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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Treaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Eastern Crisis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Източна криза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Източна криза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%A1_v%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_krize" title="Velká východní krize – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velká východní krize" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkankrise" title="Balkankrise – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Balkankrise" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur_idakriis" title="Suur idakriis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suur idakriis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Crise_Orientale" title="Grande Crise Orientale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grande Crise Orientale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisis_Timur_Besar" title="Krisis Timur Besar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Krisis Timur Besar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_crisi_d%27Oriente" title="Grande crisi d'Oriente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande crisi d'Oriente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C" title="המשבר המזרחי הגדול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המשבר המזרחי הגדול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balk%C3%A1n-v%C3%A1ls%C3%A1g" title="Balkán-válság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Balkán-válság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Голема источна криза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Голема источна криза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisis_Hebat_Timur" title="Krisis Hebat Timur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Krisis Hebat Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عظیم مشرقی بحران – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عظیم مشرقی بحران" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Crise_do_Oriente" title="Grande Crise do Oriente – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande Crise do Oriente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Восточный кризис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восточный кризис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkaqet_p%C3%ABr_shp%C3%ABrthimin_e_Kriz%C3%ABs_Lindore" title="Shkaqet për shpërthimin e Krizës Lindore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkaqet për shpërthimin e Krizës Lindore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Велика источна криза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велика источна криза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanin_kriisi" title="Balkanin kriisi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Balkanin kriisi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Do%C4%9Fu_Buhran%C4%B1" title="Büyük Doğu Buhranı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Büyük Doğu Buhranı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عظیم مشرقی بحران – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عظیم مشرقی بحران" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="东方危机 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="东方危机" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16246888#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of uprisings against Ottoman rule in the Balkan Peninsula in the 1870s</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire">rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clash_with_Cherkessians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Clash_with_Cherkessians.jpg/300px-Clash_with_Cherkessians.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Clash_with_Cherkessians.jpg/450px-Clash_with_Cherkessians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Clash_with_Cherkessians.jpg/600px-Clash_with_Cherkessians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2226" data-file-height="1369" /></a></span><br />Serbian soldiers attacking the Ottoman army at <a href="/wiki/Mramor_(Ni%C5%A1)" title="Mramor (Niš)">Mramor</a>, 1877</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>19 June 1875 – 13 July 1878<br />(3 years, 3 weeks and 3 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Ottoman defeat </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <li>Reestablishment of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Bulgarian state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">De jure</a></i> independence of <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kars_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Kars Oblast">Kars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batum_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Batum Oblast">Batum Oblasts</a> become part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></span><div><ul><li style="list-style-type:initial; margin-left: 1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland-holding_sabre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_Arms_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland-holding_sabre.svg/16px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland-holding_sabre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_Arms_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland-holding_sabre.svg/24px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland-holding_sabre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_Arms_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland-holding_sabre.svg/32px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland-holding_sabre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="454" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a></li></ul></div></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">Romania</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><span data-sort-value="Montenegro"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="563" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/West_Macedonian_flag_1878.JPG/23px-West_Macedonian_flag_1878.JPG" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/West_Macedonian_flag_1878.JPG/35px-West_Macedonian_flag_1878.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/West_Macedonian_flag_1878.JPG/46px-West_Macedonian_flag_1878.JPG 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="331" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_the_Cretan_1878_Insurrection.png/23px-Flag_of_the_Cretan_1878_Insurrection.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_the_Cretan_1878_Insurrection.png/35px-Flag_of_the_Cretan_1878_Insurrection.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_the_Cretan_1878_Insurrection.png/45px-Flag_of_the_Cretan_1878_Insurrection.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> rebels</li></ul></div> <b>Supported by</b>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></span></li><li><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></span></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Egypt"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Egypt</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidiye_(cavalry)" title="Hamidiye (cavalry)">Kurdish volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashi_Bazouk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashi Bazouk">Albanian volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashi_Bazouk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashi Bazouk">Circassian volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Legion_in_Turkey" title="Polish Legion in Turkey">Polish Legion</a></li></ul> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Imamate" title="Caucasian Imamate">Imamate rebels</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia#Between_the_Ottoman_and_Russian_empires" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Abkhazian rebels</a> <b>Supported by</b>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1831%E2%80%931891)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891)">Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Nikolaevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Loris-Melikov" title="Mikhail Loris-Melikov">Mikhail Loris-Melikov</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Skobelev" title="Mikhail Skobelev">Mikhail Skobelev</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Gurko" title="Iosif Gurko">Iosif Gurko</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Davidovich_Lazarev" title="Ivan Davidovich Lazarev">Ivan Lazarev</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I of Romania</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria"><img alt="Principality of Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Battenberg" title="Alexander of Battenberg">Alexander of Battenberg</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro"><img alt="Principality of Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Prince Nikola</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="563" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kosta_Proti%C4%87" title="Kosta Protić">Kosta Protić</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Jovanovi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Jovanović">Stjepan Jovanović</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Macedonian_flag_1878.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/West_Macedonian_flag_1878.JPG/25px-West_Macedonian_flag_1878.JPG" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/West_Macedonian_flag_1878.JPG/38px-West_Macedonian_flag_1878.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/West_Macedonian_flag_1878.JPG/50px-West_Macedonian_flag_1878.JPG 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="331" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kosmas_Doumpiotis" title="Kosmas Doumpiotis">Kosmas Doumpiotis</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Muhtar_Pasha" title="Ahmed Muhtar Pasha">Ahmed Pasha</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Osman_Nuri_Pasha" title="Osman Nuri Pasha">Osman Pasha</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_H%C3%BCsn%C3%BC_Pa%C5%9Fa" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa">Suleiman Pasha</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Ali_Pasha_(marshal)" title="Mehmed Ali Pasha (marshal)">Mehmed Pasha</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClkerim_Nadir_Pasha" title="Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha">Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ey%C3%BCb_Pasha" title="Ahmed Eyüb Pasha">Ahmed Eyüb Pasha</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Riza_Pasha" title="Mehmed Riza Pasha">Mehmed Riza Pasha</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 185,000 in the Army of the Danube, 75,000 in the Caucasian Army<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div><ul><li style="list-style-type:initial; margin-left: 1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland-holding_sabre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_Arms_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland-holding_sabre.svg/16px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland-holding_sabre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_Arms_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland-holding_sabre.svg/24px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland-holding_sabre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_Arms_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland-holding_sabre.svg/32px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland-holding_sabre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="454" /></a></span> Finland: 1,000</li></ul></div></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> 66,000</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria"><img alt="Principality of Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 12,000, 190 cannons</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia"><img alt="Principality of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></span> 81,500</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro"><img alt="Principality of Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> 45,000</li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Macedonian_flag_1878.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/West_Macedonian_flag_1878.JPG/25px-West_Macedonian_flag_1878.JPG" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/West_Macedonian_flag_1878.JPG/38px-West_Macedonian_flag_1878.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/West_Macedonian_flag_1878.JPG/50px-West_Macedonian_flag_1878.JPG 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="331" /></a></span> 15,000</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> 281,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 15,567 killed, 56,652 wounded, 6,824 died from wounds<sup id="cite_ref-Урланис_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Урланис-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> 4,302 killed and missing, 3,316 wounded, 19,904 sick <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 2,456 dead and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-scepsis.net_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scepsis.net-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia"><img alt="Principality of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro"><img alt="Principality of Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> 2,400 dead and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-scepsis.net_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scepsis.net-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> 30,000 killed,<sup id="cite_ref-Мерников_Спектор_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Мерников_Спектор-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 90,000 died from wounds and diseases<sup id="cite_ref-Мерников_Спектор_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Мерников_Спектор-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Eastern_Crisis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Great Eastern Crisis</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1875%E2%80%931877)" title="Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)">Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/April_Uprising_of_1876" title="April Uprising of 1876">April Uprising of 1876</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Razlovtsi_insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Razlovtsi insurrection">Razlovtsi insurrection</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Reichstadt_Agreement" title="Reichstadt Agreement">Reichstadt Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)">Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)">Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Conference" title="Constantinople Conference">Constantinople Conference</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Convention_of_1877" title="Budapest Convention of 1877">Budapest Convention of 1877</a></span></li> <li><b><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></span></b></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">Romanian War of Independence</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Russian_Administration_in_Bulgaria" title="Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria">Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">Cyprus Convention</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Albanians,_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878">Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_uprising" title="Kumanovo uprising">Kumanovo uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/1878_Macedonian_rebellion" title="1878 Macedonian rebellion">1878 Macedonian rebellion</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Revolt_of_1878" title="Epirus Revolt of 1878">Epirus Revolt of 1878</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1878)" title="Cretan revolt (1878)">Cretan revolt (1878)</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin (1878)</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878</a></span></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Kresna%E2%80%93Razlog_uprising" title="Kresna–Razlog uprising">Kresna–Razlog uprising</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russo-Turkish_War(1877–1878)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Tepe" title="Battle of Kızıl Tepe">Kızıl Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Simnitza" title="Battle of Simnitza">Simnitza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Svistov" title="Battle of Svistov">Svistov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elena" title="Battle of Elena">Elena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nikopol" title="Battle of Nikopol">Nikopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stara_Zagora" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Stara Zagora">Stara Zagora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_M%C4%83cin" title="Action off Măcin">Măcin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plevna" title="Siege of Plevna">Plevna</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shipka_Pass" title="Battle of Shipka Pass">Shipka Pass</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lovcha" title="Battle of Lovcha">Lovcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aladzha" title="Battle of Aladzha">Aladzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorni_Dubnik" title="Battle of Gorni Dubnik">Gorni-Dubnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Erzurum_(1877)" title="Battle of Erzurum (1877)">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kars" title="Battle of Kars">Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tashkessen" title="Battle of Tashkessen">Tashkessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sofia" title="Battle of Sofia">Sofia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plovdiv_(1878)" title="Battle of Plovdiv (1878)">Plovdiv</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmanli_massacre" title="Harmanli massacre">Harmanli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Russo-Turkish_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Russo-Turkish Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russo-Turkish_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars"><span class="wrap">Russo-Turkish Wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">1568–70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">1676–81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">1686–1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign" title="Pruth River Campaign">1710–11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)">1735–39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">1768–74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">1787–92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">1806–12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">1828–29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">1853–56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">1877–78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Campaign">1914–1918</a></li> <li><a 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nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Events leading to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarajevo"><img alt="Sarajevo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/250px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/375px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/500px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="554" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a> 1866–1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> 1870–1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe#Second_phase" title="Concert of Europe">Second Concert of Europe</a> 1871</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Eastern Crisis</a> 1875–1878</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">Campaign in Bosnia</a> 1878</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a> 1879</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa#Boer_Wars" title="Military history of South Africa">Boer Wars</a> 1880–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1881" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881">Austro–Serbian Alliance</a> 1881–1903</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> 1882</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> 1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Crisis_(1885%E2%80%931888)" title="Bulgarian Crisis (1885–1888)">Bulgarian Crisis</a> 1885–1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a> 1887–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a> 1894</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> 1894–1895</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German naval arms race</a> 1898–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a> 1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a> 1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Coup_(Serbia)" title="May Coup (Serbia)">May Coup</a> 1903</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> 1904–1905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a> 1904</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> 1905–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_War_(1906%E2%80%931908)" title="Pig War (1906–1908)">Pig War</a> 1906–1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a> 1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> 1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> 1908–1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi Bargain</a> 1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Second Moroccan Crisis</a> 1911</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> 1911–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> 1912–1913</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Assassination of Franz Ferdinand</a> 1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a> 1914</li></ul> </li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Template:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Template talk:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Great Eastern Crisis</b> of 1875–1878 began in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">territories on the Balkan peninsula</a> in 1875, with the outbreak of several uprisings and wars that resulted in the intervention of international powers, and was ended with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a> in July 1878. </p><p>It is also called <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: <i lang="sh">Velika istočna kriza</i>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Şark Buhranı</i> ("Eastern Crisis", for the crisis in general), <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Ramazan Kararnamesi</i> ("Decree of Ramadan", for the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_default" title="Sovereign default">sovereign default</a> declared on 30 October 1875) and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">93 Harbi</i> ("War of 93", for the wars on the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan peninsula</a> between 1877 and 1878, referring in particular to the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)">Russo-Turkish War</a>, the year 1293 on the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Rumi_calendar" title="Rumi calendar">Rumi calendar</a> corresponding to the year 1877 on the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Eastern_Crisis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottomans_1875.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ottomans_1875.png/220px-Ottomans_1875.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ottomans_1875.png/330px-Ottomans_1875.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ottomans_1875.png/440px-Ottomans_1875.png 2x" data-file-width="5384" data-file-height="5976" /></a><figcaption>The empire in 1875 right before the crisis</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Batak_massacre" title="Batak massacre">Batak massacre</a> carried out by <a href="/wiki/Bashi-bazouk" title="Bashi-bazouk">Ottoman irregular troops</a> in Bulgaria in 1876</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fred._W._Rose_The_Avenger_An_Allegorical_War_Map_for_1877_1877_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1080_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Fred._W._Rose_The_Avenger_An_Allegorical_War_Map_for_1877_1877_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1080_01.jpg/220px-Fred._W._Rose_The_Avenger_An_Allegorical_War_Map_for_1877_1877_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1080_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Fred._W._Rose_The_Avenger_An_Allegorical_War_Map_for_1877_1877_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1080_01.jpg/330px-Fred._W._Rose_The_Avenger_An_Allegorical_War_Map_for_1877_1877_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1080_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Fred._W._Rose_The_Avenger_An_Allegorical_War_Map_for_1877_1877_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1080_01.jpg/440px-Fred._W._Rose_The_Avenger_An_Allegorical_War_Map_for_1877_1877_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1080_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9002" data-file-height="7137" /></a><figcaption>The Avenger: An Allegorical War Map for 1877 by Fred. W. Rose, 1872: This map reflects the "Great Eastern Crisis" and the subsequent Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78.</figcaption></figure> <p>The state of Ottoman administration in the Balkans continued to deteriorate throughout the 19th century, with the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a> occasionally losing control over whole provinces. Reforms imposed by European powers did little to improve the conditions of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christian population</a>, while at the same time managing to dissatisfy a sizable portion of the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Islam in the Ottoman Empire">Muslim population</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia Vilayet">Bosnia</a> suffered at least two waves of rebellion by the local <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Muslim population</a>, the most recent in 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> consolidated after the turmoil of the first half of the century and sought to reinvigorate its longstanding policy of expansion at the expense of the Ottoman Empire. Meanwhile, the nominally autonomous, de facto independent principalities of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> also sought to expand into regions inhabited by their compatriots. Nationalist and <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentist</a> sentiments were strong and were encouraged by Russia and its agents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_economic_crisis_and_default">Ottoman economic crisis and default</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Eastern_Crisis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ottoman economic crisis and default"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 24 August 1854,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-derinstrateji_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-derinstrateji-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ottomandebthistory_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottomandebthistory-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, the Ottoman Empire took its first <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_public_debt" title="Ottoman public debt">foreign loans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mevzuat_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mevzuat-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empire entered into subsequent loans, partly to finance the construction of railways and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">telegraph lines</a>, and partly to finance deficits between revenues and the lavish expenditures of the imperial court, such as the construction of new palaces on the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a> <a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">strait</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some financial commentators have noted that the terms of these loans were exceptionally favourable to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">French</a> banks (owned by the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschild family</a>) which facilitated them, whereas others have noted that the terms reflected the imperial administration's willingness to constantly refinance its debts.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large amount of money was also spent for building new ships for the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a> during the reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdülaziz">Abdülaziz</a> (r. 1861–1876). In 1875, the Ottoman Navy had 21 <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> and 173 warships of other types, which formed the third largest naval fleet in the world after those of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French navies</a>. All of these expenditures, however, put a huge strain on the Ottoman treasury. In the meantime, a severe drought in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> in 1873 and flooding in 1874 caused famine and widespread discontent in the heart of the empire. The agricultural shortages precluded the collection of necessary taxes, which forced the Ottoman government to declare a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_default" title="Sovereign default">sovereign default</a> on its foreign loan repayments on 30 October 1875 and increase taxes in all of its provinces, including the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-mevzuat_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mevzuat-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uprisings_and_wars_in_the_Balkans">Uprisings and wars in the Balkans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Eastern_Crisis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uprisings and wars in the Balkans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The decision to increase taxes for paying the Ottoman Empire's <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_public_debt" title="Ottoman public debt">debts to foreign creditors</a> resulted in <a href="#Chronology_of_the_Great_Eastern_Crisis_and_its_aftermath">outrage in the Balkan provinces</a>, which culminated in the Great Eastern Crisis and ultimately the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)</a> that provided independence or autonomy for the Christian nations in the empire's Balkan territories, with the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a> in 1878. The war, however, was disastrous for the already struggling <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman economy">Ottoman economy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Public_Debt_Administration" title="Ottoman Public Debt Administration">Ottoman Public Debt Administration</a> was established in 1881, which gave the control of the Ottoman state revenues to foreign creditors.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sovereignty_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sovereignty-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made the European creditors bondholders, and assigned special rights to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Public_Debt_Administration" title="Ottoman Public Debt Administration">OPDA</a> for collecting various types of tax and customs revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Eastern_Crisis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a> in 1878, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> stationed military garrisons in the <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia Vilayet">Ottoman Vilayet of Bosnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Novi_Pazar" title="Sanjak of Novi Pazar">Ottoman Sanjak of Novi Pazar</a>, which formally (<a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a>) continued to be Ottoman territories. Taking advantage of the chaos that occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> in 1908, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">Bulgaria declared its formal independence</a> on 5 October 1908. The following day, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian crisis">Austria-Hungary unilaterally annexed Bosnia</a> on 6 October 1908, but pulled its <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">military forces</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Novi_Pazar" title="Novi Pazar">Novi Pazar</a> in order to reach a compromise with the Ottoman government and avoid a war (the Ottoman Empire lost the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Novi_Pazar" title="Sanjak of Novi Pazar">Sanjak of Novi Pazar</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> of 1912–1913.) </p><p>In 1881, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">occupied the Ottoman Beylik of Tunisia</a>, with the excuse that Tunisian troops had crossed the border into <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">their colony of Algeria</a>, which also <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">formerly belonged to the Ottoman Empire</a> until 1830. A year later, in 1882, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">occupied the Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt</a>, with the pretext of giving military assistance to the Ottomans for putting down the <a href="/wiki/Urabi_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Urabi Revolt">Urabi Revolt</a> (Britain later declared Egypt <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">a British protectorate</a> on 5 November 1914, in response to the Ottoman government's decision to join <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) It is worth noting that the Ottoman government had frequently declared the tax revenues from Egypt as a <a href="/wiki/Surety" title="Surety">surety</a> for borrowing loans from British and French banks.<sup id="cite_ref-derinstrateji_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-derinstrateji-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mevzuat_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mevzuat-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman government had earlier <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">leased Cyprus to Britain</a> in 1878, in exchange for British support at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> in the same year (<a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus was later annexed by Britain</a> on 5 November 1914, for the same aforementioned reason regarding the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman participation in World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) By obtaining Cyprus and Egypt, Britain gained an important foothold in the East Mediterranean and control over the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>; while France increased its lands in the West Mediterranean coast of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> by adding Tunisia to its empire <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">as a French protectorate</a>. </p><p>Historian Maroš Melichárek writes that the Great Eastern Crisis could not have been fully resolved without Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology_of_the_Great_Eastern_Crisis_and_its_aftermath">Chronology of the Great Eastern Crisis and its aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Eastern_Crisis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chronology of the Great Eastern Crisis and its aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Eastern_Crisis_(1875%E2%80%9378)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Great Eastern Crisis (1875–78)">Great Eastern Crisis (1875–78)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Eastern_Crisis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1873%E2%80%931875_Anatolian_famine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1873–1875 Anatolian famine (page does not exist)">1873–1875 Anatolian famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crisis">Crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Eastern_Crisis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1875%E2%80%931877)" title="Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)">Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora_Uprising" title="Stara Zagora Uprising">Stara Zagora Uprising</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="April Uprising">April Uprising</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonika_Incident" title="Salonika Incident">Salonika Incident</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razlovtsi_insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Razlovtsi insurrection">Razlovtsi insurrection</a> (1876)</li> <li>On June 30, 1876, Montenegro and Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)">Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)">Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1876 Ottoman coup d'état">1876 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a> (1876–1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Conference" title="Constantinople Conference">Constantinople Conference</a> (1876–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">Romanian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Russian_Administration_in_Bulgaria" title="Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria">Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a> (1878)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Albanians,_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878">Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_uprising" title="Kumanovo uprising">Kumanovo uprising</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_Greek_Macedonian_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1878 Greek Macedonian rebellion">1878 Greek Macedonian rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Revolt_of_1878" title="Epirus Revolt of 1878">Epirus Revolt of 1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1878)" title="Cretan revolt (1878)">Cretan revolt (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresna%E2%80%93Razlog_uprising" title="Kresna–Razlog uprising">Kresna–Razlog uprising</a> (1878)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaties">Treaties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Eastern_Crisis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Treaties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichstadt_Agreement" title="Reichstadt Agreement">Reichstadt Agreement</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Convention_of_1877" title="Budapest Convention of 1877">Budapest Convention of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">Cyprus Convention</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin (1878)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_2">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Eastern_Crisis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Question">Armenian Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a> (1878–1881) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Plav_and_Gusinje" title="Battles for Plav and Gusinje">Battles for Plav and Gusinje</a> (1879–1880)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Halepa" title="Pact of Halepa">Pact of Halepa</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance (1879)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBUrabi_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻUrabi revolt">ʻUrabi revolt</a> (1879–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brsjak_revolt" title="Brsjak revolt">Brsjak revolt</a> (1880–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Tunisia" title="French conquest of Tunisia">French conquest of Tunisia</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1881" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881">Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Constantinople_(1881)" title="Convention of Constantinople (1881)">Convention of Constantinople (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herzegovina_Uprising_(1882)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herzegovina Uprising (1882) (page does not exist)">Herzegovina Uprising (1882)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Occupation_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="British Occupation of Egypt">British Occupation of Egypt</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Hungarian%E2%80%93German%E2%80%93Romanian_alliance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austro-Hungarian–German–Romanian alliance (page does not exist)">Austro-Hungarian–German–Romanian alliance</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timok_Rebellion" title="Timok Rebellion">Timok Rebellion</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Crisis_(1885%E2%80%931888)" title="Bulgarian Crisis (1885–1888)">Bulgarian Crisis (1885–1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yildiz_Trials&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yildiz Trials (page does not exist)">Yildiz Trials</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1879%E2%80%931881_Anatolian_famine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1879–1881 Anatolian famine (page does not exist)">1879–1881 Anatolian famine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Eastern_Crisis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy C. Dowling. <i>Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond</i>. ABC-CLIO, 2014. p. 748</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMernikovSpektor2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mernikov, A. G.; Spektor, A. A. (2005). <bdi lang="ru">Всемирная история войн</bdi> [<i>World History of Wars</i>] (in Russian). Minsk, Belarus: Харвест.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD&rft.place=Minsk%2C+Belarus&rft.pub=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Mernikov&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft.au=Spektor%2C+A.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Eastern+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Урланис-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Урланис_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrlanis1960" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Urlanis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Urlanis (page does not exist)">Urlanis, Boris</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scepsis.net/library/id_2140.html#a161"><bdi lang="ru">Войны в период домонополистического капитализма</bdi></a> [Wars during the period of pre-monopoly capitalism]. <bdi lang="ru">Войны и народонаселение Европы. Людские потери вооруженных сил европейских стран в войнах XVII—XX вв. (Историко-статистическое исследование)</bdi> [<i>Wars and population of Europe: Human losses of the armed forces of European countries in the wars of the 17th—20th centuries (Historical and statistical research)</i>] (in Russian). Minsk: Sotsekgiz. pp. 104–105, 129 § 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B.+%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%B2+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85+XVII%E2%80%94XX+%D0%B2%D0%B2.+%28%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%29&rft.place=Minsk&rft.pages=104-105%2C+129+%C2%A7+4&rft.pub=Sotsekgiz&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Urlanis&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscepsis.net%2Flibrary%2Fid_2140.html%23a161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Eastern+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scafes, Cornel, et al., <i>Armata Romania in Razvoiul de Independenta 1877–1878</i> [The Romanian Army in the War of Independence 1877–1878]. Bucuresti, Editura Sigma, 2002, p. 149 (Romence)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scepsis.net-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scepsis.net_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scepsis.net_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boris Urlanis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scepsis.net/library/id_2140.html"><i>Войны и народонаселение Европы</i></a> [<i>Wars and population of Europe</i>], Part II, Chapter II </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Мерников_Спектор-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Мерников_Спектор_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Мерников_Спектор_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMernikovSpektor2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mernikov, A. G.; Spektor, A. A. (2005). <bdi lang="ru">Всемирная история войн</bdi> [<i>World History of Wars</i>] (in Russian). Minsk, Belarus: Харвест. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/985-13-2607-0" title="Special:BookSources/985-13-2607-0"><bdi>985-13-2607-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD&rft.place=Minsk%2C+Belarus&rft.pub=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=985-13-2607-0&rft.aulast=Mernikov&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft.au=Spektor%2C+A.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Eastern+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixonSarkees2015" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Jeffrey S.; Sarkees, Meredith Reid (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y39ZDwAAQBAJ"><i>A Guide to Intra-state Wars: An Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816-2014</i></a>. CQ Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1506300818" title="Special:BookSources/978-1506300818"><bdi>978-1506300818</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Intra-state+Wars%3A+An+Examination+of+Civil%2C+Regional%2C+and+Intercommunal+Wars%2C+1816-2014&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1506300818&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&rft.au=Sarkees%2C+Meredith+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy39ZDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Eastern+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180411175003/http://www.dunyabulteni.net/haberler/223872/osmanli-devleti-ilk-kez-dis-borc-aldi">"Dünya Bülteni: "Osmanlı Devleti ilk kez dış borç aldı"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dunyabulteni.net/haberler/223872/osmanli-devleti-ilk-kez-dis-borc-aldi">the original</a> on 2018-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%BCnya+B%C3%BClteni%3A+%22Osmanl%C4%B1+Devleti+ilk+kez+d%C4%B1%C5%9F+bor%C3%A7+ald%C4%B1%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunyabulteni.net%2Fhaberler%2F223872%2Fosmanli-devleti-ilk-kez-dis-borc-aldi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Eastern+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-derinstrateji-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-derinstrateji_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-derinstrateji_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://derinstrateji.wordpress.com/2014/02/24/tarih-osmanli-borclari-ve-duyun-u-umumiye-idaresi/">Derin Strateji: "Osmanlı Borçları ve Düyun-u Umumiye İdaresi"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111307/http://www.yazarport.com/Yazi/Oku/385">"Yazarport: "Kırım Savaşı ve İlk Dış Borçlanma (1854-1855)"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yazarport.com/Yazi/Oku/385">the original</a> on 2018-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yazarport%3A+%22K%C4%B1r%C4%B1m+Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1+ve+%C4%B0lk+D%C4%B1%C5%9F+Bor%C3%A7lanma+%281854-1855%29%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yazarport.com%2FYazi%2FOku%2F385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Eastern+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottomandebthistory-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ottomandebthistory_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120724135149/http://gberis.e-monsite.com/pages/osmanli-borclanma-tarihi-ottoman-debt-history/">"History of the Ottoman public debt"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gberis.e-monsite.com/categorie,osmanli-borclanma-tarihi-ottoman-debt-history,3219214.html">the original</a> on 2012-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+public+debt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgberis.e-monsite.com%2Fcategorie%2Cosmanli-borclanma-tarihi-ottoman-debt-history%2C3219214.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Eastern+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Arthur Howard: "The History of Turkey", page 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mevzuat-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mevzuat_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mevzuat_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mevzuat_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mevzuatdergisi.com/2006/04a/03.htm">Mevzuat Dergisi, Yıl: 9, Sayı: 100, Nisan 2006: "Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nde Borçlanma Politikaları ve Sonuçları"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiall_Ferguson2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a> (2 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6667a18a-b888-11dc-893b-0000779fd2ac.html">"An Ottoman warning for indebted America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Ottoman+warning+for+indebted+America&rft.pub=Financial+Times&rft.date=2008-01-02&rft.au=Niall+Ferguson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F6667a18a-b888-11dc-893b-0000779fd2ac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Eastern+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gold for the Sultan: Western Bankers and Ottoman Finance, 1856–1881</i>, by Christopher Clay, London, 2001, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sovereignty-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sovereignty_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrasner" class="citation web cs1">Krasner, Stephen D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tHJ5m56sBX4C&pg=PA135">"Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sovereignty%3A+Organized+Hypocrisy&rft.aulast=Krasner&rft.aufirst=Stephen+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtHJ5m56sBX4C%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Eastern+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne">Articles 17, 18 and 19 of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne">Articles 20 and 21 of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelichárek2019" class="citation journal cs1">Melichárek, Maroš (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41984244">"Srbské nádeje a sklamania: Jovan Ristić a Berlínsky kongres /Serbia's Hopes and Disillusions: Jovan Ristić and the Congress of Berlin/"</a>. <i>Od moravských luk k balkánským horám: Václavu Štěpánkovi k šedesátinám</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Od+moravsk%C3%BDch+luk+k+balk%C3%A1nsk%C3%BDm+hor%C3%A1m%3A+V%C3%A1clavu+%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1nkovi+k+%C5%A1edes%C3%A1tin%C3%A1m&rft.atitle=Srbsk%C3%A9+n%C3%A1deje+a+sklamania%3A+Jovan+Risti%C4%87+a+Berl%C3%ADnsky+kongres+%2FSerbia%27s+Hopes+and+Disillusions%3A+Jovan+Risti%C4%87+and+the+Congress+of+Berlin%2F&rft.date=2019-01&rft.aulast=Melich%C3%A1rek&rft.aufirst=Maro%C5%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41984244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Eastern+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Eastern_Crisis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.185585/2015.185585.The-Slavonic-Reviewvol64#page/n215/mode/2up">"Unprinted documents: Russo-British relations during the Eastern Crisis (VIII. The eve of the armistice)"</a>. <i>The Slavonic and East European Review</i>. <b>25</b> (64). November 1946.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=Unprinted+documents%3A+Russo-British+relations+during+the+Eastern+Crisis+%28VIII.+The+eve+of+the+armistice%29&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=64&rft.date=1946-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.185585%2F2015.185585.The-Slavonic-Reviewvol64%23page%2Fn215%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Eastern+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.185585/2015.185585.The-Slavonic-Reviewvol64#page/n539/mode/2up">"Unprinted documents: Russo-British relations during the Eastern Crisis (VIII. On the edge of war)"</a>. <i>The Slavonic and East European Review</i>. <b>25</b> (65). April 1947.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=Unprinted+documents%3A+Russo-British+relations+during+the+Eastern+Crisis+%28VIII.+On+the+edge+of+war%29&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=65&rft.date=1947-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.185585%2F2015.185585.The-Slavonic-Reviewvol64%23page%2Fn539%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Eastern+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Anderson, M.S. <i>The Eastern Question, 1774–1923: A Study in International Relations</i> (1966) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/7391310/the-eastern-question-1774-1923-a-study-in-international">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619025514/https://www.questia.com/library/7391310/the-eastern-question-1774-1923-a-study-in-international">Archived</a> 2020-06-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranković1998" class="citation book cs1">Branković, Slobodan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cmjVPgAACAAJ"><i>Great eastern crisis and Serbia, 1875-1878</i></a>. Svetska srpska zajednica, Institut srpskog naroda.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+eastern+crisis+and+Serbia%2C+1875-1878&rft.pub=Svetska+srpska+zajednica%2C+Institut+srpskog+naroda&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Brankovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Slobodan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcmjVPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Eastern+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldfrank2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Goldfrank, David M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofru0001unse">"Berlin, Congress of"</a>. In Millar, James R. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Russian History</i>. Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0028656939" title="Special:BookSources/978-0028656939"><bdi>978-0028656939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berlin%2C+Congress+of&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Russian+History&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0028656939&rft.aulast=Goldfrank&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofru0001unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Eastern+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirályRothenberg1985" class="citation book cs1">Király, Béla K.; Rothenberg, Gunther Erich (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2HfAAAAMAAJ"><i>War and Society in East Central Europe: Insurrections wars and the eastern crisis in the 1870s</i></a>. Brooklyn College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-090-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-090-9"><bdi>978-0-88033-090-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Society+in+East+Central+Europe%3A+Insurrections+wars+and+the+eastern+crisis+in+the+1870s&rft.pub=Brooklyn+College+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-090-9&rft.aulast=Kir%C3%A1ly&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9la+K.&rft.au=Rothenberg%2C+Gunther+Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM2HfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Eastern+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Langer, William L. <i>European Alliances and Alignments: 1871-1890</i> (1950) pp 151–70. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.237096">Online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillman1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Millman_(historian)" title="Richard Millman (historian)">Millman, Richard</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=70aaAAAAIAAJ"><i>Britain and the Eastern question, 1875–1878</i></a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822379-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822379-5"><bdi>978-0-19-822379-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Eastern+question%2C+1875%E2%80%931878&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822379-5&rft.aulast=Millman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D70aaAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Eastern+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedlicott1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._N._Medlicott" title="W. N. Medlicott">Medlicott, W. N.</a> (1963). <i>The Congress of Berlin and After: A Diplomatic History of the Near East Settlement, 1878–1880</i> (Second ed.). London: Frank Cass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congress+of+Berlin+and+After%3A+A+Diplomatic+History+of+the+Near+East+Settlement%2C+1878%E2%80%931880&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Medlicott&rft.aufirst=W.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Eastern+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span>, Focus on the aftermath.</li> <li>Munro, Henry F. <i>The Berlin congress</i> (1918) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924027836869">online free</a>, 41pp of text, 600 pp of documents</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, A. J. P.</a> (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lw0UKQEACAAJ"><i>The struggle for mastery in Europe: 1848–1918</i></a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+struggle+for+mastery+in+Europe%3A+1848%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlw0UKQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Eastern+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYavuzSluglett2012" class="citation book cs1">Yavuz, M. Hakan; Sluglett, Peter, eds. (2012). <i>War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and the Treaty of Berlin</i>. University of Utah Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60781-150-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60781-150-3"><bdi>978-1-60781-150-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Diplomacy%3A+The+Russo-Turkish+War+of+1877%E2%80%931878+and+the+Treaty+of+Berlin&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60781-150-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Eastern+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Eastern_Crisis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Template:Great Eastern Crisis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Template talk:Great Eastern Crisis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Eastern Crisis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Eastern_Crisis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Eastern Crisis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars and conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Montenegrin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1875%E2%80%931877)" title="Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)">Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)">Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serb</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1875%E2%80%931877)" title="Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)">Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Turkish_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)">Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_uprising" title="Kumanovo uprising">Kumanovo uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora_Uprising" title="Stara Zagora Uprising">Stara Zagora Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Uprising_of_1876" title="April Uprising of 1876">April Uprising of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razlovtsi_insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Razlovtsi insurrection">Razlovtsi insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresna%E2%80%93Razlog_uprising" title="Kresna–Razlog uprising">Kresna–Razlog uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1878_Macedonian_rebellion" title="1878 Macedonian rebellion">1878 Macedonian rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Revolt_of_1878" title="Epirus Revolt of 1878">Epirus Revolt of 1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1878)" title="Cretan revolt (1878)">Cretan revolt (1878)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">Romanian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Albanians,_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878">Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="563" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International<br /> agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Memorandum" title="Berlin Memorandum">Berlin Memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstadt_Agreement" title="Reichstadt Agreement">Reichstadt Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Conference" title="Constantinople Conference">Constantinople Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Convention_of_1877" title="Budapest Convention of 1877">Budapest Convention of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">Cyprus Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin (1878)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian Exarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deligrad_Event" title="Deligrad Event">Deligrad Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Committee" title="Niš Committee">Niš Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1876 Ottoman coup d'état">1876 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Volunteer_Corps" title="Bulgarian Volunteer Corps">Opalchentsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Russian_Administration_in_Bulgaria" title="Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria">Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">British Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Plav_and_Gusinje" title="Battles for Plav and Gusinje">Battles for Plav and Gusinje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Halepa" title="Pact of Halepa">Pact of Halepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance (1879)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brsjak_revolt" title="Brsjak revolt">Brsjak revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1881" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881">Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Tunisia" title="French conquest of Tunisia">French conquest of Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Constantinople_(1881)" title="Convention of Constantinople (1881)">Convention of Constantinople (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British Occupation of Egypt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marche_slave" title="Marche slave">Marche slave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16246888#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" 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