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<span>Shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Surface</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surface-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Surface subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Surface changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cheops_boulder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cheops_boulder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cheops boulder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cheops_boulder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbit_and_rotation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbit_and_rotation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Orbit and rotation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orbit_and_rotation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orbit and rotation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orbit_and_rotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2015_perihelion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015_perihelion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>2015 perihelion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015_perihelion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021_perihelion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021_perihelion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>2021 perihelion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_perihelion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Exploration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exploration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rosetta_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rosetta_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>Rosetta</i> mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rosetta_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advance_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advance_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Advance work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advance_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rendezvous_and_orbit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rendezvous_and_orbit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Rendezvous and orbit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rendezvous_and_orbit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Landing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Physical properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Future missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%81-%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88" title="67P/تشوريوموف-جيراسيمنكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="67P/تشوريوموف-جيراسيمنكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Камета Чурумава — Герасіменка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Камета Чурумава — Герасіменка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Камэта Чурумава — Герасіменкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Камэта Чурумава — Герасіменкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="67P/Чурюмов-Герасименко – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="67P/Чурюмов-Герасименко" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/%C4%8Curjumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Čurjumov–Gerasimenko – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="67P/Čurjumov–Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Txuri%C3%BAmov-Herassimenko" title="67P/Txuriúmov-Herassimenko – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="67P/Txuriúmov-Herassimenko" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2_%E2%80%94_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="67P/Чурюмов — Герасименко – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="67P/Чурюмов — Герасименко" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/%C4%8Curjumov-Gerasimenko" title="67P/Čurjumov-Gerasimenko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="67P/Čurjumov-Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Tjurjumov-Gerasimenko" title="67P/Tjurjumov-Gerasimenko – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="67P/Tjurjumov-Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschurjumow-Gerassimenko" title="Tschurjumow-Gerassimenko – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschurjumow-Gerassimenko" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/T%C5%A1urjumov-Gerassimenko" title="67P/Tšurjumov-Gerassimenko – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="67P/Tšurjumov-Gerassimenko" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%86-%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="67P/Τσουριούμοφ-Γκερασιμένκο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="67P/Τσουριούμοφ-Γκερασιμένκο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88urjumov-Gerasimenko" title="Ĉurjumov-Gerasimenko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉurjumov-Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Txuriumov-Gerasimenko" title="67P/Txuriumov-Gerasimenko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="67P/Txuriumov-Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B6%DB%B7_%D9%BE%DB%8C/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%81-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88" title="۶۷ پی/چوریوموف-گراسیمنکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۶۷ پی/چوریوموف-گراسیمنکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Tchourioumov-Gu%C3%A9rassimenko" title="67P/Tchourioumov-Guérassimenko – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="67P/Tchourioumov-Guérassimenko" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komeet_67P/Tsj%C3%BBrj%C3%BBmow-Gerasimenko" title="Komeet 67P/Tsjûrjûmow-Gerasimenko – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Komeet 67P/Tsjûrjûmow-Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%94%EB%A5%98%EB%AA%A8%ED%94%84-%EA%B2%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8B%9C%EB%A9%98%EC%BD%94_%ED%98%9C%EC%84%B1" title="추류모프-게라시멘코 혜성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="추류모프-게라시멘코 혜성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%AD%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="६७पी/चुरयुमोव-गेरासिमेंको – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="६७पी/चुरयुमोव-गेरासिमेंको" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komet_%C4%8Curjumov-Gerasimenko" title="Komet Čurjumov-Gerasimenko – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Komet Čurjumov-Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%91-%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95" title="צ'וריומוב-גרסימנקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'וריומוב-גרסימנקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Curjumova%E2%80%94Gerasimenko_kom%C4%93ta" title="Čurjumova—Gerasimenko komēta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čurjumova—Gerasimenko komēta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Tschurjumow-Gerassimenko" title="67P/Tschurjumow-Gerassimenko – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="67P/Tschurjumow-Gerassimenko" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Csurjumov%E2%80%93Geraszimenko" title="67P/Csurjumov–Geraszimenko – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="67P/Csurjumov–Geraszimenko" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="67P/Чурјумов-Герасименко – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="67P/Чурјумов-Герасименко" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഷുര്യാമോവ് ഗരാസിമെങ്കോ വാൽനക്ഷത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷുര്യാമോവ് ഗരാസിമെങ്കോ വാൽനക്ഷത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%AD_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5-_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="६७ पी/च्युरयुमोव- गेरासिमेन्को धूमकेतू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="६७ पी/च्युरयुमोव- गेरासिमेन्को धूमकेतू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komeet_67P/Tsjoerjoemov-Gerasimenko" title="Komeet 67P/Tsjoerjoemov-Gerasimenko – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Komeet 67P/Tsjoerjoemov-Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B2%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B3%E5%BD%97%E6%98%9F" title="チュリュモフ・ゲラシメンコ彗星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チュリュモフ・ゲラシメンコ彗星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Tsjurjumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Tsjurjumov–Gerasimenko – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="67P/Tsjurjumov–Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Tsjurjumov-Gerasimenko" title="67P/Tsjurjumov-Gerasimenko – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="67P/Tsjurjumov-Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cometa_Chori%C3%B3mov-Herassymenko" title="Cometa Choriómov-Herassymenko – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cometa Choriómov-Herassymenko" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Czuriumow-Gierasimienko" title="67P/Czuriumow-Gierasimienko – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="67P/Czuriumow-Gierasimienko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Ciuriumov-Gherasimenko" title="67P/Ciuriumov-Gherasimenko – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="67P/Ciuriumov-Gherasimenko" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="67P/Чурюмова — Герасименко – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="67P/Чурюмова — Герасименко" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%A9ta_%C4%8Curjumov-Gerasimenko" title="Kométa Čurjumov-Gerasimenko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kométa Čurjumov-Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komet_%C4%8Curjumov-Gerasimenko" title="Komet Čurjumov-Gerasimenko – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Komet Čurjumov-Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/67%D0%9F/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="67П/Чурјумов-Герасименко – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="67П/Чурјумов-Герасименко" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/%C4%8Curjumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Čurjumov–Gerasimenko – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="67P/Čurjumov–Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/T%C5%A1urjumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Tšurjumov–Gerasimenko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="67P/Tšurjumov–Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/67%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B" title="67பி/சுரியூமொவ்-கெராசிமென்கோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="67பி/சுரியூமொவ்-கெராசிமென்கோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/67%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E2%80%93%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84" title="67พี/ชูรูย์มอฟ–เกราซีเมนโค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="67พี/ชูรูย์มอฟ–เกราซีเมนโค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2_%E2%80%94_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="67P/Чурюмов — Герасименко – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="67P/Чурюмов — Герасименко" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Комета Чурюмова — Герасименко – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комета Чурюмова — Герасименко" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Periodic contact binary comet</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_67P_True_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Comet_67P_True_color.jpg/290px-Comet_67P_True_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Comet_67P_True_color.jpg/435px-Comet_67P_True_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Comet_67P_True_color.jpg/580px-Comet_67P_True_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in true colour, as seen by <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA's</a> <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta Spacecraft</a> in December 2014.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E0CCFF">Discovery</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planet_discoverers" title="List of minor planet discoverers">Discovered by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Klim_Churyumov" title="Klim Churyumov">Klim Ivanovich Churyumov</a> <br /> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Gerasimenko" title="Svetlana Gerasimenko">Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_observatory_codes" title="List of observatory codes">Discovery site</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>, Soviet Union</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Discovery date</th><td class="infobox-data">20 September 1969</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E0CCFF">Designations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_designation_in_astronomy" title="Provisional designation in astronomy">Alternative names</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1969 R1, 1969 IV, 1969h, 1975 P1, 1976 VII, 1975i, 1982 VIII, 1982f, 1989 VI, 1988i<sup id="cite_ref-jpldata_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpldata-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E0CCFF"><a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">Orbital characteristics</a><sup id="cite_ref-MPC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a> 25 February 2023 (<a href="/wiki/Julian_date" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian date">JD</a> 2460000.5)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">Aphelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.704 AU<br />     <small>(853,300,000 km; 530,200,000 mi)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">Perihelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.210 AU<br />     <small>(181,000,000 km; 112,500,000 mi)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">Semi-major axis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.457 AU<br />     <small>(517,200,000 km; 321,300,000 mi)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.64989</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (sidereal)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6.43 <a href="/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)" title="Julian year (astronomy)">yr</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_anomaly#Mean_anomaly_at_epoch" title="Mean anomaly">Mean anomaly</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">73.57°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.8719°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node" title="Longitude of the ascending node">Longitude of ascending node</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">36.33°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Time of perihelion</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 April 2028<sup id="cite_ref-Horizons2028_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horizons2028-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2 November 2021 (previous)<sup id="cite_ref-Yoshida_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshida-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis" title="Argument of periapsis">Argument of perihelion</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">22.15°</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E0CCFF"><span class="anchor" id="Infobox_Physical_characteristics"></span>Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_radius_(astronomy)" title="Mean radius (astronomy)">Dimensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Large lobe: 4.1 km × 3.3 km × 1.8 km<br />(2.5 mi × 2.1 mi × 1.1 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-esa20150122_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20150122-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Small lobe: 2.6 km × 2.3 km × 1.8 km<br />(1.6 mi × 1.4 mi × 1.1 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-esa20150122_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20150122-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">Volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18.7 km<sup>3</sup> (4.5 cu mi)<sup id="cite_ref-mass_density_2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mass_density_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7012998200000000000♠"></span>(9.982<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.003)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>12</sup> kg</span><sup id="cite_ref-mass_density_2016_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mass_density_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mean <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.533 ± 0.006 g/cm<sup>3</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-mass_density_2016_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mass_density_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lakdawalla1118_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakdawalla1118-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />     <small>(0.01926 ± 0.00022 lb/cu in)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>est.</i> 1 m/s<sup id="cite_ref-mpg20140121_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpg20140121-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Synodic_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic rotation period">Synodic rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004446554799999999♠"></span>12.4043<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.0007 h</span><sup id="cite_ref-Mottola2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mottola2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">52°<sup id="cite_ref-esa20150122_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20150122-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North pole <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data">69.3°<sup id="cite_ref-esa20150122_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20150122-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North pole <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">64.1°<sup id="cite_ref-esa20150122_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20150122-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.06<sup id="cite_ref-esa20150122_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20150122-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; margin:0; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr> <th style="width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">Surface <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temp.</a></th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">min</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">mean</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">max</th> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em"><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin</a></th> <td style="text-align:center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">−</span>180</td> <td style="text-align:center"></td> <td style="text-align:center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">−</span>230</td> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em">Celsius</th> <td style="text-align:center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>−93</td> <td style="text-align:center"></td> <td style="text-align:center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>−43</td> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em">Fahrenheit</th> <td style="text-align:center">−135</td> <td style="text-align:center"></td> <td style="text-align:center"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>−45</td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</b> (abbreviated as <b>67P</b> or <b>67P/C–G</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Jupiter-family_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter-family comet">Jupiter-family comet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yfernandez_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yfernandez-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is originally from the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a><sup id="cite_ref-AP-20141210-SB_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20141210-SB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">orbital period</a> of 6.45 years as of 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-jpldata_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpldata-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a rotation period of approximately 12.4 hours,<sup id="cite_ref-Mottola2014_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mottola2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a maximum velocity of 135,000 km/h (38 km/s; 84,000 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-ESA-faq_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA-faq-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churyumov–Gerasimenko is approximately 4.3 by 4.1 km (2.7 by 2.5 mi) at its longest and widest dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-67P_size_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67P_size-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first observed on <a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">photographic plates</a> in 1969 by Soviet astronomers <a href="/wiki/Klim_Churyumov" title="Klim Churyumov">Klim Ivanovych Churyumov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Gerasimenko" title="Svetlana Gerasimenko">Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko</a>, after whom it is <a href="/wiki/Naming_of_comets" title="Naming of comets">named</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It most recently came to <a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">perihelion</a> (closest approach to the Sun) on 2 November 2021,<sup id="cite_ref-Yoshida_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshida-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPC_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kinoshita_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinoshita-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and will next come to perihelion on 9 April 2028.<sup id="cite_ref-Horizons2028_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horizons2028-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Churyumov–Gerasimenko was the destination of the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)"><i>Rosetta</i></a> mission, launched on 2 March 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Krolikowska2003_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krolikowska2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-201401017_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-201401017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20140805_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140805-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Rosetta</i> <a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">rendezvoused</a> with Churyumov–Gerasimenko on 6 August 2014<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2014-08-06_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2014-08-06-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bauer2014_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauer2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and entered orbit on 10 September 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-esa20140910_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20140910-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Rosetta</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> lander, <a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)"><i>Philae</i></a>, landed on the comet's surface on 12 November 2014, becoming the first spacecraft to land on a <a href="/wiki/Comet_nucleus" title="Comet nucleus">comet nucleus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20141112-DCA_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20141112-DCA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141112-KC_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141112-KC-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbcland_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcland-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 September 2016, the <i>Rosetta</i> spacecraft ended its mission by landing on the comet in its Ma'at region.<sup id="cite_ref-newsci20160930_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsci20160930-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-space20160930_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space20160930-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Churyumov–Gerasimenko was discovered in 1969 by <a href="/wiki/Klim_Churyumov" title="Klim Churyumov">Klim Ivanovich Churyumov</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv#Astronomical_Observatory" title="Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv">Kyiv University's Astronomical Observatory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-iau61_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iau61-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who examined a photograph that had been exposed for comet <a href="/wiki/32P/Comas_Sol%C3%A0" title="32P/Comas Solà">Comas Solà</a> by <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Gerasimenko" title="Svetlana Gerasimenko">Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko</a> on 11 September 1969 at the <a href="/wiki/Fesenkov_Astrophysical_Institute" title="Fesenkov Astrophysical Institute">Alma-Ata Astrophysical Institute</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Alma-Ata</a>, the then-capital city of <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Churyumov found a cometary object near the edge of the plate, but assumed that this was comet <a href="/wiki/32P/Comas_Sol%C3%A0" title="32P/Comas Solà">Comas Solà</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kronk_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kronk-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After returning to his home institute in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Churyumov examined all the photographic plates more closely. On 22 October, about a month after the photograph was taken, he discovered that the object could not be Comas Solà, because it was about 1.8 degrees off the expected position. Further scrutiny produced a faint image of Comas Solà at its expected position on the plate, thus proving the other object to be a different body.<sup id="cite_ref-Kronk_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kronk-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shape">Shape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span class="mw-3d-wrapper" data-label="3D"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_67P-Churyumov-Gerasimenko.stl" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Comet_67P-Churyumov-Gerasimenko.stl/220px-Comet_67P-Churyumov-Gerasimenko.stl.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Comet_67P-Churyumov-Gerasimenko.stl/330px-Comet_67P-Churyumov-Gerasimenko.stl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Comet_67P-Churyumov-Gerasimenko.stl/440px-Comet_67P-Churyumov-Gerasimenko.stl.png 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/3D_modelling" class="mw-redirect" title="3D modelling">3D model</a> of 67P by ESA (click to rotate)</figcaption></figure> <p>The comet consists of two lobes connected by a narrower neck, with the larger lobe measuring about 4.1 km × 3.3 km × 1.8 km (2.5 mi × 2.1 mi × 1.1 mi) and the smaller one about 2.6 km × 2.3 km × 1.8 km (1.6 mi × 1.4 mi × 1.1 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-esa20150122_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20150122-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With each orbit the comet loses matter, as gas and dust are evaporated away by the Sun. It is estimated that a layer with an average thickness of about 1 ± 0.5 m (3.3 ± 1.6 ft) is lost per orbit as of 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Bertaux2015_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bertaux2015-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The comet has a mass of approximately 10 billion tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-mass_density_2016_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mass_density_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two-lobe shape of the comet is the result of a gentle, low-velocity collision of two objects, and is called a <a href="/wiki/Contact_binary_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Contact binary (small Solar System body)">contact binary</a>. The "terraces", layers of the interior of the comet that have been exposed by partial stripping of outer layers during its existence, are oriented in different directions in the two lobes, indicating that two objects fused to form Churyumov–Gerasimenko.<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo20150928_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo20150928-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Massironi2015_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Massironi2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surface">Surface</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Surface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_surface.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white short animation of dust on the surface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_surface.gif/220px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_surface.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_surface.gif/330px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_surface.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_surface.gif/440px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_surface.gif 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Dust and <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a> on the surface of the comet in 2016, with stars moving in the background. Filmed by <i>Rosetta'</i>s <a href="/wiki/Optical,_Spectroscopic,_and_Infrared_Remote_Imaging_System" title="Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System">OSIRIS</a> instrument.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pristine_view_of_67P-C%E2%80%93G_after_removal_of_outliers..gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pristine view of 67P" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pristine_view_of_67P-C%E2%80%93G_after_removal_of_outliers..gif/220px-Pristine_view_of_67P-C%E2%80%93G_after_removal_of_outliers..gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pristine_view_of_67P-C%E2%80%93G_after_removal_of_outliers..gif/330px-Pristine_view_of_67P-C%E2%80%93G_after_removal_of_outliers..gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pristine_view_of_67P-C%E2%80%93G_after_removal_of_outliers..gif/440px-Pristine_view_of_67P-C%E2%80%93G_after_removal_of_outliers..gif 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Pristine view (B) of 67P after removal of noise and outliers from the surface using advanced outlier removal techniques. (C) shows the flakes when treated as outliers in the original raw image (A)</figcaption></figure> <p>There are 26 distinct regions on Churyumov–Gerasimenko, with each named after an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Egyptian deity</a>; regions on the large lobe are named after gods, whereas those on the small lobe are named after goddesses. 19 regions were defined in the northern hemisphere prior to <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ElMaarry2015_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElMaarry2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-space20150719_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space20150719-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, when the southern hemisphere became illuminated, seven more regions were identified using the same naming convention.<sup id="cite_ref-ElMaarry2016_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElMaarry2016-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esa20160224_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20160224-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Region</th> <th>Terrain</th> <th>Region</th> <th>Terrain</th> <th>Region</th> <th>Terrain </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Ma'at</a></td> <td>Dust covered </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ash_(deity)" title="Ash (deity)">Ash</a></td> <td>Dust covered </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Babi_(mythology)" title="Babi (mythology)">Babi</a></td> <td>Dust covered </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Seth</a></td> <td>Pitted and brittle material </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hatmehit" title="Hatmehit">Hatmehit</a></td> <td>Large-scale depression </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a></td> <td>Large-scale depression </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></td> <td>Large-scale depression </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hapi_(Nile_god)" title="Hapi (Nile god)">Hapi</a></td> <td>Smooth </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Imhotep" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a></td> <td>Smooth </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a></td> <td>Smooth </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mafdet" title="Mafdet">Maftet</a></td> <td>Rock-like </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a></td> <td>Rock-like </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serket" title="Serket">Serqet</a></td> <td>Rock-like </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a></td> <td>Rock-like </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anuket</a></td> <td>Rock-like </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepry</a></td> <td>Rock-like </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aker_(deity)" title="Aker (deity)">Aker</a></td> <td>Rock-like </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></td> <td>Rock-like </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a></td> <td>Rock-like </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khonsu" title="Khonsu">Khonsu</a></td> <td>Rock-like </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></td> <td>Rock-like </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anhur" title="Anhur">Anhur</a></td> <td>Rock-like, rather friable </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a></td> <td>Rock-like </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a></td> <td>Rock-like </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a></td> <td>Rock-like </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wosret" title="Wosret">Wosret</a></td> <td>Rock-like </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gates">Gates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Features described as <i>gates</i>, twin <a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">prominences</a> on the surface so named for their appearance,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="could use an image, anything actually looking like a gate would be exceedingly weird (October 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> were named after deceased members of the <i>Rosetta</i> team.<sup id="cite_ref-esablog20150928_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esablog20150928-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Named after </th></tr> <tr> <td>C. Alexander Gate</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Alexander" title="Claudia Alexander">Claudia Alexander</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>A. Coradini Gate</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angioletta_Coradini" title="Angioletta Coradini">Angioletta Coradini</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_changes">Surface changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Surface changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <i>Rosetta</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> lifetime, many changes were observed on the comet's surface, particularly when the comet was close to <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ElMaarry2017_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElMaarry2017-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esa20170321_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20170321-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa20170321_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20170321-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These changes included evolving patterns of circular shapes in smooth terrains that at some point grew in size by a few metres per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Groussin2015_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groussin2015-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esa20150918_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20150918-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fracture in the neck region was also observed to grow in size; boulders tens of metres wide were displaced, sometimes travelling more than 100 metres; and patches of the ground were removed to expose new features. A number of collapsing cliffs have also been observed. One notable example in December 2015 was captured by <i>Rosetta</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> NAVCAM as a bright patch of light shining from the comet. <i>Rosetta</i> scientists determined that a large cliff had collapsed, making it the first landslide on a comet known to be associated with an outburst of activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Pajola2017_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pajola2017-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wapo20170321_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo20170321-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An apparent outburst of the comet was observed on 14 November 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-AST-20211119_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AST-20211119-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the researchers, "At the time of the outburst discovery with <a href="/wiki/Zwicky_Transient_Facility" title="Zwicky Transient Facility">ZTF</a>, the comet was 1.23 au from the Sun and 0.42 au from the Earth. The comet's last perihelion passage was on 2021 Nov 2.".<sup id="cite_ref-AST-20211119_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AST-20211119-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cheops_boulder">Cheops boulder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cheops boulder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cheops is the largest boulder on the surface of the comet, measuring up to 45 meters. It is located in the comet's larger lobe. It was named for <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">the pyramid in Giza</a> because its shape is similar to that of a pyramid.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbit_and_rotation">Orbit and rotation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Orbit and rotation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:11px; float:right; margin:2px"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="style="font-size:"> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"><b>Perihelion distance<br />at different epochs</b><sup id="cite_ref-Kinoshita_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinoshita-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">Perihelion</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1821</td> <td>2.44 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1882</td> <td>2.94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956</td> <td>2.74 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963</td> <td>1.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>1.21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2101</td> <td>1.35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2223</td> <td>≈0.8<sup id="cite_ref-Horizons2223_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horizons2223-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_67P_orbit_perihelion_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Comet_67P_orbit_perihelion_2015.png/220px-Comet_67P_orbit_perihelion_2015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Comet_67P_orbit_perihelion_2015.png/330px-Comet_67P_orbit_perihelion_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Comet_67P_orbit_perihelion_2015.png/440px-Comet_67P_orbit_perihelion_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="1127" /></a><figcaption>The orbit of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko moves from just inside the orbit of Mars to just outside the orbit of Jupiter, seen here at perihelion in August 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NavCam_Comet_67P_animation_20140806_(cropped).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NavCam_Comet_67P_animation_20140806_%28cropped%29.gif/170px-NavCam_Comet_67P_animation_20140806_%28cropped%29.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NavCam_Comet_67P_animation_20140806_%28cropped%29.gif/255px-NavCam_Comet_67P_animation_20140806_%28cropped%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NavCam_Comet_67P_animation_20140806_%28cropped%29.gif/340px-NavCam_Comet_67P_animation_20140806_%28cropped%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>This animation consists of 86 images acquired by <i>Rosetta</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> NavCam as it approached 67P in August 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>Like the other comets of the Jupiter family, Churyumov–Gerasimenko probably originated in the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> and was ejected towards the interior of the Solar System, where later encounters with <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> successively changed its orbit. These interactions will continue until the comet is eventually thrown out of the Solar System or collides with the Sun or a planet. </p><p>On 4 February 1959, a close encounter with Jupiter of 0.0515 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (7.70 million <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-jpldata_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpldata-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> moved Churyumov–Gerasimenko's perihelion inward from 2.7 AU (400 million km) to 1.28 AU (191 million km), where it basically remains today.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinoshita_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinoshita-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2220 the comet will pass about 0.14 AU (21 million km) from Jupiter<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which will move perihelion inwards to about 0.8 AU (120 million km) from the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-Horizons2223_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horizons2223-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before Churyumov–Gerasimenko's perihelion passage in 2009, its rotational period was 12.76 hours. During this perihelion passage, it decreased to 12.4 hours, which likely happened because of <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimation</a>-induced <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mottola2014_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mottola2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015_perihelion">2015 perihelion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2015 perihelion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of September 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Churyumov–Gerasimenko's <a href="/wiki/Comet_nucleus" title="Comet nucleus">nucleus</a> had an <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> of roughly 20.<sup id="cite_ref-MPC_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It came to perihelion on 13 August 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20150813_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20150813-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yoshida_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshida-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From December 2014 until September 2015, it had an <a href="/wiki/Elongation_(astronomy)" title="Elongation (astronomy)">elongation</a> less than 45 degrees from the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-emp_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-emp-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 February 2015, it went through <a href="/wiki/Solar_conjunction" title="Solar conjunction">solar conjunction</a> when it was 5 degrees from the Sun and was 3.3 AU (490 million km) from Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-emp_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-emp-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It crossed the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_equator" title="Celestial equator">celestial equator</a> on 5 May 2015 and became easiest to see from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-emp_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-emp-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even right after perihelion when it was in the constellation of <a href="/wiki/Gemini_(constellation)" title="Gemini (constellation)">Gemini</a>, it only brightened to about apparent magnitude 12, and required a telescope to be seen.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoshida_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshida-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of July 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the comet had a total magnitude of about 20.<sup id="cite_ref-MPC_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021_perihelion">2021 perihelion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2021 perihelion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:67P_2021-11-11_image_ZTF-sso-616-zr-fov-13arcmin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/67P_2021-11-11_image_ZTF-sso-616-zr-fov-13arcmin.png/220px-67P_2021-11-11_image_ZTF-sso-616-zr-fov-13arcmin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/67P_2021-11-11_image_ZTF-sso-616-zr-fov-13arcmin.png/330px-67P_2021-11-11_image_ZTF-sso-616-zr-fov-13arcmin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/67P_2021-11-11_image_ZTF-sso-616-zr-fov-13arcmin.png/440px-67P_2021-11-11_image_ZTF-sso-616-zr-fov-13arcmin.png 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>The comet on 11 November 2021 by <a href="/wiki/ZTF" class="mw-redirect" title="ZTF">ZTF</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 2021 apparition marked the closest approach to Earth since 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-jpldata_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpldata-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The comet reached <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a> on 2 November 2021<sup id="cite_ref-Yoshida_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshida-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the closest approach to Earth was on November 12, 2021, at 00:50 UTC, at a distance of 38 million miles (61 million km).<sup id="cite_ref-earthsky2021_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earthsky2021-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The comet brightened to an apparent magnitude of 9, meaning it was visible with amateur telescopes.<sup id="cite_ref-earthsky2021_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earthsky2021-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two outbursts were observed during the apparition, on 2021 October 29.940 and November 17.864 UTC, −3.12 days and +15.81 days respectively from the perihelion date. During the first outburst the comet brightened by 0.26 ± 0.03 mag in the outburst, with a 27% increase in the effective geometric cross-section and total outburst dust mass of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005530000000000000♠"></span>5.3<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>5</sup> kg</span>. The second outburst caused a brightening of 0.49 ± 0.08 mag with effective geometric cross-section and total outburst dust mass 2.5 times larger than the first event.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploration">Exploration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rosetta_mission"><i>Rosetta</i> mission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rosetta mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta (spacecraft)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae (spacecraft)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Rosetta_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Rosetta spacecraft">Timeline of Rosetta spacecraft</a></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> mission was the first mission to include an orbiter that accompanied a comet for several years, as well as a lander that collected close-up data from the comet's surface. The mission launched in 2004, arrived at comet 67P in 2014, and concluded with a touchdown on the comet's surface in 2016. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advance_work">Advance work</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Advance work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:247px;max-width:247px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosetta%27s_first_sighting_of_its_target_in_2014_%E2%80%93_narrow_angle_view_(14813677376).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rosetta%27s_first_sighting_of_its_target_in_2014_%E2%80%93_narrow_angle_view_%2814813677376%29.jpg/245px-Rosetta%27s_first_sighting_of_its_target_in_2014_%E2%80%93_narrow_angle_view_%2814813677376%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rosetta%27s_first_sighting_of_its_target_in_2014_%E2%80%93_narrow_angle_view_%2814813677376%29.jpg/368px-Rosetta%27s_first_sighting_of_its_target_in_2014_%E2%80%93_narrow_angle_view_%2814813677376%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rosetta%27s_first_sighting_of_its_target_in_2014_%E2%80%93_narrow_angle_view_%2814813677376%29.jpg/490px-Rosetta%27s_first_sighting_of_its_target_in_2014_%E2%80%93_narrow_angle_view_%2814813677376%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="559" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">First image of comet taken by <i>Rosetta</i> on 21 March 2014, with <a href="/wiki/Messier_107" title="Messier 107">Messier 107</a> in view</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:181px;max-width:181px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_67P_on_14_July_2014_OSIRIS,_processed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Comet_67P_on_14_July_2014_OSIRIS%2C_processed.png/179px-Comet_67P_on_14_July_2014_OSIRIS%2C_processed.png" decoding="async" width="179" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Comet_67P_on_14_July_2014_OSIRIS%2C_processed.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Processed view of comet from 14 July 2014, showing the first indication of its bilobate nature</div></div></div></div></div> <p>As preparation for the <i>Rosetta</i> mission, <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> pictures taken on 12 March 2003 were closely analysed. An overall 3D model was constructed and computer-generated images were created.<sup id="cite_ref-STScI-2003-26_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STScI-2003-26-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 April 2012, the most detailed observations until that time were taken with the 2-metre Faulkes Telescope by N. Howes, G. Sostero and E. Guido while it was at its aphelion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 6 June 2014, water vapor was detected being released at a rate of roughly 1 litre per second (0.26 US gallons per second) when <i>Rosetta</i> was 360,000 km (220,000 mi) from Churyumov–Gerasimenko and 3.9 AU (580 million km) from the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-blog140623_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blog140623-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140630_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140630-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 July 2014, images taken by <i>Rosetta</i> showed that its <a href="/wiki/Comet_nucleus" title="Comet nucleus">nucleus</a> is irregular in shape with two distinct lobes.<sup id="cite_ref-astronomy20140717_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronomy20140717-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of the nucleus was estimated to be 3.5×4 km (2.2×2.5 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-skytel20140717_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skytel20140717-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two explanations for its shape were proposed at the time: that it was a <a href="/wiki/Contact_binary_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Contact binary (small Solar System body)">contact binary</a>, or that its shape may have resulted from <a href="/wiki/Asymmetry" title="Asymmetry">asymmetric</a> erosion due to ice sublimating from its surface to leave behind its lobed shape.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauer2014_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauer2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20140805_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140805-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By September 2015, mission scientists had determined that the contact binary hypothesis was unambiguously correct.<sup id="cite_ref-esa20150928_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20150928-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Massironi2015_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Massironi2015-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rendezvous_and_orbit">Rendezvous and orbit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rendezvous and orbit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Rosetta_trajectory.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Animation_of_Rosetta_trajectory.gif/212px-Animation_of_Rosetta_trajectory.gif" decoding="async" width="212" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Animation_of_Rosetta_trajectory.gif/318px-Animation_of_Rosetta_trajectory.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Animation_of_Rosetta_trajectory.gif/424px-Animation_of_Rosetta_trajectory.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Animation of <i>Rosetta</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> trajectory from <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2004 to <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2016 <br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:magenta; color:black;"> </span> <i>Rosetta</i></span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lime; color:black;"> </span> 67P</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> Earth</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:maroon; color:white;"> </span> Mars</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Cyan; color:black;"> </span> 21 Lutetia</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> 2867 Šteins</span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Rosetta_trajectory_around_67P.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Animation_of_Rosetta_trajectory_around_67P.gif/212px-Animation_of_Rosetta_trajectory_around_67P.gif" decoding="async" width="212" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Animation_of_Rosetta_trajectory_around_67P.gif/318px-Animation_of_Rosetta_trajectory_around_67P.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Animation_of_Rosetta_trajectory_around_67P.gif/424px-Animation_of_Rosetta_trajectory_around_67P.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Animation of <i>Rosetta</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> orbit around 67P from <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2014 to <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2015<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:magenta; color:black;"> </span> <i>Rosetta</i></span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Lime; color:black;"> </span> 67P</span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Beginning in May 2014, <i>Rosetta</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> velocity was reduced by 780 m/s (2,800 km/h; 1,700 mph) with a <a href="/wiki/Delta-v" title="Delta-v">series of thruster firings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20140805_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140805-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-csm20140804_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csm20140804-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ground controllers rendezvoused <i>Rosetta</i> with Churyumov–Gerasimenko on 6 August 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2014-08-06_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2014-08-06-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bauer2014_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauer2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was done by reducing <i>Rosetta</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> relative <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a> to 1 m/s (4 km/h; 2 mph). <i>Rosetta</i> entered orbit on 10 September, at about 30 km (19 mi) from the nucleus.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2014-08-06_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2014-08-06-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bauer2014_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauer2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lakdawalla2014-08-15_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakdawalla2014-08-15-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Landing">Landing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Landing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the comet landing: <a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)#Mission" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae (spacecraft) § Mission</a></div> <p>Descent of a small <a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">lander</a> occurred on 12 November 2014. <i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i> is a 100 kg (220 lb) <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">robotic probe</a> that set down on the surface with <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_lander_landing_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft lander landing gear">landing gear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20140805_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140805-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141110-KC_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141110-KC-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The landing site has been christened <i>Agilkia</i> in honor of <a href="/wiki/Agilkia_Island" title="Agilkia Island">Agilkia Island</a>, where the temples of <a href="/wiki/Philae_Island" title="Philae Island">Philae Island</a> were relocated after the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Low_Dam" title="Aswan Low Dam">Aswan Dam</a> flooded the island.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews20141104_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews20141104-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acceleration due to <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravity</a> on the surface of Churyumov–Gerasimenko has been estimated for simulation purposes at 10<sup>−3</sup> m/s<sup>2</sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hilchenbach2004_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilchenbach2004-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or about 1/10000 of that on Earth. </p><p>Because of its low relative mass, landing on the comet relied on tools to anchor <i>Philae</i> to the surface. The probe had an array of mechanisms designed to manage Churyumov–Gerasimenko's low gravity, including a <a href="/wiki/Cold_gas_thruster" title="Cold gas thruster">cold gas thruster</a>, harpoons, landing-leg-mounted ice screws, and a flywheel to keep it oriented during its descent.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn20141113_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn20141113-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-register20141112_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-register20141112-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-discovery20141112_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discovery20141112-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the event, the thruster and the harpoons failed to operate, and the ice screws did not gain a grip. The lander bounced twice and only came to rest when it made contact with the surface for the third time,<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20141113-DCA_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20141113-DCA-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two hours after first contact.<sup id="cite_ref-skytel20141112_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skytel20141112-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contact with <i>Philae</i> was lost on 15 November 2014 because of dropping battery power. The European Space Operations Centre briefly reestablished communications on 14 June 2015 and reported a healthy spacecraft but communications were lost again soon after.<sup id="cite_ref-nature20150614_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature20150614-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 September 2016, <i>Philae</i> was located in photographs taken by the <i>Rosetta</i> orbiter. It had come to rest in a crack with only its body and two legs visible. While the discovery solves the question of the lander's disposition, it also allows project scientists to properly contextualise the data it returned from the comet's surface.<sup id="cite_ref-skytel20160905_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skytel20160905-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Physical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crescent_Comet_67P.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Crescent_Comet_67P.jpg/220px-Crescent_Comet_67P.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Crescent_Comet_67P.jpg/330px-Crescent_Comet_67P.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Crescent_Comet_67P.jpg/440px-Crescent_Comet_67P.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7267" data-file-height="4267" /></a><figcaption>False-colour image of the comet outgassing, 15 April 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>The composition of <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> from Churyumov–Gerasimenko, as determined by the <i>Rosetta</i> spacecraft, is substantially different from that found on Earth. The ratio of <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> in the water from the comet was determined to be three times that found for terrestrial water. This makes it unlikely that water found on Earth came from comets like Churyumov–Gerasimenko.<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20141210-SB_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20141210-SB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20141210-DCA_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20141210-DCA-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141210-KC_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141210-KC-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The water vapor is also mixed with significant amount of <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> (0.5 wt%) and <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> (0.4 wt%), these concentrations falling within common range for Solar system comets.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 January 2015, NASA reported that, between June and August 2014, the comet released increasing amounts of water vapor, up to tenfold as much.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20150122_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150122-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 January 2015, the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> published a special issue of scientific studies related to the comet.<sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20150123_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20150123-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Measurements carried out before <i>Philae</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> batteries failed indicate that the dust layer could be as much as 20 cm (8 in) thick. Beneath that is hard ice, or a mixture of ice and dust. <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">Porosity</a> appears to increase toward the center of the comet.<sup id="cite_ref-esa20141218_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20141218-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nucleus of Churyumov–Gerasimenko was found to have no magnetic field of its own after measurements were taken during <i>Philae</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> descent and landing by its ROMAP instrument and <i>Rosetta</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> RPC-MAG instrument. This suggests that magnetism may not have played a role in the early formation of the Solar System, as had previously been hypothesized.<sup id="cite_ref-esa20150414_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20150414-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nature20150414_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature20150414-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)#Instruments" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">ALICE spectrograph</a> on <i>Rosetta</i> determined that <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> (within 1 km or 0.6 mi above the <a href="/wiki/Comet_nucleus" title="Comet nucleus">comet nucleus</a>) produced from <a href="/wiki/Photoionization" title="Photoionization">photoionization</a> of water <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">solar radiation</a>, and not <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> from the Sun as thought earlier, are responsible for the degradation of water and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> molecules released from the comet nucleus into its <a href="/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">coma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20150602_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150602-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AA-20150602_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA-20150602-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, active pits, related to <a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">sinkhole</a> collapses and possibly associated with outbursts are present on the comet.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20150702_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20150702-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AP-20150701_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20150701-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Measurements by the COSAC and Ptolemy instruments on the <i>Philae</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> lander revealed sixteen <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a>, four of which were seen for the first time on a comet, including <a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">acetamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">methyl isocyanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">propionaldehyde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wapo20150730_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo20150730-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esa20150730_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa20150730-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20150731_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20150731-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astrobiologists <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Wickramasinghe" title="Chandra Wickramasinghe">Chandra Wickramasinghe</a> and Max Wallis stated that some of the physical features detected on the comet's surface by <i>Rosetta</i> and <i>Philae</i>, such as its <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a>-rich crust, could be explained by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial</a> <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TG-20150705_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TG-20150705-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SN-20150706_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SN-20150706-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Rosetta</i> program scientists dismissed the claim as "pure speculation".<sup id="cite_ref-TT-20150706_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT-20150706-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Carbon-rich compounds</a> are common in the Solar System. Neither <i>Rosetta</i> nor <i>Philae</i> is equipped to search for direct evidence of <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TG-20150705_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TG-20150705-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only amino acid detected thus far on the comet is <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a>, along with precursor molecules <a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">methylamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethylamine" title="Ethylamine">ethylamine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Altwegg_2016_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altwegg_2016-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Solid organic compounds were also found in the dust particles emitted by the comet; the carbon in this organic material is bound in "very large macromolecular compounds", analogous to the insoluble organic matter in <a href="/wiki/Carbonaceous_chondrite" title="Carbonaceous chondrite">carbonaceous chondrite</a> meteorites. Scientists think that the observed cometary carbonaceous solid matter could have the same origin as the meteoritic insoluble organic matter, but suffered less modification before or after being incorporated into the comet.<sup id="cite_ref-Fray_2016_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fray_2016-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most outstanding discoveries of the mission was the detection of large amounts of free molecular <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) gas surrounding the comet. Solar system models suggest the molecular oxygen should have disappeared by the time 67P was created, about 4.6 billion years ago in a violent and hot process that would have caused the oxygen to react with hydrogen and form water.<sup id="cite_ref-Bieler_2015_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bieler_2015-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Howel_2015_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howel_2015-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molecular oxygen has never before been detected in cometary comas. <i>In situ</i> measurements indicate that the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span> ratio is <a href="/wiki/Isotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotropic">isotropic</a> in the coma and does not change systematically with heliocentric distance, suggesting that primordial <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> was incorporated into the nucleus during the comet's formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bieler_2015_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bieler_2015-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interpretation was challenged by the discovery that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> may be produced on the surface of the comet in water molecule collisions with silicates and other oxygen-containing materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Yao_2017_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yao_2017-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detection of molecular nitrogen (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) in the comet suggests that its cometary grains formed in low-temperature conditions below 30 K (−243 °C; −406 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Rubin2015_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubin2015-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 July 2018, researchers hypothesized that molecular oxygen might not be made on the surface of comet 67P in sufficient quantity, thus deepening the mystery of its origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Heritier2018_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heritier2018-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-imperial20180703_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imperial20180703-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_missions">Future missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Future missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a> was a proposed <a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">sample-return mission</a> aimed at returning to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, capturing <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a> from the surface, and returning it to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20171220_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20171220-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes20171219_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes20171219-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mission was competing in NASA's <a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a> mission 4 selection process, and was one of two finalists in the program.<sup id="cite_ref-ibtimes20171220_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibtimes20171220-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2019, it was passed over in favor of <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)"><i>Dragonfly</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt20190627_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20190627-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spnews20190627_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spnews20190627-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:67PNucleus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A reconstruction of the nucleus's shape based on Hubble observations in 2003"><img alt="A reconstruction of the nucleus's shape based on Hubble observations in 2003" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/67PNucleus.jpg/223px-67PNucleus.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/67PNucleus.jpg/335px-67PNucleus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/67PNucleus.jpg/446px-67PNucleus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A reconstruction of the nucleus's shape based on <i>Hubble</i> observations in 2003</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VLT_Tracks_Rosetta%27s_Comet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="As seen by the Very Large Telescope on 11 August 2014[103]"><img alt="As seen by the Very Large Telescope on 11 August 2014[103]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/VLT_Tracks_Rosetta%27s_Comet.jpg/303px-VLT_Tracks_Rosetta%27s_Comet.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/VLT_Tracks_Rosetta%27s_Comet.jpg/456px-VLT_Tracks_Rosetta%27s_Comet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/VLT_Tracks_Rosetta%27s_Comet.jpg/606px-VLT_Tracks_Rosetta%27s_Comet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="614" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">As seen by the <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">Very Large Telescope</a> on 11 August 2014<sup id="cite_ref-esobs20140908_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esobs20140908-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_67P_on_22_August_2014_NavCam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="As seen by Rosetta on 22 August 2014"><img alt="As seen by Rosetta on 22 August 2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Comet_67P_on_22_August_2014_NavCam.jpg/169px-Comet_67P_on_22_August_2014_NavCam.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Comet_67P_on_22_August_2014_NavCam.jpg/255px-Comet_67P_on_22_August_2014_NavCam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Comet_67P_on_22_August_2014_NavCam.jpg/339px-Comet_67P_on_22_August_2014_NavCam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">As seen by <i>Rosetta</i> on 22 August 2014</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 131.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 129.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_67P_on_14_September_2014_NavCam_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="As seen by Rosetta on 14 September 2014"><img alt="As seen by Rosetta on 14 September 2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Comet_67P_on_14_September_2014_NavCam_mosaic.jpg/194px-Comet_67P_on_14_September_2014_NavCam_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Comet_67P_on_14_September_2014_NavCam_mosaic.jpg/291px-Comet_67P_on_14_September_2014_NavCam_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Comet_67P_on_14_September_2014_NavCam_mosaic.jpg/387px-Comet_67P_on_14_September_2014_NavCam_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3376" data-file-height="3400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">As seen by <i>Rosetta</i> on 14 September 2014</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:67P-C-G_-_March_28_2015_(32370930490).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="As seen by Rosetta on 28 March 2015"><img alt="As seen by Rosetta on 28 March 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/67P-C-G_-_March_28_2015_%2832370930490%29.jpg/205px-67P-C-G_-_March_28_2015_%2832370930490%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/67P-C-G_-_March_28_2015_%2832370930490%29.jpg/308px-67P-C-G_-_March_28_2015_%2832370930490%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/67P-C-G_-_March_28_2015_%2832370930490%29.jpg/410px-67P-C-G_-_March_28_2015_%2832370930490%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="1667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">As seen by <i>Rosetta</i> on 28 March 2015</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:67P-C-G_-_May_2_2015_(32730086746).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="As seen by Rosetta on 2 May 2015"><img alt="As seen by Rosetta on 2 May 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/67P-C-G_-_May_2_2015_%2832730086746%29.jpg/195px-67P-C-G_-_May_2_2015_%2832730086746%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/67P-C-G_-_May_2_2015_%2832730086746%29.jpg/293px-67P-C-G_-_May_2_2015_%2832730086746%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/67P-C-G_-_May_2_2015_%2832730086746%29.jpg/390px-67P-C-G_-_May_2_2015_%2832730086746%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">As seen by <i>Rosetta</i> on 2 May 2015</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_on_7_July_2015_NavCam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="As seen by Rosetta on 7 July 2015"><img alt="As seen by Rosetta on 7 July 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Comet_on_7_July_2015_NavCam.jpg/195px-Comet_on_7_July_2015_NavCam.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Comet_on_7_July_2015_NavCam.jpg/293px-Comet_on_7_July_2015_NavCam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Comet_on_7_July_2015_NavCam.jpg/390px-Comet_on_7_July_2015_NavCam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">As seen by <i>Rosetta</i> on 7 July 2015</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cliffs_of_Comet_67P.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image showing ragged cliffs, 10 December 2014"><img alt="Image showing ragged cliffs, 10 December 2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cliffs_of_Comet_67P.jpg/135px-Cliffs_of_Comet_67P.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cliffs_of_Comet_67P.jpg/203px-Cliffs_of_Comet_67P.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cliffs_of_Comet_67P.jpg/270px-Cliffs_of_Comet_67P.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="985" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image showing ragged cliffs, 10 December 2014</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphorus-bearing_molecules_found_in_a_star-forming_region_and_comet_67P.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Phosphorus-bearing molecules found in a star-forming region and comet 67P.[104]"><img alt="Phosphorus-bearing molecules found in a star-forming region and comet 67P.[104]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Phosphorus-bearing_molecules_found_in_a_star-forming_region_and_comet_67P.tif/lossy-page1-206px-Phosphorus-bearing_molecules_found_in_a_star-forming_region_and_comet_67P.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Phosphorus-bearing_molecules_found_in_a_star-forming_region_and_comet_67P.tif/lossy-page1-309px-Phosphorus-bearing_molecules_found_in_a_star-forming_region_and_comet_67P.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Phosphorus-bearing_molecules_found_in_a_star-forming_region_and_comet_67P.tif/lossy-page1-411px-Phosphorus-bearing_molecules_found_in_a_star-forming_region_and_comet_67P.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2614" data-file-height="2480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Phosphorus-bearing molecules found in a star-forming region and comet 67P.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_(32755885495).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in enhanced colour, as imaged by ESA's Rosetta spacecraft in 2015."><img alt="Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in enhanced colour, as imaged by ESA's Rosetta spacecraft in 2015." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/195px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/293px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/390px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in enhanced colour, as imaged by ESA's Rosetta spacecraft in 2015.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft#List_of_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" title="List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft">List of comets visited by spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numbered_comets#67P" title="List of numbered comets">List of numbered comets § 67P</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both names are stressed on their penultimate syllable. In Ukrainian, the pronunciations are approximately <i>churyúmow herasiménko</i>, with the <i>v</i> pronounced like an English <i>w</i> and the <i>g</i> like an <i>h</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jpldata-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpldata_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpldata_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpldata_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpldata_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=67P&view=OPC">"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko"</a>. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121213144036/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=67P;cad=1%23cad">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JPL+Small-Body+Database+Browser%3A+67P%2FChuryumov-Gerasimenko&rft.pub=NASA%2FJet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Ftools%2Fsbdb_lookup.html%23%2F%3Fsstr%3D67P%26view%3DOPC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A67P%2FChuryumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MPC_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPC_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPC_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPC_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPC_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=67P">"67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=67P%2FChuryumov-Gerasimenko&rft.pub=Minor+Planet+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fdb_search%2Fshow_object%3Fobject_id%3D67P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A67P%2FChuryumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horizons2028-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horizons2028_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horizons2028_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/api/horizons.api?format=text&COMMAND=%27DES%3D67P%3BCAP%27&START_TIME=%272028-Apr-07%27&STOP_TIME=%272028-Apr-12%27&STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27">"Horizons Batch for 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (90000696) on 2028-Apr-09"</a> (Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive). <a href="/wiki/JPL_Horizons_On-Line_Ephemeris_System" title="JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System">JPL Horizons</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220628005852/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%2790000695%27&START_TIME=%272028-Apr-07%27&STOP_TIME=%272028-Apr-12%27&STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VLT+Tracks+Rosetta%27s+Comet&rft.pub=European+Southern+Observatory&rft.date=2014-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fpotw1436a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A67P%2FChuryumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2001/">"Astronomers Reveal Interstellar Thread of One of Life's Building Blocks - ALMA and Rosetta map the journey of phosphorus"</a>. <i>www.eso.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eso.org&rft.atitle=Astronomers+Reveal+Interstellar+Thread+of+One+of+Life%27s+Building+Blocks+-+ALMA+and+Rosetta+map+the+journey+of+phosphorus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fnews%2Feso2001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A67P%2FChuryumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgarwalMüllerReachSykes2010" class="citation journal cs1">Agarwal, Jessica; et al. (June 2010). "The dust trail of Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko between 2004 and 2006". <i><a href="/wiki/Icarus_(journal)" title="Icarus (journal)">Icarus</a></i>. <b>207</b> (2): 992–1012. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1001.3775">1001.3775</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Icar..207..992A">2010Icar..207..992A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2010.01.003">10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118634953">118634953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=The+dust+trail+of+Comet+67P%2FChuryumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko+between+2004+and+2006&rft.volume=207&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=992-1012&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1001.3775&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118634953%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2010.01.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Icar..207..992A&rft.aulast=Agarwal&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Michael&rft.au=Reach%2C+William+T.&rft.au=Sykes%2C+Mark+V.&rft.au=Boehnhardt%2C+Hermann&rft.au=Gr%C3%BCn%2C+Eberhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A67P%2FChuryumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorum2015" class="citation news cs1">Corum, Jonathan (30 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/03/20/science/space/rosetta-comet-photos.html">"Rosetta Is Tailing a Warming Comet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rosetta+Is+Tailing+a+Warming+Comet&rft.date=2015-04-30&rft.aulast=Corum&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2015%2F03%2F20%2Fscience%2Fspace%2Frosetta-comet-photos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A67P%2FChuryumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko" class="extiw" title="c:category:67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844672" class="extiw" title="d:Q844672">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cometography.com/pcomets/067p.html">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a> at Cometography</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071111050433/http://www.iac.es/galeria/mrk/comets/67p/67p.htm">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a> by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.esa.int/rosetta/2013/10/16/how-the-heck-do-you-pronounce-it-anyway/">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko pronunciation guide</a> by ESA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/02feb_rosetta/">"Mission to Land on a Comet"</a> by NASA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap171106.html">NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: A Dust Jet from the Surface of the Comet 67P (6 November 2017)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MH5crMuuf_0"><i>Rosetta</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> final images</a> on YouTube, by ESA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagearchives.esac.esa.int/index.php?/category/1"><i>Rosetta</i> complete image archive</a> by ESA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosetta-3dcomet.cnes.fr/">OSIRIS stereo views of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a> by CNES</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/13/science/space/european-space-agencys-spacecraft-lands-on-comets-surface.html#permid=13314862">Landing News and Comments</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>; 12 November 2014)</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_numbered_comets#List" title="List of numbered comets">Numbered comets</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width:30%; text-align:center;">Previous<br /><a href="/wiki/66P/du_Toit" title="66P/du Toit">66P/du Toit</a> </td> <th style="width:40%; text-align:center;">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko </th> <td style="width:30%; text-align:center;">Next<br /><a href="/wiki/68P/Klemola" title="68P/Klemola">68P/Klemola</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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1em}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rosetta_mission" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rosetta_mission" title="Template:Rosetta mission"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rosetta_mission" title="Template talk:Rosetta mission"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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Analysis System">MIDAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical,_Spectroscopic,_and_Infrared_Remote_Imaging_System" title="Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System">OSIRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_(spacecraft_instrument)" title="Alice (spacecraft instrument)">Alice</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2867_%C5%A0teins" title="2867 Šteins">2867 Šteins</a> (Sep 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/21_Lutetia" title="21 Lutetia">21 Lutetia</a> (Jul 2010)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a> (Aug 2014 – Sep 2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Rosetta_mission" title="Category:Rosetta mission">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rosetta_(spacecraft)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rosetta (spacecraft)"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Rosetta_mission" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Rosetta mission">Wikinews</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Comets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comets" title="Template:Comets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comets" title="Template talk:Comets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Comets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_nucleus" title="Comet nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">Coma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_tail" title="Comet tail">Tails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitail" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitail">Antitail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_dust" title="Comet dust">Comet dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyakutake_Color.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)"><img alt="Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hyakutake_Color.jpg/100px-Hyakutake_Color.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hyakutake_Color.jpg/150px-Hyakutake_Color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hyakutake_Color.jpg/200px-Hyakutake_Color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_(32755885495).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/100px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/150px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/200px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Comet#Orbital_characteristics" title="Comet">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_periodic_comets" title="List of periodic comets">Periodic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numbered_comets" title="List of numbered comets">Numbered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_comet" title="Lost comet">Lost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_long-period_comets" title="List of long-period comets">Long period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Halley-type_comets" title="List of Halley-type comets">Halley-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter-family_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter-family comet">Jupiter-family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Encke-type_comets" title="Category:Encke-type comets">Encke-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">Main-belt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-periodic_comets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of non-periodic comets">Non-periodic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets" title="List of near-parabolic comets">Near-parabolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hyperbolic_comets" title="List of hyperbolic comets">Hyperbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comets_with_no_meaningful_orbit" title="List of comets with no meaningful orbit">Unknown-orbit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_comet" title="Great comet">Great Comet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungrazing_comet" title="Sungrazing comet">Sungrazing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kreutz_sungrazer" title="Kreutz sungrazer">Kreutz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_comet" title="Extinct comet">Extinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exocomet" title="Exocomet">Exocomet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_object" title="Interstellar object">Interstellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_comets" title="Naming of comets">Naming of comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_history_of_comets" title="Observational history of comets">Observational history of comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(minor_planet)#Similarities_to_comets" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur (minor planet)">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Discoverers_of_comets" title="Category:Discoverers of comets">Comet discoverers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comets_discovered_by_the_LINEAR_project" title="List of comets discovered by the LINEAR project">LINEAR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmosphere" title="Extraterrestrial atmosphere">Extraterrestrial atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">List of missions to comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of comets visited by spacecraft">List of comets visited by spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Latest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2024_S1_(ATLAS)" title="C/2024 S1 (ATLAS)">C/2024 S1 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_P1_(Nishimura)" title="C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)">C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_H2_(Lemmon)" title="C/2023 H2 (Lemmon)">C/2023 H2 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_E1_(ATLAS)" title="C/2023 E1 (ATLAS)">C/2023 E1 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_A3_(Tsuchinshan%E2%80%93ATLAS)" title="C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)">C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2022_E3_(ZTF)" title="C/2022 E3 (ZTF)">C/2022 E3 (ZTF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_O3_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS)">C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_J1_(Maury-Attard)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard)">C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_A1_(Leonard)" title="C/2021 A1 (Leonard)">C/2021 A1 (Leonard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F8_(SWAN)" title="C/2020 F8 (SWAN)">C/2020 F8 (SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F5_(MASTER)" title="C/2020 F5 (MASTER)">C/2020 F5 (MASTER)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_NEOWISE" title="Comet NEOWISE">C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_Y4_(ATLAS)" title="C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)">C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_Y1_(ATLAS)" title="C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS)">C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_U6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)">C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2I/Borisov" title="2I/Borisov">2I/Borisov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P/2019_LD2_(ATLAS)" title="P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS)">P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_Y1_(Iwamoto)" title="C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)">C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_C2_(Lemmon)" title="C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)">C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_U7" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2017 U7">C/2017 U7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_K2_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)">C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2016_U1_(NEOWISE)" title="C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE)">C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_V2_(Johnson)" title="C/2015 V2 (Johnson)">C/2015 V2 (Johnson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_G2_(MASTER)" title="C/2015 G2 (MASTER)">C/2015 G2 (MASTER)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_ER61_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)">C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_UN271_(Bernardinelli%E2%80%93Bernstein)" title="C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli–Bernstein)">C/2014 UN<sub>271</sub> (Bernardinelli–Bernstein)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)">C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q1_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)">C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Culture and<br />speculation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_comet" title="Antimatter comet">Antimatter comet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comets_in_fiction" title="Comets in fiction">Comets in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_vintages" title="Comet vintages">Comet vintages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Lists_of_comets_(more)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Lists of comets</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_comets" title="Category:Lists of comets">more</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_numbered_comets" title="List of numbered comets">Periodic<br />comets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Until 1985<br />(all)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">1P/Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Encke" title="Comet Encke">2P/Encke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biela%27s_Comet" title="Biela's Comet">3D/Biela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4P/Faye" title="4P/Faye">4P/Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5D/Brorsen" title="5D/Brorsen">5D/Brorsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6P/d%27Arrest" title="6P/d'Arrest">6P/d'Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7P/Pons%E2%80%93Winnecke" title="7P/Pons–Winnecke">7P/Pons–Winnecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8P/Tuttle" title="8P/Tuttle">8P/Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">9P/Tempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10P/Tempel" title="10P/Tempel">10P/Tempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11P/Tempel%E2%80%93Swift%E2%80%93LINEAR" title="11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR">11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12P/Pons%E2%80%93Brooks" title="12P/Pons–Brooks">12P/Pons–Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13P/Olbers" title="13P/Olbers">13P/Olbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14P/Wolf" title="14P/Wolf">14P/Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15P/Finlay" title="15P/Finlay">15P/Finlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16P/Brooks" title="16P/Brooks">16P/Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Holmes" title="Comet Holmes">17P/Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18D/Perrine%E2%80%93Mrkos" title="18D/Perrine–Mrkos">18D/Perrine–Mrkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19P/Borrelly" title="19P/Borrelly">19P/Borrelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20D/Westphal" title="20D/Westphal">20D/Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21P/Giacobini%E2%80%93Zinner" title="21P/Giacobini–Zinner">21P/Giacobini–Zinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22P/Kopff" title="22P/Kopff">22P/Kopff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23P/Brorsen%E2%80%93Metcalf" title="23P/Brorsen–Metcalf">23P/Brorsen–Metcalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24P/Schaumasse" title="24P/Schaumasse">24P/Schaumasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25D/Neujmin" title="25D/Neujmin">25D/Neujmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26P/Grigg%E2%80%93Skjellerup" title="26P/Grigg–Skjellerup">26P/Grigg–Skjellerup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27P/Crommelin" title="27P/Crommelin">27P/Crommelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28P/Neujmin" title="28P/Neujmin">28P/Neujmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29P/Schwassmann%E2%80%93Wachmann" title="29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann">29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30P/Reinmuth" title="30P/Reinmuth">30P/Reinmuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31P/Schwassmann%E2%80%93Wachmann" title="31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann">31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32P/Comas_Sol%C3%A0" title="32P/Comas Solà">32P/Comas Solà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33P/Daniel" title="33P/Daniel">33P/Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34D/Gale" title="34D/Gale">34D/Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/35P/Herschel%E2%80%93Rigollet" title="35P/Herschel–Rigollet">35P/Herschel–Rigollet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/36P/Whipple" title="36P/Whipple">36P/Whipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/37P/Forbes" title="37P/Forbes">37P/Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38P/Stephan%E2%80%93Oterma" title="38P/Stephan–Oterma">38P/Stephan–Oterma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39P/Oterma" title="39P/Oterma">39P/Oterma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40P/V%C3%A4is%C3%A4l%C3%A4" title="40P/Väisälä">40P/Väisälä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/41P/Tuttle%E2%80%93Giacobini%E2%80%93Kres%C3%A1k" title="41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák">41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42P/Neujmin" title="42P/Neujmin">42P/Neujmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43P/Wolf%E2%80%93Harrington" title="43P/Wolf–Harrington">43P/Wolf–Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44P/Reinmuth" title="44P/Reinmuth">44P/Reinmuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45P/Honda%E2%80%93Mrkos%E2%80%93Pajdu%C5%A1%C3%A1kov%C3%A1" title="45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková">45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/46P/Wirtanen" title="46P/Wirtanen">46P/Wirtanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47P/Ashbrook%E2%80%93Jackson" title="47P/Ashbrook–Jackson">47P/Ashbrook–Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/48P/Johnson" title="48P/Johnson">48P/Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/49P/Arend%E2%80%93Rigaux" title="49P/Arend–Rigaux">49P/Arend–Rigaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50P/Arend" title="50P/Arend">50P/Arend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51P/Harrington" title="51P/Harrington">51P/Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/52P/Harrington%E2%80%93Abell" title="52P/Harrington–Abell">52P/Harrington–Abell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/53P/Van_Biesbroeck" title="53P/Van Biesbroeck">53P/Van Biesbroeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/54P/de_Vico%E2%80%93Swift%E2%80%93NEAT" title="54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT">54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/55P/Tempel%E2%80%93Tuttle" title="55P/Tempel–Tuttle">55P/Tempel–Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/56P/Slaughter%E2%80%93Burnham" title="56P/Slaughter–Burnham">56P/Slaughter–Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/57P/du_Toit%E2%80%93Neujmin%E2%80%93Delporte" title="57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte">57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/58P/Jackson%E2%80%93Neujmin" title="58P/Jackson–Neujmin">58P/Jackson–Neujmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/59P/Kearns%E2%80%93Kwee" title="59P/Kearns–Kwee">59P/Kearns–Kwee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/60P/Tsuchinshan" title="60P/Tsuchinshan">60P/Tsuchinshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/61P/Shajn%E2%80%93Schaldach" title="61P/Shajn–Schaldach">61P/Shajn–Schaldach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62P/Tsuchinshan" title="62P/Tsuchinshan">62P/Tsuchinshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/63P/Wild" title="63P/Wild">63P/Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64P/Swift%E2%80%93Gehrels" title="64P/Swift–Gehrels">64P/Swift–Gehrels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/65P/Gunn" title="65P/Gunn">65P/Gunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/66P/du_Toit" title="66P/du Toit">66P/du Toit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/68P/Klemola" title="68P/Klemola">68P/Klemola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/69P/Taylor" title="69P/Taylor">69P/Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70P/Kojima" title="70P/Kojima">70P/Kojima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/71P/Clark" title="71P/Clark">71P/Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/72P/Denning%E2%80%93Fujikawa" title="72P/Denning–Fujikawa">72P/Denning–Fujikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/73P/Schwassmann%E2%80%93Wachmann" title="73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann">73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/74P/Smirnova%E2%80%93Chernykh" title="74P/Smirnova–Chernykh">74P/Smirnova–Chernykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/75D/Kohoutek" title="75D/Kohoutek">75D/Kohoutek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/76P/West%E2%80%93Kohoutek%E2%80%93Ikemura" title="76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura">76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/77P/Longmore" title="77P/Longmore">77P/Longmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/78P/Gehrels" title="78P/Gehrels">78P/Gehrels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/79P/du_Toit%E2%80%93Hartley" title="79P/du Toit–Hartley">79P/du Toit–Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/80P/Peters%E2%80%93Hartley" title="80P/Peters–Hartley">80P/Peters–Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/81P/Wild" title="81P/Wild">81P/Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/82P/Gehrels" title="82P/Gehrels">82P/Gehrels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/83D/Russell" title="83D/Russell">83D/Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/84P/Giclas" title="84P/Giclas">84P/Giclas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/85D/Boethin" title="85D/Boethin">85D/Boethin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">After 1985<br />(notable)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/88P/Howell" title="88P/Howell">88P/Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/92P/Sanguin" title="92P/Sanguin">92P/Sanguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/96P/Machholz" title="96P/Machholz">96P/Machholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/97P/Metcalf%E2%80%93Brewington" title="97P/Metcalf–Brewington">97P/Metcalf–Brewington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/103P/Hartley" title="103P/Hartley">103P/Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4015_Wilson%E2%80%93Harrington" title="4015 Wilson–Harrington">107P/Wilson–Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/108P/Ciffr%C3%A9o" title="108P/Ciffréo">108P/Ciffréo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Swift%E2%80%93Tuttle" title="Comet Swift–Tuttle">109P/Swift–Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/122P/de_Vico" title="122P/de Vico">122P/de Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126P/IRAS" title="126P/IRAS">126P/IRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/141P/Machholz" title="141P/Machholz">141P/Machholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/144P/Kushida" title="144P/Kushida">144P/Kushida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/147P/Kushida%E2%80%93Muramatsu" title="147P/Kushida–Muramatsu">147P/Kushida–Muramatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/153P/Ikeya%E2%80%93Zhang" title="153P/Ikeya–Zhang">153P/Ikeya–Zhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/156P/Russell%E2%80%93LINEAR" title="156P/Russell–LINEAR">156P/Russell–LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/161P/Hartley%E2%80%93IRAS" title="161P/Hartley–IRAS">161P/Hartley–IRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/162P/Siding_Spring" title="162P/Siding Spring">162P/Siding Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/168P/Hergenrother" title="168P/Hergenrother">168P/Hergenrother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/169P/NEAT" title="169P/NEAT">169P/NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/177P/Barnard" title="177P/Barnard">177P/Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/178P/Hug%E2%80%93Bell" title="178P/Hug–Bell">178P/Hug–Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/205P/Giacobini" title="205P/Giacobini">205P/Giacobini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/209P/LINEAR" title="209P/LINEAR">209P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/238P/Read" title="238P/Read">238P/Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/246P/NEAT" title="246P/NEAT">246P/NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/249P/LINEAR" title="249P/LINEAR">249P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/252P/LINEAR" title="252P/LINEAR">252P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/255P/Levy" title="255P/Levy">255P/Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/273P/Pons%E2%80%93Gambart" title="273P/Pons–Gambart">273P/Pons–Gambart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/289P/Blanpain" title="289P/Blanpain">289P/Blanpain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/311P/PanSTARRS" title="311P/PanSTARRS">311P/PanSTARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/322P/SOHO" title="322P/SOHO">322P/SOHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/323P/SOHO" title="323P/SOHO">323P/SOHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/332P/Ikeya%E2%80%93Murakami" title="332P/Ikeya–Murakami">332P/Ikeya–Murakami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/333P/LINEAR" title="333P/LINEAR">333P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/354P/LINEAR" title="354P/LINEAR">354P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(457175)_2008_GO98" title="(457175) 2008 GO98">362P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/460P/PanSTARRS" title="460P/PanSTARRS">460P/PanSTARRS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Terminology" title="Asteroid">Comet-like<br />asteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/596_Scheila" title="596 Scheila">596 Scheila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron" title="2060 Chiron">2060 Chiron</a> (95P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4015_Wilson%E2%80%93Harrington" title="4015 Wilson–Harrington">4015 Wilson–Harrington</a> (107P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7968_Elst%E2%80%93Pizarro" title="7968 Elst–Pizarro">7968 Elst–Pizarro</a> (133P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/165P/LINEAR" title="165P/LINEAR">165P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/166P/NEAT" title="166P/NEAT">166P/NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/167P/CINEOS" title="167P/CINEOS">167P/CINEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/60558_Echeclus" title="60558 Echeclus">60558 Echeclus</a> (174P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/118401_LINEAR" title="118401 LINEAR">118401 LINEAR</a> (176P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/238P/Read" title="238P/Read">238P/Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/259P/Garradd" title="259P/Garradd">259P/Garradd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/311P/PanSTARRS" title="311P/PanSTARRS">311P/PanSTARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/324P/La_Sagra" title="324P/La Sagra">324P/La Sagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/331P/Gibbs" title="331P/Gibbs">331P/Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/354P/LINEAR" title="354P/LINEAR">354P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/358P/PANSTARRS" class="mw-redirect" title="358P/PANSTARRS">358P/PANSTARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P/2013_R3_(Catalina-PANSTARRS)" class="mw-redirect" title="P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS)">P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(300163)_2006_VW139" title="(300163) 2006 VW139">(300163) 2006 VW139</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Lost_comet" title="Lost comet">Lost</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Recovered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9P/Tempel" class="mw-redirect" title="9P/Tempel">9P/Tempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11P/Tempel%E2%80%93Swift%E2%80%93LINEAR" title="11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR">11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15P/Finlay" title="15P/Finlay">15P/Finlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Holmes" title="Comet Holmes">17P/Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27P/Crommelin" title="27P/Crommelin">27P/Crommelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/54P/de_Vico%E2%80%93Swift%E2%80%93NEAT" title="54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT">54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/55P/Tempel%E2%80%93Tuttle" title="55P/Tempel–Tuttle">55P/Tempel–Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/57P/du_Toit%E2%80%93Neujmin%E2%80%93Delporte" title="57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte">57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/69P/Taylor" title="69P/Taylor">69P/Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/72P/Denning%E2%80%93Fujikawa" title="72P/Denning–Fujikawa">72P/Denning–Fujikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/80P/Peters%E2%80%93Hartley" title="80P/Peters–Hartley">80P/Peters–Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/97P/Metcalf%E2%80%93Brewington" title="97P/Metcalf–Brewington">97P/Metcalf–Brewington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4015_Wilson%E2%80%93Harrington" title="4015 Wilson–Harrington">107P/Wilson–Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/113P/Spitaler" title="113P/Spitaler">113P/Spitaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/122P/de_Vico" title="122P/de Vico">122P/de Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/157P/Tritton" title="157P/Tritton">157P/Tritton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/205P/Giacobini" title="205P/Giacobini">205P/Giacobini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/206P/Barnard%E2%80%93Boattini" title="206P/Barnard–Boattini">206P/Barnard–Boattini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/226P/Pigott%E2%80%93LINEAR%E2%80%93Kowalski" title="226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski">226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/271P/van_Houten%E2%80%93Lemmon" title="271P/van Houten–Lemmon">271P/van Houten–Lemmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/289P/Blanpain" title="289P/Blanpain">289P/Blanpain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Destroyed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biela%27s_Comet" title="Biela's Comet">3D/Biela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy 9)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Not found</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lexell%27s_Comet" title="Lexell's Comet">D/1770 L1 (Lexell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5D/Brorsen" title="5D/Brorsen">5D/Brorsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18D/Perrine%E2%80%93Mrkos" title="18D/Perrine–Mrkos">18D/Perrine–Mrkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20D/Westphal" title="20D/Westphal">20D/Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25D/Neujmin" title="25D/Neujmin">25D/Neujmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34D/Gale" title="34D/Gale">34D/Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/75D/Kohoutek" title="75D/Kohoutek">75D/Kohoutek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/83D/Russell" title="83D/Russell">83D/Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/85D/Boethin" title="85D/Boethin">85D/Boethin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft#List_of_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" title="List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft">Visited by<br />spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21P/Giacobini%E2%80%93Zinner" title="21P/Giacobini–Zinner">21P/Giacobini–Zinner</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">1P/Halley</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/26P/Grigg%E2%80%93Skjellerup" title="26P/Grigg–Skjellerup">26P/Grigg–Skjellerup</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/19P/Borrelly" title="19P/Borrelly">19P/Borrelly</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/81P/Wild" title="81P/Wild">81P/Wild</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">9P/Tempel</a> (2005, 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_McNaught" title="Comet McNaught">C/2006 P1</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/103P/Hartley" title="103P/Hartley">103P/Hartley</a> (2010)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets" title="List of near-parabolic comets">Near-Parabolic<br />comets<br />(notable)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Until 1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Comet" title="Caesar's Comet">C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X/1106_C1" title="X/1106 C1">X/1106 C1 (Great Comet of 1106)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1264" title="Great Comet of 1264">C/1264 N1 (Great Comet of 1264)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1402" title="Great Comet of 1402">C/1402 D1 (Great Comet of 1402)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1472" title="Great Comet of 1472">C/1471 Y1 (Great Comet of 1472)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1577" title="Great Comet of 1577">C/1577 V1 (Great Comet of 1577)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1652_Y1" title="C/1652 Y1">C/1652 Y1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1680" title="Great Comet of 1680">C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1702_H1" title="C/1702 H1">C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_of_1729" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet of 1729">C/1729 P1 (Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1744" title="Great Comet of 1744">C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1760_A1" title="C/1760 A1">C/1760 A1 (Great Comet of 1760)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1769_P1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1769 P1">C/1769 P1 (Great Comet of 1769)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1807_R1" title="C/1807 R1">C/1807 R1 (Great Comet of 1807)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1811" title="Great Comet of 1811">C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1819" title="Great Comet of 1819">C/1819 N1 (Great Comet of 1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1823" title="Great Comet of 1823">C/1823 Y1 (Great Comet of 1823)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1843" title="Great Comet of 1843">C/1843 D1 (Great March Comet of 1843)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1847_T1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1847 T1">C/1847 T1 (Miss Mitchell's Comet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Donati" title="Comet Donati">C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1861_G1_(Thatcher)" title="C/1861 G1 (Thatcher)">C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1861_J1" title="C/1861 J1">C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1865_B1" title="C/1865 B1">C/1865 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1865)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X/1872_X1" title="X/1872 X1">X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1874_H1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1874 H1">C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1881_K1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1881 K1">C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1882" title="Great Comet of 1882">C/1882 R1 (Great Comet of 1882)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Southern_Comet_of_1887" title="Great Southern Comet of 1887">C/1887 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1901" title="Great Comet of 1901">C/1901 G1 (Great Comet of 1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_January_Comet_of_1910" title="Great January Comet of 1910">C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet of 1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1911_O1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1911 O1">C/1911 O1 (Brooks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1911_S3" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1911 S3">C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Skjellerup%E2%80%93Maristany" title="Comet Skjellerup–Maristany">C/1927 X1 (Skjellerup–Maristany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1931_P1_(Ryves)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1931 P1 (Ryves)">C/1931 P1 (Ryves)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1941_B2_(de_Kock-Paraskevopoulos)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos)">C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1947_X1_(Southern_Comet)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet)">C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1948_V1" title="C/1948 V1">C/1948 V1 (Eclipse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Arend%E2%80%93Roland" title="Comet Arend–Roland">C/1956 R1 (Arend–Roland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1957_P1_(Mrkos)" title="C/1957 P1 (Mrkos)">C/1957 P1 (Mrkos)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C/1961_O1_(Wilson-Hubbard)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard) (page does not exist)">C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1961_O1_(Wilson-Hubbard)" class="extiw" title="de:C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Humason" title="Comet Humason">C/1961 R1 (Humason)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1962_C1_(Seki-Lines)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines)">C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1963_A1_(Ikeya)" title="C/1963 A1 (Ikeya)">C/1963 A1 (Ikeya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Pereyra" title="Comet Pereyra">C/1963 R1 (Pereyra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1964_N1_(Ikeya)" title="C/1964 N1 (Ikeya)">C/1964 N1 (Ikeya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Ikeya%E2%80%93Seki" title="Comet Ikeya–Seki">C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C/1969_T1_(Tago-Sato-Kosaka)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka) (page does not exist)">C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1969_T1_(Tago-Sato-Kosaka)" class="extiw" title="de:C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Bennett" title="Comet Bennett">C/1969 Y1 (Bennett)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_White%E2%80%93Ortiz%E2%80%93Bolelli" title="Comet White–Ortiz–Bolelli">C/1970 K1 (White–Ortiz–Bolelli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Kohoutek" title="Comet Kohoutek">C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_West" title="Comet West">C/1975 V1 (West)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1980_E1_(Bowell)" title="C/1980 E1 (Bowell)">C/1980 E1 (Bowell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_IRAS%E2%80%93Araki%E2%80%93Alcock" title="Comet IRAS–Araki–Alcock">C/1983 H1 (IRAS–Araki–Alcock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1989_W1_(Aarseth-Brewington)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington)">C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1989_X1_(Austin)" title="C/1989 X1 (Austin)">C/1989 X1 (Austin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Skorichenko%E2%80%93George" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Skorichenko–George">C/1989 Y1 (Skorichenko–George)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">After 1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/1990_K1_(Levy)" title="C/1990 K1 (Levy)">C/1990 K1 (Levy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1992_J1_(Spacewatch)" title="C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch)">C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch–Rabinowitz)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_McNaught%E2%80%93Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet McNaught–Russell">C/1993 Y1 (McNaught–Russell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="Comet Hale–Bopp">C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hyakutake" title="Comet Hyakutake">C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Zhu%E2%80%93Balam" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Zhu–Balam">C/1997 L1 (Zhu–Balam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Stonehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Stonehouse">C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C/1998_J1_(SOHO)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C/1998 J1 (SOHO) (page does not exist)">C/1998 J1 (SOHO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1999_F1_(Catalina)" title="C/1999 F1 (Catalina)">C/1999 F1 (Catalina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1999_S4_(LINEAR)" title="C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)">C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2000_WM1_(LINEAR)" title="C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR)">C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_A2_(LINEAR)" title="C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)">C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_OG108" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2001 OG108">C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_Q4_(NEAT)" title="C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)">C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2002_T7" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2002 T7">C/2002 T7 (LINEAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2002_V1_(NEAT)" title="C/2002 V1 (NEAT)">C/2002 V1 (NEAT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2004_F4_(Bradfield)" title="C/2004 F4 (Bradfield)">C/2004 F4 (Bradfield)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Machholz" title="Comet Machholz">C/2004 Q2 (Machholz)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Pojma%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Pojmański">C/2006 A1 (Pojmański)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2006_M4_(SWAN)" title="C/2006 M4 (SWAN)">C/2006 M4 (SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_McNaught" title="Comet McNaught">C/2006 P1 (McNaught)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_E2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)">C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_F1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2007 F1">C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Lulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Lulin">C/2007 N3 (Lulin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_Q3_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring)">C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_W1_(Boattini)" title="C/2007 W1 (Boattini)">C/2007 W1 (Boattini)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Yi%E2%80%93SWAN" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Yi–SWAN">C/2009 F6 (Yi–SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2009_R1_(McNaught)" title="C/2009 R1 (McNaught)">C/2009 R1 (McNaught)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2010_X1_(Elenin)" title="C/2010 X1 (Elenin)">C/2010 X1 (Elenin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2011_L4" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2011 L4">C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2011_W3_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)">C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_E2_(SWAN)" title="C/2012 E2 (SWAN)">C/2012 E2 (SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_F6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)">C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_K1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2012 K1">C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_ISON" title="Comet ISON">C/2012 S1 (ISON)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)">C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_R1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2013 R1">C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_US10_(Catalina)" title="C/2013 US10 (Catalina)">C/2013 US10 (Catalina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_V5_(Oukaimeden)" title="C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)">C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_E2_(Jacques)" title="C/2014 E2 (Jacques)">C/2014 E2 (Jacques)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q1_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)">C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)">C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_ER61_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)">C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_V2_(Johnson)" title="C/2015 V2 (Johnson)">C/2015 V2 (Johnson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_K2_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)">C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBOumuamua" title="ʻOumuamua">1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_Y1_(Iwamoto)" title="C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)">C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2I/Borisov" title="2I/Borisov">2I/Borisov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_U6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)">C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_Y4_(ATLAS)" title="C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)">C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F3_(NEOWISE)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)">C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F8_(SWAN)" title="C/2020 F8 (SWAN)">C/2020 F8 (SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_A1_(Leonard)" title="C/2021 A1 (Leonard)">C/2021 A1 (Leonard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2022_E3_(ZTF)" title="C/2022 E3 (ZTF)">C/2022 E3 (ZTF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_A3_(Tsuchinshan%E2%80%93ATLAS)" title="C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)">C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_P1_(Nishimura)" title="C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)">C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">After 1910<br />(by name)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/1989_W1_(Aarseth-Brewington)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington)">Aarseth-Brewington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Arend%E2%80%93Roland" title="Comet Arend–Roland">Arend–Roland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1989_X1_(Austin)" title="C/1989 X1 (Austin)">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1911_S3" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1911 S3">Beljawsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Bennett" title="Comet Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_W1_(Boattini)" title="C/2007 W1 (Boattini)">Boattini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2I/Borisov" title="2I/Borisov">Borisov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1980_E1_(Bowell)" title="C/1980 E1 (Bowell)">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2004_F4_(Bradfield)" title="C/2004 F4 (Bradfield)">Bradfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1911_O1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1911 O1">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_Sky_Survey" title="Catalina Sky Survey">Catalina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/1999_F1_(Catalina)" title="C/1999 F1 (Catalina)">C/1999 F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_US10" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2013 US10">C/2013 US10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1941_B2_(de_Kock-Paraskevopoulos)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos)">de Kock–Paraskevopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1948_V1" title="C/1948 V1">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2010_X1_(Elenin)" title="C/2010 X1 (Elenin)">Elenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="Comet Hale–Bopp">Hale-Bopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Humason" title="Comet Humason">Humason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hyakutake" title="Comet Hyakutake">Hyakutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaoru_Ikeya" title="Kaoru Ikeya">Ikeya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/1963_A1_(Ikeya)" title="C/1963 A1 (Ikeya)">C/1963 A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1964_N1_(Ikeya)" title="C/1964 N1 (Ikeya)">C/1964 N1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Ikeya%E2%80%93Seki" title="Comet Ikeya–Seki">Ikeya-Seki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_IRAS%E2%80%93Araki%E2%80%93Alcock" title="Comet IRAS–Araki–Alcock">IRAS–Araki–Alcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_ISON" title="Comet ISON">ISON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_Y1_(Iwamoto)" title="C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)">Iwamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_E2_(Jacques)" title="C/2014 E2 (Jacques)">Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_V2_(Johnson)" title="C/2015 V2 (Johnson)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Kohoutek" title="Comet Kohoutek">Kohoutek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lemmon_Observatory" title="Mount Lemmon Observatory">Lemmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_F6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)">C/2012 F6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_C2_(Lemmon)" title="C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)">C/2018 C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_U6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)">C/2019 U6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_A1_(Leonard)" title="C/2021 A1 (Leonard)">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1990_K1_(Levy)" title="C/1990 K1 (Levy)">Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Near-Earth_Asteroid_Research" title="Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research">LINEAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/1999_S4_(LINEAR)" title="C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)">C/1999 S4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2000_WM1_(LINEAR)" title="C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR)">C/2000 WM1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_A2_(LINEAR)" title="C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)">C/2001 A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2002_T7" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2002 T7">C/2002 T7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Observatory_Near-Earth-Object_Search" title="Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search">LONEOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_OG108" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2001 OG108">C/2001 OG108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_F1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2007 F1">C/2007 F1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Lovejoy" title="Terry Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_E2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)">C/2007 E2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2011_W3_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)">C/2011 W3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_R1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2013 R1">C/2013 R1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)">C/2014 Q2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Lulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Lulin">Lulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Machholz" title="Comet Machholz">Machholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._McNaught" title="Robert H. McNaught">McNaught</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_McNaught" title="Comet McNaught">C/2006 P1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2009_R1_(McNaught)" title="C/2009 R1 (McNaught)">C/2009 R1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_McNaught%E2%80%93Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet McNaught–Russell">McNaught–Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1957_P1_(Mrkos)" title="C/1957 P1 (Mrkos)">Mrkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">NEAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_Q4_(NEAT)" title="C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)">C/2001 Q4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2002_V1_(NEAT)" title="C/2002 V1 (NEAT)">C/2002 V1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_NEOWISE" title="Comet NEOWISE">NEOWISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_P1_(Nishimura)" title="C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)">Nishimura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_V5_(Oukaimeden)" title="C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)">Oukaimeden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBOumuamua" title="ʻOumuamua">ʻOumuamua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-STARRS" title="Pan-STARRS">Pan-STARRS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2011_L4" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2011 L4">C/2011 L4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_K1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2012 K1">C/2012 K1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/311P/PanSTARRS" title="311P/PanSTARRS">311P/PanSTARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q1_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)">C/2014 Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_ER61_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)">C/2015 ER61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_K2" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2017 K2">C/2017 K2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Pereyra" title="Comet Pereyra">Pereyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Pojma%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Pojmański">Pojmański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryves_Comet" title="Ryves Comet">Ryves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1962_C1_(Seki-Lines)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines)">Seki–Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_Spring_Observatory" title="Siding Spring Observatory">Siding Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_Q3_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring)">C/2007 Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)">C/2013 A1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Skjellerup%E2%80%93Maristany" title="Comet Skjellerup–Maristany">Skjellerup–Maristany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Skorichenko%E2%80%93George" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Skorichenko–George">Skorichenko–George</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C/1998_J1_(SOHO)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C/1998 J1 (SOHO) (page does not exist)">SOHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1947_X1_(Southern_Comet)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet)">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1992_J1_(Spacewatch)" title="C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch)">Spacewatch–Rabinowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Stonehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Stonehouse">Stonehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory#Instruments" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SWAN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2006_M4_(SWAN)" title="C/2006 M4 (SWAN)">C/2006 M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_E2_(SWAN)" title="C/2012 E2 (SWAN)">C/2012 E2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F8_(SWAN)" title="C/2020 F8 (SWAN)">C/2020 F8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C/1969_T1_(Tago-Sato-Kosaka)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka) (page does not exist)">Tago-Sato-Kosaka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1969_T1_(Tago-Sato-Kosaka)" class="extiw" title="de:C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_A3_(Tsuchinshan%E2%80%93ATLAS)" title="C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)">Tsuchinshan–ATLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_West" title="Comet West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_White%E2%80%93Ortiz%E2%80%93Bolelli" title="Comet White–Ortiz–Bolelli">White–Ortiz–Bolelli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C/1961_O1_(Wilson-Hubbard)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard) (page does not exist)">Wilson–Hubbard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1961_O1_(Wilson-Hubbard)" class="extiw" title="de:C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Yi%E2%80%93SWAN" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Yi–SWAN">Yi–SWAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Zhu%E2%80%93Balam" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Zhu–Balam">Zhu–Balam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2022_E3_(ZTF)" title="C/2022 E3 (ZTF)">ZTF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Comets" title="Category:Comets">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2014_in_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2014_in_space" title="Template:2014 in space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2014_in_space" title="Template talk:2014 in space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2014_in_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2014 in space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2014_in_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2014 in space</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><div style="float: left;"> « <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Template:2013_in_space" title="Template:2013 in space">2013</a></span> </div> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Template:2015_in_space" title="Template:2015 in space">2015</a></span> » </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2014_in_spaceflight" title="2014 in spaceflight">Space probe launches</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_probes_launched_in_2014" title="Category:Space probes launched in 2014"><img alt="Space probes launched in 2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a> (mission to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>; Oct 2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a> (asteroid sample-return mission; Dec 2014)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kepler186f-ArtistConcept-20140417.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kepler186f-ArtistConcept-20140417.jpg/150px-Kepler186f-ArtistConcept-20140417.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kepler186f-ArtistConcept-20140417.jpg/225px-Kepler186f-ArtistConcept-20140417.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kepler186f-ArtistConcept-20140417.jpg/300px-Kepler186f-ArtistConcept-20140417.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4534" data-file-height="2550" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_67P_on_19_September_2014_NavCam_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Comet_67P_on_19_September_2014_NavCam_mosaic.jpg/150px-Comet_67P_on_19_September_2014_NavCam_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Comet_67P_on_19_September_2014_NavCam_mosaic.jpg/225px-Comet_67P_on_19_September_2014_NavCam_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Comet_67P_on_19_September_2014_NavCam_mosaic.jpg/300px-Comet_67P_on_19_September_2014_NavCam_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4400" data-file-height="3500" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_rings_around_Chariklo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_rings_around_Chariklo.jpg/150px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_rings_around_Chariklo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_rings_around_Chariklo.jpg/225px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_rings_around_Chariklo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_rings_around_Chariklo.jpg/300px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_the_rings_around_Chariklo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2501" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_AA" title="2014 AA">2014 AA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Ontario_fireball" title="2014 Ontario fireball">2014 Ontario fireball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2014" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2014">Asteroid close approaches</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_EM26" title="2000 EM26">2000 EM<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">26</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(163132)_2002_CU11" title="(163132) 2002 CU11">(163132) 2002 CU<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">11</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(388188)_2006_DP14" title="(388188) 2006 DP14">(388188) 2006 DP<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">14</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_VK184" title="2007 VK184">2007 VK<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">184</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(410777)_2009_FD" title="(410777) 2009 FD">(410777) 2009 FD</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_RR" title="2009 RR">2009 RR</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(529366)_2009_WM1" title="(529366) 2009 WM1">(529366) 2009 WM<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_AF5" title="2014 AF5">2014 AF<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">5</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_DX110" title="2014 DX110">2014 DX<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">110</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_EC" title="2014 EC">2014 EC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_HQ124" title="2014 HQ124">2014 HQ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">124</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_LY21" title="2014 LY21">2014 LY<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">21</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_OO6" title="2014 OO6">2014 OO<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">6</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_OL339" title="2014 OL339">2014 OL<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">339</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_RC" title="2014 RC">2014 RC</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_SC324" title="2014 SC324">2014 SC<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">324</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_XL7" title="2014 XL7">2014 XL<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">7</span></span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/51_Eridani_b" title="51 Eridani b">51 Eridani b</a></li> <li>rotation of <a href="/wiki/Beta_Pictoris_b" title="Beta Pictoris b">Beta Pictoris b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_15_Ab" title="Gliese 15 Ab">Gliese 15 Ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_180_c" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 180 c">Gliese 180 c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_682_c" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 682 c">Gliese 682 c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_832_c" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 832 c">Gliese 832 c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GU_Piscium_b" title="GU Piscium b">GU Piscium b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIP_116454_b" title="HIP 116454 b">HIP 116454 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapteyn_b" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapteyn b">Kapteyn b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-93b" title="Kepler-93b">Kepler-93b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-186f" title="Kepler-186f">Kepler-186f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-296" title="Kepler-296">Kepler-296</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-296e" title="Kepler-296e">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-296f" title="Kepler-296f">f</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-298d" title="Kepler-298d">Kepler-298d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-419" title="Kepler-419">Kepler-419</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-419b" title="Kepler-419b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-419c" title="Kepler-419c">c</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-421b" title="Kepler-421b">Kepler-421b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASP-104b" title="WASP-104b">WASP-104b</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SMSS_J031300.36%E2%88%92670839.3" title="SMSS J031300.36−670839.3">SMSS J0313−6708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Chariklo" title="Rings of Chariklo">Rings of Chariklo</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_VP113" title="2012 VP113">2012 VP<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">113</span></span></a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(announced)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(532037)_2013_FY27" title="(532037) 2013 FY27">(532037) 2013 FY<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">27</span></span></a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(announced)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/486958_Arrokoth" title="486958 Arrokoth">486958 Arrokoth</a></span> (<span class="nowrap">2014 MU<sub>69</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ULAS_J0015%2B01" title="ULAS J0015+01">ULAS J0015+01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea Supercluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Novae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SN_2014J" title="SN 2014J">SN 2014J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPTF14hls" title="IPTF14hls">iPTF14hls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comets_in_2014" title="Category:Comets in 2014"><img alt="Comets in 2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_R1_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy)">C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_E2_(Jacques)" title="C/2014 E2 (Jacques)">C/2014 E2 (Jacques)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_UQ4_(Catalina)" title="C/2013 UQ4 (Catalina)"><span class="nowrap">C/2013 UQ<sub>4</sub></span> (Catalina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_K1_(PANSTARRS)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS)">C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_V5_(Oukaimeden)" title="C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)">C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)">C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q1_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)">C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q3_(Borisov)" title="C/2014 Q3 (Borisov)">C/2014 Q3 (Borisov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)">C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15P/Finlay" title="15P/Finlay">15P/Finlay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a> K2 mission extension (May)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i> (orbits/landing <a class="mw-selflink selflink">67P</a>; Aug/Nov)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a> (<a href="/wiki/Areocentric_orbit" title="Areocentric orbit">Mars orbit</a> insertion; Sep)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a> (Mars orbit insertion; Sep)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i> (approaches <a href="/wiki/1_Ceres" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Ceres">Ceres</a>; Sep 2014 / Mar 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> mission ends; Dec)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:2013_in_outer_space" title="Category:2013 in outer space">Category:2013 in outer space</a> — <b><a href="/wiki/Category:2014_in_outer_space" title="Category:2014 in outer space">Category:2014 in outer space</a></b> — <a href="/wiki/Category:2015_in_outer_space" title="Category:2015 in outer space">Category:2015 in outer space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844672#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844672#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844672#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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