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<span>Creating comics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creating_comics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_and_alternative_comics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_and_alternative_comics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Independent and alternative comics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_and_alternative_comics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proto-comic_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-comic_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Proto-comic books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-comic_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Funnies_and_Funnies_on_Parade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Funnies_and_Funnies_on_Parade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>The Funnies</i> and <i>Funnies on Parade</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Funnies_and_Funnies_on_Parade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_Funnies_and_New_Fun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_Funnies_and_New_Fun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>Famous Funnies</i> and <i>New Fun</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_Funnies_and_New_Fun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superheroes_and_the_Golden_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superheroes_and_the_Golden_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Superheroes and the Golden Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superheroes_and_the_Golden_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Comics_Code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Comics_Code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>The Comics Code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Comics_Code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Silver Age of Comic Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underground_comix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underground_comix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Underground comix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underground_comix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age_of_Comic_Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age_of_Comic_Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Bronze Age of Comic Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age_of_Comic_Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Modern_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Modern_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>The Modern Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Modern_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaanse_strokiesprent" title="Amerikaanse strokiesprent – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amerikaanse strokiesprent" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A" title="الكتاب الأمريكي الهزلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكتاب الأمريكي الهزلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%87" title="আমেরিকান কমিক বই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আমেরিকান কমিক বই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_%C3%AA_ang-%C3%A1-chheh" title="Bí-kok ê ang-á-chheh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-kok ê ang-á-chheh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Американски комикс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Американски комикс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic" title="Comic – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Comic" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegneserier_i_USA" title="Tegneserier i USA – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tegneserier i USA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_in_den_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Comic in den Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Comic in den Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historieta_en_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Historieta en los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historieta en los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="کتاب کامیک آمریکایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتاب کامیک آمریکایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics" title="Comics – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Comics" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caslys-earishlioar" title="Caslys-earishlioar – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Caslys-earishlioar" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EB%A7%8C%ED%99%94" title="미국 만화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 만화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumetto_statunitense" title="Fumetto statunitense – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fumetto statunitense" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic" title="Comic – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Comic" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="アメリカン・コミックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカン・コミックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics" title="Comics – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comics" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="American comic book" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="کتێبی کۆمیکی ئەمریکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کتێبی کۆمیکی ئەمریکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecknade_serier_i_USA" title="Tecknade serier i USA – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tecknade serier i USA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அமெரிக்க காமிக் புத்தகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமெரிக்க காமிக் புத்தகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikan_%C3%A7izgi_roman%C4%B1" title="Amerikan çizgi romanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerikan çizgi romanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%87n_tranh_M%E1%BB%B9" title="Truyện tranh Mỹ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Truyện tranh Mỹ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%AB%E7%95%AB" title="美國漫畫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="美國漫畫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB%E4%B9%A6" title="美国漫画书 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国漫画书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1114502#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:American_comic_book" 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ib-comics"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">American comics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:N.Y._Children%27s_Colony_04108v_(cropped_and_rotated).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/N.Y._Children%27s_Colony_04108v_%28cropped_and_rotated%29.jpg/220px-N.Y._Children%27s_Colony_04108v_%28cropped_and_rotated%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/N.Y._Children%27s_Colony_04108v_%28cropped_and_rotated%29.jpg/330px-N.Y._Children%27s_Colony_04108v_%28cropped_and_rotated%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/N.Y._Children%27s_Colony_04108v_%28cropped_and_rotated%29.jpg/440px-N.Y._Children%27s_Colony_04108v_%28cropped_and_rotated%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="945" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">German refugee child at N.Y. Children's Colony, 1942, reading a <i>Superman</i> comic book.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Earliest publications</th><td class="infobox-data">1842 (<a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strips</a> in hardcover book form)<br />1933 (first modern American comic book)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">Comic book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">Comic strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_comic" title="Digital comic">Digital comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_cartoon" title="Gag cartoon">Gag cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">Trade paperback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">Graphic novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">Political cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_by_country" title="List of comics by country">Comics by country and culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink 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href="/wiki/Czech_comics" title="Czech comics">Czech comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_comics" title="Dutch comics">Dutch comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_comics" title="European comics">European comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_comics" title="German comics">German comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_comics" title="Hungarian comics">Hungarian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Indian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_comics" title="Irish comics">Irish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Italian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_comics" title="Malaysian comics">Malaysian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">Manhua</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Hong Kong</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Manhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Mexico" title="Comics in Mexico">Mexican comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_comics" title="Pakistani comics">Pakistani comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Philippine comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_comics" title="Polish comics">Polish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_comics" title="Portuguese comics">Portuguese comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_comics" title="Serbian comics">Serbian comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_comics" title="South African comics">South African comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_comics" title="Spanish comics">Spanish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Thai comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_comics" title="Turkish comics">Turkish comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_comics" title="Vietnamese comics">Vietnamese comics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Community</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_awards" title="List of comics awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartoonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book_collecting" title="Comic book collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_publishing_companies" title="List of comics publishing companies">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series" title="List of best-selling comic series">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">Writers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:antiquewhite;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">This article is part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#002868; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;"><small>Culture of the </small><br />United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">race and ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Arts and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_poetry" title="American poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_of_the_United_States" title="Sculpture of the United States">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspapers_in_the_United_States" title="Newspapers in the United States">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Symbols</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" title="Great Seal of the United States">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> By Region</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwest#Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_England" title="Culture of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia#Culture" title="Appalachia">Appalachian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(19-10).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2819-10%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2819-10%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2819-10%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2819-10%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2819-10%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2819-10%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Culture of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Culture of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>American comic book</b> is a thin <a href="/wiki/Periodical" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodical">periodical</a> originating in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, on average 32 pages, containing <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a>. While the form originated in 1933, American <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a> first gained popularity after the 1938 publication of <i><a href="/wiki/Action_Comics" title="Action Comics">Action Comics</a></i>, which included the debut of the <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superhero</a> <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a>. This was followed by a superhero boom that lasted until the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. After the war, while superheroes were marginalized, the comic book industry rapidly expanded and genres such as horror, crime, science fiction and romance became popular. The 1950s saw a gradual decline, due to a shift away from print media in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith200940_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith200940-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the impact of the <a href="/wiki/Comics_Code_Authority" title="Comics Code Authority">Comics Code Authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith200940_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith200940-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The late 1950s and the 1960s saw a superhero revival and superheroes remained the dominant character archetype throughout the late 20th century into the 21st century. </p><p>Some fans collect comic books, helping drive up their value. Some have sold for more than <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>1 million. <a href="/wiki/Comic_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic shop">Comic shops</a> cater to fans, selling comic books, plastic sleeves ("bags") and cardboard backing ("boards") to protect the comic books. </p><p>An American comic book is also known as a <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_comics_terminology#Comic_book" title="Glossary of comics terminology">floppy comic</a>. It is typically thin and stapled, unlike traditional <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">books</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgraphicnovelsiny00lygapage164_164]_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgraphicnovelsiny00lygapage164_164]-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American comic books are one of the three major comic book industries globally, along with Japanese <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Belgian comics">Franco-Belgian comic books</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Format">Format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_comic_book&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The typical size and page count of comics have varied over the decades, generally tending toward smaller formats and fewer pages. </p><p>Historically, the size was derived from folding one sheet of Quarter Imperial paper (15 in × 11 in or 380 mm × 280 mm), to print 4 pages which were each <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> by 11 inches (190 mm × 280 mm).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Reliable source needed for the whole section (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This also meant that the page count had to be some multiple of 4. </p><p>In recent decades, standard comics have been trimmed at about 6.625 x 10.25 inches.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The format of the American comic book has been adapted periodically outside the United States, especially in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_comics#Golden_age:_Canadian_Whites_(1940s)" title="Canadian comics">Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_comics#Reprint_market" title="British comics">United Kingdom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creating_comics">Creating comics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_comic_book&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Creating comics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While comics can be the work of a single creator, the labor of creating them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be a separate writer and <a href="/wiki/Comics_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics artist">artist</a>, or there may be separate artists for the characters and backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Nale2010384_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Nale2010384-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Particularly in superhero comic books,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETondro201151_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETondro201151-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the art may be divided between: </p> <ul><li>a <a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">writer</a>, who plots the story and writes the dialogue</li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Penciller" title="Penciller">penciller</a> (usually termed the artist), who, working exclusively in pencils, generally lays out the panel breakdown on the page, and draws the actual artwork in each panel (but layouts may be handled by a separate artist), and who, particularly at <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a>, may also co-plot the storyline</li> <li>an <a href="/wiki/Inker" title="Inker">inker</a>, working exclusively in ink, who finishes the artwork ready for the printing press.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkstein2010LygaLyga2004161Lee1978145_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkstein2010LygaLyga2004161Lee1978145-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Colorist" title="Colorist">colorist</a>, who adds the color to the pages (but this usually involves preparing four individual separations in cyan, magenta, yellow and black for the CMYK printing process, not a literal application of those colors to the inked pages)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009315_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009315-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Letterer" title="Letterer">letterer</a>, who adds the captions and speech balloons (from the script prepared by the writer).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004163_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004163-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The process begins with the writer (often in collaboration with one or more others, who may include the editor and/or the penciller) coming up with a story idea or concept, then working it up into a <a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">plot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">storyline</a>, finalizing it with a <a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">script</a>. After the art is prepared, the dialogue and captions are lettered onto the page from the script, and an editor may have the final say (but, once ready for printing, it is difficult and expensive to make any major changes), before the comic is sent to the printer.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The creative team, the writer and artist(s), may work for a <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic book</a> <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publisher</a> who handles the marketing, advertising, and other logistics. A wholesale distributor, such as <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Comic_Distributors" title="Diamond Comic Distributors">Diamond Comic Distributors</a>, the largest in the US, distributes the printed product to retailers. </p><p>Another aspect of the process involved in successful comics is the interaction between the readers/fans and the creator(s). <a href="/wiki/Fan_art" title="Fan art">Fan art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comic_book_letter_column" title="Comic book letter column">letters to the editor</a> were commonly printed in the back of the book, until, in the early 21st century, various Internet forums started to replace this tradition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independent_and_alternative_comics">Independent and alternative comics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_comic_book&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Independent and alternative comics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alternative_comics" title="Alternative comics">Alternative comics</a></div> <p>The growth of comic specialty stores helped permit several waves of independently-produced comics, beginning in the mid-1970s. Some early examples of these – generally referred to as "independent" or "alternative" comics – such as <i><a href="/wiki/Big_Apple_Comix" title="Big Apple Comix">Big Apple Comix</a></i>, continued somewhat in the tradition of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Underground_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground comics">underground comics</a>, while others, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Reach" title="Star Reach">Star Reach</a></i>, resembled the output of mainstream publishers in format and genre but were published by smaller artist-owned ventures or by a single artist. </p><p>This so-called "<a href="/wiki/Small_press" title="Small press">small press</a>" scene (a term derived from the limited quantity of comics printed in each press-run) continued to grow and diversify, with a number of small publishers in the 1990s changing the format and distribution of their comic books to more closely resemble non-comics publishing. The "<a href="/wiki/Minicomic" title="Minicomic">minicomics</a>" form, an extremely informal version of <a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">self-publishing</a>, arose in the 1980s and became increasingly popular among artists in the 1990s, despite reaching an even more limited audience than the small presses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_comic_book&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_American_comics" title="History of American comics">History of American comics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-comic_books">Proto-comic books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_comic_book&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Proto-comic books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YellowKidMcFadden2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/YellowKidMcFadden2.jpg/170px-YellowKidMcFadden2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/YellowKidMcFadden2.jpg/255px-YellowKidMcFadden2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/YellowKidMcFadden2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><i>The Yellow Kid in McFadden's Flats</i> (1897)</figcaption></figure> <p>The development of the modern American comic book happened in stages. Publishers had collected <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strips</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hardcover_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardcover book">hardcover book</a> form as early as 1842, with <i><a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_Mr._Vieux_Bois" title="Histoire de Mr. Vieux Bois">The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck</a></i>, a collection of English-language newspaper inserts originally published in Europe as the 1837 book <i>Histoire de Mr. Vieux Bois</i> by <a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_T%C3%B6pffer" title="Rodolphe Töpffer">Rodolphe Töpffer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HoCB-Platinum_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoCB-Platinum-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The G. W. Dillingham Company published the first known proto-comic-book magazine in the US, <i>The Yellow Kid in McFadden's Flats</i>, in 1897. A hardcover book, it reprinted material—primarily the October 18, 1896, to January 10, 1897, sequence titled "McFadden's Row of Flats"—from <a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">cartoonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Outcault" title="Richard F. Outcault">Richard F. Outcault</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hogan%27s_Alley_(comic_strip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hogan's Alley (comic strip)">Hogan's Alley</a></i>, starring the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Kid" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow Kid">Yellow Kid</a>. The 196-page, square-bound, black-and-white publication, which also includes introductory text by <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._W._Townsend&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. W. Townsend (page does not exist)">E. W. Townsend</a>, measured 5 by 7 inches (130 mm × 180 mm) and sold for 50 cents. The neologism "comic book" appears on the back cover.<sup id="cite_ref-HoCB-Platinum_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoCB-Platinum-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the publication of a series of related Hearst comics soon afterward,<sup id="cite_ref-HoCB-Platinum_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoCB-Platinum-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first monthly proto-comic book, Embee Distributing Company's <i>Comic Monthly</i>, did not appear until 1922. Produced in an <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" /><span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-by-9-inch (220 mm × 230 mm) format, it reprinted black-and-white newspaper comic strips and lasted a year.<sup id="cite_ref-HoCB-Platinum_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoCB-Platinum-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Funnies_and_Funnies_on_Parade"><i>The Funnies</i> and <i>Funnies on Parade</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_comic_book&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Funnies and Funnies on Parade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comic-Monthly-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Comic-Monthly-1.jpg/170px-Comic-Monthly-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Comic-Monthly-1.jpg/255px-Comic-Monthly-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Comic-Monthly-1.jpg/340px-Comic-Monthly-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption><i>Comic Monthly</i> #1 (Jan. 1922)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1929, <a href="/wiki/Dell_Publishing" title="Dell Publishing">Dell Publishing</a> (founded by <a href="/wiki/George_T._Delacorte,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="George T. Delacorte, Jr.">George T. Delacorte, Jr.</a>) published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Funnies" title="The Funnies">The Funnies</a></i>, described by the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> as "a short-lived newspaper <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">tabloid</a> insert"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and not to be confused with Dell's 1936 comic-book series of the same name. Historian Ron Goulart describes the 16-page, <a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">four-color</a> periodical as "more a Sunday comic section without the rest of the newspaper than a true comic book. But it did offer all original material and was sold on <a href="/wiki/Newsstand" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsstand">newsstands</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Ron_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ron-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Funnies</i> ran for 36 issues, published Saturdays through October 16, 1930. </p><p>In 1933, salesperson <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Gaines" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxwell Gaines">Maxwell Gaines</a>, sales manager <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_I._Wildenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry I. Wildenberg (page does not exist)">Harry I. Wildenberg</a>, and owner <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Janosik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Janosik (page does not exist)">George Janosik</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut" title="Waterbury, Connecticut">Waterbury, Connecticut</a>, company <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Color_Printing" title="Eastern Color Printing">Eastern Color Printing</a>—which printed, among other things, Sunday-paper <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic-strip</a> sections – produced <i><a href="/wiki/Funnies_on_Parade" title="Funnies on Parade">Funnies on Parade</a></i> as a way to keep their presses running.<sup id="cite_ref-randomhistory_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-randomhistory-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like <i>The Funnies</i>, but only eight pages,<sup id="cite_ref-brown_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this appeared as a <a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">newsprint</a> magazine. Rather than using original material, however, it reprinted in color several comic strips licensed from the <a href="/wiki/McNaught_Syndicate" title="McNaught Syndicate">McNaught Syndicate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ledger_Syndicate" title="Ledger Syndicate">Ledger Syndicate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bell-McClure_Syndicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell-McClure Syndicate">Bell-McClure Syndicate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included such popular strips as cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mutt_and_Jeff" title="Mutt and Jeff">Mutt and Jeff</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ham_Fisher" title="Ham Fisher">Ham Fisher</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Joe_Palooka" title="Joe Palooka">Joe Palooka</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Percy_Crosby" title="Percy Crosby">Percy Crosby</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Skippy_(comic_strip)" title="Skippy (comic strip)">Skippy</a></i>. Eastern Color neither sold this periodical nor made it available on <a href="/wiki/Newsstands" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsstands">newsstands</a>, but rather sent it out free as a promotional item to consumers who mailed in coupons clipped from <a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a> soap and toiletries products. The company printed 10,000 copies.<sup id="cite_ref-brown_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The promotion proved a success, and Eastern Color that year produced similar periodicals for <a href="/wiki/Canada_Dry" title="Canada Dry">Canada Dry</a> <a href="/wiki/Soft_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft drinks">soft drinks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinney_Shoes" title="Kinney Shoes">Kinney Shoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheatena" title="Wheatena">Wheatena</a> <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> and others, with print runs of from 100,000 to 250,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Ron_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ron-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Famous_Funnies_and_New_Fun"><i>Famous Funnies</i> and <i>New Fun</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_comic_book&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Famous Funnies and New Fun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FamousFunnies1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/FamousFunnies1933.jpg/170px-FamousFunnies1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/FamousFunnies1933.jpg/255px-FamousFunnies1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f9/FamousFunnies1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Famous_Funnies:_A_Carnival_of_Comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Famous Funnies: A Carnival of Comics">Famous Funnies: A Carnival of Comics</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Color_Printing" title="Eastern Color Printing">Eastern Color Printing</a>, 1933)</figcaption></figure> <p>Also in 1933, Gaines and Wildenberg collaborated with Dell to publish the 36-page <i><a href="/wiki/Famous_Funnies:_A_Carnival_of_Comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Famous Funnies: A Carnival of Comics">Famous Funnies: A Carnival of Comics</a></i>, which historians consider the first true American comic book;<sup id="cite_ref-randomhistory_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-randomhistory-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goulart, for example, calls it "the cornerstone for one of the most lucrative branches of magazine publishing".<sup id="cite_ref-Ron_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ron-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distribution took place through the <a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company" title="F. W. Woolworth Company">Woolworth's</a> <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department-store</a> chain, though it remains unclear whether it was sold or given away; the cover displays no price, but Goulart refers, either metaphorically or literally, to "sticking a ten-cent pricetag  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] on the comic books".<sup id="cite_ref-Ron_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ron-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Delacorte declined to continue with <i>Famous Funnies: A Carnival of Comics</i>, Eastern Color on its own published <i><a href="/wiki/Famous_Funnies" title="Famous Funnies">Famous Funnies</a></i> #1 (cover-dated July 1934), a 68-page giant selling for 10¢. Distributed to newsstands by the mammoth <a href="/wiki/American_News_Company" title="American News Company">American News Company</a>, it proved a hit with readers during the cash-strapped <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, selling 90 percent of its 200,000 print, although putting Eastern Color more than $4,000 in the red.<sup id="cite_ref-Ron_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ron-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That quickly changed, with the book turning a $30,000 profit each issue starting with #12.<sup id="cite_ref-Ron_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ron-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Famous Funnies</i> would eventually run 218 issues, inspire imitators, and largely launch a new <a href="/wiki/Mass_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass medium">mass medium</a>. </p><p>When the supply of available existing comic strips began to dwindle, early comic books began to include a small amount of new, original material in comic-strip format. Inevitably, a comic book of all-original material, with no comic-strip reprints, debuted. Fledgling publisher <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Wheeler-Nicholson" title="Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson">Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson</a> founded National Allied Publications, which would evolve into <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a>, to release <a href="/wiki/More_Fun_Comics" title="More Fun Comics"><i>New Fun</i></a> #1 (Feb. 1935). This came out as a <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(paper_size)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabloid (paper size)">tabloid</a>-sized, 10-by-15-inch (250 mm × 380 mm), 36-page magazine with a card-stock, non-glossy cover. An <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthology</a>, it mixed <a href="/wiki/Humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Humor">humor</a> features such as the <a href="/wiki/Funny_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Funny animal">funny animal</a> comic "Pelion and Ossa" and the college-set "Jigger and Ginger" with such dramatic fare as the <a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western</a> strip "Jack Woods" and the "<a href="/wiki/Yellow_peril" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow peril">yellow-peril</a>" adventure "Barry O'Neill", featuring a <a href="/wiki/Fu_Manchu" title="Fu Manchu">Fu Manchu</a>-styled villain, Fang Gow. Issue #6 (Oct. 1935) brought the comic-book debut of <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Siegel" title="Jerry Siegel">Jerry Siegel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Shuster" title="Joe Shuster">Joe Shuster</a>, the future creators of <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a>. The two began their careers with the musketeer swashbuckler "Henri Duval", doing the first two installments before turning it over to others and, under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonyms</a> "Leger and Reuths", they created the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>-crimefighter adventure <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Occult" title="Doctor Occult">Doctor Occult</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superheroes_and_the_Golden_Age">Superheroes and the Golden Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_comic_book&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Superheroes and the Golden Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Golden Age of Comic Books">Golden Age of Comic Books</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Action_Comics_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Action_Comics_1.jpg/170px-Action_Comics_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Action_Comics_1.jpg/255px-Action_Comics_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5a/Action_Comics_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> made his debut in <i><a href="/wiki/Action_Comics" title="Action Comics">Action Comics</a></i> #1 (June 1938). Cover art by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Shuster" title="Joe Shuster">Joe Shuster</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1938, after Wheeler-Nicholson's partner <a href="/wiki/Harry_Donenfeld" title="Harry Donenfeld">Harry Donenfeld</a> had ousted him, National Allied editor <a href="/wiki/Vin_Sullivan" title="Vin Sullivan">Vin Sullivan</a> pulled a Siegel/Shuster creation from the <a href="/wiki/Slush_pile" title="Slush pile">slush pile</a> and used it as the cover feature (but only as a backup story)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <i><a href="/wiki/Action_Comics" title="Action Comics">Action Comics</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Action_Comics_1" title="Action Comics 1">#1</a> (June 1938). The duo's alien hero, <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a>, was dressed in a cape and colorful tights. The costume, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon" title="Flash Gordon">Flash Gordon</a>'s attire from 1934, evoked <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a> aerial performers and circus strongmen, and Superman became the archetype of the "<a href="/wiki/Superheroes" class="mw-redirect" title="Superheroes">superheroes</a>" that would follow. </p><p>In early 1939, the success of Superman in <i>Action Comics</i> prompted editors at <a href="/wiki/National_Comics_Publications" title="National Comics Publications">National Comics Publications</a> (the future DC Comics) to request more superheroes for its titles. In response, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kane" title="Bob Kane">Bob Kane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Finger" title="Bill Finger">Bill Finger</a> created <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a>, who debuted in <i><a href="/wiki/Detective_Comics" title="Detective Comics">Detective Comics</a></i> #27 (May 1939).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period from the late 1930s through roughly the end of the 1940s is referred to by comic book experts as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_comic_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of comic books">Golden Age of comic books</a>. It featured extremely large print-runs, with <i>Action Comics</i> and <a href="/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(DC_Comics)#Development_and_inspirations" title="Captain Marvel (DC Comics)"><i>Captain Marvel</i></a> selling over half a million copies a month each;<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comics provided very popular cheap entertainment during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> especially among soldiers, but with erratic quality in stories, art, and printing. In the early 1940s, over 90 percent of girls and boys from seven to seventeen read comic books.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1941, <a href="/wiki/H._G._Peter" title="H. G. Peter">H. G. Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Moulton_Marston" title="William Moulton Marston">William Moulton Marston</a>, created the female superhero character <a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman" title="Wonder Woman">Wonder Woman</a>, who debuted in <i><a href="/wiki/All_Star_Comics" title="All Star Comics">All Star Comics</a></i> #8 (December 1941) and <i><a href="/wiki/Sensation_Comics" title="Sensation Comics">Sensation Comics</a></i> featuring Wonder Woman in 1942. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Archie_Comics" title="Archie Comics">MLJ</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pep_Comics" title="Pep Comics">Pep Comics</a></i> debuted as a superhero, science-fiction and adventure anthology, but after the title introduced the teen-humor feature "Archie" in 1942, the feature's popularity would soon eclipse all other MLJ properties, leading the publisher to rename itself <a href="/wiki/Archie_Comics" title="Archie Comics">Archie Comics</a>. </p><p>Following the end of World War II, the popularity of superheroes greatly diminished,<sup id="cite_ref-CaM51_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaM51-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the comic-book industry itself expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few well-established characters such as <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman" title="Wonder Woman">Wonder Woman</a> continued to sell, but DC canceled series starring the <a href="/wiki/Flash_(DC_Comics_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash (DC Comics character)">Flash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Scott" title="Alan Scott">Green Lantern</a> and converted <i><a href="/wiki/All-American_Comics" title="All-American Comics">All-American Comics</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/All_Star_Comics" title="All Star Comics">All Star Comics</a></i> to <a href="/wiki/Western_comics" title="Western comics">Western</a> titles, and <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Spangled_Comics" title="Star Spangled Comics">Star Spangled Comics</a></i> to a <a href="/wiki/War_comics" title="War comics">war</a> title. The publisher also launched such science-fiction titles as <i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Adventures" title="Strange Adventures">Strange Adventures</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mystery_in_Space" title="Mystery in Space">Mystery in Space</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Goodman_(publisher)" title="Martin Goodman (publisher)">Martin Goodman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Timely_Comics" title="Timely Comics">Timely Comics</a>, also known as Atlas, canceled its three formerly high-selling superhero titles starring <a href="/wiki/Captain_America" title="Captain America">Captain America</a> (created by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Simon" title="Joe Simon">Joe Simon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kirby" title="Jack Kirby">Jack Kirby</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Human_Torch" title="Human Torch">Human Torch</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sub-Mariner" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Mariner">Sub-Mariner</a>, briefly reviving the characters in 1954 only to cancel them again shortly thereafter to focus on horror, science fiction, teen humor, romance and Western genres. Romance comics became strongly established, with <a href="/wiki/Prize_Comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Prize Comics">Prize Comics</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Romance" title="Young Romance">Young Romance</a></i> and with <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Love_(comic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Love (comic)">Young Love</a></i>, the latter written and drawn by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby; those two titles' popularity led to an explosion of romance comics from many publishers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dell_Comics" title="Dell Comics">Dell</a>'s comic books accounted for a third of all North American sales in the early 1950s. Its 90 titles averaged a circulation of 800,000 copies per title for every issue, with <i><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney%27s_Comics_and_Stories" title="Walt Disney's Comics and Stories">Walt Disney's Comics and Stories</a></i> peaking at a circulation of three million a month in 1953. Eleven of the top 25 bestselling comic books at the time were Dell titles.<sup id="cite_ref-CaM40_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaM40-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of 40 publishers active in 1954, Dell, Atlas (i.e. Marvel), DC, and <a href="/wiki/Archie_Comics" title="Archie Comics">Archie</a> were the major players in volume of sales. By this point, former big-time players <a href="/wiki/Fawcett_Publications" title="Fawcett Publications">Fawcett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiction_House" title="Fiction House">Fiction House</a> had ceased publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-CaM44_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaM44-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Circulation peaked in 1952 when 3,161 issues of various comics were published with a total circulation of about one billion copies.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1952, the number of individual releases dropped every year for the rest of the decade, with the biggest falls occurring in 1955–56.<sup id="cite_ref-CaM46_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaM46-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rapid decline followed the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Comics_Code_Authority" title="Comics Code Authority">Comics Code Authority</a> in the wake of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Subcommittee_on_Juvenile_Delinquency" title="United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency">Senate hearings on juvenile delinquency</a>, which, ignoring the social problems caused by the wars of 1939–45 and 1950–52, sought to blame those problems solely on comics.<sup id="cite_ref-CaM48-49_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaM48-49-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there was only a 9% drop in the number of releases between 1952 and 1953, circulation plummeted by an estimated 30–40%.<sup id="cite_ref-CaM47-48_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaM47-48-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cause of the decrease is not entirely clear. Television had begun to provide competition with comic books, but there was also a rise in conservative values with the election in 1952 of <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a>. The Comics Code Authority, a self-censoring body founded to curb the juvenile delinquency alleged to be due to the crime and horror comics, has often been targeted as the culprit, but sales had begun to drop the year before it was founded.<sup id="cite_ref-CaM47_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaM47-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major publishers were not seriously harmed by the drop in sales, but smaller publishers were killed off: <a href="/wiki/EC_Comics" title="EC Comics">EC</a> (the prime target of the CCA) stopped publishing crime and horror titles, which was their entire business, and were forced out of the market altogether, turning to magazine publishing instead.<sup id="cite_ref-CaM49_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaM49-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1960, output had stabilized at about 1,500 releases per year (representing a greater than fifty percent decline since 1952).<sup id="cite_ref-CaM46_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaM46-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dominant comic book genres of the post-CCA 1950s were funny animals, humor, <a href="/wiki/Romance_comics" title="Romance comics">romance</a>, television properties, and <a href="/wiki/Western_comics" title="Western comics">Westerns</a>. Detective, <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">fantasy</a>, teen, and war comics were also popular, but adventure, superheroes, and <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a> reprints were in decline,<sup id="cite_ref-CaM49_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaM49-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <i><a href="/wiki/Famous_Funnies" title="Famous Funnies">Famous Funnies</a></i> seeing its last issue in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-CaM50_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaM50-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Comics_Code">The Comics Code</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_comic_book&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Comics Code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comics_Code_Authority" title="Comics Code Authority">Comics Code Authority</a></div> <p>In the late 1940s and early 1950s <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a> and <a href="/wiki/True_crime_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="True crime (genre)">true-crime</a> comics flourished, many containing graphic violence and gore. Due to such content, <a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral crusaders</a> became concerned with the impact of comics on the youth, and were blaming comic books for everything from poor grades to <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">juvenile delinquency</a> to drug abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This perceived indecency resulted in the collection and public burning of comic books in <a href="/wiki/Spencer,_West_Virginia" title="Spencer, West Virginia">Spencer, West Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York" title="Binghamton, New York">Binghamton, New York</a> in 1948, which received national attention and triggered other public burnings by schools and parent groups across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cities passed laws <a href="/wiki/Ban_(law)" title="Ban (law)">banning</a> comic books entirely. In 1954, psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Wertham" title="Fredric Wertham">Fredric Wertham</a> published his book <i><a href="/wiki/Seduction_of_the_Innocent" title="Seduction of the Innocent">Seduction of the Innocent</a></i>, where he discussed what he perceived as <a href="/wiki/Sadomasochism" title="Sadomasochism">sadistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a> undertones in horror comics and superhero comics respectively, and singled out <a href="/wiki/EC_Comics" title="EC Comics">EC Comics</a> due to its success as a publisher of these genres. In response to growing public anxiety, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Subcommittee_on_Juvenile_Delinquency" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency">Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency</a> held hearings on comic book indecency from April to June 1954. </p><p>In the wake of these troubles, a group of comics publishers, led by National and Archie, founded the <a href="/wiki/Comics_Code_Authority" title="Comics Code Authority">Comics Code Authority</a> in 1954 and drafted the Comics Code, intended as "the most stringent code in existence for any communications media".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Comic Code <i>Seal of Approval</i> soon appeared on virtually every comic book carried on newsstands. EC, after experimenting with less controversial comic books, dropped its comics line to focus on the satirical <i><a href="/wiki/Mad_(magazine)" title="Mad (magazine)">Mad</a></i>—a former comic book which was now converted to a magazine format in order to circumvent the Code.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books">Silver Age of Comic Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_comic_book&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Silver Age of Comic Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Silver Age of Comic Books">Silver Age of Comic Books</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Showcase4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/Showcase4.JPG/170px-Showcase4.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e4/Showcase4.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption><i>Showcase</i> #4 (Oct. 1956), the launch of comics' <a href="/wiki/Silver_Age_of_comic_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Age of comic books">Silver Age</a>. Cover art by <a href="/wiki/Carmine_Infantino" title="Carmine Infantino">Carmine Infantino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Kubert" title="Joe Kubert">Joe Kubert</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>DC started a revival in superhero comics in 1956 with the October 1956 revival of its former golden age top-seller The Flash in <i>Showcase</i> #4. Many comics historians peg this as the beginning of the Silver Age of American comic books, although Marvel (at this point still known variously as both <i>Timely</i> and <i>Atlas</i>) had started reviving some of its old superheroes as early as 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-CaM51_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaM51-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new Flash is taken symbolically as the beginning of a new era, although his success was not immediate. It took two years for the Flash to receive his own title, and <i>Showcase</i> itself was only a bimonthly book, though one which was to introduce a large number of enduring characters. By 1959, the slowly building superhero revival had become clear to DC's competitors. Archie jumped on board that year, and Charlton joined the bandwagon in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-CaM52_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaM52-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961, at the demand of publisher Martin Goodman (who was reacting to a surge in sales of National's newest superhero title <i>The Justice League of America</i>), writer/editor <a href="/wiki/Stan_Lee" title="Stan Lee">Stan Lee</a> and artist/co-plotter <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kirby" title="Jack Kirby">Jack Kirby</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Four" title="Fantastic Four">Fantastic Four</a> for Atlas, which now re-named itself <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a>. With an innovation that changed the comic-book industry, <i>Fantastic Four</i> #1 initiated a <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">naturalistic</a> style of superheroes with human failings, fears, and inner demons - heroes who squabbled and worried about the likes of paying the rent. In contrast to the super-heroic do-gooder archetypes of established superheroes at the time, this ushered in a revolution. With dynamic artwork by Kirby, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Ditko" title="Steve Ditko">Steve Ditko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Heck" title="Don Heck">Don Heck</a>, and others, complementing Lee's colorful, catchy prose, the new style became very popular among teenagers and college students who could identify with the angsty and irreverent nature of characters like <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man" title="Spider-Man">Spider-Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hulk" title="Hulk">Hulk</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-Men" title="X-Men">X-Men</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Four" title="Fantastic Four">Fantastic Four</a>. This was a time of social upheaval, giving birth to a new generation of hip and more counter-cultural youngsters, who found a voice in these books. Because Marvel's books were distributed by its rival, National, from 1957 until 1968 Marvel were restricted to publishing only eight titles a month.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a cloud with a silver lining, and proved the making of Marvel, allowing the company to concentrate its brightest and best talent on a small number of titles, at a time when its rivals were spreading their creative talents very thin across a huge number of monthly titles. The quality of Marvel's product soared in consequence, and sales soared with it. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fantastic_Four_vol.1-1_(Nov._1961).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Fantastic_Four_vol.1-1_%28Nov._1961%29.jpg/170px-Fantastic_Four_vol.1-1_%28Nov._1961%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Fantastic_Four_vol.1-1_%28Nov._1961%29.jpg/255px-Fantastic_Four_vol.1-1_%28Nov._1961%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ed/Fantastic_Four_vol.1-1_%28Nov._1961%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption><i>The Fantastic Four</i> #1 (Nov. 1961). Cover art by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kirby" title="Jack Kirby">Jack Kirby</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>While the creators of comics were given credit in the early days of comic books, this practice had all but vanished during the 1940s and 1950s. Comic books were produced by comic book <i>companies</i> rather than by individual creators (EC being a notable exception, a company that not only credited its creative teams but also featured creators' biographies). Even comic books by revered and collectible artists like <a href="/wiki/Carl_Barks" title="Carl Barks">Carl Barks</a> were not known by their creator's name—<a href="/wiki/Disney_comics" title="Disney comics">Disney comics</a> by Barks were signed "<a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>". In the 1960s, DC, and then Marvel, began to include writer and artist credits on the comics that they published.<sup id="cite_ref-CaM67_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaM67-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other notable companies publishing comics during the Silver Age included the <a href="/wiki/American_Comics_Group" title="American Comics Group">American Comics Group</a> (ACG), <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Comics" title="Charlton Comics">Charlton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dell_Comics" title="Dell Comics">Dell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_Key_Comics" title="Gold Key Comics">Gold Key</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Comics" title="Harvey Comics">Harvey Comics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tower_Comics" title="Tower Comics">Tower</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underground_comix">Underground comix</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_comic_book&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Underground comix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Underground_comix" title="Underground comix">Underground comix</a></div> <p>Sex, drugs and rock 'n' roll were featured, as the anti-authoritarian <a href="/wiki/Underground_comix" title="Underground comix">underground comix</a> made waves in 1968, following the publication of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Crumb" title="Robert Crumb">Robert Crumb</a>'s irregularly published <i><a href="/wiki/Zap_Comix" title="Zap Comix">Zap Comix</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stack" title="Frank Stack">Frank Stack</a> had published <i>The Adventures of Jesus</i> as far back as 1962, and there had been a trickle of such publications until Crumb's success.<sup id="cite_ref-CaM65_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaM65-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What had started as a self-publishing scene soon grew into a minor industry, with <a href="/wiki/Print_Mint" title="Print Mint">Print Mint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Sink_Press" title="Kitchen Sink Press">Kitchen Sink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Last_Gasp_(publisher)" title="Last Gasp (publisher)">Last Gasp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apex_Novelties" class="mw-redirect" title="Apex Novelties">Apex Novelties</a> among the more well-known publishers. These comix were often extremely graphic, and largely distributed in <a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">head shops</a> that flourished in the countercultural era.<sup id="cite_ref-CaM66_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaM66-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legal issues and paper shortages led to a decline in underground comix output from its 1972 peak. In 1974 the passage of anti-paraphernalia laws in the US led to the closing of most head shops, which throttled underground comix distribution. Its readership also dried up as the hippie movement itself petered out in the mid-1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-CaM82_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaM82-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age_of_Comic_Books">Bronze Age of Comic Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_comic_book&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bronze Age of Comic Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Bronze Age of Comic Books">Bronze Age of Comic Books</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Wizard_(magazine)" title="Wizard (magazine)">Wizard</a></i> originally used the phrase "Bronze Age", in 1995, to denote the Modern Horror age. But as of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_comic_book&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> historians and fans use "<a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Bronze Age of Comic Books">Bronze Age</a>" to describe the period of American mainstream comics history that began with the period of concentrated changes to comic books in 1970. Unlike the Golden/Silver Age transition, the Silver/Bronze transition involves many continuing books, making the transition less sharp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Modern_Age">The Modern Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_comic_book&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Modern Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Modern Age of Comic Books">Modern Age of Comic Books</a></div> <p>The development of the "<a href="/wiki/Direct_market" title="Direct market">direct market</a>" distribution system in the 1970s coincided with the appearance of comic-book <a href="/wiki/Specialty_store" title="Specialty store">specialty stores</a> across North America. These specialty stores were a haven for more distinct voices and stories, but they also marginalized comics in the public eye. Serialized comic stories became longer and more complex, requiring readers to buy more issues to finish a story. </p><p>In the mid-to-late 1980s, two series published by <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Dark_Knight_Returns" class="mw-redirect" title="Batman: The Dark Knight Returns">Batman: The Dark Knight Returns</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Watchmen" title="Watchmen">Watchmen</a></i>, had a profound impact upon the American comic-book industry. Their popularity, along with mainstream media attention and critical acclaim, combined with changing social tastes, led to a considerably darker tone in comic books during the 1990s nicknamed by fans as the "grim-and-gritty" era. </p><p>The growing popularity of <a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">antiheroes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Wolverine_(character)" title="Wolverine (character)">Wolverine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Punisher" title="Punisher">Punisher</a> exemplified this change, as did the darker tone of some independent publishers such as <a href="/wiki/First_Comics" title="First Comics">First Comics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dark_Horse_Comics" title="Dark Horse Comics">Dark Horse Comics</a>, and (founded in the 1990s) <a href="/wiki/Image_Comics" title="Image Comics">Image Comics</a>. This tendency towards darkness and nihilism was manifested in DC's production of heavily promoted comic book stories such as "<a href="/wiki/Batman:_A_Death_in_the_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Batman: A Death in the Family">A Death in the Family</a>" in the <i><a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a></i> series (in which <a href="/wiki/Joker_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joker (comics)">The Joker</a> brutally murdered Batman's sidekick <a href="/wiki/Robin_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robin (comics)">Robin</a>), while at Marvel the continuing popularity of the various <a href="/wiki/List_of_X-Men_comics" title="List of X-Men comics">X-Men books</a> led to storylines involving the genocide of superpowered "mutants" in allegorical stories about religious and ethnic persecution. </p><p>In addition, published formats like the <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novel</a> and the related <a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">trade paperback</a> enabled the comic book to gain some respectability as literature. As a result, these formats are now common in <a href="/wiki/Book_retail" class="mw-redirect" title="Book retail">book retail</a> and the collections of US <a href="/wiki/Public_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Public libraries">public libraries</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_comic_book&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/48px-Wikipetan-manga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/64px-Wikipetan-manga.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Comics" title="Portal:Comics">Comics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book_archive" title="Comic book archive">Comic book archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book_therapy" title="Comic book therapy">Comic book therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_vocabulary" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics vocabulary">Comics vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Creator ownership">Creator ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_comic" title="Digital comic">Digital comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_comics" title="History of American comics">History of American comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_book_publishing_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of comic book publishing companies">List of comic book publishing companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_English-language_comics" title="List of films based on English-language comics">List of films based on English-language comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_comics" title="List of years in comics">List of years in comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism_in_American_comics" title="Sexism in American comics">Sexism in American comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_bible" title="Tijuana bible">Tijuana bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_in_comic_books" title="Advertising in comic books">Advertising in comic books</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_comic_book&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith200940-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith200940_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith200940_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuncanSmith2009">Duncan & Smith 2009</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgraphicnovelsiny00lygapage164_164]-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgraphicnovelsiny00lygapage164_164]_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygaLyga2004">Lyga & Lyga 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graphicnovelsiny00lyga/page/164">164</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ka-blam.com/main/standard-sized-page-template/">Ka-blam comics printing</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mckelvie.tumblr.com/post/167235929653/comic-book-page-technical-specifications">Jamie McKelvie - Comic Book Page Technical Specifications</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gamesradar.com/dc-launches-manga-sized-reprints-of-classic-stories-including-watchmen-batman-hush-all-star-superman-more/">GameRadar</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Nale2010384-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Nale2010384_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Nale2010">O'Nale 2010</a>, p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETondro201151-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETondro201151_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTondro2011">Tondro 2011</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkstein2010LygaLyga2004161Lee1978145-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkstein2010LygaLyga2004161Lee1978145_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkstein2010">Markstein 2010</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLygaLyga2004">Lyga & Lyga 2004</a>, p. 161; <a href="#CITEREFLee1978">Lee 1978</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009315-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncanSmith2009315_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuncanSmith2009">Duncan & Smith 2009</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004163-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELygaLyga2004163_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLygaLyga2004">Lyga & Lyga 2004</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116172115/https://www.makingcomics.com/2014/01/16/overview-comic-creation-process/">"Overview Of The Comic Creation Process"</a>. <i>MakingComics.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makingcomics.com/2014/01/16/overview-comic-creation-process/">the original</a> on November 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MakingComics.com&rft.atitle=Overview+Of+The+Comic+Creation+Process&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.makingcomics.com%2F2014%2F01%2F16%2Foverview-comic-creation-process%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoCB-Platinum-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HoCB-Platinum_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoCB-Platinum_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoCB-Platinum_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoCB-Platinum_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoville" class="citation web cs1">Coville, Jamie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030415153354/http://www.collectortimes.com/~comichistory/Platinum.html">"The History of Comic Books: Introduction and "The Platinum Age 1897–1938"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. TheComicBooks.com, n.d. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecomicbooks.com/old/Platinum.html">the original</a> on April 15, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Comic+Books%3A+Introduction+and+%22The+Platinum+Age+1897%E2%80%931938%22&rft.pub=TheComicBooks.com%2C+n.d.&rft.aulast=Coville&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecomicbooks.com%2Fold%2FPlatinum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comics.org/series/35704/"><i>Comic Monthly</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Comics_Database" title="Grand Comics Database">Grand Comics Database</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Library of Congress, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tri046.html">"American Treasures of the Library of Congress"</a> exhibition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ron-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ron_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ron_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ron_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ron_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ron_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ron_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoulart2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Goulart" title="Ron Goulart">Goulart, Ron</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comicbookencyclo00goul"><i>Comic Book Encyclopedia</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">Harper Entertainment</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060538163" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060538163"><bdi>978-0060538163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comic+Book+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Entertainment&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0060538163&rft.aulast=Goulart&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomicbookencyclo00goul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-randomhistory-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-randomhistory_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-randomhistory_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525003144/http://www.randomhistory.com/1-50/033comic.html">"A History of the Comic Book"</a>. <i>Random History</i>. March 18, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randomhistory.com/1-50/033comic.html">the original</a> on May 25, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Random+History&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+Comic+Book&rft.date=2008-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.randomhistory.com%2F1-50%2F033comic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brown_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2000" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Mitchell (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030224164555/http://www.geocities.com/mbrown123/greatest_comics/funniesonparade.html">"The 100 Greatest Comic Books of the 20th Century: <i>Funnies on Parade</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/mbrown123/greatest_comics/funniesonparade.html">the original</a> on February 24, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2003</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+100+Greatest+Comic+Books+of+the+20th+Century%3A+Funnies+on+Parade&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fmbrown123%2Fgreatest_comics%2Ffunniesonparade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comics.org/issue/783609/">"Funnies on Parade,"</a> Grand Comics Database. Accessed October 29, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavin2005" class="citation book cs1">Davin, Eric Leif (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoNDebTvUnsC&dq=famous+funnies+procter+%26+gamble&pg=PA169"><i>Partners in Wonder: Women and the Birth of Science Fiction, 1926-1965</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739112663" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739112663"><bdi>978-0739112663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partners+in+Wonder%3A+Women+and+the+Birth+of+Science+Fiction%2C+1926-1965&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0739112663&rft.aulast=Davin&rft.aufirst=Eric+Leif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZoNDebTvUnsC%26dq%3Dfamous%2Bfunnies%2Bprocter%2B%2526%2Bgamble%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2008" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Arie (2008). <i>From Krakow to Krypton: Jews and Comic Books</i>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society" title="Jewish Publication Society">Jewish Publication Society</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8aH3H7DC6BQC&dq=%22Leger+and+Reuths%22&pg=PA6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780827608436" title="Special:BookSources/9780827608436"><bdi>9780827608436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Krakow+to+Krypton%3A+Jews+and+Comic+Books&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780827608436&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Arie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniels, Les. <i>DC Comics: 60 Years of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes</i> (Little Brown, 1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Les_Daniels" title="Les Daniels">Daniels, Les</a>. <i>Batman: The Complete History</i>. Chronicle Books, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-4232-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-4232-7">978-0-8118-4232-7</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniels <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaurence_MaslonMichael_Kantor" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Maslon" title="Laurence Maslon">Laurence Maslon</a>; Michael Kantor. <i>Superheroes!:Capes cowls and the creation of comic book culture</i>. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superheroes%21%3ACapes+cowls+and+the+creation+of+comic+book+culture&rft.pages=49&rft.au=Laurence+Maslon&rft.au=Michael+Kantor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaM51-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CaM51_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CaM51_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabilliet, page 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoulart1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Goulart" title="Ron Goulart">Goulart, Ron</a> (1991). <i>Over 50 Years of American Comic Books</i>. Publications International. p. 161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Over+50+Years+of+American+Comic+Books&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Publications+International&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Goulart&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span> Source notes overall sales of 275 million comics in 1945, 300 million in 1947, and 340 million in 1949.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaM40-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaM40_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabilliet, page 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaM44-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaM44_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabilliet, page 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaM46-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CaM46_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CaM46_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabilliet, page 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaM48-49-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaM48-49_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabilliet, page 48–49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaM47-48-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaM47-48_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabilliet, page 47–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaM47-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaM47_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabilliet, page 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaM49-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CaM49_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CaM49_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabilliet, page 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaM50-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaM50_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabilliet, page 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSergi2012" class="citation web cs1">Sergi, Joe (June 8, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbldf.org/2012/06/1948-the-year-comics-met-their-match/">"1948: The Year Comics Met Their Match"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Comic_Book_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Comic Book Legal Defense Fund">Comic Book Legal Defense Fund</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Comic+Book+Legal+Defense+Fund&rft.atitle=1948%3A+The+Year+Comics+Met+Their+Match&rft.date=2012-06-08&rft.aulast=Sergi&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbldf.org%2F2012%2F06%2F1948-the-year-comics-met-their-match%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniels,_Les1971" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Les (1971). <i>Comix: A history of comic books in America</i>. Bonanza Books. p. 84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comix%3A+A+history+of+comic+books+in+America&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Bonanza+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Daniels%2C+Les&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ron Goulart. 1991. Over 50 Years of American Comic Books. Publications International. p.217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaM52-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaM52_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabilliet, page 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milehighcomics.com/tales/cbg115.html">Origins of the Distribution System</a>," Mile High Comics. Retrieved November 23, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cronin, Brian (August 4, 2005), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbr.com/comic-book-urban-legends-revealed-10/">Origins of the Distribution System</a>," Comic Book Resources. Retrieved November 23, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaM67-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaM67_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabilliet, page 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaM65-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaM65_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabilliet, page 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaM66-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaM66_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabilliet, page 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaM82-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaM82_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabilliet, page 82</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_comic_book&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">They represent three distinct types of the genre, differentiating both by their historical development and artistic style, as well as by publication formats.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Actual estimates vary between 840 million and 1.3 billion.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_CaM46"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book#endnote_CaM46">[1]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An example of the sensationalist coverage of comics in the mass media is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GI8IJA8kdkI">Confidential File: Horror Comic Books!</a>, broadcast on October 9, 1955, on Los Angeles television station <a href="/wiki/KTTV" title="KTTV">KTTV</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_comic_book&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkstein2010" class="citation web cs1">Markstein, Don (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091016112147/http://www.toonopedia.com/glossary.htm">"Glossary of Specialized Cartoon-related Words and Phrases Used in Don Markstein's Toonopedia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Markstein%27s_Toonopedia" title="Don Markstein's Toonopedia">Don Markstein's Toonopedia</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toonopedia.com/glossary.htm">the original</a> on October 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Don+Markstein%27s+Toonopedia&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+Specialized+Cartoon-related+Words+and+Phrases+Used+in+Don+Markstein%27s+Toonopedia&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Markstein&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toonopedia.com%2Fglossary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuncanSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Randy; Smith, Matthew J (2009). <i>The Power of Comics</i>. Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2936-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2936-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-2936-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Comics&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-2936-0&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft.au=Smith%2C+Matthew+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGabillietBeatyNguyen2010" class="citation book cs1">Gabilliet, Jean-Paul; Beaty, Bart; Nguyen, Nick (2010). <i>Of Comics and Men: A Cultural History of American Comic Books</i>. University Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-267-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-267-2"><bdi>978-1-60473-267-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Comics+and+Men%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+American+Comic+Books&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60473-267-2&rft.aulast=Gabilliet&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rft.au=Beaty%2C+Bart&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Nale2010" class="citation book cs1">O'Nale, Robert (2010). "Manga". In Booker, M. Keith (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YbkJ0QJrEZ8C"><i>Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels: [Two Volumes]</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">378–</span>387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35747-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35747-3"><bdi>978-0-313-35747-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manga&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Comic+Books+and+Graphic+Novels%3A+%5BTwo+Volumes%5D&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E378-%3C%2Fspan%3E387&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35747-3&rft.aulast=O%27Nale&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYbkJ0QJrEZ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoulart1991" class="citation book cs1">Goulart, Ron (1991). <i>Over 50 Years of American Comic Books</i>. Publications International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88176-396-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88176-396-9"><bdi>0-88176-396-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Over+50+Years+of+American+Comic+Books&rft.pub=Publications+International&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-88176-396-9&rft.aulast=Goulart&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTondro2011" class="citation book cs1">Tondro, Jason (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0QQD9ONH51UC"><i>Superheroes of the Round Table: Comics Connections to Medieval and Renaissance Literature</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8876-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8876-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-8876-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superheroes+of+the+Round+Table%3A+Comics+Connections+to+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Literature&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8876-6&rft.aulast=Tondro&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0QQD9ONH51UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLygaLyga2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allyson_Lyga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allyson Lyga (page does not exist)">Lyga, Allyson A. W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Barry_Lyga" title="Barry Lyga">Lyga, Barry</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graphicnovelsiny00lyga"><i>Graphic Novels in Your Media Center: A Definitive Guide</i></a>. Libraries Unlimited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59158-142-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59158-142-0"><bdi>978-1-59158-142-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphic+Novels+in+Your+Media+Center%3A+A+Definitive+Guide&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59158-142-0&rft.aulast=Lyga&rft.aufirst=Allyson+A.+W.&rft.au=Lyga%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgraphicnovelsiny00lyga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stan_Lee" title="Stan Lee">Lee, Stan</a> (1978). <i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Draw_Comics_the_Marvel_Way" title="How to Draw Comics the Marvel Way">How to Draw Comics the Marvel Way</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-53077-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-53077-8"><bdi>978-0-671-53077-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Draw+Comics+the+Marvel+Way&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-671-53077-8&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_comic_book&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>All in Color for a Dime</i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Lupoff" title="Richard A. Lupoff">Dick Lupoff</a> & <a href="/wiki/Don_Thompson_(Comics_Buyer%27s_Guide)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Thompson (Comics Buyer's Guide)">Don Thompson</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-498-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87341-498-5">0-87341-498-5</a></li> <li><i>The Comic Book Makers</i> by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Simon" title="Joe Simon">Joe Simon</a> with Jim Simon <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-887591-35-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-887591-35-4">1-887591-35-4</a></li> <li><i>DC Comics: Sixty Years of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes</i> by Les Daniels <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8212-2076-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8212-2076-4">0-8212-2076-4</a></li> <li><i>The Great Comic Book Heroes</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Feiffer" title="Jules Feiffer">Jules Feiffer</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56097-501-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56097-501-6">1-56097-501-6</a></li> <li><i>Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics</i> by Les Daniels <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-3821-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-3821-9">0-8109-3821-9</a></li> <li><i>Masters of Imagination: The Comic Book Artists Hall of Fame</i> by Mike Benton <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87833-859-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87833-859-4">0-87833-859-4</a></li> <li><i>The Official Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide</i> by Robert Overstreet—Edition #35 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-72107-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-72107-X">0-375-72107-X</a></li> <li><i>The Steranko History of Comics</i>, Vol. 1 & 2, by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Steranko" title="Jim Steranko">James Steranko</a>—Vol. 1 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-50188-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-50188-0">0-517-50188-0</a></li> <li>Garrett, Greg, <i>Holy Superheroes! Exploring the Sacred in Comics, Graphic Novels, and Film</i>, Louisville (Kentucky): Westminster John Knox Press, 2008.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_comic_book&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Comics_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Comics of the United States">Comics of the United States</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041109021729/http://www.dereksantos.com/comicpage/pregold2.html">CBW Comic History: The Early Years...1896 to 1937, Part II</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041109021729/http://www.geocities.com/mbrown123/newfuncomics.html">"The Greatest Comics: <i>New Fun</i> #1"</a>. Archived from the original on November 9, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Greatest+Comics%3A+New+Fun+%231&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fmbrown123%2Fnewfuncomics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toonopedia.com/dell.htm">Don Markstein's Toonopedia: Dell Comics</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuattro2004" class="citation web cs1">Quattro, Ken (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628190440/http://www.comicartville.com/newages.htm">"The New Ages: Rethinking Comic Book History"</a>. Comicartville.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comicartville.com/newages.htm">the original</a> on June 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Ages%3A+Rethinking+Comic+Book+History&rft.pub=Comicartville.com&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Quattro&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comicartville.com%2Fnewages.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Comics_Buyer%27s_Guide" title="Comics Buyer's Guide">Comics Buyer's Guide</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbgxtra.com/comic-book-sales-charts-analysis">"Comic Book Sales Charts and Sales Analysis Pages"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119103557/http://www.cbgxtra.com/comic-book-sales-charts-analysis">Archived</a> January 19, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/books/05/08/comic.books/index.html?iref=mpstoryview">The pictures that horrified America</a> <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180307101734/http://www.randomhistory.com/1-50/033comic.html">A History of the Comic Book</a> (American comic book history only; Internet archive)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1994" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Jeff (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100904141128/http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol2is6/comics.html">"Comics: A Tool of Subversion?"</a>. <i>Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture</i>. <b>2</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>146. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol2is6/comics.html">the original</a> on September 4, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Criminal+Justice+and+Popular+Culture&rft.atitle=Comics%3A+A+Tool+of+Subversion%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albany.edu%2Fscj%2Fjcjpc%2Fvol2is6%2Fcomics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+comic+book" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comics" title="Template:Comics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comics" title="Template talk:Comics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Comics514" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">Comics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_comics_terminology" title="Glossary of comics terminology">Glossary of comics terminology</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">Comic book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_comic" title="Ashcan comic">Ashcan comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)" title="Limited series (comics)">Limited series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_(comics)" title="One-shot (comics)">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongoing_series" title="Ongoing series">Ongoing series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic" title="Minicomic">Minicomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">Trade paperback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">Comic strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip_formats" title="Comic strip formats">Comic strip formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_comic_strip" title="Daily comic strip">Daily comic strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianhuanhua" title="Lianhuanhua">Lianhuanhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_comics" title="Sunday comics">Sunday comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topper_(comic_strip)" title="Topper (comic strip)">Topper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonkoma" title="Yonkoma">Yonkoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_comic" title="Digital comic">Digital comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">Mobile comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_cartoon" title="Gag cartoon">Gag cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">Graphic novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">Political cartoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_comic" title="Film comic">Film comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_comic" title="Motion comic">Motion comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_comics" title="Photo comics">Photo comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comics" title="Silent comics">Silent comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_comics" title="Text comics">Text comics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_creators" title="List of comics creators">Creators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartoonists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cartoonists" title="List of cartoonists">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorist" title="Colorist">Colorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comic_book_editors" title="Category:Comic book editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inker" title="Inker">Inkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterer" title="Letterer">Letterers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_publishing_companies" title="List of comics publishing companies">Publishing companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">Writers</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_cartoonist" title="Editorial cartoonist">Editorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_editorial_cartoonists" title="List of editorial cartoonists">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minicomics_creators" title="List of minicomics creators">Minicomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_webcomic_creators" title="List of webcomic creators">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_comics_creators" title="List of American comics creators">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_cartoonists" title="List of Jewish American cartoonists">Jewish American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_comics_creators" title="List of Australian comics creators">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_comics_creators" title="List of Canadian comics creators">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_comic_creators" title="List of Cuban comic creators">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_comics_creators" title="List of Filipino comics creators">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_artists" title="List of manga artists">Japanese (manga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Macedonian_comics_creators" title="List of Macedonian comics creators">Macedonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_comics_creators" title="Female comics creators">Female comics creators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_comics_creators" title="List of female comics creators">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_comics" title="History of comics">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_comics" title="List of years in comics">Years in comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_comics" title="History of American comics">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Golden Age of Comic Books">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Silver Age of Comic Books">Silver Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Bronze Age of Comic Books">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Modern Age of Comic Books">Modern Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_from_the_Modern_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Events from the Modern Age of Comic Books">events</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manga" title="History of manga">Japanese (manga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_webcomics" title="History of webcomics">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics studies</a><br />and narratology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_comics" title="Abstract comics">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_comics" title="Adult comics">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comics" title="Alternative comics">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguous_image" title="Ambiguous image">Ambiguous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anthropomorphic_comics" title="List of anthropomorphic comics">Anthropomorphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Autobiographical comics">Autobiographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_comics" title="Celebrity comics">Celebrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_education" title="Comics in education">Comics in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_poetry" title="Comics poetry">Comics poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_comics" title="Crime comics">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_comics" title="List of dystopian comics">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_comics" title="Erotic comics">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">Gekiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_medicine" title="Graphic medicine">Graphic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_comics" title="Non-fiction comics">Non-fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_comics" title="Romance comics">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romance_comics" title="List of romance comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_comics" title="Superhero comics">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_humor_comics" title="Teen humor comics">Teen humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_bible" title="Tijuana bible">Tijuana bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_comix" title="Underground comix">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_comics" title="War comics">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_comics" title="Western comics">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wrestling-based_comic_books" title="List of wrestling-based comic books">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Antihero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(comics)" title="Decompression (comics)">Decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masking_(comics)" title="Masking (comics)">Masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_(vagrant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogue (vagrant)">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervillain" title="Supervillain">Supervillain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_comics" title="Widescreen comics">Widescreen comics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotypes_in_comics" title="Ethnic stereotypes in comics">Ethnic stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_webcomics" title="Gender and webcomics">Gender and webcomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in comics">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_American_mainstream_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in American mainstream comics">American mainstream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_black_people_in_comics" title="Portrayal of black people in comics">Portrayal of black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_characters_in_comics" title="African characters in comics">African characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Portrayal of women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hawkeye_Initiative" title="The Hawkeye Initiative">The Hawkeye Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Refrigerators" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Refrigerators">Women in Refrigerators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_by_country" title="List of comics by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_comics" title="South African comics">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_comics" title="Argentine comics">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_comics" title="Canadian comics">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_comics" title="Quebec comics">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Mexico" title="Comics in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_comics" title="List of American comics">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">China and Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhua" title="List of manhua">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_comics" title="List of Indian comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_manga" title="Lists of manga">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhwa" title="List of manhwa">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_comics" title="Malaysian comics">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_comics" title="Pakistani comics">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_comics" title="List of Philippine comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_comics" title="Turkish comics">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%87n_tranh" class="mw-redirect" title="Truyện tranh">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_comics" title="European comics">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_comics" title="Czech comics">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_comics" title="Croatian comics">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Bande dessinée">France and Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Franco-Belgian_comics_series" title="List of Franco-Belgian comics series">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_comics" title="Belgian comics">Belgium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_comics" title="German comics">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_comics" title="Hungarian comics">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_comics" title="Irish comics">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_comics" title="List of Italian comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_comics" title="Dutch comics">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_comics" title="Polish comics">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_comics" title="Portuguese comics">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_comics" title="Serbian comics">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_comics" title="Spanish comics">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_comics" title="List of Spanish comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comics" title="British comics">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_comics" title="Welsh-language comics">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Australia" title="Comics in Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comics" title="Lists of comics">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_books" title="List of comic books">Comic books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspaper_comic_strips" title="List of newspaper comic strips">Comic strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_magazines" title="List of manga magazines">Manga magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_webcomics" title="Lists of webcomics">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_fiction" title="List of comics based on fiction">Based on fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_films" title="List of comics based on films">Based on films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_television_programs" title="List of comics based on television programs">Based on television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_video_games" title="List of comics based on video games">Based on video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_awards" title="List of comics awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series" title="List of best-selling comic series">Best-selling comic series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga" title="List of best-selling manga">manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_manga_magazines_by_circulation" title="List of Japanese manga magazines by circulation">manga magazines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_books_on_CD/DVD" title="List of comic books on CD/DVD">Comic books on CD/DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_and_comic_strips_made_into_feature_films" title="List of comics and comic strips made into feature films">Comics and comic strips made into feature films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_solicited_but_never_published" title="List of comics solicited but never published">Comics solicited but never published</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_limited_series" title="List of limited series">Limited series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections and<br /> museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Comic_Strip_Center" title="Belgian Comic Strip Center">Belgian Comic Strip Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Ireland_Cartoon_Library_%26_Museum" title="Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum">Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cartoon_Museum" title="National Cartoon Museum">National Cartoon Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cartoon_Archive" title="British Cartoon Archive">British Cartoon Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_%26_Cartoon_Museum_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel">Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Art_Museum" title="Cartoon Art Museum">Cartoon Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cartoon_Museum" title="The Cartoon Museum">The Cartoon Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Waring#Comic_strip_collection" title="Fred Waring">Fred Waring's Cartoon Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibiteca_Antonio_Gobbo" title="Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo">Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Libraries#Comic_Art_Collection" title="Michigan State University Libraries">Michigan State University Comic Art Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Comic_and_Cartoon_Art" title="Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art">Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ToonSeum" title="ToonSeum">ToonSeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_%26_Pictures_Museum" title="Words & Pictures Museum">Words & Pictures Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Cartoon_Studies" title="Center for Cartoon Studies">Center for Cartoon Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kubert_School" title="The Kubert School">The Kubert School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Comic_Book_Arts" title="Academy of Comic Book Arts">Academy of Comic Book Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Canadian_Cartoonists" title="Association of Canadian Cartoonists">Association of Canadian Cartoonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Comics_Magazine_Publishers" title="Association of Comics Magazine Publishers">Association of Comics Magazine Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Cartoonists%27_Association" title="Australian Cartoonists' Association">Australian Cartoonists' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Art_Professional_Society" title="Comic Art Professional Society">Comic Art Professional Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cartoonists_Society" title="National Cartoonists Society">National Cartoonists Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samahang_Kartunista_ng_Pilipinas" title="Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas">Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Critical and<br /> academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_des_Critiques_et_des_journalistes_de_Bande_Dessin%C3%A9e" title="Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée">Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Comic_Book_Creator_Awards_Association" title="Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association">Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Society_for_the_Study_of_Comics" title="Canadian Society for the Study of Comics">Canadian Society for the Study of Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_%26_Fantasy_Art_Amateur_Press_Association" title="Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association">Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_Studies_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics Studies Society">Comics Studies Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequart_Organization" title="Sequart Organization">Sequart Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Serieakademien" title="Svenska Serieakademien">Svenska Serieakademien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charitable and<br /> outreach</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Comic-Book_Fans_and_Collectors" title="Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors">Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Amateur_Press_Association_(comics)" title="British Amateur Press Association (comics)">British Amateur Press Association (comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Club_des_bandes_dessin%C3%A9es" title="Le Club des bandes dessinées">Club des bandes dessinées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Book_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Comic Book Legal Defense Fund">Comic Book Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Legends_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund">Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Comics_Society" title="Finnish Comics Society">Finnish Comics Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Lulu" title="Friends of Lulu">Friends of Lulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hero_Initiative" title="The Hero Initiative">The Hero Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeric_Foundation" title="Xeric Foundation">Xeric Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/21px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/42px-Wikipetan-manga.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="425" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Comics" title="Portal:Comics">Comics portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Comics" title="Category:Comics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Comic_book_publishers_in_North_America114" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comic_book_publishers_in_North_America" title="Template:Comic book publishers in North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comic_book_publishers_in_North_America" title="Template talk:Comic book publishers in North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comic_book_publishers_in_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comic book publishers in North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Comic_book_publishers_in_North_America114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_publishing_companies" title="List of comics publishing companies">Comic book publishers</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">in North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardvark-Vanaheim" title="Aardvark-Vanaheim">Aardvark-Vanaheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrams_Books" title="Abrams Books">Abrams ComicArts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC_Comics" title="AC Comics">AC Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_Lab_Comics" title="Action Lab Comics">Action Lab Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahoy_Comics" title="Ahoy Comics">Ahoy Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AiT/Planet_Lar" title="AiT/Planet Lar">AiT/Planet Lar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alias_Enterprises" title="Alias Enterprises">Alias Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Comics_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative Comics (publisher)">Alternative Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Press" title="Antarctic Press">Antarctic Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcana_Studio" title="Arcana Studio">Arcana Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaia_Entertainment" title="Archaia Entertainment">Archaia Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Comics" title="Archie Comics">Archie Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen_MLT" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspen MLT">Aspen MLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatar_Press" title="Avatar Press">Avatar Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AWA_Studios" title="AWA Studios">AWA Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Comics" title="Beyond Comics">Beyond Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Eye_Productions" title="Black Eye Productions">Black Eye Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mask_Studios" title="Black Mask Studios">Black Mask Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sands_Entertainment" title="Black Sands Entertainment">Black Sands Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom!_Studios" title="Boom! Studios">Boom! Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliber_Comics" title="Caliber Comics">Caliber Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_Comics" title="Class Comics">Class Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapterhouse_Comics" title="Chapterhouse Comics">Comic House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conundrum_Press_(Canada)" title="Conundrum Press (Canada)">Conundrum Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Impulse_Entertainment" title="Creative Impulse Entertainment">Creative Impulse Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Infinite_World" title="Cross Infinite World">Cross Infinite World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darby_Pop_Publishing" title="Darby Pop Publishing">Darby Pop Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Horse_Comics" title="Dark Horse Comics">Dark Horse Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denpa_(company)" title="Denpa (company)">Denpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing" title="Devil's Due Publishing">Devil's Due Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawn_%26_Quarterly" title="Drawn & Quarterly">Drawn & Quarterly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSTLRY" title="DSTLRY">DSTLRY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamite_Entertainment" title="Dynamite Entertainment">Dynamite Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Productions" title="Eureka Productions">Eureka Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantagraphics" title="Fantagraphics">Fantagraphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Second_Books" title="First Second Books">First Second Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Press" title="Hermes Press">Hermes Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Humano%C3%AFdes_Associ%C3%A9s" title="Les Humanoïdes Associés">Humanoids Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperwerks" title="Hyperwerks">Hyperwerks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDW_Publishing" title="IDW Publishing">IDW Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_Comics" title="Image Comics">Image Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Circus_Comics" title="Iron Circus Comics">Iron Circus Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-Novel_Club" title="J-Novel Club">J-Novel Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiten_Books" title="Kaiten Books">Kaiten Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodansha_USA" title="Kodansha USA">Kodansha USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyama_Press" title="Koyama Press">Koyama Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Past%C3%A8que" title="La Pastèque">La Pastèque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Gasp_(publisher)" title="Last Gasp (publisher)">Last Gasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_Comics" title="Legendary Comics">Legendary Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Gleason_Publications" title="Lev Gleason Publications">Lev Gleason Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_400_coups" title="Les 400 coups">Les 400 coups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Library_of_American_Comics" title="The Library of American Comics">The Library of American Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_Cave_Studios" title="Mad Cave Studios">Mad Cave Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestone_Media" title="Milestone Media">Milestone Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_Books" title="Moonstone Books">Moonstone Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_AM_(magazine)" title="Saturday AM (magazine)">MyFutprint Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBM_Publishing" title="NBM Publishing">NBM Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Press" title="Northwest Press">Northwest Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni_Press" title="Oni Press">Oni Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panini_Comics" title="Panini Comics">Panini Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papercutz_(publisher)" title="Papercutz (publisher)">Papercutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Studios" title="Platinum Studios">Platinum Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Studios" title="Radical Studios">Radical Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Comix" title="Radio Comix">Radio Comix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_5_Comics" title="Red 5 Comics">Red 5 Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_Off_Press" title="Rip Off Press">Rip Off Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Seas_Entertainment" title="Seven Seas Entertainment">Seven Seas Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadowline" title="Shadowline">Shadowline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skybound_Entertainment#Comics" title="Skybound Entertainment">Skybound Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Labor_Graphics" title="Slave Labor Graphics">Slave Labor Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_Comics" title="Sumerian Comics">Sumerian Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Press_Books" title="Sunday Press Books">Sunday Press Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TidalWave_Productions" title="TidalWave Productions">TidalWave Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan Comics">Titan Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TKO_Studios" title="TKO Studios">TKO Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyopop" title="Tokyopop">Tokyopop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Cow_Productions" title="Top Cow Productions">Top Cow Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udon_Entertainment" title="Udon Entertainment">Udon Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valiant_Comics" title="Valiant Comics">Valiant Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_Comics" title="Vault Comics">Vault Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical (publisher)">Vertical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viz_Media" title="Viz Media">Viz Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_Comics" title="Vortex Comics">Vortex Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WaRP_Graphics" title="WaRP Graphics">WaRP Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yen_Press" title="Yen Press">Yen Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenescope_Entertainment" title="Zenescope Entertainment">Zenescope Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z2_Comics" title="Z2 Comics">Z2 Comics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircel_Comics" title="Aircel Comics">Aircel Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-American_Publications" title="All-American Publications">All-American Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AfterShock_Comics" title="AfterShock Comics">AfterShock Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgam_Comics" title="Amalgam Comics">Amalgam Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Comics_Group" title="American Comics Group">American Comics Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Publishing" title="Anglo-American Publishing">Anglo-American Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Another_Rainbow_Publishing" title="Another Rainbow Publishing">Another Rainbow Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ape_Entertainment" title="Ape Entertainment">Ape Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Comics" title="Apple Comics">Apple Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcade_Comics" title="Arcade Comics">Arcade Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Comics_(1950s)" title="Atlas Comics (1950s)">Atlas Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas/Seaboard_Comics" title="Atlas/Seaboard Comics">Atlas/Seaboard Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awesome_Comics" title="Awesome Comics">Awesome Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azteca_Productions" title="Azteca Productions">Azteca Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Features" title="Bell Features">Bell Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackthorne_Publishing" title="Blackthorne Publishing">Blackthorne Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_Comics" title="Bongo Comics">Bongo Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadway_Comics" title="Broadway Comics">Broadway Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat-Head_Comics" title="Cat-Head Comics">Cat-Head Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Communications" title="Catalan Communications">Catalan Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_Publications" title="Centaur Publications">Centaur Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos!_Comics" title="Chaos! Comics">Chaos! Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlton_Comics" title="Charlton Comics">Charlton Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Comics" title="Columbia Comics">Columbia Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_%22A%22_Chesler" title="Harry "A" Chesler">Harry "A" Chesler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comico:_The_Comic_Company" title="Comico: The Comic Company">Comico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ComicsOne" title="ComicsOne">ComicsOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ComiXology" title="ComiXology">ComiXology Originals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_Comics" title="Continuity Comics">Continuity Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contin%C3%BCm_Comics" title="Continüm Comics">Continüm Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crestwood_Publications" title="Crestwood Publications">Crestwood Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrossGen" title="CrossGen">CrossGen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabel_Brothers_Productions" title="Dabel Brothers Productions">Dabel Brothers Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McKay_Publications" title="David McKay Publications">David McKay Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiant_Comics" title="Defiant Comics">Defiant Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dell_Comics" title="Dell Comics">Dell Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Rey_Manga" title="Del Rey Manga">Del Rey Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Comics_(publishing)" title="Disney Comics (publishing)">Disney Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Take_Comics" title="Double Take Comics">Double Take Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Lady_Press" title="Dragon Lady Press">Dragon Lady Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamwave_Productions" title="Dreamwave Productions">Dreamwave Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Color_Printing" title="Eastern Color Printing">Eastern Color Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EC_Comics" title="EC Comics">EC Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Comics" title="Eclipse Comics">Eclipse Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity_Comics" title="Eternity Comics">Eternity Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantaCo_Enterprises" title="FantaCo Enterprises">FantaCo Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawcett_Comics" title="Fawcett Comics">Fawcett Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_House" title="Fiction House">Fiction House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Comics" title="First Comics">First Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Feature_Syndicate" title="Fox Feature Syndicate">Fox Feature Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Comics" title="Future Comics">Future Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone_Publishing" title="Gemstone Publishing">Gemstone Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberton_(publisher)" title="Gilberton (publisher)">Gilberton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone_Publishing" title="Gladstone Publishing">Gladstone Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Key_Comics" title="Gold Key Comics">Gold Key Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Publications" title="Harris Publications">Harris Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Comics" title="Harvey Comics">Harvey Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highwater_Books" title="Highwater Books">Highwater Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillborough_Studios" title="Hillborough Studios">Hillborough Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillman_Periodicals" title="Hillman Periodicals">Hillman Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Publishing" title="Holyoke Publishing">Holyoke Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_Publishing" title="Innovation Publishing">Innovation Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Sink_Press" title="Kitchen Sink Press">Kitchen Sink Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Forge_Comics" title="Lion Forge Comics">Lion Forge Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine_Enterprises" title="Magazine Enterprises">Magazine Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainline_Publications" title="Mainline Publications">Mainline Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malibu_Comics" title="Malibu Comics">Malibu Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Publishing" title="Maple Leaf Publishing">Maple Leaf Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Publications" title="Millennium Publications">Millennium Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirage_Studios" title="Mirage Studios">Mirage Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Comics_Publications" title="National Comics Publications">National Comics Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedor_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nedor Publishing">Nedor Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Reliable_Press" title="New Reliable Press">New Reliable Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOW_Comics" title="NOW Comics">NOW Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Comics" title="Pacific Comics">Pacific Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendulum_Press" title="Pendulum Press">Pendulum Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_Mint" title="Print Mint">Print Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Comics" title="Quality Comics">Quality Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegade_Press" title="Renegade Press">Renegade Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Comics" title="Revolutionary Comics">Revolutionary Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semic_Comics" title="Semic Comics">Semic Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_Comics" title="Sirius Comics">Sirius Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_Entertainment" title="Sirius Entertainment">Sirius Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skywald_Publications" title="Skywald Publications">Skywald Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkplug_Comics" title="Sparkplug Comics">Sparkplug Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Comics" title="Standard Comics">Standard Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Jam_Comics" title="Strawberry Jam Comics">Strawberry Jam Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_%26_Smith" title="Street & Smith">Street & Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekno_Comix" title="Tekno Comix">Tekno Comix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timely_Comics" title="Timely Comics">Timely Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topps_Comics" title="Topps Comics">Topps Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Publishing" title="Tundra Publishing">Tundra Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertigo_Comics" title="Vertigo Comics">Vertigo Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viper_Comics" title="Viper Comics">Viper Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Publishing" title="Warren Publishing">Warren Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WildStorm" title="WildStorm">WildStorm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animation_industry_in_the_United_States216" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animation_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Animation industry in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animation_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Animation industry in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animation_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animation industry in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animation_industry_in_the_United_States216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_animation" title="American animation">Animation industry in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Companies_and_studios216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Companies and studios</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Majors6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Majors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="NBCUniversal16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal" title="NBCUniversal">NBCUniversal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation" title="DreamWorks Animation">DreamWorks Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation_Television" title="DreamWorks Animation Television">DreamWorks Animation Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Classics" title="DreamWorks Classics">DreamWorks Classics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Idea_Entertainment" title="Big Idea Entertainment">Big Idea Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Films">Harvey Films</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illumination_(company)" title="Illumination (company)">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Animation_Studios" title="Universal Animation Studios">Universal Animation Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Eye_Animation_Productions" title="CBS Eye Animation Productions">CBS Eye Animation Productions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Eye_Animation_Productions#Late_Night_Cartoons,_Inc." title="CBS Eye Animation Productions">Late Night Cartoons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Animation" title="MTV Animation">MTV Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Animation_Studio" title="Nickelodeon Animation Studio">Nickelodeon Animation Studio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Digital" title="Nickelodeon Digital">Nickelodeon Digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Movies" title="Nickelodeon Movies">Nickelodeon Movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Animation" title="Paramount Animation">Paramount Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miramax_Films#Miramax_Family_&_Animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Miramax Films">Miramax Animation Studios</a> (49%)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skydance_Animation" title="Skydance Animation">Skydance Animation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Disney_Entertainment" title="Disney Entertainment">Disney Entertainment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Animation" title="20th Century Animation">20th Century Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Television_Animation" title="20th Television Animation">20th Television Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Television_Animation" title="Disney Television Animation">Disney Television Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucasfilm_Animation" title="Lucasfilm Animation">Lucasfilm Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">Industrial Light & Magic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Animation" title="Marvel Animation">Marvel Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Studios_Animation" title="Marvel Studios Animation">Marvel Studios Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar Animation Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Walt Disney Animation Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network_Studios" title="Cartoon Network Studios">Cartoon Network Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Animation" title="Warner Bros. Animation">Warner Bros. Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures_Animation" title="Warner Bros. Pictures Animation">Warner Bros. Pictures Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Television_Studios#Warner_Bros._Animation" title="Warner Bros. Television Studios">Warner Bros. Television Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_Street" title="Williams Street">Williams Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniplex_of_America" title="Aniplex of America">Aniplex of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll,_LLC" title="Crunchyroll, LLC">Crunchyroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Animation" title="Sony Pictures Animation">Sony Pictures Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Imageworks" title="Sony Pictures Imageworks">Sony Pictures Imageworks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/41_Entertainment" title="41 Entertainment">41 Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC_Networks" title="AMC Networks">AMC Networks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sentai_Filmworks" title="Sentai Filmworks">Sentai Filmworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section23_Films" title="Section23 Films">Section23 Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augenblick_Studios" title="Augenblick Studios">Augenblick Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awesome_Inc" title="Awesome Inc">Awesome Inc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Corporation" title="Fox Corporation">Fox Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bento_Box_Entertainment" title="Bento Box Entertainment">Bento Box Entertainment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandera_Entertainment" title="Bandera Entertainment">Bandera Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Zoom!" title="Bang Zoom!">Bang Zoom!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billionfold_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Billionfold Inc.">Billionfold Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blur_Studio" title="Blur Studio">Blur Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartuna" title="Cartuna">Cartuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRLX" title="CHRLX">CHRLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudco_Entertainment" title="Cloudco Entertainment">Cloudco Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_McCracken" title="Craig McCracken">CMCC Cartoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNEG" title="DNEG">DNEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Domain" title="Digital Domain">Digital Domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_Roman" title="Film Roman">Film Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Roman_Entertainment" title="Phil Roman Entertainment">Phil Roman Entertainment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_County_Productions" title="Floyd County Productions">Floyd County Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Wolf_Films" title="Fred Wolf Films">Fred Wolf Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_Door_Productions" title="Fuzzy Door Productions">Fuzzy Door Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasbro_Entertainment" title="Hasbro Entertainment">Hasbro Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Ward_Productions" title="Jay Ward Productions">Jay Ward Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Murray_(animator)" title="Joe Murray (animator)">Joe Murray Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbar_Animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanbar Animation">Kanbar Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartoon_Studios" title="Kartoon Studios">Kartoon Studios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wow_Unlimited_Media" title="Wow Unlimited Media">Wow Unlimited Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolder_Media" title="Bolder Media">Bolder Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederator_Studios" title="Frederator Studios">Frederator Studios</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Kinofilm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klasky_Csupo" title="Klasky Csupo">Klasky Csupo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurtz_%26_Friends" title="Kurtz & Friends">Kurtz & Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laika,_LLC" title="Laika, LLC">Laika, LLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Mendelson_Film_Productions" title="Lee Mendelson Film Productions">Lee Mendelson Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionsgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionsgate">Lionsgate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lionsgate_Canada" title="Lionsgate Canada">Lionsgate Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melendez_Films" title="Melendez Films">Melendez Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_Action_Entertainment" title="Man of Action Entertainment">Man of Action Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattel_Television" title="Mattel Television">Mattel Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Blasters" title="Media Blasters">Media Blasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexopolis" title="Mexopolis">Mexopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_Media" title="Mondo Media">Mondo Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_Point_Harness" title="6 Point Harness">6 Point Harness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netflix_Animation" title="Netflix Animation">Netflix Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_(company)" title="Noble (company)">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYAV_Post" title="NYAV Post">NYAV Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_Studio" title="Parallax Studio">Parallax Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerhouse_Animation_Studios" title="Powerhouse Animation Studios">Powerhouse Animation Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyop_(company)" title="Psyop (company)">Psyop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel_FX_Animation" title="Reel FX Animation">Reel FX Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegade_Animation" title="Renegade Animation">Renegade Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_Hues_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythm and Hues Studios">Rhythm and Hues Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_Draft_Studios" title="Rough Draft Studios">Rough Draft Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovio_Animation" title="Rovio Animation">Rovio Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_Novelties" title="Screen Novelties">Screen Novelties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Corporation" title="Scholastic Corporation">Scholastic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weston_Woods_Studios" title="Weston Woods Studios">Weston Woods Studios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SD_Entertainment" title="SD Entertainment">SD Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShadowMachine" title="ShadowMachine">ShadowMachine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Bartlett" title="Craig Bartlett">Snee-Oosh, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpindleHorse_Toons" class="mw-redirect" title="SpindleHorse Toons">SpindleHorse Toons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splash_Entertainment" title="Splash Entertainment">Splash Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprite_Animation_Studios" title="Sprite Animation Studios">Sprite Animation Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch_Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Stretch Films">Stretch Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoopid_Buddy_Stoodios" title="Stoopid Buddy Stoodios">Stoopid Buddy Stoodios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studiopolis" title="Studiopolis">Studiopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Films" title="Tau Films">Tau Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_Entertainment" title="Threshold Entertainment">Threshold Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titmouse,_Inc." title="Titmouse, Inc.">Titmouse, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kerner_Entertainment_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kerner Entertainment Company">The Kerner Entertainment Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_ULULU_Company" title="The ULULU Company">The ULULU Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toei_Animation_Inc." title="Toei Animation Inc.">Toei Animation Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hillenburg#Other_pursuits" title="Stephen Hillenburg">United Plankton Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Animation" title="Vanguard Animation">Vanguard Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Canary_Animation" title="Wild Canary Animation">Wild Canary Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Events_Productions" title="World Events Productions">World Events Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_Studio" title="Worker Studio">Worker Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWE_Studios" title="WWE Studios">WWE Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Media" title="Walden Media">Walden Media</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/4Kids_Entertainment" title="4Kids Entertainment">4Kids Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70/30_Productions" title="70/30 Productions">70/30 Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Productions" title="Adelaide Productions">Adelaide Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Cartoon_Productions" title="Adventure Cartoon Productions">Adventure Cartoon Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allspark" title="Allspark">Allspark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amblimation" title="Amblimation">Amblimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_Collective" title="Animation Collective">Animation Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_Lab" title="Animation Lab">Animation Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_Magic" title="Animation Magic">Animation Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_Studios" title="Blue Sky Studios">Blue Sky Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BVS_Entertainment" title="BVS Entertainment">BVS Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Pizza" title="Cartoon Pizza">Cartoon Pizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorion_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorion (company)">Chorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_Seven_Animation" title="Circle Seven Animation">Circle 7 Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookie_Jar_Group" title="Cookie Jar Group">Cookie Jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crest_Animation_Productions" title="Crest Animation Productions">Crest Animation Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curious_Pictures" title="Curious Pictures">Curious Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DePatie%E2%80%93Freleng_Enterprises" title="DePatie–Freleng Enterprises">DePatie–Freleng Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIC_Entertainment" title="DIC Entertainment">DIC Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disneytoon_Studios" title="Disneytoon Studios">Disneytoon Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_Productions" title="DNA Productions">DNA Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famous_Studios" title="Famous Studios">Famous Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmation" title="Filmation">Filmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleischer_Studios" title="Fleischer Studios">Fleischer Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format_Films" title="Format Films">Format Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Animation_Studios" title="Fox Animation Studios">Fox Animation Studios</a></li> <li>Frederator Films</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Films" title="Golden Films">Golden Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna-Barbera" title="Hanna-Barbera">Hanna-Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIT_Entertainment" title="HIT Entertainment">HIT Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetlag_Productions" title="Jetlag Productions">Jetlag Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Roiland%27s_Solo_Vanity_Card_Productions!" title="Justin Roiland's Solo Vanity Card Productions!">Justin Roiland's Solo Vanity Card Productions!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kroyer_Films" title="Kroyer Films">Kroyer Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laugh-O-Gram_Studio" title="Laugh-O-Gram Studio">Laugh-O-Gram Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Airplane_Productions" title="Little Airplane Productions">Little Airplane Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvel_Productions" title="Marvel Productions">Marvel Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer_Animation" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM_Animation/Visual_Arts" title="MGM Animation/Visual Arts">MGM Animation/Visual Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer_cartoon_studio" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio">MGM Cartoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirari_Films" title="Mirari Films">Mirari Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonScoop" title="MoonScoop">MoonScoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Oedekerk" title="Steve Oedekerk">O Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Oedekerk" title="Steve Oedekerk">Omation Animation Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Data_Images" title="Pacific Data Images">Pacific Data Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PorchLight_Entertainment" title="PorchLight Entertainment">PorchLight Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana_Studios" title="Prana Studios">Prana Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Axis_(studio)" title="Radical Axis (studio)">Radical Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankin/Bass_Animated_Entertainment" title="Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment">Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooster_Teeth" title="Rooster Teeth">Rooster Teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby-Spears" title="Ruby-Spears">Ruby-Spears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_Gems" title="Screen Gems">Screen Gems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skellington_Productions" title="Skellington Productions">Skellington Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup2Nuts" title="Soup2Nuts">Soup2Nuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%BCmc%C3%B8" title="Spümcø">Spümcø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Storyboard, Inc./Hubley Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Bluth_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Sullivan Bluth Studios">Sullivan Bluth Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbow_Entertainment" title="Sunbow Entertainment">Sunbow Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrytoons" title="Terrytoons">Terrytoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Total Television">Total Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Productions_of_America" title="United Productions of America">United Productions of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Van_Beuren_Corporation" title="The Van Beuren Corporation">Van Beuren Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lantz_Productions" title="Walter Lantz Productions">Walter Lantz Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Cartoons" title="Warner Bros. Cartoons">Warner Bros. Cartoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%93t%C4%81_FX" title="Wētā FX">Wētā FX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildbrain_Entertainment" title="Wildbrain Entertainment">Wildbrain Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Vinton#Will_Vinton_Studios" title="Will Vinton">Will Vinton Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zodiac_Entertainment" title="Zodiac Entertainment">Zodiac Entertainment</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Industry_associations21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Industry associations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Animation_Guild,_IATSE_Local_839" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animation Guild, IATSE Local 839">The Animation Guild, IATSE Local 839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASIFA-Hollywood" title="ASIFA-Hollywood">ASIFA-Hollywood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Feature" title="Academy Award for Best Animated Feature">Best Animated Feature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Awards" title="Annie Awards">Annie Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmy_Awards" title="Emmy Awards">Emmy Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_and_Family_Emmy_Awards" title="Children's and Family Emmy Awards">Children's and Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards" title="Primetime Emmy Awards">Primetime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Kids%27_Choice_Awards" title="Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards">Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kids%27_Choice_Award_for_Favorite_Cartoon" title="Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Cartoon">Favorite Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kids%27_Choice_Award_for_Favorite_Animated_Movie" title="Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Animated Movie">Animated Movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Awards" title="NAACP Image Awards">NAACP Image Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Animated_Motion_Picture" title="NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Animated Motion Picture">Motion Picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_for_Outstanding_Animated_Series" title="NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Animated Series">Series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Award" title="GLAAD Media Award">GLAAD Media Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Award_for_Outstanding_Kids_and_Family_Programming" title="GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Kids and Family Programming">Kids and Family Programming (Animated)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards" title="Writers Guild of America Awards">Writers Guild of America Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Television:_Animation" title="Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Animation">Television Animation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_during_the_silent_era" title="Animation in the United States during the silent era">Silent era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_American_animation" title="Golden age of American animation">Golden age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_and_American_animation" title="World War II and American animation">World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_in_the_television_era" title="Animation in the United States in the television era">Television era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_animation_in_the_United_States" title="Modern animation in the United States">Modern era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_comics" title="History of American comics">History of American comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_bible" title="Tijuana bible">Tijuana bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humorous_Phases_of_Funny_Faces" title="Humorous Phases of Funny Faces">Humorous Phases of Funny Faces</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">Flash animation</a></li> <li>Labor strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1937_Fleischer_Studios_strike" title="1937 Fleischer Studios strike">Fleischer Studios</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_animators%27_strike" title="Disney animators' strike">Disney</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_animators%27_strike" title="1982 animators' strike">Multiple studios</a> (1982)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a 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