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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_fibre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>White fibre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_fibre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buffering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buffering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Buffering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buffering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bristle_coir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bristle_coir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Bristle coir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bristle_coir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cordage,_packaging,_bedding,_flooring,_and_others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cordage,_packaging,_bedding,_flooring,_and_others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cordage, packaging, bedding, flooring, and others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cordage,_packaging,_bedding,_flooring,_and_others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_and_horticultural_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_and_horticultural_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Agricultural and horticultural uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_and_horticultural_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oil_and_fluid_absorption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_and_fluid_absorption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Oil and fluid absorption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_and_fluid_absorption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_bedding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_bedding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Animal bedding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_bedding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Construction material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biocontrol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biocontrol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Biocontrol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biocontrol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biosecurity_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosecurity_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Biosecurity risks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosecurity_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_producers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_producers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Major producers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_producers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Coir</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81)" title="كور (ليف) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كور (ليف)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabut" title="Sabut – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sabut" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_de_coco" title="Fibra de coco – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fibra de coco" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokosov%C3%A9_textiln%C3%AD_vl%C3%A1kno" title="Kokosové textilní vlákno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kokosové textilní vlákno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokosfaser" title="Kokosfaser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kokosfaser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%81_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84" title="الیاف نارگیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الیاف نارگیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_de_coco" title="Fibre de coco – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fibre de coco" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4" title="코이어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코이어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabut" title="Sabut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sabut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_coir" title="Fibra coir – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fibra coir" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ತೆಂಗಿನ ನಾರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತೆಂಗಿನ ನಾರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბანარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბანარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koiras" title="Koiras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Koiras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="ചകിരി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചകിരി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokosvezel" title="Kokosvezel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kokosvezel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%83%E3%83%84%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC" title="ココナッツファイバー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ココナッツファイバー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokosfiber" title="Kokosfiber – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kokosfiber" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojra" title="Kojra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kojra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_de_coco" title="Fibra de coco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fibra de coco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%80" title="Койр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Койр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%94" title="කොහු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොහු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coir" title="Coir – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Coir" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kookoskuitu" title="Kookoskuitu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kookoskuitu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="தும்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தும்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81" title="కొబ్బరిపీచు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కొబ్బరిపీచు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koko_elyaf%C4%B1" title="Koko elyafı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Koko elyafı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%80" title="Койр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Койр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C6%A1_d%E1%BB%ABa" title="Xơ dừa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xơ dừa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%B0%E8%A1%A3" title="椰衣 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="椰衣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%B0%E5%AD%90%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD" title="椰子纖維 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="椰子纖維" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1029620#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Natural fiber</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Irish conservative lobby group, see <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3ir" title="Cóir">Cóir</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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The reason given is: <b>Arti/horticultural use is scattered in lead plus sections "Buffering" and "Agricultural and horticultural uses". Ordering in these sections is hard to follow.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit">editing the article</a> to make improvements to the overall structure.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Coir" title="Special:EditPage/Coir">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Coir%22">"Coir"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Coir%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Coir%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Coir%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Coir%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Coir%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coir_fibery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Coir_fibery.jpg/220px-Coir_fibery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Coir_fibery.jpg/330px-Coir_fibery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Coir_fibery.jpg/440px-Coir_fibery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A close-up view of coir fibre</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coir_segregation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Coir_segregation.jpg/220px-Coir_segregation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Coir_segregation.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="196" /></a><figcaption>Segregation of coir fibre</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Coir</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɔɪər/: 'oir' in 'coir'">ɔɪər</span></span>/</a></span></span>), also called <b>coconut fibre</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber#Vegetable_fibers" title="Natural fiber">natural fibre</a> extracted from the outer <a href="/wiki/Husk" title="Husk">husk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and used in products such as floor mats, doormats, brushes, and mattresses. Coir is the fibrous material found between the hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a coconut. Other uses of <b>brown coir</b> (made from ripe coconut) are in upholstery padding, sacking and horticulture. <b>White coir</b>, harvested from unripe coconuts, is used for making finer brushes, string, rope and fishing nets.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has the advantage of not sinking, so can be used in long lengths in deep water without the added weight dragging down boats and buoys. </p><p>Coir must not be confused with <b>coir <a href="/wiki/Pith" title="Pith">pith</a></b>, which is the powdery and spongy material resulting from the processing of the coir fibre.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coir fibre is locally named 'coprah' in some countries, adding to confusion. Pith is chemically similar to coir, but contains much shorter fibers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <b>coco peat</b> may refer either to coir or the pith or a mixture, as both have good water-retaining properties as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-madehow_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madehow-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sennit" title="Sennit">Sennit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magimagi_-_Mainbeam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Magimagi_-_Mainbeam.jpg/220px-Magimagi_-_Mainbeam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Magimagi_-_Mainbeam.jpg/330px-Magimagi_-_Mainbeam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Magimagi_-_Mainbeam.jpg/440px-Magimagi_-_Mainbeam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sennit" title="Sennit">Sennit</a> made from plaited coconut fibre on a traditional house in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The name <i>coir</i> comes from கயிறு (<i>kayiru</i>), കയർ (<i>kayar</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> words respectively for cord or rope (traditionally, a kind of rope is made from the coconut fibre).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Ropes</a> and cordage have been made from coconut fibre since ancient times. The <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a>, who first <a href="/wiki/Coconut#Domestication" title="Coconut">domesticated coconuts</a>, used coconut fibre extensively for ropes and <a href="/wiki/Sennit" title="Sennit">sennit</a> in building houses and <a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug" class="mw-redirect" title="Lashed-lug">lashed-lug</a> plank boats in their voyages in both the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Oceans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manguin_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manguin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horridge2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horridge2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lew_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lew-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a> navigators who sailed the seas to Malaya, China, and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> centuries ago also used coir for their ship ropes. Arab writers of the 11th century AD referred to the extensive use of coir for ship ropes and <a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">rigging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lew_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lew-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coirboardabout_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coirboardabout-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A coir industry in the UK was recorded before the second half of the 19th century. During 1840, Captain Widely, in co-operation with Captain Logan and Thomas Treloar,<sup id="cite_ref-rootswebtreloar_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rootswebtreloar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded the known carpet firms of Treloar and Sons in Ludgate Hill, England, for the manufacture of coir into various fabrics suitable for floor coverings.<sup id="cite_ref-coirboardabout_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coirboardabout-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Textielmuseum-cabinet-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Textielmuseum-cabinet-10.jpg/220px-Textielmuseum-cabinet-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Textielmuseum-cabinet-10.jpg/330px-Textielmuseum-cabinet-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Textielmuseum-cabinet-10.jpg/440px-Textielmuseum-cabinet-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3479" data-file-height="2382" /></a><figcaption>Various forms in which coir fibre can appear</figcaption></figure> <p>Coir fibres are found between the hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>. The individual fibre cells are narrow and hollow, with thick walls made of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>. They are pale when immature, but later become hardened and yellowed as a layer of <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> is deposited on their walls.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each cell is about 1 mm (0.04 in) long <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="not find in the ref. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and 10 to 20 μm (0.0004 to 0.0008 in) in diameter. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fibres are typically 10 to 30 centimetres (4 to 12 in) long.<sup id="cite_ref-madehow_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madehow-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two varieties of coir are brown and white. Brown coir harvested from fully ripened coconuts is thick, strong and has high abrasion resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is typically used in mats, brushes and sacking.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mature brown coir fibres contain more lignin and less cellulose than fibres such as <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, so are stronger but less flexible. White coir fibres harvested from coconuts before they are ripe are white or light brown in color and are smoother and finer, but also weaker. They are generally spun to make yarn used in mats or rope. </p><p>The coir fibre is relatively waterproof, and is one of the few natural fibres resistant to damage by saltwater. Fresh water is used to process brown coir, while seawater and fresh water are both used in the production of white coir.<sup id="cite_ref-madehow_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madehow-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processing">Processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Coir" title="Special:EditPage/Coir">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Green coconuts, harvested after about six to 12 months on the palm, contain pliable white fibres. Brown fibre is instead obtained by harvesting fully mature coconuts when the nutritious layer surrounding the seed is ready to be processed into <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a> and desiccated coconut. The fibrous layer of the fruit is then separated from the hard shell (manually) by driving the fruit down onto a spike to split it (dehusking). A well-seasoned husker can manually separate 2,000 coconuts per day. Machines are now available which crush the whole fruit to give the loose fibres. These machines can process up to 2,000 coconuts per hour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brown_fibre">Brown fibre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Brown fibre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Coir" title="Special:EditPage/Coir">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The fibrous husks are soaked in pits or in nets in a slow-moving body of water to swell and soften the fibres.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long bristle fibres are separated from the shorter mattress fibres underneath the skin of the nut, a process known as wet-milling. </p><p>The mattress fibres are sifted to remove dirt and other rubbish, dried in the sun and packed into bales. Some mattress fibre is allowed to retain more moisture so it retains its elasticity for twisted fibre production. The coir fibre is elastic enough to twist without breaking and it holds a curl as though permanently waved. Twisting is done by simply making a rope of the hank of fibre and twisting it using a machine or by hand. </p><p>The longer bristle fibre is washed in clean water and then dried before being tied into bundles or hanks. It may then be cleaned and 'hackled' by steel combs to straighten the fibres and remove any shorter fibre pieces. Coir bristle fibre can also be bleached and dyed to obtain hanks of different colours.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_fibre">White fibre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: White fibre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The immature husks are suspended in a river or water-filled pit for up to ten months. During this time, <a href="/wiki/Micro-organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-organisms">micro-organisms</a> break down the plant tissues surrounding the fibres to loosen them — a process known as <a href="/wiki/Retting" title="Retting">retting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The segments of the husk are then beaten with iron rods to separate out the long fibres which are subsequently dried and cleaned. Cleaned fibre is ready for spinning into yarn using a simple one-handed system or a spinning wheel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2009, researchers at <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research" title="Council of Scientific and Industrial Research">CSIR</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Interdisciplinary_Science_and_Technology" title="National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology">National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> developed a biological process for the extraction of coir fibre from coconut husk without polluting the environment. The technology uses enzymes to separate the fibres by converting and solubilizing plant compounds to curb the pollution of waters caused by retting of husks.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buffering">Buffering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Buffering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because coir pith is high in sodium and potassium, it is treated before use as a growth medium for plants or fungi by soaking in a calcium buffering solution; most coir sold for growing purposes is said to be pre-treated.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once any remaining salts have been leached out of the coir pith, it and the cocochips become suitable substrates for cultivating fungi. Coir is naturally rich in potassium, which can lead to magnesium and calcium deficiencies in soilless horticultural media. Coir fiber is rarely used as a potting material, except for orchids, and does not need buffering, as it has a very low <a href="/wiki/Cation-exchange_capacity" title="Cation-exchange capacity">cation-exchange capacity</a> (CEC) capacity, hence not retaining salts. </p><p>Coir does provide a suitable substrate for horticultural use as a soilless potting medium. The material's high lignin content is longer-lasting, holds more water, and does not shrink off the sides of the pot when dry allowing for easier rewetting. This light media has advantages and disadvantages that can be corrected with the addition of the proper amendment such as coarse sand for weight in interior plants like Draceana. Nutritive amendments should also be considered. Calcium and magnesium will be lacking in coir potting mixes, so a naturally good source of these nutrients is dolomitic lime which contains both. pH is of utmost importance as coir pith tends to have a high pH after some months of use, resulting in plant stunting and multiple deficiencies. Coir also has the disadvantage of being extremely sensitive to the <a href="/wiki/Leucocoprinus" title="Leucocoprinus">Leucocoprinus</a> greenhouse fungus. The addition of beneficial microbes to the coir media have been successful in tropical green house conditions and interior spaces as well. The fungi engage in growth and reproduction under moist atmospheres producing fruiting bodies (mushrooms). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bristle_coir">Bristle coir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bristle coir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Bristle coir</b> is the longest variety of coir fibre. It is manufactured from <a href="/wiki/Retting" title="Retting">retted</a> <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut husks</a> through a process called defibering. The coir fibre thus extracted is then combed using steel combs to make the fibre clean and to remove short fibres. Bristle coir fibre is used as bristles in brushes for domestic and industrial applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cordage,_packaging,_bedding,_flooring,_and_others"><span id="Cordage.2C_packaging.2C_bedding.2C_flooring.2C_and_others"></span>Cordage, packaging, bedding, flooring, and others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cordage, packaging, bedding, flooring, and others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Making_coir_rope_in_Kerala.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Making_coir_rope_in_Kerala.JPG/220px-Making_coir_rope_in_Kerala.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Making_coir_rope_in_Kerala.JPG/330px-Making_coir_rope_in_Kerala.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Making_coir_rope_in_Kerala.JPG/440px-Making_coir_rope_in_Kerala.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Making coir <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">rope</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SonsorolCanoe_Outrigger1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/SonsorolCanoe_Outrigger1.JPG/220px-SonsorolCanoe_Outrigger1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/SonsorolCanoe_Outrigger1.JPG/330px-SonsorolCanoe_Outrigger1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/SonsorolCanoe_Outrigger1.JPG/440px-SonsorolCanoe_Outrigger1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">outrigger canoe</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sonsorol" title="Sonsorol">Sonsorol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>. All parts of the canoe are connected by thin coir ropes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Red coir is used in floor mats and <a href="/wiki/Mat" title="Mat">doormats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brush" title="Brush">brushes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mattress" title="Mattress">mattresses</a>, floor tiles and sacking.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small amount is also made into <a href="/wiki/Twine" title="Twine">twine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pads of curled brown coir fibre, made by needle-felting (a machine technique that mats the fibres together), are shaped and cut to fill mattresses and for use in erosion control on river banks and hillsides. A major proportion of brown coir pads are sprayed with rubber <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a> which bonds the fibres together (rubberised coir) to be used as upholstery padding for the automobile industry in Europe. The material is also used for packaging.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major use of white coir is in <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">rope</a> manufacture.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mats of woven coir fibre are made from the finer grades of bristle and white fibre using hand or mechanical looms. White coir also is used to make fishing nets due to its strong resistance to <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">saltwater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_and_horticultural_uses">Agricultural and horticultural uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Agricultural and horticultural uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>, coir is used as an organic and decorative component in soil and potting mixes. Due to the increasing concern regarding the sustainability of producing <a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">sphagnum</a> (peat moss) and <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> from peatlands, usage of alternative substrates has been on the rise; the byproduct coir is one commonly used substitute.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many sources of coir however are heavily contaminated with pathogenic fungi, and the choice of the source is important. Coir is also useful to deter <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a> from delicate plantings, and as a growing medium in intensive glasshouse (greenhouse) horticulture.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydroponic_herb_garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hydroponic_herb_garden.jpg/220px-Hydroponic_herb_garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hydroponic_herb_garden.jpg/330px-Hydroponic_herb_garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hydroponic_herb_garden.jpg/440px-Hydroponic_herb_garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A small herb garden employing coir mixed with <a href="/wiki/Perlite" title="Perlite">perlite</a>. The soaking hose provides water and some nutrients.</figcaption></figure> <p>Coir is used in some <a href="/wiki/Hydroponics#Coconut_Coir" title="Hydroponics">hydroponic</a> growing systems as an inert substrate medium. </p><p>Coir is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biology)" title="Substrate (biology)">substrate</a> to grow mushrooms. The coir is usually mixed with <a href="/wiki/Vermiculite" title="Vermiculite">vermiculite</a> and pasteurised with boiling water. After the coir/vermiculite mix has cooled to room temperature, it is placed in a larger container, usually a plastic box. Previously prepared spawn jars, usually grown using substrates such as rye grains or wild bird seed, are then added. This spawn is the mushroom's <a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelium</a> and will colonize the coir/vermiculite mix, eventually fruiting mushrooms. </p><p>Coir can be used as a terrarium substrate for reptiles or arachnids.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coir fibre pith or coir dust can hold large quantities of water, just like a sponge.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason2003_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used as a replacement for traditional peat in soil mixtures, or, as a soil-less substrate for plant cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason2003_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been called "coco peat" because it is to fresh coco fibre somewhat like what peat is to peat moss, although it is not true peat. </p><p>Coir waste from coir fibre industries is washed, heat-treated, screened and graded before being processed into coco peat products of various granularity and denseness, which are then used for horticultural and agricultural applications and as industrial absorbent. </p><p>Usually shipped in the form of compressed bales, briquettes, slabs or discs, the end user usually expands and aerates the compressed coco peat by the addition of water. A single kilogramme of dry coco peat will expand to 15 litres of moist coco peat. </p><p>Coco peat is used as a <a href="/wiki/Soil_conditioner" title="Soil conditioner">soil conditioner</a>. Due to low levels of nutrients in its composition, coco peat is usually not the sole component in the medium used to grow plants. When plants are grown exclusively in coco peat, it is important to add nutrients according to the specific plants' needs. Coco peat from <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> contains several macro- and micro-plant nutrients, including substantial quantities of <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>. This extra potassium can interfere with magnesium availability. Adding extra magnesium through the addition of <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium sulphate">magnesium sulphates</a> can correct this issue. </p><p>Some coco peat is not fully decomposed when it arrives and will use up available nitrogen as it does so (known as drawdown), competing with the plant if there is not enough. This is called nitrogen robbery; it can cause <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_deficiency" title="Nitrogen deficiency">nitrogen deficiency</a> in the plants. Poorly sourced coco fibre can have excess salts in it and needs washing (check electrical conductivity of run-off water, flush if high). It holds water well and holds around 1,000 times more air than soil. Adding slow release fertilizers or organic fertilizers are highly advised when growing with coco fibre. </p><p>Common uses of coco fibre include: </p> <ul><li>As a substitute for peat, because it is free of bacteria and most fungal spores, and is <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainably produced</a> without the environmental damage caused by peat mining.</li> <li>Mixed with sand, compost and fertilizer to make good quality <a href="/wiki/Potting_soil" title="Potting soil">potting soil</a>. Coco peat generally has an acidity in the range of pH - 5.5 to 6.5, which is slightly too acidic for some plants, but many popular plants can tolerate this pH range.</li> <li>As substrate for growing <a href="/wiki/Mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushrooms">mushrooms</a>, which thrive on the cellulose. Coco peat has high <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> content.</li></ul> <p>Coco fibre can be re-used up to three times with little loss of yield. Coco fibre from diseased plants should not be re-used unless sterilization is thorough. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oil_and_fluid_absorption">Oil and fluid absorption</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Oil and fluid absorption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to its superior absorption capabilities when compared to products made of clay, silica and diatomaceous earth-based absorbents, dry coconut coir pith is gaining popularity as an oil and fluid absorbent. Many other absorbents have to be mined, whereas coconut coir pith is a waste product in abundance in countries where coconut is a major agriculture product. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2024_Manila_Bay_oil_spill" title="2024 Manila Bay oil spill">2024 Manila Bay oil spill</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Interior_and_Local_Government" title="Department of the Interior and Local Government">DILG</a> Bataan appealed for hay, hair and coconut coir <a href="/wiki/Pith" title="Pith">pith</a> (husk) to process into <a href="/wiki/Boom_(containment)" title="Boom (containment)">oil booms</a> as <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)" title="Absorption (chemistry)">absorbent</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard" title="Philippine Coast Guard">Philippine Coast Guard</a>'s cleanup operations.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animal_bedding">Animal bedding</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Animal bedding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coconut coir pith is also used as a bedding in litter boxes, animal farms and pet houses to absorb animal waste. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Construction_material">Construction material</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Construction material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coconut fiber (coir) is used as a construction material because the natural fibers are eco-friendly. Additionally, coconut fiber (CF) is resistant to thermal conductivity, is very tough, ductile, durable, renewable and inexpensive. It was observed in an experimental study that by partially replacing 2% of cement with CF, the compressive strength of the concrete is increased.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biocontrol">Biocontrol</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Biocontrol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trichoderma coir pith cake (TCPC) has been prepared and successfully used for control of plant diseases. The dry product TCPC has a long shelf life.<sup id="cite_ref-ChandraMohanan2013_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChandraMohanan2013-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChandraMohananEtAl2013_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChandraMohananEtAl2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PeterEtChandraMohanan2013_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeterEtChandraMohanan2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coir is an <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergen</a>, as well as the latex and other materials used frequently in the treatment of coir.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosecurity_risks">Biosecurity risks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Biosecurity risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></div> <p>Coco fibre can harbor organisms that pose a threat to the <a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">biosecurity</a> of countries into which it is imported. Coco peat has been imported into <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> since about 1989 with a marked increase since 2004. By 2009 a total of 25 new weed species have been found in imported coco peat. The regulations relating to importing coco peat into New Zealand have been amended to improve the biosecurity measures.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, coir can also contain beneficial life-forms. Coconut coir from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> has been found to contain large numbers of colonies of the beneficial fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus_terreus" title="Aspergillus terreus">Aspergillus terreus</a></i>, which acts as a biological control against plant pathogenic fungi.<sup id="cite_ref-pathogens_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pathogens-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Trichoderma" title="Trichoderma">Trichoderma</a></i> is a naturally occurring fungus in coco peat; it works in symbiosis with plant roots to protect them from pathogenic fungi such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pythium" title="Pythium">Pythium</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Coco peat may be <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterilized</a> to remove potential pathogens and weeds along with beneficial life. This may be done to remove contaminants in fresh material or to reuse old coir. Both heat (boiling or baking) and chemical means can be used.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_producers">Major producers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Major producers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right; float:right; margin-top:0; margin-left:2em;"> <caption>Coir production, 2020<sup id="cite_ref-fao_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col">Weight (<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </th> <td>586,686 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </th> <td>390,541 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </th> <td>161,791 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </th> <td>64,098 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </th> <td>39,548 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">All others </th> <td>33,960 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><b>World</b> </th> <td><b>1,276,624</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Total world coir fibre production is 1,276,624 tonnes (1,256,462 long tons; 1,407,237 short tons). India, mainly in the coastal region of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> State, produces 60% of the total world supply of white coir fibre. <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> produces 36% of the total brown fibre output. Over 50% of the coir fibre produced annually throughout the world is consumed in the countries of origin, mainly India. Together, India and Sri Lanka produced 59% of the coir produced in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sri Lanka remains the world's largest exporter of coir fibre and coir fibre based products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coir_Board_of_India" title="Coir Board of India">Coir Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Natural_Fibres" title="International Year of Natural Fibres">International Year of Natural Fibres</a> 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Kerala" title="Coconut production in Kerala">Coconut production in Kerala</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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Fancy Publications. 2008: 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reptiles&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=66&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyXpWAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dcoir%2Breptiles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoir" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobi2011" class="citation book cs1">Jacobi, Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CinwiePEBH0C&pg=PT93"><i>Tarantulas</i></a>. TFH Publications Inc. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780793844784" title="Special:BookSources/9780793844784"><bdi>9780793844784</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710193942/https://books.google.com/books?id=CinwiePEBH0C&pg=PT93">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tarantulas&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=TFH+Publications+Inc&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780793844784&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCinwiePEBH0C%26pg%3DPT93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason2003-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mason2003_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason2003_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2003" class="citation book cs1">Mason, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8dg2Fx1uPSoC&pg=PA192"><i>Sustainable Agriculture</i></a>. Landlinks Press. pp. 192–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06876-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06876-6"><bdi>978-0-643-06876-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710194724/https://books.google.com/books?id=8dg2Fx1uPSoC&pg=PA192">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Agriculture&rft.pages=192-&rft.pub=Landlinks+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-643-06876-6&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8dg2Fx1uPSoC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChavez2024" class="citation news cs1">Chavez, Chito (July 30, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mb.com.ph/2024/7/30/donate-hair-coconut-husks-to-contain-oil-spill-dilg-urges-public">"Donate hair, coconut husks to contain oil spill, DILG urges public"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bulletin" title="Manila Bulletin">Manila Bulletin</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Donate+hair%2C+coconut+husks+to+contain+oil+spill%2C+DILG+urges+public&rft.date=2024-07-30&rft.aulast=Chavez&rft.aufirst=Chito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmb.com.ph%2F2024%2F7%2F30%2Fdonate-hair-coconut-husks-to-contain-oil-spill-dilg-urges-public&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArgosino2024" class="citation news cs1">Argosino, Faith (July 29, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1966995/ph-coast-guard-battles-bataan-oil-spill-mess-with-coconut-husk-boom">"PH Coast Guard battles Bataan oil spill mess with coconut husk boom"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Trichoderma Coir Pith Cake - A New Product For Plant Disease Management". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Coconut_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Coconut Journal (page does not exist)">Indian Coconut Journal</a></i>. <b>56</b> (7). <a href="/wiki/Coconut_Development_Board" title="Coconut Development Board">Coconut Development Board</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0970-0579">0970-0579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Coconut+Journal&rft.atitle=Trichoderma+Coir+Pith+Cake+-+A+New+Product+For+Plant+Disease+Management&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2013-11-30&rft.issn=0970-0579&rft.aulast=Chandra+Mohanan&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChandraMohananEtAl2013-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChandraMohananEtAl2013_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra_MohananPeterSharadraj2013" class="citation journal cs1">Chandra Mohanan, R.; Peter, Prabha K.; Sharadraj, K. 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/ta/index.asp?action=viewPastAbstract&articleId=963&issueId=144">"Evaluation of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai treatment in comparison with fungicides for the management of stem canker of cocoa caused by Phytophthora palmivora"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Agriculture_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropical Agriculture (journal) (page does not exist)">Tropical Agriculture</a></i>. <b>90</b> (4). 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Japi.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915210954/http://www.japi.org/july_2010/Article_03.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2012-09-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nasobronchial+Allergy+and+Pulmonary+Function+Abnormalities+Among+Coir+Workers+of+Alappuzha&rft.pub=Japi.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japi.org%2Fjuly_2010%2FArticle_03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100603085330/http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/regs/imports/plants/coco-peat">"Coco peat/Coir fibre"</a>. 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Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, 448 Plant Science Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583. 2008-11-19. URL:<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.agrococo.com/Pathogen_Suppression.pdf">http://www.agrococo.com/Pathogen_Suppression.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707093933/http://www.agrococo.com/Pathogen_Suppression.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed: 2009-08-17. (Archived by WebCite at)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhotchanachaiTantharapornrerkPolaMuangkote2018" class="citation journal cs1">Photchanachai, S.; Tantharapornrerk, N.; Pola, W.; Muangkote, S.; Bayogan, E.R.V. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1210.7">"Coconut coir media sterilization method for growing Chinese kale microgreens"</a>. <i>Acta Horticulturae</i> (1210): 51–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17660%2FActaHortic.2018.1210.7">10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1210.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:139554022">139554022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Horticulturae&rft.atitle=Coconut+coir+media+sterilization+method+for+growing+Chinese+kale+microgreens&rft.issue=1210&rft.pages=51-58&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17660%2FActaHortic.2018.1210.7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A139554022%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Photchanachai&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Tantharapornrerk%2C+N.&rft.au=Pola%2C+W.&rft.au=Muangkote%2C+S.&rft.au=Bayogan%2C+E.R.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17660%2FActaHortic.2018.1210.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coir.com/growing-medium/how-to-sterilize-coco-coir/">"How to Sterilize Coco Coir"</a>. 22 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Sterilize+Coco+Coir&rft.date=2019-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoir.com%2Fgrowing-medium%2Fhow-to-sterilize-coco-coir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fao-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fao_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL">"Coir production in 2020, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)"</a>. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coir+production+in+2020%2C+Crops%2FRegions%2FWorld+list%2FProduction+Quantity+%28pick+lists%29&rft.pub=UN+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization%2C+Corporate+Statistical+Database+%28FAOSTAT%29&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQCL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Complete Book on Jute & Coir Products (with Cultivation & Processing)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+on+Jute+%26+Coir+Products+%28with+Cultivation+%26+Processing%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>KT Rammohan. 2008. 'Coir in India: History of Technology' in Helaine Selin (ed). <i>Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures.</i> Vol. 1. pp. 596–600. Berlin, Heidelberg and New York: Springer-Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4559-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4559-2">978-1-4020-4559-2</a></li> <li>KT Rammohan and R Sundaresan. 2003. 'Socially Embedding the Commodity Chain: An Exercise in Relation to Coir Yarn Spinning in Southern India'. <i>World Development.</i> 31: 5. pp. 903–923.</li> <li>KT Rammohan. 1999. 'Technological Change in Kerala Industry: Lessons from Coir Yarn Spinning. Thiruvananthapuram: CDS Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coir&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coconut_fibres" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Coconut fibres">Coconut fibres</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/coir" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/coir">coir</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Coir"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Coir">"Coir" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coir&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WlI3BBjm-lA">How to make a coir rope</a> Video shows the whole procedure</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Coconut" title="Template:Coconut"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coconut" title="Template talk:Coconut"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coconut" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coconut"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coconut" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Coconut_production" title="Category:Coconut production">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Brazil" title="Coconut production in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_India" title="Coconut production in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Indonesia" title="Coconut production in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Kerala" title="Coconut production in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Mexico" title="Coconut production in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Niue" title="Coconut production in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_the_Philippines" title="Coconut production in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Coconut production in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Thailand" title="Coconut production in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Vietnam" title="Coconut production in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brokencoconut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brokencoconut.jpg/70px-Brokencoconut.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brokencoconut.jpg/105px-Brokencoconut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brokencoconut.jpg/140px-Brokencoconut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2839" data-file-height="2303" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creamed_coconut" title="Creamed coconut">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadjan" title="Cadjan">Cadjan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">Copra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_of_coconut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cream of coconut">Cream of coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_jam" title="Coconut jam">Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_cup" title="Coconut cup">Coconut cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_chocolatero" title="Coco chocolatero">Coco chocolatero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_jewelry" title="Coconut jewelry">Jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lat%C3%ADk" class="mw-redirect" title="Latík">Latík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macapuno" title="Macapuno">Macapuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut milk beverage">Milk beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nata_de_coco" title="Nata de coco">Nata de coco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk_powder" title="Coconut milk powder">Powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_skim_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut skim milk">Skim milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprouted_coconut" title="Sprouted coconut">Sprouted coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempeh#Tempe_bongkrèk" title="Tempeh">Tempe bongkrèk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_timber" title="Coconut timber">Timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_vinegar" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut vinegar">Vinegar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_water" title="Coconut water">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Wine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arrack" title="Arrack">Arrack</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coconut_dishes" title="List of coconut dishes">List of coconut dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_made_using_coconut_milk" title="List of dishes made using coconut milk">List of dishes made using coconut milk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_coconut_palm_diseases" title="List of coconut palm diseases">Diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sago_worm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sago worm">Sago worm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bipolaris_incurvata" title="Bipolaris incurvata">Bipolaris incurvata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Botryosphaeria_cocogena" title="Botryosphaeria cocogena">Botryosphaeria cocogena</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bursaphelenchus_cocophilus" title="Bursaphelenchus cocophilus">Bursaphelenchus cocophilus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadang-cadang" title="Cadang-cadang">Cadang-cadang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capnodium_footii" title="Capnodium footii">Capnodium footii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cephaleuros_virescens" title="Cephaleuros virescens">Cephaleuros virescens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corticium_penicillatum" title="Corticium penicillatum">Corticium penicillatum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytospora_palmarum" title="Cytospora palmarum">Cytospora palmarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marasmiellus_cocophilus" title="Marasmiellus cocophilus">Marasmiellus cocophilus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Periconiella_cocoes" title="Periconiella cocoes">Periconiella cocoes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pestalotiopsis_palmarum" title="Pestalotiopsis palmarum">Pestalotiopsis palmarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaeochoropsis_mucosa" title="Phaeochoropsis mucosa">Phaeochoropsis mucosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phyllosticta_palmetto" title="Phyllosticta palmetto">Phyllosticta palmetto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_palmivora" title="Phytophthora palmivora">Phytophthora palmivora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudoepicoccum_cocos" title="Pseudoepicoccum cocos">Pseudoepicoccum cocos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramularia_necator" title="Ramularia necator">Ramularia necator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stigmina_palmivora" title="Stigmina palmivora">Stigmina palmivora</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_Coconut_Community" title="Asian and Pacific Coconut Community">Asian and Pacific Coconut Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Development_Board" title="Coconut Development Board">Coconut Development Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Baker_Company" title="Franklin Baker Company">Franklin Baker Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KERAFED" title="KERAFED">KERAFED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coconut_Authority" title="Philippine Coconut Authority">Philippine Coconut Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Engelhardt" title="August Engelhardt">August Engelhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Palace" title="Coconut Palace">Coconut Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_pearl" title="Coconut pearl">Coconut pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainuwele" title="Hainuwele">Hainuwele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Coconut_Day" title="World Coconut Day">World Coconut Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You_think_you_just_fell_out_of_a_coconut_tree%3F" title="You think you just fell out of a coconut tree?">You think you just fell out of a coconut tree?</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Coconuts" title="Category:Coconuts">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fibers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fibers" title="Template:Fibers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fibers" title="Template talk:Fibers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fibers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fibers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fique" title="Fique">Fique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">Flax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra" title="Ceiba pentandra">Kapok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaf" title="Kenaf">Kenaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_silk" title="Lotus silk">Lotus silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">Raffia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_fiber" title="Animal fiber">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">Byssus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_hair" title="Camel hair">Camel hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">Catgut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiengora" title="Chiengora">Chiengora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco#Guanaco_fiber" title="Guanaco">Guanaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama#Fiber" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina_(material)" title="Pashmina (material)">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiviut" title="Qiviut">Qiviut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_hair" title="Rabbit hair">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a#Vicuña_wool" title="Vicuña">Vicuña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak_fiber" title="Yak fiber">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Chemical" title="Fiber">Synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regenerated_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerated fiber">Regenerated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">Artificial silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_fiber" title="Milk fiber">Milk fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-synthetic_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-synthetic fiber">Semi-synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">Acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_diacetate" title="Cellulose diacetate">Diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">Lyocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal (textile)">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1atex" title="Piñatex">Piñatex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">Triacetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_fiber" title="Boron fiber">Boron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt_fiber" title="Basalt fiber">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallic_fiber" title="Metallic fiber">Metallic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Polymer_fibers" title="Fiber">Polymer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">Aramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technora" title="Technora">Technora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modacrylic" title="Modacrylic">Modacrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">UHMWPE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectran" title="Vectran">Vectran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylon" title="Vinylon">Vinylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyon" title="Vinyon">Vinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylon" title="Zylon">Zylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fibers" title="Category:Fibers">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fibers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fibers">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hydroculture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hydroculture" title="Template:Hydroculture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hydroculture" title="Template talk:Hydroculture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hydroculture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hydroculture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hydroculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_hydroculture" title="Historical hydroculture">Historical hydroculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeroponics" title="Aeroponics">Aeroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquascaping" title="Aquascaping">Aquascaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passive_hydroponics" title="Passive hydroponics">passive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subtypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Aquatic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_garden" title="Bottle garden">Bottle garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_culture" title="Deep water culture">Deep water culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratky_method" title="Kratky method">Kratky method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebb_and_flow_hydroponics" title="Ebb and flow hydroponics">Ebb and flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogponics" title="Fogponics">Fogponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microponics" title="Microponics">Microponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_film_technique" title="Nutrient film technique">Nutrient film technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_hydroponics" title="Organic hydroponics">Organic hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organop%C3%B3nicos" title="Organopónicos">Organopónicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-irrigated_planter" title="Sub-irrigated planter">Sub-irrigated planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_irrigation" title="Drip irrigation">Top drip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics#Substrates" title="Hydroponics">Substrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_peat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coco peat">Coco peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth" title="Diatomaceous earth">Diatomaceous earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanded_clay_aggregate" title="Expanded clay aggregate">Expanded clay aggregate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growstones" title="Growstones">Growstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">Lava rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_wool" title="Mineral wool">Mineral wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlite" title="Perlite">Perlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_hulls" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice hulls">Rice hulls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermiculite" title="Vermiculite">Vermiculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics#Wood_fibre" title="Hydroponics">Wood fibre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grow_light" title="Grow light">Grow light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponic_dosers" title="Hydroponic dosers">Hydroponic dosers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_sprinkler" title="Irrigation sprinkler">Irrigation sprinkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_sensor" title="Leaf sensor">Leaf sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowerpot" title="Flowerpot">Net-pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_nozzle" title="Spray nozzle">Spray nozzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timer#Electromechanical_timers" title="Timer">Timers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_hydroponic_fogger" title="Ultrasonic hydroponic fogger">Ultrasonic hydroponic fogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_chiller" title="Water chiller">Water chiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">Algaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_coral" title="Aquaculture of coral">Aquaculture of coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_sea_sponges" title="Aquaculture of sea sponges">Aquaculture of sea sponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-environment_agriculture" title="Controlled-environment agriculture">Controlled-environment agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_hydroculture" title="Historical hydroculture">Historical hydroculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponicum" title="Hydroponicum">Hydroponicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludarium" title="Paludarium">Paludarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Plant nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">Plant propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizosphere" title="Rhizosphere">Rhizosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_rot" title="Root rot">Root rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_farming" title="Vertical farming">Vertical farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_aeration" title="Water aeration">Water aeration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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