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refrigeration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Refrigeration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refrigeration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milking_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milking_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Milking operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milking_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management_of_the_herd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management_of_the_herd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Management of the herd</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management_of_the_herd-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Management of the herd subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Management_of_the_herd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Housing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Housing systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milking_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milking_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Milking systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milking_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Milking_machines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milking_machines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Milking machines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milking_machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milking_routine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milking_routine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Milking routine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milking_routine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutritional_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutritional_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Nutritional management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutritional_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Reproductive management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Puberty_and_first_breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puberty_and_first_breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Puberty and first breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puberty_and_first_breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estrous_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estrous_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Estrous cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estrous_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mating_and_pregnancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mating_and_pregnancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Mating and pregnancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mating_and_pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lactation_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lactation_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Lactation management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lactation_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Concerns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concerns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Concerns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animal_waste_from_large_cattle_dairies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_waste_from_large_cattle_dairies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Animal waste from large cattle dairies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_waste_from_large_cattle_dairies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_hormones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_hormones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Use of hormones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_hormones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_welfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_welfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Animal welfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_welfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenhouse_gas_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenhouse_gas_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Greenhouse gas emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenhouse_gas_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Market</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Market-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Market subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Worldwide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supply_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supply_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Supply management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supply_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Milk_Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Milk_Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>World Milk Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Milk_Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change_and_milk_yields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change_and_milk_yields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Climate change and milk yields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change_and_milk_yields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dairy farming</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مزارع الألبان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مزارع الألبان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milchproduktion" title="Milchproduktion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Milchproduktion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piimakarjakasvatus" title="Piimakarjakasvatus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Piimakarjakasvatus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laktoproduktado" title="Laktoproduktado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laktoproduktado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="تولید شیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تولید شیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89levage_laitier" title="Élevage laitier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élevage laitier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkfeeh%C3%A2lderij" title="Melkfeehâlderij – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Melkfeehâlderij" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9ir%C3%ADocht" title="Déiríocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Déiríocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կաթնատնտեսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաթնատնտեսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkveehouderij" title="Melkveehouderij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Melkveehouderij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਡੇਅਰੀ ਫਾਰਮਿੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੇਅਰੀ ਫਾਰਮਿੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ڈیری فارمنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈیری فارمنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecu%C3%A1ria_de_leite" title="Pecuária de leite – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pecuária de leite" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Молочное животноводство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молочное животноводство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dairy 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Long-term production of milk</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dairy farm" redirects here. For the retail company in Asia, see <a href="/wiki/Dairy_Farm_International_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy Farm International Holdings">Dairy Farm International Holdings</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melkkarussell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Melkkarussell.jpg/300px-Melkkarussell.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Melkkarussell.jpg/450px-Melkkarussell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Melkkarussell.jpg/600px-Melkkarussell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A rotary milking parlor at a modern dairy facility in Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dairy_farm_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Dairy_farm_2.jpg/220px-Dairy_farm_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Dairy_farm_2.jpg/330px-Dairy_farm_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Dairy_farm_2.jpg/440px-Dairy_farm_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Dairy farm near <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Wisconsin" title="Bangor, Wisconsin">Bangor, Wisconsin</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dairy farming</b> is a class of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> for the long-term production of <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">processed</a> (either on the <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farm</a> or at a dairy plant, either of which may be called a <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a>) for the eventual sale of a <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy product</a>. Dairy farming has a history that goes back to the early <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic era">Neolithic era</a>, around the seventh millennium BC, in many regions of Europe and Africa. Before the 20th century, milking was done by hand on small farms. Beginning in the early 20th century, milking was done in large scale dairy farms with innovations including <a href="/wiki/Rotary_milking_parlor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary milking parlor">rotary parlors</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Milking_pipeline" title="Milking pipeline">milking pipeline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Automatic_milking" title="Automatic milking">automatic milking systems</a> that were commercially developed in the early 1990s. </p><p>Milk preservation methods have improved starting with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a> technology in the late 19th century, which included direct expansion refrigeration and the plate heat exchanger. These cooling methods allowed dairy farms to preserve milk by reducing spoiling due to <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_growth" title="Bacterial growth">bacterial growth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>. </p><p>Worldwide, leading dairy industries in many countries including <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> serve as important producers, exporters, and importers of milk. Since the late 20th century, there has generally been an increase in total milk production worldwide, with around 827,884,000 tonnes of milk being produced in 2017 according to the <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. </p><p>There has been substantial concern over the amount of waste output created by dairy industries, seen through <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a> disposal and <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Methane_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane gas">methane gas</a>. The industry's role in agricultural <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> has also been noted to implicate <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">environmental consequences</a>. Various measures have been put in place in order to control the amount of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> excreted by dairy <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>. The usage of <a href="/wiki/Bovine_somatotropin" title="Bovine somatotropin">rBST</a> has also been controversial. Dairy farming in general has been criticized by <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a> activists due to the health issues imposed upon <a href="/wiki/Dairy_cows" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy cows">dairy cows</a> through <a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">intensive animal farming</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_types">Common types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Common types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although any mammal can produce milk, commercial dairy farms are typically one-species enterprises. In developed countries, dairy farms typically consist of high producing <a href="/wiki/Dairy_cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy cow">dairy cows</a>. Other species used in commercial dairy farming include <a href="/wiki/Goat_milk" title="Goat milk">goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep_milk" title="Sheep milk">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffaloes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Camel_milk" title="Camel milk">camels</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkey</a> dairies are growing in popularity to produce an alternative milk source for human infants.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg/220px-Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg/330px-Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg/440px-Egyptian_Domesticated_Animals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Milking cattle in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While cattle were domesticated as early as 12,000 years ago as a food source and as beasts of burden, the earliest evidence of using domesticated cows for dairy production is from the seventh millennium BC – the early Neolithic era – in northwestern Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-thoughtco.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thoughtco.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dairy farming developed elsewhere in the world in subsequent centuries: the sixth millennium BC in eastern Europe, the fifth millennium BC in Africa, and the fourth millennium BC in Britain and Northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-thoughtco.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thoughtco.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the last century or so larger farms specialising in dairy alone have emerged. Large scale dairy farming is only viable where either a large amount of milk is required for production of more durable dairy products such as <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>, butter, etc. or there is a substantial market of people with money to buy milk, but no cows of their own. In the 1800s <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">von Thünen</a> argued that there was about a 100-mile radius surrounding a city where such fresh milk supply was economically viable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hand_milking">Hand milking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hand milking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karel_Dujardin_-_Woman_Milking_a_Red_Cow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Karel_Dujardin_-_Woman_Milking_a_Red_Cow.jpg/170px-Karel_Dujardin_-_Woman_Milking_a_Red_Cow.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Karel_Dujardin_-_Woman_Milking_a_Red_Cow.jpg/255px-Karel_Dujardin_-_Woman_Milking_a_Red_Cow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Karel_Dujardin_-_Woman_Milking_a_Red_Cow.jpg/340px-Karel_Dujardin_-_Woman_Milking_a_Red_Cow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Woman hand milking a cow</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melken_auf_Farm_Gunsteling,_Namibia_(2017).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Melken_auf_Farm_Gunsteling%2C_Namibia_%282017%29.jpg/220px-Melken_auf_Farm_Gunsteling%2C_Namibia_%282017%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Melken_auf_Farm_Gunsteling%2C_Namibia_%282017%29.jpg/330px-Melken_auf_Farm_Gunsteling%2C_Namibia_%282017%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Melken_auf_Farm_Gunsteling%2C_Namibia_%282017%29.jpg/440px-Melken_auf_Farm_Gunsteling%2C_Namibia_%282017%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4407" data-file-height="2660" /></a><figcaption>Hand milking on a farm in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Centralized dairy farming as we understand it primarily developed around villages and cities, where residents were unable to have cows of their own due to a lack of grazing land. Near the town, farmers could make some extra money on the side by having additional animals and selling the milk in town. The dairy farmers would fill barrels with milk in the morning and bring it to market on a wagon. Until the late 19th century, the milking of the cow was done by hand. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, several large dairy operations existed in some northeastern states and in the west, that involved as many as several hundred cows, but an individual milker could not be expected to milk more than a dozen cows a day. Smaller operations predominated. </p><p>For most herds, milking took place indoors twice a day,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a <a href="/wiki/Barn" title="Barn">barn</a> with the cattle tied by the neck with ropes or held in place by <a href="/wiki/Stanchion" title="Stanchion">stanchions</a>. Feeding could occur simultaneously with milking in the barn, although most dairy cattle were pastured during the day between milkings. Such examples of this method of dairy farming are difficult to locate, but some are preserved as a historic site for a glimpse into the days gone by. One such instance that is open for this is at <a href="/wiki/Point_Reyes" title="Point Reyes">Point Reyes</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Seashore" class="mw-redirect" title="National Seashore">National Seashore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dairy farming has been part of agriculture for thousands of years. Historically it has been one part of small, diverse farms. In the last century or so larger farms concentrating on dairy production emerged. Large scale dairy farming is only viable where either a large amount of milk is required for production of more durable dairy products such as cheese, butter, etc. or there is a substantial market of people with cash to buy milk, but no cows of their own. Dairy farms were the best way to meet demand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vacuum_bucket_milking">Vacuum bucket milking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vacuum bucket milking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-17369-0004,_Barby,_Bauer_eine_Melkmaschine_pr%C3%A4sentierend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-17369-0004%2C_Barby%2C_Bauer_eine_Melkmaschine_pr%C3%A4sentierend.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-17369-0004%2C_Barby%2C_Bauer_eine_Melkmaschine_pr%C3%A4sentierend.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-17369-0004%2C_Barby%2C_Bauer_eine_Melkmaschine_pr%C3%A4sentierend.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-17369-0004%2C_Barby%2C_Bauer_eine_Melkmaschine_pr%C3%A4sentierend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-17369-0004%2C_Barby%2C_Bauer_eine_Melkmaschine_pr%C3%A4sentierend.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-17369-0004%2C_Barby%2C_Bauer_eine_Melkmaschine_pr%C3%A4sentierend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration of a new Soviet milker device. <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, 1952</figcaption></figure> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Milking_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Milking machine">milking machines</a> were an extension of the traditional milking pail. The early milker device fit on top of a regular milk pail and sat on the floor under the cow. Following each cow being milked, the bucket would be dumped into a holding tank. These were introduced in the early 20th century. </p><p>This developed into the Surge hanging milker. Prior to milking a cow, a large wide <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> strap called a surcingle was put around the cow, across the cow's lower back. The milker device and collection tank hung underneath the cow from the strap. This innovation allowed the cow to move around naturally during the milking process rather than having to stand perfectly still over a bucket on the floor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milking_pipeline">Milking pipeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Milking pipeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Milking_pipeline" title="Milking pipeline">Milking pipeline</a></div> <p>The next innovation in <a href="/wiki/Automatic_milking" title="Automatic milking">automatic milking</a> was the milk pipeline, introduced in the late 20th century. This uses a permanent milk-return pipe and a second vacuum pipe that encircles the barn or milking parlor above the rows of cows, with quick-seal entry ports above each cow. By eliminating the need for the milk container, the milking device shrank in size and weight to the point where it could hang under the cow, held up only by the sucking force of the milker nipples on the cow's <a href="/wiki/Udder" title="Udder">udder</a>. The milk is pulled up into the milk-return pipe by the vacuum system, and then flows by gravity to the milkhouse vacuum-breaker that puts the milk in the storage tank. The pipeline system greatly reduced the physical labor of milking since the farmer no longer needed to carry around huge heavy buckets of milk from each cow. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Milking_pipeline" title="Milking pipeline">pipeline</a> allowed barn length to keep increasing and expanding, but after a point farmers started to milk the cows in large groups, filling the barn with one-half to one-third of the herd, milking the animals, and then emptying and refilling the barn. As herd sizes continued to increase, this evolved into the more efficient milking parlor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milking_parlors">Milking parlors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Milking parlors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kleinpeter_Graphic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kleinpeter_Graphic.png/250px-Kleinpeter_Graphic.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kleinpeter_Graphic.png/375px-Kleinpeter_Graphic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kleinpeter_Graphic.png/500px-Kleinpeter_Graphic.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Efficiency of four different milking parlors. <div><ol><li>Bali-Style 50 cows/h</li><li>Swingover 60 cows/h</li><li>Herringbone 75 cows/h</li><li>Rotary 250 cows/h</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Innovation in milking focused on mechanizing the milking parlor (known in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> as the 'cowshed') to maximize the number of cows per operator which streamlined the milking process to permit cows to be milked as if on an assembly line, and to reduce physical stresses on the farmer by putting the cows on a platform slightly above the person milking the cows to eliminate having to constantly bend over. Many older and smaller farms still have tie-stall or stanchion barns, but worldwide a majority of <a href="/wiki/Commercial_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial farm">commercial farms</a> have parlors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Herringbone_and_parallel_parlors">Herringbone and parallel parlors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Herringbone and parallel parlors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In herringbone and parallel parlors, the milker generally milks one row at a time. The milker will move a row of cows from the holding yard into the milking parlor, and milk each cow in that row. Once all of the milking machines have been removed from the milked row, the milker releases the cows to their feed. A new group of cows is then loaded into the now vacant side and the process repeats until all cows are milked. Depending on the size of the milking parlor, which normally is the bottleneck, these rows of cows can range from four to sixty at a time. The benefits of a herringbone parlour are easy maintenance, the durability, stability, and improved safety for animals and humans when compared to tie stall <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first herringbone shed is thought to have been built in 1952 by a <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Urban_Area#Hamilton_Urban_Zone" title="Hamilton Urban Area">Gordonton</a> farmer.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rotary_parlors">Rotary parlors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rotary parlors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_%285%29.jpg/220px-2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_%285%29.jpg/330px-2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_%285%29.jpg/440px-2014-07-25_Melkkarussel_-_Hemme_Milch_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Rotary milking parlor</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Rotary_milking_parlor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary milking parlor">rotary parlors</a>, the cows are loaded one at a time onto the parlor as the whole thing rotates in a circle. One milker stands near the entry to the parlor and pre-dips the teats on the udder to help prevent bacteria from entering. The next milker puts the machine on the cow to begin milking. By the time the platform has completed almost a full rotation, the cow is done milking and the unit will come off automatically. The last milker will post-dip her teats to protect them before entering back into the pen. Once this process is done, the cow will back out of the parlor and return to the barn. Rotary cowsheds, as they are called in New Zealand, started in the 1980s<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are expensive compared to Herringbone cowshed – the older New Zealand norm.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_Herald_3578764_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_Herald_3578764-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automatic_milker_take-off">Automatic milker take-off</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Automatic milker take-off"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It can be harmful to an animal for it to be over-milked past the point where the udder has stopped releasing milk. Consequently, the milking process involves not just applying the milker, but also monitoring the process to determine when the animal has been <i>milked out</i> and the milker should be removed. While parlor operations allowed a farmer to milk many more animals much more quickly, it also increased the number of animals to be monitored simultaneously by the farmer. The automatic take-off system was developed to remove the milker from the cow when the milk flow reaches a preset level, relieving the farmer of the duties of carefully watching over 20 or more animals being milked at the same time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fully_automated_robotic_milking">Fully automated robotic milking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fully automated robotic milking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Museum_-_Vollautomatische_Melkmaschine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Deutsches_Museum_-_Vollautomatische_Melkmaschine.JPG/220px-Deutsches_Museum_-_Vollautomatische_Melkmaschine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Deutsches_Museum_-_Vollautomatische_Melkmaschine.JPG/330px-Deutsches_Museum_-_Vollautomatische_Melkmaschine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Deutsches_Museum_-_Vollautomatische_Melkmaschine.JPG/440px-Deutsches_Museum_-_Vollautomatische_Melkmaschine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Automatic_milking" title="Automatic milking">automatic milking system</a> unit as an exhibit at a museum</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Automatic_milking" title="Automatic milking">Automatic milking</a></div> <p>In the 1980s and 1990s, robotic milking systems were developed and introduced (principally in the EU). Thousands of these systems are now in routine operation. In these systems the cow has a high degree of autonomy to choose her time of milking freely during the day (some alternatives may apply, depending on cow-traffic solution used at a farm level). These systems are generally limited to intensively managed systems although research continues to match them to the requirements of grazing cattle and to develop sensors to detect animal health and fertility automatically. Every time the cow enters the milking unit she is fed concentrates and her collar is scanned to record production data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_milk_preservation_methods">History of milk preservation methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History of milk preservation methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dairy_farming" title="Special:EditPage/Dairy farming">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_barn_on_Sakhalin_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Modern_barn_on_Sakhalin_Island.jpg/220px-Modern_barn_on_Sakhalin_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Modern_barn_on_Sakhalin_Island.jpg/330px-Modern_barn_on_Sakhalin_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Modern_barn_on_Sakhalin_Island.jpg/440px-Modern_barn_on_Sakhalin_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1407" /></a><figcaption>Modern barn on Sakhalin Island</figcaption></figure> <p>Cool temperature has been the main method by which milk freshness has been extended. When <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">windmills</a> and well pumps were invented, one of their first uses on the farm, besides providing water for animals themselves, was for cooling milk, to extend its storage life, until it would be transported to the town <a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_market" title="Farmers' market">market</a>. </p><p>The naturally cold underground water would be continuously pumped into a cooling tub or vat. Tall, ten-gallon metal containers filled with freshly obtained milk, which is naturally warm, were placed in this cooling bath. This method of milk cooling was popular before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">electricity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Refrigeration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a> first the equipment was initially used to cool cans of milk, which were filled by hand milking. These cans were placed into a cooled water bath to remove heat and keep them cool until they were able to be transported to collect facilities. As more automated methods were developed for eating milk, hand milking was replaced and, as a result, the milk can was replaced by a bulk milk cooler. 'Ice banks' were the first type of bulk milk cooler. This was a double wall vessel with evaporator coils and water located between the walls at the bottom and sides of the tank. A small refrigeration compressor was used to remove heat from the evaporator coils. Ice eventually builds up around the coils, until it reaches a thickness of about three inches surrounding each pipe, and the cooling system shuts off. When the milking operation starts, only the milk agitator and the water circulation pump, which flows water across the ice and the steel walls of the tank, are needed to reduce the incoming milk to a temperature below 5 degrees. </p><p>This cooling method worked well for smaller dairies, however was fairly inefficient and was unable to meet the increasingly higher cooling demand of larger milking parlors. In the mid-1950s direct expansion refrigeration was first applied directly to the bulk milk cooler. This type of cooling utilizes an evaporator built directly into the inner wall of the storage tank to remove heat from the milk. Direct expansion is able to cool milk at a much faster rate than early ice bank type coolers and is still the primary method for bulk tank cooling today on small to medium-sized operations. </p><p>Another device which has contributed significantly to milk quality is the plate heat exchanger (PHE). This device utilizes a number of specially designed stainless steel plates with small spaces between them. Milk is passed between every other set of plates with water being passed between the balance of the plates to remove heat from the milk. This method of cooling can remove large amounts of heat from the milk in a very short time, thus drastically slowing bacteria growth and thereby improving milk quality. Ground water is the most common source of cooling medium for this device. Dairy cows consume approximately 3 gallons of water for every gallon of milk production and prefer to drink slightly warm water as opposed to cold ground water. For this reason, PHE's can result in drastically improved milk quality, reduced operating costs for the dairymen by reducing the refrigeration load on his bulk milk cooler, and increased milk production by supplying the cows with a source of fresh warm water. </p><p>Plate heat exchangers have also evolved as a result of the increase of dairy farm herd sizes in the United States. As a dairyman increases the size of his herd, he must also increase the capacity of his milking parlor in order to harvest the additional milk. This increase in parlor sizes has resulted in tremendous increases in milk throughput and cooling demand. Today's larger farms produce milk at a rate which direct expansion refrigeration systems on bulk milk coolers cannot cool in a timely manner. PHE's are typically utilized in this instance to rapidly cool the milk to the desired temperature (or close to it) before it reaches the bulk milk tank. Typically, ground water is still utilized to provide some initial cooling to bring the milk to between 55 and 70 °F (13 and 21 °C). A second (and sometimes third) section of the PHE is added to remove the remaining heat with a mixture of chilled pure water and <a href="/wiki/Propylene_glycol" title="Propylene glycol">propylene glycol</a>. These chiller systems can be made to incorporate large evaporator surface areas and high chilled water flow rates to cool high flow rates of milk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Milking_operation">Milking operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Milking operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">Milking machines</a> are held in place automatically by a vacuum system that draws the ambient air pressure down from 15 to 21 pounds per square inch (100 to 140 kPa) of vacuum. The vacuum is also used to lift milk vertically through small diameter hoses, into the receiving can. A milk lift pump draws the milk from the receiving can through large diameter stainless steel piping, through the plate cooler, then into a refrigerated <a href="/wiki/Bulk_tank" title="Bulk tank">bulk tank</a>. </p><p>Milk is extracted from the cow's udder by flexible rubber sheaths known as liners or inflations that are surrounded by a rigid air chamber. A pulsating flow of ambient air and vacuum is applied to the inflation's air chamber during the milking process. When ambient air is allowed to enter the chamber, the vacuum inside the inflation causes the inflation to collapse around the cow's teat, squeezing the milk out of teat in a similar fashion as a baby calf's mouth massaging the teat. When the vacuum is reapplied in the chamber the flexible rubber inflation relaxes and opens up, preparing for the next squeezing cycle. </p><p>It takes the average cow three to five minutes to give her milk. Some cows are faster or slower. Slow-milking cows may take up to fifteen minutes to let down all their milk. Though milking speed is not related to the quality of milk produced by the cow, it does impact the management of the milking process. Because most milkers milk cattle in groups, the milker can only process a group of cows at the speed of the slowest-milking cow. For this reason, many farmers will group slow-milking cows so as not to stress the faster milking cows. </p><p>The extracted milk passes through a strainer and plate <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchangers</a> before entering the tank, where it can be stored safely for a few days at approximately 40 °F (4 °C). At pre-arranged times, a milk truck arrives and pumps the milk from the tank for transport to a dairy factory where it will be <a href="/wiki/Pasteurized" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurized">pasteurized</a> and processed into many <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">products</a>. The frequency of pick up depends and the production and storage capacity of the dairy; large dairies will have milk pick-ups once per day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management_of_the_herd">Management of the herd</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Management of the herd"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dairy industry is a constantly evolving business. Management practices change with new technology and regulations that move the industry toward increased economic and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a>. Management strategies can also loosely be divided into intensive and extensive systems. Extensive systems operate based on a low input and low output philosophy, where intensive systems adopt a high input high output philosophy. These philosophies as well as available technologies, local regulations, and environmental conditions manifest in different management of nutrition, housing, health, reproduction and waste. </p><p>Most modern dairy farms divide the animals into different management units depending on their age, nutritional needs, reproductive status, and milk production status.<sup id="cite_ref-schmidt_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group of cows that are currently lactating, the milking herd, is often managed most intensively to make sure their diet and environmental conditions are conducive to producing as much high quality milk as possible. On some farms the milking herd is further divided into milking strings, which are groups of animals with different nutritional needs.<sup id="cite_ref-schmidt_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The segment of the adult herd that are in the resting period before giving birth to their next calf are called dry cows because they are not being milked.<sup id="cite_ref-schmidt_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All female animals that have yet to give birth to their first calf are called heifers. Some of them will grow up to take the place of older animals in the milking herd and thus are sometimes generally referred to as the replacement herd.<sup id="cite_ref-schmidt_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The others, as well as most male calves are considered surplus dairy calves and are slaughtered for meat, such as veal dairy beef, or killed on farm.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing_systems">Housing systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Housing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dairy cattle housing systems vary greatly throughout the world depending on the climate, dairy size, and feeding strategies. Housing must provide access to feed, water and protection from relevant environmental conditions. One issue for housing cattle is temperature extremes. Heat stress can decrease fertility and milk production in cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Providing shade is a very common method for reducing heat stress. Barns may also incorporate fans or tunnel ventilation into the architecture of the barn structure.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overly cold conditions, while rarely deadly for cattle, cause increases in maintenance energy requirements and thus increased feed intake and decreased milk production.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the winter months, where temperatures are low enough, dairy cattle are often kept inside barns which are warmed by their collective body heat. </p><p>Feed provision is also an important feature of dairy housing. Pasture based dairies are a more extensive option where cows are turned out to graze on pasture when the weather permits. Often the diet must be supplemented with when poor pasture conditions persist. Free stall barns and open lots are intensive housing options where feed is brought to the cattle at all times of year. Free stall barns are designed to allow the cows freedom to choose when they feed, rest, drink, or stand. They can be either fully enclosed or open air barns again depending on the climate. The resting areas, called free stalls, are divided beds lined with anything from mattresses to sand. In the lanes between rows of stalls, the floor is often make of grooved concrete. Most barns open onto uncovered corrals, which the cattle are free to enjoy as the weather allows. Open lots are dirt lots with constructed shade structures and a concrete pad where feed is delivered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milking_systems">Milking systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Milking systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobiler_Melkstand_mit_Futtertr%C3%B6gen,_DeLaval.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mobiler_Melkstand_mit_Futtertr%C3%B6gen%2C_DeLaval.jpg/220px-Mobiler_Melkstand_mit_Futtertr%C3%B6gen%2C_DeLaval.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mobiler_Melkstand_mit_Futtertr%C3%B6gen%2C_DeLaval.jpg/330px-Mobiler_Melkstand_mit_Futtertr%C3%B6gen%2C_DeLaval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mobiler_Melkstand_mit_Futtertr%C3%B6gen%2C_DeLaval.jpg/440px-Mobiler_Melkstand_mit_Futtertr%C3%B6gen%2C_DeLaval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Mobile Milking Parlor from <a href="/wiki/DeLaval" title="DeLaval">DeLaval</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Life on a dairy farm revolves around the milking parlor. Each lactating cow will visit the parlor at least twice a day to be milked. A remarkable amount of engineering has gone into designing milking parlors and milking machines. Efficiency is crucial; every second saved while milking a single cow adds up to hours over the whole herd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Milking_machines">Milking machines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Milking machines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milking is now performed almost exclusively by machine, though human technicians are still essential on most facilities. The most common milking machine is called a cluster milker. This milker consists of four metal cups<span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>— one per teat<span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>— each lined with rubber or silicone. The cluster is attached to both a milk collection system and a pulsating vacuum system. When the vacuum is on, it pulls air from between the outer metal cup and the liner, drawing milk out of the teat. When the vacuum turns off, it gives the teat an opportunity to refill with milk. In most milking systems, a milking technician must attach the cluster to each cow, but the machine senses when the cow has been fully milked and drops off independently.<sup id="cite_ref-schmidt_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Milking_routine">Milking routine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Milking routine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every time a cow enters the parlor several things need to happen to ensure milk quality and cow health. First, the cow's <a href="/wiki/Udder" title="Udder">udder</a> must be cleaned and disinfected to prevent both milk contamination and udder infections. Then the milking technician must check each teat for signs of infection by observing the first stream of milk. During this processes, called stripping the teat, the milking technician is looking for any discoloration or chunkiness that would indicate <a href="/wiki/Mastitis" title="Mastitis">mastitis</a>, an infection in the cow's <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary gland</a>. Milk from a cow with mastitis cannot enter the human milk supply, thus farmers must be careful that infected milk does not mix with the milk from healthy cows and that the cow gets the necessary treatment. If the cow passes the mastitis inspection, the milking technician will attach the milking cluster. The cluster will run until the cow is fully milked and then drop off. The milk travels immediately through a cooling system and then into a large cooled storage tank, where it will stay until picked up by a refrigerated milk truck. Before the cow is released from the milking stalls her teats are disinfected one last time to prevent infection.<sup id="cite_ref-schmidt_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutritional_management">Nutritional management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nutritional management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Feed for their cattle is by far one of the largest expenses for dairy producer whether it be provided by the land they graze or crops grown or purchased.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pasture based dairy producers invest much time and effort into maintaining their pastures and thus feed for their cattle. Pasture management techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">rotational grazing</a> are common for dairy production. Many large dairies that deliver food to their cattle have a dedicated nutritionist who is responsible for formulating diets with animal health, milk production, and cost efficiency in mind. For maximum productivity diets must be formulated differently depending on the growth rate, milk production, and reproductive status of each animal. </p><p>Cattle are classified as <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a> (suborder <em>ruminantia</em> belonging to the order <em><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">artiodactyl</a></em>) as they are able to acquire nutrients from even low quality plant-based food, thanks mainly to their symbiotic relationship with the microbes that <a href="/wiki/Enteric_fermentation" title="Enteric fermentation">ferment</a> it in a chamber of their stomachs called the <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">rumen</a>. The rumen is a literal micro-ecosystem within each dairy cow. For optimal digestion, the environment of the rumen must be ideal for the microbes. In this way, the job of a ruminant nutritionist is to feed the microbes not the cow. </p><p>The nutritional requirements of cattle are usually divided into maintenance requirements, which depend on the cow's weight; and milk production requirements, which in turn depend on the volume of milk the cow is producing. The nutritional contents of each available feed are used to formulate a diet that meets all nutritional needs in the most cost effective way. Notably, cattle must be fed a diet high in fiber to maintain a proper environment for the rumen microbes. Farmers typically grow their own forage for their cattle. Crops grown may include <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timothy-grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy-grass">timothy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">clover</a>. These plants are often processed after harvest to preserve or improve nutrient value and prevent spoiling. Corn, alfalfa, wheat, oats, and sorghum crops are often anaerobically fermented to create <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a>. Many crops such as alfalfa, timothy, oats, and clover are allowed to dry in the field after cutting before being baled into <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a>. </p><p>To increase the energy density of their diet, cattle are commonly fed cereal grains. In many areas of the world, dairy rations also commonly include byproducts from other agricultural sectors. For example, in California cattle are commonly fed almond hulls and cotton seed.<sup id="cite_ref-depeters_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-depeters-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feeding of byproducts can reduce the environmental impact of other agricultural sectors by keeping these materials out of landfills.<sup id="cite_ref-depeters_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-depeters-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To meet all of their nutritional requirements cows must eat their entire ration. Unfortunately, much like humans, cattle have their favorite foods. To keep cattle from selectively eating the most desirable parts of the diet, most produces feed a <a href="/wiki/Total_mixed_ration" title="Total mixed ration">total mixed ration</a> (TMR). In this system all the components of the feed are well mixed in a mixing truck before being delivered to the cattle. Different TMRs are often prepared for groups of cows with different nutritional requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproductive_management">Reproductive management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Reproductive management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Female calves born on a dairy farm will typically be raised as replacement stock to take the place of older cows that are no longer sufficiently productive. The life of a dairy cow is a cycle of pregnancy and lactation starting at puberty. The timing of these events is very important to the production capacity of the dairy. A cow will not produce milk until she has given birth to a calf. Consequently, timing of the first breeding as well as all the subsequent breeding is important for maintaining milk production levels.<sup id="cite_ref-schmidt_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Puberty_and_first_breeding">Puberty and first breeding</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Puberty and first breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most dairy producers aim for a replacement heifer to give birth to her first calf, and thus join the milking herd, on her second birthday. As the cow's gestation period is a little over 9 months this means the cow must be inseminated by the age of 15 months. Because the breeding process is inefficient, most producers aim to first breed their heifers between 12 and 14 months. Before a heifer can be bred she must reach sexual maturity and attain the proper body condition to successfully bear a calf. Puberty in cattle depends largely on weight among other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-menge_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-menge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holstein heifers reach puberty at an average body weight between 550 and 650 lbs.<sup id="cite_ref-menge_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-menge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller breeds of cattle, such as Jerseys, usually reach puberty earlier at a lighter weight.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_and_Ball_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_and_Ball-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under typical nutritional conditions, Holstein heifers will reach puberty at the age 9–10 months. Proper body condition for breeding is also largely judged by weight. At about 800lbs Holstein heifers will normally be able to carry a healthy calf and give birth with relative ease.<sup id="cite_ref-menge_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-menge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, the heifers will be able to give birth and join the milking herd before their second birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_and_Ball_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_and_Ball-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estrous_cycle">Estrous cycle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Estrous cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Puberty coincides with the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Estrous_cycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrous cycles">estrous cycles</a>. Estrous cycles are the recurring hormonal and physiological changes that occur within the bodies of most mammalian females that lead to ovulation and the development of a suitable environment for embryonic and fetal growth. The cow is considered <a href="/wiki/Estrous_cycle#Frequency" title="Estrous cycle">polyestrous</a>, which means that she will continue to undergo regular estrous cycles until death unless the cycle is interrupted by a pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_and_Ball_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_and_Ball-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In cows, a complete estrous cycle lasts 21 days. Most commonly, dairy producers discuss the estrous cycle as beginning when the cow is receptive to breeding. This short phase lasting only about a day is also known as <a href="/wiki/Estrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrus">estrus</a> or colloquially, heat. The cow will often exhibit several behavioral changes during this phase including increased activity and vocalizations. Most importantly, during estrus she will stand still when mounted by another cow or bull.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_and_Ball_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_and_Ball-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mating_and_pregnancy">Mating and pregnancy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mating and pregnancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">artificial insemination</a> (AI) is a very important reproductive tool used on dairy facilities. AI, is the process by which sperm is deliberately delivered by dairy managers or veterinarians into the cow's uterus. Bulls “donate” semen at a stud farm but there is never any physical contact between the cow and the bull when using this method.<sup id="cite_ref-Vishwanath_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vishwanath-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This method of insemination quickly gained popularity among dairy producers for several reasons. Dairy bulls are notoriously dangerous to keep on the average dairy facility. AI also makes it possible to speed the genetic improvement of the dairy herd because every dairy farmer has access to sperm from genetically superior sires. Additionally, AI has been shown to reduce spread of <a href="/wiki/Venereal_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Venereal diseases">venereal diseases</a> within herd that would ultimately lead to fertility problems. Many producers also find it to be more economical than keeping a bull. On the other hand, AI does require more intensive reproductive management of the herd as well as more time and expertise. Detection of <a href="/wiki/Estrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrus">estrus</a>, becomes reliant on observation in the absence of bulls. It takes considerable expertise to properly inseminate a cow and high quality sperm is valuable. Ultimately, because dairy production was already a management intensive industry the disadvantages are dwarfed by the advantages of the AI for many dairy producers.<sup id="cite_ref-Vishwanath_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vishwanath-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of cows carry a single calf. Pregnancy lasts an average of 280 to 285 days or a little less than 9 and one half months.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_and_Ball_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_and_Ball-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lactation_management">Lactation management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Lactation management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the birth of a calf the cow begins to lactate. <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">Lactation</a> will normally continue for as long as the cow is milked but production will steadily decline. Dairy farmers are extremely familiar with the pattern of milk production and carefully time the cow's next breeding to maximize milk production. The pattern of lactation and pregnancy is known as the lactation cycle. </p><p>For a period of 20 days post parturition the cow is called a fresh cow. Milk production quickly increases during this phase but milk composition is also significantly different from the rest of the cycle. This first milk, called colostrum, is rich in fats, protein, and also maternal immune cells.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This colostrum is not usually commercially sold, but is extremely important for early calf nutrition. Perhaps most importantly, it conveys passive immunity to the calf before its immune system is fully developed.<sup id="cite_ref-schmidt_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next 30 to 60 days of the lactation cycle is characterized by peak milk production levels. The amount of milk produced per day during this period varies considerably by breed and by individual cow depending on her body condition, genetics, health, and nutrition.<sup id="cite_ref-schmidt_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period the body condition of the cow will suffer because the cow will draw on her body stores to maintain such high milk production. Food intake of the cow also will increase. After peak lactation, the cow's milk production levels will slowly decline for the rest of the lactation cycle. The producer will often breed the cow soon after she leaves peak production. For a while, the cow's food intake will remain high before also beginning a decline to pre lactation levels. After peak milk production her body condition will also steadily recover.<sup id="cite_ref-schmidt_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Producers will typically continue to milk the cow until she is two months away from parturition then they will dry her off. Giving the cow a break during the final stages of pregnancy allows her mammary gland to regress and re-develop, her body condition to recover, and the calf to develop normally. Decreased body condition in the cow means she will not be as productive in subsequent milk cycles. Decreased health in the new born calf will negatively impact the quality of the replacement herd.<sup id="cite_ref-schmidt_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also evidence that increased rates of mammary cell proliferation occur during the dry period that is essential to maintaining high production levels in subsequent lactation cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concerns">Concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_waste_from_large_cattle_dairies">Animal waste from large cattle dairies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Animal waste from large cattle dairies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As measured in phosphorus, the waste output of 5,000 cows roughly equals a municipality of 70,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-dairyspill_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dairyspill-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., dairy operations with more than 1,000 cows meet the EPA definition of a CAFO (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation), and are subject to EPA regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> a number of dairies have been established on a very large scale. Each dairy consists of several modern milking parlor set-ups operated as a single enterprise. Each milking parlor is surrounded by a set of 3 or 4 loafing barns housing 1,500 or 2,000 cattle. Some of the larger dairies have planned 10 or more series of loafing barns and milking parlors in this arrangement, so that the total operation may include as many as 15,000 or 20,000 cows. The milking process for these dairies is similar to a smaller dairy with a single milking parlor but repeated several times. The size and concentration of cattle creates major environmental issues associated with <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a> handling and disposal, which requires substantial areas of cropland (a ratio of 5 or 6 cows to the acre, or several thousand acres for dairies of this size) for manure spreading and dispersion, or several-acre <a href="/wiki/Methane_digesters" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane digesters">methane digesters</a>. <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a> from <a href="/wiki/Methane_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane gas">methane gas</a> associated with manure management also is a major concern. As a result, proposals to develop dairies of this size can be controversial and provoke substantial opposition from <a href="/wiki/Environmentalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentalists">environmentalists</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a> and local activists.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ManureScraper.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="manure scraper pushing manure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/ManureScraper.JPG/220px-ManureScraper.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/ManureScraper.JPG/330px-ManureScraper.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/ManureScraper.JPG/440px-ManureScraper.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Manure scraper pushing cow manure. </figcaption></figure> <p>The potential impact of large dairies was demonstrated when a massive manure spill occurred on a 5,000-cow dairy in Upstate New York, contaminating a 20-mile (32 km) stretch of the <a href="/wiki/Black_River_(New_York)" title="Black River (New York)">Black River</a>, and killing 375,000 fish. On 10 August 2005, a <a href="/wiki/Manure_lagoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Manure lagoon">manure storage lagoon</a> collapsed releasing 3,000,000 US gallons (11,000,000 L; 2,500,000 imp gal) of manure into the Black River. Subsequently, the New York Department of Environmental Conservation mandated a settlement package of $2.2 million against the dairy.<sup id="cite_ref-dairyspill_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dairyspill-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When properly managed, dairy and other livestock waste, due to its nutrient content (<a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">N, P, K</a>), makes an excellent fertilizer promoting crop growth, increasing <a href="/wiki/Soil_organic_matter" title="Soil organic matter">soil organic matter</a>, and improving overall soil fertility and <a href="/wiki/Tilth" title="Tilth">tilth</a> characteristics. Most dairy farms in the United States are required to develop nutrient management plans for their farms, to help balance the flow of nutrients and reduce the risks of environmental pollution. These plans encourage producers to monitor all nutrients coming onto the farm as feed, <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a>, animals, fertilizer, etc. and all nutrients exiting the farm as product, crop, animals, manure, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-nutrientmanagement_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nutrientmanagement-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a precision approach to animal feeding results in less overfeeding of nutrients and a subsequent decrease in environmental excretion of nutrients, such as phosphorus. In recent years, nutritionists have realized that requirements for phosphorus are much lower than previously thought.<sup id="cite_ref-dairyfeedmanagement_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dairyfeedmanagement-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These changes have allowed dairy producers to reduce the amount of phosphorus being fed to their cows with a reduction in environmental pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-dairyphosphorusmanagement_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dairyphosphorusmanagement-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_hormones">Use of hormones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Use of hormones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bovine_somatotropin" title="Bovine somatotropin">Bovine somatotropin</a></div> <p>It is possible to maintain higher milk production by supplementing cows with <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">growth hormones</a> known as recombinant <a href="/wiki/Bovine_somatotropin" title="Bovine somatotropin">BST</a> or rBST, but this is controversial due to its effects on animal and possibly human health. The European Union, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and Canada have banned its use due to these concerns.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the US however, no such prohibition exists, but rBST is not used on dairy farms. Most dairy processors, if not all, will not accept milk with rBST.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> states that no "significant difference" has been found between milk from treated and non-treated cows<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but based on consumer concerns several milk purchasers and resellers have elected not to purchase milk produced with rBST. <sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_welfare">Animal welfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Animal welfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The practice of dairy production in a <a href="/wiki/Factory_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory farm">factory farm</a> environment has been criticized by <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a> activists.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">ethical complaints regarding dairy production</a> cited include how often the dairy cattle must remain pregnant, the separation of calves from their mothers, how dairy cattle are housed and environmental concerns regarding dairy production. </p><p>The production of milk requires that the cow be in <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a>, which is a result of the cow having given birth to a calf. The cycle of insemination, pregnancy, parturition, and lactation, followed by a "dry" period of about two months of forty-five to fifty days, before calving which allows udder tissue to regenerate. A dry period that falls outside this time frame can result in decreased milk production in subsequent lactation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important part of the dairy industry is the removal of the calves off the mother's milk after the three days of needed <a href="/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum">colostrum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-msucares.com_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msucares.com-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing for the collection of the milk produced. On some dairies, in order for this to take place, the calves are fed milk replacer, a substitute for the whole milk produced by the cow.<sup id="cite_ref-msucares.com_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msucares.com-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milk replacer is generally a powder, which comes in large bags, and is added to precise amounts of water, and then fed to the calf via bucket, bottle or automated feeder. </p><p>Milk replacers are classified by three categories: protein source, protein/fat (energy) levels, and medication or additives (e.g. vitamins and minerals).<sup id="cite_ref-aphis.usda.gov_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aphis.usda.gov-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proteins for the milk replacer come from different sources; the more favorable and more expensive<sup id="cite_ref-www1.extension.umn.edu_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www1.extension.umn.edu-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all milk protein (e.g. whey protein- a by-product of the cheese industry) and alternative proteins including soy, animal plasma and wheat gluten.<sup id="cite_ref-aphis.usda.gov_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aphis.usda.gov-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ideal levels for fat and protein in milk replacer are 10-28% and 18-30%, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-aphis.usda.gov_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aphis.usda.gov-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The higher the energy levels (fat and protein), the less starter feed (feed which is given to young animals) the animal will consume. Weaning can take place when a calf is consuming at least two pounds of starter feed a day and has been on starter for at least three weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-www1.extension.umn.edu_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www1.extension.umn.edu-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milk replacer has climbed in cost US$15–20 a bag in recent years, so early weaning is economically crucial to effective calf management.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common ailments affecting dairy cows include infectious disease (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mastitis_in_dairy_cattle" title="Mastitis in dairy cattle">mastitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endometritis" title="Endometritis">endometritis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_dermatitis" title="Digital dermatitis">digital dermatitis</a>), metabolic disease (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Milk_fever" title="Milk fever">milk fever</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketosis" title="Ketosis">ketosis</a>) and injuries caused by their environment (e.g. hoof and <a href="/wiki/Hock_(anatomy)" title="Hock (anatomy)">hock</a> lesions).<sup id="cite_ref-Rushen_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rushen-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lameness is commonly considered one of the most significant <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a> issues for <a href="/wiki/Dairy_cattle" title="Dairy cattle">dairy cattle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Rushen_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rushen-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keyserlingk_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keyserlingk-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is best defined as any abnormality that causes an animal to change its gait.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be caused by a number of sources, including infections of the hoof tissue (e.g. fungal infections that cause dermatitis) and physical damage causing bruising or lesions (e.g. ulcers or hemorrhage of the hoof).<sup id="cite_ref-Keyserlingk_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keyserlingk-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Housing and management features common in modern dairy farms (such as concrete barn floors, limited access to pasture and suboptimal bed-stall design) have been identified as contributing risk factors to infections and injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenhouse_gas_emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Greenhouse gas emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production#Greenhouse_gas_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">Environmental impact of meat production § Greenhouse gas emissions</a></div> <p>Milk is estimated to have been responsible for 18% of agricultural <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market">Market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worldwide">Worldwide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Worldwide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dairy.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dairy.JPG/300px-Dairy.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dairy.JPG/450px-Dairy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dairy.JPG/600px-Dairy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2910" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Holstein_cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein cow">Holstein cows</a> on a dairy farm, Comboyne, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vagula_laudad.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Vagula_laudad.JPG/220px-Vagula_laudad.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Vagula_laudad.JPG/330px-Vagula_laudad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Vagula_laudad.JPG/440px-Vagula_laudad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Dairy farm in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ru_Parish" title="Võru Parish">Võru Parish</a>, Estonia</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a great deal of variation in the pattern of dairy production worldwide. Many countries which are large producers consume most of this internally, while others (in particular New Zealand), export a large percentage of their production. Internal consumption is often in the form of liquid milk, while the bulk of international trade is in processed <a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">dairy products</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Milk_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk powder">milk powder</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The milking of cows was traditionally a labor-intensive operation and still is in less developed countries. Small farms need several people to milk and care for only a few dozen cows, though for many farms these employees have traditionally been the children of the farm family, giving rise to the term "<a href="/wiki/Family_farm" title="Family farm">family farm</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Advances in technology have mostly led to the radical redefinition of "family farms" in industrialized countries such as Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. With farms of hundreds of cows producing large volumes of milk, the larger and more efficient dairy farms are more able to weather severe changes in milk price and operate profitably, while "traditional" family farms generally do not have the equity or income other larger scale farms do. The common public perception of large corporate farms supplanting smaller ones is generally a misconception, as many small family farms expand to take advantage of <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>, and incorporate the business to limit the legal liabilities of the owners and simplify such things as tax management.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>The transition from family farms to farms with employed staff who carry out the day-to-day management of the herd's animals has changed the farmer's duties and role on the farm. New questions have arisen concerning how the development of bigger farms places greater demands on strategies focused on financial control, leadership, and personnel issues.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before large scale mechanization arrived in the 1950s, keeping a dozen milk cows for the sale of milk was profitable. Now most dairies must have more than one hundred cows being milked at a time in order to be profitable, with other cows and heifers waiting to be "freshened" to join the milking herd. In New Zealand, the average herd size increased from 113 cows in the 1975–76 season to 435 cows in 2018–19 season.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Worldwide, the largest cow milk producer is the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the largest cow milk exporter is <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the largest importer is <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> with its present 27 member countries produced 158,800,000 metric tons (156,300,000 long tons; 175,000,000 short tons) in 2013<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(96.8% cow milk), the most by any <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">politico</a>-<a href="/wiki/Economic_union" title="Economic union">economic</a> union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supply_management">Supply management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Supply management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Canadian dairy industry is one of four sectors that is under the <a href="/wiki/Supply_management_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply management (Canada)">supply management</a> system, a national agricultural policy framework that coordinates supply and demand through production and import control and pricing mechanisms designed to prevent shortages and surpluses, to ensure farmers a fair rate of return and Canadian consumer access to a high-quality, stable, and secure supply of these sensitive products.<sup id="cite_ref-LOP_Heminthavong_2015_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOP_Heminthavong_2015-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The milk supply management system is a "federated provincial policy" with four governing agencies, organizations and committees—Canadian Dairy Commission, Canadian Milk Supply Management Committee (CMSMC), regional milk pools, and provincial milk marketing boards.<sup id="cite_ref-georgemorris_Mussell_2013_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgemorris_Mussell_2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> The dairy supply management system is administered by the federal government through the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Dairy_Commission" title="Canadian Dairy Commission">Canadian Dairy Commission</a> (CDC), which was established in 1966 and is composed mostly of dairy farmers, administers the dairy supply management system for Canada's 12,000 dairy farms.<sup id="cite_ref-dairyfarmers_2018_about_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dairyfarmers_2018_about-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal government is involved in supply management through the CDC in the administration of imports and exports.<sup id="cite_ref-AgriFood_Mussell_2016_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AgriFood_Mussell_2016-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canadian Milk Supply Management Committee (CMSMC) was introduced in 1970 as the body responsible for monitoring the production rates of milk and setting the national <a href="/wiki/Market_Sharing_Quota" title="Market Sharing Quota">Market Sharing Quota</a> (MSQ) for industrial raw milk.<sup id="cite_ref-LOP_Frechette_1986_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOP_Frechette_1986-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dairyfarmers_2018_SM_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dairyfarmers_2018_SM-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supply management system was authorized in 1972 through the Farm Products Agencies Act.<sup id="cite_ref-LOP_Heminthavong_2015_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOP_Heminthavong_2015-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supply management ensures consistent pricing of milk for farmers with no fluctuation in the market.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prices are based on the demand for milk throughout the country and how much is being produced. In order to start a new farm or increase production more share into the SMS needs to be bought into known as "Quota". in this case farmers must remain up to or below the amount of "quota" they have bought share of. Each province in Canada has their own cap on quota based on the demand in the market.<sup id="cite_ref-dairyfarmers_2018_SM_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dairyfarmers_2018_SM-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a cap on the countries quota known as total quota per month. In 2016 the total butter fat produced per month was 28,395,848 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Milk_Production">World Milk Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: World Milk Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milk_production,_1,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Milk_production%2C_1%2C_OWID.svg/350px-Milk_production%2C_1%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Milk_production%2C_1%2C_OWID.svg/525px-Milk_production%2C_1%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Milk_production%2C_1%2C_OWID.svg/700px-Milk_production%2C_1%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Total milk production, measured in tonnes per year, per continent.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>World total milk production in 2017<br /> <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> statistics <sup id="cite_ref-fao_yb2010_b12_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao_yb2010_b12-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <small>(including cow/buffalo/goat/sheep/camel milk)</small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Production (1000 tonnes/year) </th> <th>Share in Global Production </th></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f2f2f2;"><b>World</b></td> <td style="background:#f2f2f2; text-align:right;"><b>827,884</b> </td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">176,272 </td> <td>21.29% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">97,760 </td> <td>11.81% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">44,293 </td> <td>5.35% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">34,869 </td> <td>4.21% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">33,742 </td> <td>4.08% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">32,695 </td> <td>3.95% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">31,177 </td> <td>3.77% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,260 </td> <td>3.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,372 </td> <td>2.58% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,700 </td> <td>2.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,256 </td> <td>1.84% </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,544 </td> <td>1.76% </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,702 </td> <td>1.66% </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,027 </td> <td>1.45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,988 </td> <td>1.45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,520 </td> <td>1.27% </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,167 </td> <td>1.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,097 </td> <td>1.22% </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,800 </td> <td>1.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,100 </td> <td>0.98% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dairy_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Dairy industry in the United States">Dairy industry in the United States</a></div> <p>In the United States, the top five dairy states are, in order by total milk production; California,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_dairy_industry" title="Wisconsin dairy industry">Wisconsin</a>, New York, Idaho, and Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dairy farming is also an important industry in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 40,000 dairy farms in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cowmilkproduction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cowmilkproduction.jpg/220px-Cowmilkproduction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cowmilkproduction.jpg/330px-Cowmilkproduction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cowmilkproduction.jpg/440px-Cowmilkproduction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Cow Milk Production by State in 2016</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skim_milk_price_at_$1.69_gallon_Wegmans_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Skim_milk_price_at_%241.69_gallon_Wegmans_2018.jpg/220px-Skim_milk_price_at_%241.69_gallon_Wegmans_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Skim_milk_price_at_%241.69_gallon_Wegmans_2018.jpg/330px-Skim_milk_price_at_%241.69_gallon_Wegmans_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Skim_milk_price_at_%241.69_gallon_Wegmans_2018.jpg/440px-Skim_milk_price_at_%241.69_gallon_Wegmans_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>After a brief rise following the Great Recession of 2008-9, milk prices crashed again in the late 2010s to well under $3 a gallon at major grocers in the United States.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pennsylvania has 8,500 farms with 555,000 dairy cows. Milk produced in Pennsylvania yields an annual revenue of about US$1.5 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Milk prices collapsed in 2009. Senator <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> accused <a href="/wiki/Dean_Foods" title="Dean Foods">Dean Foods</a> of controlling 40% of the country's milk market. He has requested the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> to pursue an <a href="/wiki/Anti-trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-trust">anti-trust</a> investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dean Foods says it buys 15% of the country's raw milk.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, a federal judge approved a settlement of $30 million to 9,000 farmers in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herd size in the US varies between 1,200 on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a>, where large farms are commonplace, to roughly 50 in the <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a> and Northeast, where land-base is a significant limiting factor to herd size. The average herd size in the U.S. is about one hundred cows per farm but the midpoint size is 900 cows with 49% of all cows residing on farms of 1000 or more cows.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>European total milk production in 2009<br /> <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> statistics <sup id="cite_ref-fao_yb2010_b12_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao_yb2010_b12-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <small>(including cow/goat/sheep/buffalo milk)</small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Production (10<sup>6</sup> kg/y) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f2f2f2;"> </td> <td style="background:#f2f2f2;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a><br /> (all 27 countries)</td> <td style="background:#f2f2f2; text-align:right;"><b>153,033</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">28,691 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">24,218 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,237 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,836 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,467 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,469 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,252 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,809 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.373 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,814 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change_and_milk_yields">Climate change and milk yields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Climate change and milk yields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock#Cattle" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Effects of climate change on livestock § Cattle</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock&action=edit#Cattle">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> As of 2009, there were 1.2 billion cattle in the world, with around 82% in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_Gaughan2009_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_Gaughan2009-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the totals only increased since then, with the 2021 figure at 1.53 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020, it was found that in the current Eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> climate, cattle experience <i>mild</i> heat stress inside unadapted stalls for nearly half a year (159 days), while <i>moderate</i> heat stress is felt indoors and outdoors during May, June, July, August, September, and October. Additionally, June and August are the months where cattle are exposed to <i>severe</i> heat stress outside, which is mitigated to moderate heat stress indoors.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even <i>mild</i> heat stress can reduce the yield of <a href="/wiki/Cow_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow milk">cow milk</a>: research in Sweden found that average daily temperatures of 20–25 °C (68–77 °F) reduce daily milk yield per cow by 200 g (0.44 lb), with the loss reaching 540 g (1.19 lb) for 25–30 °C (77–86 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research in a humid tropical climate describes a more linear relationship, with every unit of heat stress reducing yield by 2.13%.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive farming</a> systems, daily milk yield per cow declines by 1.8 kg (4.0 lb) during severe heat stress. In <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic farming</a> systems, the effect of heat stress on milk yields is limited, but milk <i>quality</i> suffers substantially, with lower fat and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> content.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, daily milk production per cow is already lower than the average by between 0.7 and 4 kg (1.5 and 8.8 lb) in July (the hottest month of the year), and by 2070, it may decline by up to 50% (or 7.2 kg (16 lb)) due to climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers suggest that the already recorded stagnation of dairy production in both China and West Africa can attributed to persistent increases in heat stress.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_AR6_WGII_Chapter5_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_AR6_WGII_Chapter5-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 747">: 747 </span></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/28px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" 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style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfa_Laval" title="Alfa Laval">Alfa Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_milk" title="Camel milk">Camel milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_cattle" title="Dairy cattle">Dairy cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">Dairy products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory farming">Factory farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_farm" title="Family farm">Family farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dairy_products" title="List of dairy products">List of dairy products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_intensive_grazing" class="mw-redirect" title="Managed intensive grazing">Managed intensive grazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubre_Blanca" title="Ubre Blanca">Ubre Blanca</a>, a record milk-producing cow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcLean" class="citation web cs1">McLean, Amy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228115704/http://www.tsln.com/agliving/equine/6511630-111/milk-donkey-dairy-donkeys">"Donkey milk for human 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Swift Communications, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsln.com/agliving/equine/6511630-111/milk-donkey-dairy-donkeys">the original</a> on 28 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tri-State+Livestock+News&rft.atitle=Donkey+milk+for+human+health%3F&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsln.com%2Fagliving%2Fequine%2F6511630-111%2Fmilk-donkey-dairy-donkeys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thoughtco.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thoughtco.com_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thoughtco.com_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/dairy-farming-ancient-history-171199">"8,000 Years of Drinking Milk: The Evidence and History of Dairying"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=8%2C000+Years+of+Drinking+Milk%3A+The+Evidence+and+History+of+Dairying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fdairy-farming-ancient-history-171199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsonFultonThompsonSmith1979" class="citation journal cs1">Pearson, R. E.; Fulton, L. A.; Thompson, P. D.; Smith, J. W. (December 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302%2879%2983526-2/abstract">"Elsevier"</a>. <i>Journal of Dairy Science</i>. <b>62</b> (12). Journalofdairyscience.org: <span class="nowrap">1941–</span>1950. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2879%2983526-2">10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(79)83526-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/541464">541464</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dairy+Science&rft.atitle=Elsevier&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1941-%3C%2Fspan%3E1950&rft.date=1979-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2879%2983526-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F541464&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rft.au=Fulton%2C+L.+A.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+P.+D.&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofdairyscience.org%2Farticle%2FS0022-0302%252879%252983526-2%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy+farming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/pore/historyculture/people_ranching.html">Public tours</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713111458/http://www.nps.gov/pore/historyculture/people_ranching.html">Archived</a> 13 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[./<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="Http://www.delaval.ca/-/Product-Information1/Milking/Products/Stallwork/Herringbone-stalls/DeLaval-herringbone-HDHB/">Http://www.delaval.ca/-/Product-Information1/Milking/Products/Stallwork/Herringbone-stalls/DeLaval-herringbone-HDHB/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.delaval.ca/-/Product-Information1/Milking/Products/Stallwork/Herringbone-stalls/DeLaval-herringbone-HDHB/">http://www.delaval.ca/-/Product-Information1/Milking/Products/Stallwork/Herringbone-stalls/DeLaval-herringbone-HDHB/</a>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127134907/https://www.waikatodistrict.govt.nz/your-council/plans-policies-and-bylaws/plans/district-plan-review/2016/10/31/recognising-our-built-heritage">"Recognising our built heritage"</a>. <i>Waikato District Council</i>. 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Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1457–1579 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dairy_farming&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dairy_farming" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFream1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fream, William (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dairy and Dairy-farming"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dairy_and_Dairy-farming">"Dairy and Dairy-farming" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">737–</span>761.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dairy+and+Dairy-farming&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E737-%3C%2Fspan%3E761&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Fream&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy+farming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoug_Reinemann2018" class="citation web cs1">Doug Reinemann (18 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbswisconsin.org/watch/university-place/milking-machines-the-first-100-years-9w9rp0/">"Milking Machines:The First 100 Years"</a>. <i>pbswisconsin.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pbswisconsin.org&rft.atitle=Milking+Machines%3AThe+First+100+Years&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft.au=Doug+Reinemann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpbswisconsin.org%2Fwatch%2Funiversity-place%2Fmilking-machines-the-first-100-years-9w9rp0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADairy+farming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/dairy/documents/docs/world-milk-production.pdf">World milk production 1980–2003</a> (FAO diagram)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162838/http://www.iom-world.org/pubs/IOM_TM9506.pdf">Respiratory hazards in dairy and beef farming</a> by D Sewell and others. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Occupational_Medicine" title="Institute of Occupational Medicine">Institute of Occupational Medicine</a> Research Report TM/95/06</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo52439">Climate Change, Heat Stress, and U.S. Dairy Production</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_Research_Service" title="Economic Research Service">Economic Research Service</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" 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title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farming Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" 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grazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">Transhumance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_farming" title="Mixed farming">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">Pastoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">Bocage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a></li> <li><a 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