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class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Penampilan </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class="">Derma</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item 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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log masuk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting">Ketahui lebih lanjut</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n">Perbincangan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div 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id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Gambaran_keseluruhan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gambaran_keseluruhan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Gambaran keseluruhan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gambaran_keseluruhan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Gambaran keseluruhan </button> <ul id="toc-Gambaran_keseluruhan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fenomena_alam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fenomena_alam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Fenomena alam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fenomena_alam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembentukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembentukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Pembentukan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pembentukan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Pembentukan </button> <ul id="toc-Pembentukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Udara_tepu_air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Udara_tepu_air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Udara tepu air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Udara_tepu_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tautan_dan_pemecahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tautan_dan_pemecahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Tautan dan pemecahan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tautan_dan_pemecahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taburan_saiz_titisan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taburan_saiz_titisan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Taburan saiz titisan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taburan_saiz_titisan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kesan_titisan_hujan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kesan_titisan_hujan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Kesan titisan hujan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kesan_titisan_hujan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Virga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Punca </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Punca-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Punca </button> <ul id="toc-Punca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aktiviti_perobekan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aktiviti_perobekan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Aktiviti perobekan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aktiviti_perobekan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olakan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olakan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Olakan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olakan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kesan_Orografik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kesan_Orografik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Kesan Orografik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kesan_Orografik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dalam_kawasan_tropika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalam_kawasan_tropika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Dalam kawasan tropika </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalam_kawasan_tropika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengaruh_manusia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengaruh_manusia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Pengaruh manusia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengaruh_manusia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perwatakan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perwatakan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Perwatakan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perwatakan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Perwatakan </button> <ul id="toc-Perwatakan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Corak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keasidan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keasidan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Keasidan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keasidan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengelasan_iklim_Köppen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengelasan_iklim_Köppen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Pengelasan iklim Köppen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengelasan_iklim_Köppen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengukuran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengukuran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Pengukuran </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pengukuran-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Pengukuran </button> <ul id="toc-Pengukuran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tolok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tolok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tolok </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tolok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penderia_kawalan_jauh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penderia_kawalan_jauh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Penderia kawalan jauh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penderia_kawalan_jauh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kepadatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kepadatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Kepadatan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kepadatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tempoh_pulangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tempoh_pulangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Tempoh pulangan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tempoh_pulangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramalan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramalan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Ramalan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramalan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Impak </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Impak </button> <ul id="toc-Impak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kesan_terhadap_pertanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kesan_terhadap_pertanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Kesan terhadap pertanian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kesan_terhadap_pertanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kebudayaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kebudayaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Kebudayaan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kebudayaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klimatologi_sejagat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klimatologi_sejagat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Klimatologi sejagat </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Klimatologi_sejagat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Togol subbahagian Klimatologi sejagat </button> <ul id="toc-Klimatologi_sejagat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gurun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gurun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Gurun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gurun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gurun_kutub" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gurun_kutub"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Gurun kutub </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gurun_kutub-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hutan_hujan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hutan_hujan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Hutan hujan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hutan_hujan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monsun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monsun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Monsun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monsun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kesan_angin_baratan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kesan_angin_baratan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Kesan angin baratan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kesan_angin_baratan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lokasi_basah_dikenali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lokasi_basah_dikenali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Lokasi basah dikenali </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lokasi_basah_dikenali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Di_luar_Bumi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Di_luar_Bumi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Di luar Bumi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Di_luar_Bumi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Lihat juga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Catatan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Rujukan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Pautan luar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Isi Kandungan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Togol isi kandungan </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hujan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 218 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-218" aria-hidden="true" > 218 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujeuen" title="Ujeuen – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ujeuen" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%89%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Ощхы – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Ощхы" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C3%ABn" title="Reën – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Reën" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regen" title="Regen – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Regen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%9D%E1%8A%93%E1%89%A5" title="ዝናብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዝናብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0" title="झौर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="झौर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn" title="Regn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Regn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="مطر – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluya" title="Pluya – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pluya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%9B%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܡܛܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܛܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploai" title="Ploai – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ploai" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A3" title="বৰষুণ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বৰষুণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluvia" title="Lluvia – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lluvia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiwon" title="Kimiwon – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Kimiwon" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="बरखा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बरखा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama" title="Ama – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ama" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallu" title="Jallu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jallu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C4%9F%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Yağış – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yağış" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="یاغیش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یاغیش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujan" title="Hujan – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hujan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabeh" title="Sabeh – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Sabeh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanji" title="Sanji – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Sanji" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="বৃষ্টি – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৃষ্টি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujan" title="Hujan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hujan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8D%CD%98" title="Hō͘ – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Ямғыр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ямғыр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Дождж – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дождж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Дождж – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дождж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojh%C3%A2n" title="Ojhân – Madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Ojhân" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madura" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="बरखा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बरखा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reng" title="Reng – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Reng" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆར་པ། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆར་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%A1a" title="Kiša – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kiša" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glav" title="Glav – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Glav" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%B4" title="Дъжд – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дъжд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Бороо – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бороо" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluja" title="Pluja – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pluja" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulan_(tubig)" title="Ulan (tubig) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ulan (tubig)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%80" title="Çумăр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çумăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9%C5%A1%C5%A5" title="Déšť – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Déšť" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaw" title="Glaw – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Glaw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saa" title="Saa – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Saa" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn" title="Regn – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Regn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvi" title="Arvi – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Arvi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regen" title="Regen – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Regen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C5%A1%C4%87" title="Dešć – Sorbian Rendah" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Dešć" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वर्षा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="वर्षा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihm" title="Vihm – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vihm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE" title="Βροχή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βροχή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B2va" title="Piòva – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Piòva" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain" title="Rain – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Rain" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Пиземе – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пиземе" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluvia" title="Lluvia – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lluvia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluvo" title="Pluvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pluvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluvia" title="Lluvia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lluvia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euri" title="Euri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Euri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باران – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paani_(barse)" title="Paani (barse) – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Paani (barse)" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluie" title="Pluie – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pluie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rein_(delslach)" title="Rein (delslach) – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rein (delslach)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C9%93o" title="Toɓo – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Toɓo" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearthainn" title="Fearthainn – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fearthainn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fliaghey" title="Fliaghey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fliaghey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uisge-adhair" title="Uisge-adhair – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Uisge-adhair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvia" title="Chuvia – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chuvia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0" title="ДогӀа – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ДогӀа" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A8" title="雨 – Cina Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="雨" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Cina Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A4%D9%86" title="وارؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="وارؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%98" title="મેઘ – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મેઘ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AD" title="Yí – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yí" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84_(%EB%82%A0%EC%94%A8)" title="비 (날씨) – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비 (날씨)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwan_sama" title="Ruwan sama – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ruwan sama" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%B1%D6%80%D6%87" title="Անձրև – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անձրև" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वर्षा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्षा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C5%A1%C4%87" title="Dešć – Sorbian Atas" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Dešć" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Atas" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%A1a" title="Kiša – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kiša" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluvo" title="Pluvo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pluvo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudo" title="Tudo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tudo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluvia" title="Pluvia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pluvia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluvie" title="Pluvie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Pluvie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%92%A5%E1%93%82" title="ᒥᓂ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᒥᓂ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialuk" title="Sialuk – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Sialuk" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imvula" title="Imvula – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Imvula" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imvula" title="Imvula – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Imvula" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigning" title="Rigning – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rigning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioggia" title="Pioggia – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pioggia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%9D" title="גשם – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גשם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udan" title="Udan – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Udan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%9B%CA%8B" title="Tɛʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɛʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86" title="ಮಳೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಳೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="წვიმა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წვიმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%B2%D8%B1%D9%90%D8%B4" title="بٲرِش – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بٲرِش" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Жаңбыр – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жаңбыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaw" title="Glaw – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Glaw" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Жамгыр – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жамгыр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mvua" title="Mvua – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mvua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Зэр – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Зэр" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapli" title="Lapli – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lapli" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapli" title="Lapli – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lapli" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baran" title="Baran – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Baran" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luvya" title="Luvya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Luvya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9D%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%99" title="ຝົນ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຝົນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluvia" title="Pluvia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pluvia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietus" title="Lietus – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lietus" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBuha" title="ʻuha – Tonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻuha" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reen" title="Reen – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Reen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84" title="Марф – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Марф" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietus" title="Lietus – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lietus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raenger" title="Raenger – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Raenger" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C3%BAla_(m%C3%A1i)" title="Mbúla (mái) – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mbúla (mái)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryokanga_n%E2%80%99etonya" title="Eryokanga n’etonya – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Eryokanga n’etonya" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioeuva" title="Pioeuva – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pioeuva" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es%C5%91" title="Eső – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eső" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वर्षा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="वर्षा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4" title="Дожд – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дожд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orana" title="Orana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Orana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B4" title="മഴ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഴ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ua" title="Ua – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ua" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B8" title="पाऊस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पाऊस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ჭვემა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭვემა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="وارش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="وارش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujan" title="Hujan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hujan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%B2%CC%84" title="Ṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Пиземсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Пиземсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Бороо – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бороо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="မိုး – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiyahuitl" title="Quiyahuitl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Quiyahuitl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uca" title="Uca – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Uca" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regen_(neerslag)" title="Regen (neerslag) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Regen (neerslag)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regen" title="Regen – Saxon Rendah" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Regen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Saxon Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वर्षा – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वर्षा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81)" title="वा (जलवायु) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वा (जलवायु)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A8" title="雨 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="雨" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn" title="Regn – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Regn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn" title="Regn – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Regn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pllie" title="Pllie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pllie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plu%C3%A8ja" title="Pluèja – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pluèja" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ବର୍ଷା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବର୍ଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yomg%CA%BBir" title="Yomgʻir – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yomgʻir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B9" title="ਮੀਂਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੀਂਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orad" title="Orad – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Orad" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%BE" title="مینھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مینھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باران – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باران" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rien" title="Rien – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Rien" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Зэр – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Зэр" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BD%E1%80%B0%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA" title="ၽူၼ် – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၽူၼ်" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieuva" title="Pieuva – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pieuva" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regen" title="Regen – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Regen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deszcz" title="Deszcz – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Deszcz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuva" title="Chuva – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chuva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaw%C4%B1n" title="Jawın – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jawın" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavun" title="Cavun – Turki Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Cavun" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Turki Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploaie" title="Ploaie – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ploaie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para" title="Para – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Para" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Додж – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Додж" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Дождь – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дождь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Ардах – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ардах" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/udad" title="udad – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="udad" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वर्षा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वर्षा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AB" title="ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="بارش – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بارش" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proina" title="Proina – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Proina" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain" title="Rain – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rain" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyux" title="Quyux – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Quyux" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiu" title="Shiu – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shiu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiuvuta" title="Chiuvuta – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chiuvuta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83" title="වැස්ස – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වැස්ස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain" title="Rain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="برسات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برسات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1%C5%BE%C4%8F" title="Dážď – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dážď" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C5%BE" title="Dež – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dež" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roob" title="Roob – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Roob" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باران – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Киша – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Киша" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%A1a" title="Kiša – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kiša" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujan" title="Hujan – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hujan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sade" title="Sade – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sade" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn" title="Regn – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Regn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%E1%BA%93ar" title="Anẓar – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Anẓar" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulan" title="Ulan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ulan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88" title="மழை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மழை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageffur" title="Ageffur – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ageffur" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Яңгыр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яңгыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/qwalax" title="qwalax – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="qwalax" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%82" title="వర్షం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వర్షం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%99" title="ฝน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฝน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C6%B0a" title="Mưa – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mưa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Борон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Борон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%AC" title="ᎠᎦᏍᎬ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎦᏍᎬ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8A" title="ಬರ್ಸೊ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಬರ್ಸೊ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C4%9Fmur" title="Yağmur – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yağmur" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dagy%C5%9F" title="Ýagyş – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýagyş" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsuo_t%C9%94" title="Nsuo tɔ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nsuo tɔ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za" title="Za – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Za" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%89" title="Дощ – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дощ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="بارش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بارش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%BA%DB%87%D8%B1" title="يامغۇر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يامغۇر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwn" title="Fwn – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Fwn" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B3va" title="Pióva – Venetia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pióva" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihm" title="Vihm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vihm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rein" title="Rein – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Rein" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihm" title="Vihm – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vihm" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plouve" title="Plouve – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Plouve" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A8" title="雨 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="雨" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juya" title="Juya – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Juya" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A8" title="雨 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="雨" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%9F" title="רעגן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רעגן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92j%C3%B2" title="Òjò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òjò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A8" title="雨 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C4%B1t" title="Varıt – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Varıt" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABtos" title="Lītos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lītos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A8" title="雨 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cbot" title="Ìbot – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ìbot" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujan" title="Ujan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ujan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujan" title="Ujan – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Ujan" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A5%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%95" title="ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵕ – Tamazight Maghribi Standard" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵕ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maghribi Standard" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7925#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hujan" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c">Rencana</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Hujan" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t">Perbincangan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Bahasa Melayu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hujan">Baca</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v">Sunting</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e">Sunting sumber</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h">Lihat sejarah</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Peralatan </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hujan">Baca</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v">Sunting</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e">Sunting sumber</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=history">Lihat sejarah</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Hujan" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j">Pautan ke laman ini</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Hujan" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k">Perubahan berkaitan</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u">Muat naik fail</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&oldid=5664619" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini">Pautan kekal</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini">Maklumat laman</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Hujan&id=5664619&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini">Petik laman ini</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHujan">Dapatkan URL pendek</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHujan">Muat turun kod QR</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Hujan">Cipta buku</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hujan&action=show-download-screen">Muat turun sebagai PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p">Versi boleh cetak</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rain" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7925" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g">Butir Wikidata</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rencana_baik" title="Ini adalah rencana baik. Klik di sini untuk maklumat lanjut."><img alt="Ini adalah rencana baik. Klik di sini untuk maklumat lanjut." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Untuk kegunaan lain, sila lihat <a href="/wiki/Hujan_(nyahkekaburan)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hujan (nyahkekaburan)">Hujan (nyahkekaburan)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6349617">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Sebahagian daripada siri <a href="/wiki/Alam_semula_jadi" title="Alam semula jadi">alam semula jadi</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Cuaca" title="Cuaca">Cuaca</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#ccc 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Musim" title="Musim">Kalendar musim</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musim_bunga" title="Musim bunga">Musim bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musim_panas" title="Musim panas">Musim panas</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musim_luruh" title="Musim luruh">Musim luruh/gugur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musim_sejuk" title="Musim sejuk">Musim sejuk/dingin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#ccc 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Tropika" title="Tropika">Musim tropika</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musim_kemarau" title="Musim kemarau">Musim kemarau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musim_hujan" title="Musim hujan">Musim hujan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#ccc 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Ribut" title="Ribut">Ribut</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribut_salji" title="Ribut salji">Ribut salji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awan" title="Awan">Awan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angin_kencang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angin kencang (laman tidak wujud)">Angin kencang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribut_pasir" title="Ribut pasir">Ribut pasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siklon_luar_tropika" title="Siklon luar tropika">Siklon luar tropika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribut_api" title="Ribut api">Ribut api</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribut_ais" title="Ribut ais">Ribut ais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilat" title="Kilat">Kilat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersel" title="Supersel">Supersel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribut_petir" title="Ribut petir">Ribut petir</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petir_salji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petir salji (laman tidak wujud)">Petir salji</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puting_beliung" title="Puting beliung">Puting beliung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siklon_tropika" title="Siklon tropika">Siklon tropika (hurikan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengkayan" title="Sengkayan">Sengkayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribut_musim_sejuk" title="Ribut musim sejuk">Ribut musim sejuk</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#ccc 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Kerpasan" title="Kerpasan">Kerpasan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerimis" title="Gerimis">Gerimis</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerimis_beku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerimis beku (laman tidak wujud)">Gerimis beku</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graupel" title="Graupel">Graupel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujan_batu" title="Hujan batu">Hujan batu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelet_ais" title="Pelet ais">Pelet ais</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debu_berlian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Debu berlian (laman tidak wujud)">Debu berlian</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hujan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hujan_beku" title="Hujan beku">Hujan beku</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salji" title="Salji">Salji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hujan_salji" class="mw-redirect" title="Hujan salji">Hujan salji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butiran_salji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butiran salji (laman tidak wujud)">Butiran salji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penggelek_salji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penggelek salji (laman tidak wujud)">Penggelek salji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecah_salji" title="Lecah salji">Lecah salji</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#ccc 1px solid;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indeks_artikel_meteorologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indeks artikel meteorologi (laman tidak wujud)">Topik</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pencemaran_udara" title="Pencemaran udara">Pencemaran udara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iklim" title="Iklim">Iklim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awan" title="Awan">Awan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelombang_dingin" title="Gelombang dingin">Gelombang dingin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabus" title="Kabus">Kabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelombang_haba" title="Gelombang haba">Gelombang haba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologi" title="Meteorologi">Meteorologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuaca_buruk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuaca buruk (laman tidak wujud)">Cuaca buruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramalan_cuaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramalan cuaca">Ramalan cuaca</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#ccc 1px solid; border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid;"> <img alt="Ikon portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/16px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/24px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/32px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Cuaca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal:Cuaca (laman tidak wujud)">Portal Cuaca</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6453376">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Weather" title="Templat:Weather"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Weather&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Weather (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Weather&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Averse_de_pluie.webm/310px--Averse_de_pluie.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="310" height="233" data-durationhint="62" data-mwtitle="Averse_de_pluie.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fail:Averse_de_pluie.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Averse_de_pluie.webm/Averse_de_pluie.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Averse_de_pluie.webm/Averse_de_pluie.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Averse_de_pluie.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Averse_de_pluie.webm/Averse_de_pluie.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Averse_de_pluie.webm/Averse_de_pluie.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Averse_de_pluie.webm/Averse_de_pluie.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Averse_de_pluie.webm/Averse_de_pluie.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Averse_de_pluie.webm/Averse_de_pluie.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Taburan hujan</figcaption></figure> <table role="presentation" class="metadata mbox-small" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="line-height:1.1em;"><table style="width:100%; background:transparent; color:inherit; border-collapse:collapse; padding:0; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px 0;"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Thunder.ogg" title="Fail:Thunder.ogg">Hujan</a></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px;"> <audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" style="width:180px;" data-durationhint="19" data-mwtitle="Thunder.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Thunder.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Thunder.ogg/Thunder.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding:0;">Bunyi yang jelas hujan dengan <a href="/wiki/Petir" title="Petir">petir</a></td> </tr><tr> <td><hr /></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="mbox-text" style="line-height:1.1em;">Masalah mendengarkan ? 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Hujan terbentuk apabila titik <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a> yang terpisah jatuh ke <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">bumi</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Awan" title="Awan">awan</a>. Bukan semua air hujan sampai ke permukaan bumi, sesetengahnya terpeluwap ketika jatuh melalui udara kering, sejenis kerpasan yang dikenali sebagai <a href="/wiki/Virga" title="Virga">virga</a>. Punca utama pengeluaran hujan adalah kelembapan bergerak di sepanjang zon tiga dimensi suhu dan kelembapan kontras dikenali sebagai bidang cuaca. Jika kelembapan yang mencukupi dan gerakan menaik hadir, hujan turun dari awan <a href="/wiki/Perolakan" title="Perolakan">perolakan</a> (mereka yang mempunyai gerakan tegak menaik yang kukuh) seperti <a href="/wiki/Kumulonimbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumulonimbus">kumulonimbus</a> (awan petir) yang boleh menyusun ke dalam kerpasan hujan sempit. Di kawasan pergunungan, hujan lebat adalah mungkin di mana sehingga aliran cerun dimaksimumkan dalam pihak angin rupa bumi pada ketinggian yang memaksa udara lembab terpeluwap dan jatuh sebagai hujan sepanjang sisi pegunungan. Pada sebelah bawah angin gunung, iklim padang pasir boleh wujud kerana udara kering yang disebabkan oleh aliran cerun ke bawah yang menyebabkan pemanasan dan pengeringan jisim udara. Pergerakan palung monsun, atau zon penumpuan intertropikal, membawa <a href="/wiki/Musim_hujan" title="Musim hujan">musim hujan</a> ke kawasan yang lebih <a href="/wiki/Savana" title="Savana">savana</a>. Bandar kesan pulau <a href="/wiki/Haba" title="Haba">haba</a> membawa kepada peningkatan hujan, dalam kedua-dua jumlah dan intensiti, arah angin dari bandar-bandar. <a href="/wiki/Pemanasan_global" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemanasan global">Pemanasan global</a> juga menyebabkan perubahan dalam corak hujan di peringkat global, termasuk keadaan lembap di seluruh timur <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Utara" title="Amerika Utara">Amerika Utara</a> dan syarat-syarat yang lebih kering di kawasan <a href="/wiki/Tropika" title="Tropika">tropika</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika">Antartika</a> adalah benua kering. Di peringkat global purata hujan tahunan ke atas tanah 715 mm (28.1 in), tetapi bagi keseluruhan <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a> ia adalah lebih tinggi pada 990 mm (39 in). <a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Sistem pengelasan iklim seperti sistem <a href="/wiki/Pengelasan_iklim_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Pengelasan iklim Köppen">pengelasan iklim Köppen</a> menggunakan purata hujan turun untuk membantu membezakan antara yang berbeza rejim <a href="/wiki/Iklim" title="Iklim">iklim</a>. Hujan diukur menggunakan tolok hujan. Jumlah hujan boleh dianggarkan dengan radar cuaca. Hujan juga dikenali atau disyaki di planet-planet lain, di mana ia boleh terdiri daripada <a href="/wiki/Metana" title="Metana">metana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asid_sulfurik" title="Asid sulfurik">asid sulfurik</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a> bukannya air. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gambaran_keseluruhan">Gambaran keseluruhan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Gambaran keseluruhan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Gambaran keseluruhan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fenomena_alam">Fenomena alam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Fenomena alam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Fenomena alam">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Rain_in_Coronel_Fabriciano_MG.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Rain_in_Coronel_Fabriciano_MG.JPG/220px-Rain_in_Coronel_Fabriciano_MG.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Rain_in_Coronel_Fabriciano_MG.JPG/330px-Rain_in_Coronel_Fabriciano_MG.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Rain_in_Coronel_Fabriciano_MG.JPG/440px-Rain_in_Coronel_Fabriciano_MG.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="3180" /></a><figcaption>Hujan di <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:FoggDam-NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FoggDam-NT.jpg/220px-FoggDam-NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FoggDam-NT.jpg/330px-FoggDam-NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FoggDam-NT.jpg/440px-FoggDam-NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>Corong hujan di bawah badai petir.</figcaption></figure> Hujan memainkan peranan penting dalam <a href="/wiki/Kitaran_hidrologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitaran hidrologi">kitaran hidrologi</a> di mana kelembapan dari laut terpeluwap, bertukar menjadi awan, terkumpul menjadi awan, jatuh kembali ke <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">bumi</a>, dan akhirnya kembali ke laut melalui <a href="/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai">sungai</a> dan anak sungai untuk mengulangi kitaran itu semula. Jumlah air hujan diukur menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolok_hujan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tolok hujan (laman tidak wujud)">tolok hujan</a>. Alat ini seakan-akan paip kerongga yang tertutup pada bawahnya, dengan satu corong pada hujungnya yang di atas. Alat ini biasanya diletakkan di suatu tempat yang lapang. Jumlah air hujan dinyatakan sebagai kedalaman <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a> yang terkumpul pada permukaan rata, dan diukur kepada 0.25 mm terhampir. Kadang-kadang ia turut disebut dalam liter per meter persegi (1 L/m² = 1 mm). Tempat yang air hujannya kurang daripada 254 mm (10 inci) setahun dipanggil <a href="/wiki/Gurun" title="Gurun">gurun</a>, manakala jumlah hujan yang lebih daripada 510 mm setahun diperlukan untuk tujuan <a href="/wiki/Pertanian" title="Pertanian">pertanian</a>. Tetapi sekiranya jumlah hujan lebih daripada 2540 mm setahun, tumbuhan liar boleh menjadi amat subur sehingga mengancam tanam-tanaman. Air hujan sering digambarkan sebagai berbentuk "lonjong" seperti air mata, lebar di bawah dan tirus di atas, tetapi ini tidak tepat. Air hujan kecil hampir bulat. Air hujan yang besar menjadi semakin leper, seperti roti burger; air hujan yang lebih besar berbentuk payung terjun. Air hujan yang besar jatuh lebih cepat berbanding air hujan yang lebih kecil. Biasanya diameter air hujan ialah antara 1-2 mm. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pembentukan">Pembentukan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Pembentukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pembentukan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Udara_tepu_air">Udara tepu air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Udara tepu air" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Udara tepu air">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Rain_on_grass2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rain_on_grass2.jpg/220px-Rain_on_grass2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rain_on_grass2.jpg/330px-Rain_on_grass2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rain_on_grass2.jpg/440px-Rain_on_grass2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Titisan hujan pada rumput</figcaption></figure> Air mengandungi wap air, dan jumlah air dalam jisim tertentu udara kering, yang dikenali sebagai nisbah campuran, diukur dalam gram air setiap kilogram udara kering (g / kg).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Jumlah kelembapan di udara juga sering dilaporkan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kelembapan_relatif" title="Kelembapan relatif">kelembapan relatif</a>; yang merupakan peratusan daripada jumlah udara wap air boleh tahan pada suhu udara tertentu.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Berapa banyak air wap sebidang udara boleh mengandungi sebelum ia menjadi tepu (100% kelembapan relatif) dan bentuk ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Awan" title="Awan">awan</a> (satu kumpulan air dan ais zarah boleh dilihat dan kecil digantung di atas permukaan Bumi)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> bergantung kepada suhunya. Udara panas boleh mengandungi lebih wap air daripada udara sejuk sebelum menjadi tepu. Oleh itu, satu cara untuk menepukan sebidang udara untuk menyejukkan ia. Takat embun ialah suhu yang petak perlu disejukkan untuk menjadi tepu.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Terdapat empat mekanisme utama untuk menyejukkan udara untuk titik embun yang: penyejukan adiabatik, penyejukan konduktif, penyejukan radiational dan penyejukan penyejatan. Penyejukan adiabatik berlaku apabila udara naik dan mengembang.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Udara boleh meningkat disebabkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Perolakan" title="Perolakan">perolakan</a>, usul atmosfera besar-besaran, atau halangan fizikal seperti gunung (lif orografik). penyejukan konduktif berlaku apabila udara bersentuhan dengan permukaan yang sejuk,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> biasanya oleh yang diletupkan dari satu permukaan yang lain, sebagai contoh dari permukaan air cecair ke tanah sejuk. Penyejukan secara radiasi berlaku disebabkan oleh pengeluaran <a href="/wiki/Sinaran_terma" title="Sinaran terma">sinaran inframerah</a>, sama ada melalui udara atau dengan permukaan di bawahnya.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Penyejukan penyejatan berlaku apabila kelembapan ditambah ke udara melalui penyejatan, yang memaksa suhu udara sejuk ke suhu basah, atau sehingga ia mencapai tepu.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Cara utama wap air ditambah kepada udara adalah: penumpuan angin kepada bidang gerakan menaik,<a href="#cite_note-convection-11">[11]</a> hujan atau virga jatuh dari atas, <a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>pemanasan siang penyejatan air dari permukaan lautan, badan-badan air atau tanah basah,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> transpirasi daripada tumbuh-tumbuhan,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> sejuk atau kering udara yang bergerak di atas air yang lebih panas, <a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> dan mengangkat udara di atas gunung.<a href="#cite_note-MT-16">[16]</a> Wap air biasanya mula memeluwap pada nukleus pemeluwapan seperti habuk, ais, dan garam untuk membentuk awan. Bahagian tinggi daripada bidang cuaca (yang tiga dimensi dalam alam semula jadi)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> memaksa bidang utama gerakan menaik dalam atmosfera Bumi yang membentuk awan dek seperti altostratus atau sirostratus.<a href="#cite_note-DR-18">[18]</a> Stratus adalah dek awan stabil yang cenderung untuk membentuk apabila, jisim udara stabil sejuk terperangkap di bawah jisim udara yang hangat. Ia juga boleh membentuk kerana mengangkat alir lintang <a href="/wiki/Kabus" title="Kabus">kabus</a> semasa keadaan berangin.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tautan_dan_pemecahan">Tautan dan pemecahan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Tautan dan pemecahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Tautan dan pemecahan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Raindrops_sizes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing that very small rain drops are almost spherical in shape. As drops become larger, they become flattened on the bottom, like a hamburger bun. Very large rain drops are split into smaller ones by air resistance which makes them increasingly unstable." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Raindrops_sizes.svg/220px-Raindrops_sizes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Raindrops_sizes.svg/330px-Raindrops_sizes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Raindrops_sizes.svg/440px-Raindrops_sizes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>Bentuk titisan hujan bergantung pada saiz mereka.</figcaption></figure> Tautan berlaku apabila titisan air fius untuk mewujudkan titisan air yang lebih besar. Air rintangan biasanya menyebabkan titisan air dalam awan untuk kekal pegun. Apabila pergolakan udara berlaku, titisan air berlanggar, menghasilkan titisan yang lebih besar. Oleh kerana titisan air yang lebih besar turun, tautan berterusan, supaya titisan menjadi cukup berat untuk mengatasi rintangan udara dan jatuh sebagai hujan. Tautan biasanya berlaku paling kerap dalam awan di atas pembekuan, dan juga dikenali sebagai proses hujan panas.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Dalam awan di bawah paras beku, apabila kristal ais mendapatkan massa cukup mereka mula jatuh. Ini secara amnya memerlukan lebih banyak jisim daripada tautan apabila berlaku antara kristal dan titisan air bersebelahan. Proses ini bergantung kepada suhu, kerana titisan air supercooled hanya wujud dalam awan yang di bawah paras beku. Di samping itu, kerana perbezaan suhu yang besar antara awan dan permukaan tanah, ini kristal ais boleh mencairkan kerana mereka jatuh dan menjadi hujan.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Titisan hujan mempunyai saiz antara 0,1-9 mm (0,0039-0,3543 in) diameter bermakna, di atas yang mereka cenderung untuk berpecah. titisan yang lebih kecil dipanggil titisan awan, dan bentuk mereka adalah sfera. Sebagai titisan hujan peningkatan dalam saiz, bentuknya menjadi lebih bulat, dengan keratan rentas yang terbesar yang dihadapi oleh aliran udara dari arah depan. Besar titisan hujan menjadi semakin leper di bahagian bawah, seperti roti <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburger">hamburger</a>; orang-orang yang sangat besar berbentuk seperti <a href="/wiki/Payung_terjun" title="Payung terjun">payung terjun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Villermaux-23">[23]</a> Bertentangan dengan kepercayaan popular, bentuk mereka tidak menyerupai titisan air mata. <a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Titisan hujan terbesar di Bumi telah direkodkan sepanjang <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Marshall" title="Kepulauan Marshall">Kepulauan Marshall</a> pada tahun 2004 – sebahagian daripada mereka adalah sebesar 10 mm (0.39 in). Saiz besar dijelaskan oleh pemeluwapan pada zarah asap besar atau oleh perlanggaran antara titik di kawasan-kawasan kecil dengan kandungan yang tinggi terutamanya air cecair.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Titisan hujan dikaitkan dengan lebur hujan batu cenderung untuk menjadi lebih besar daripada titisan hujan lain.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Intensiti dan tempoh hujan biasanya songsang yang berkaitan, iaitu, ribut intensiti tinggi adalah mungkin dalam jangka masa pendek dan ribut intensiti rendah boleh mempunyai jangka masa yang panjang.<a href="#cite_note-JS-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taburan_saiz_titisan">Taburan saiz titisan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Taburan saiz titisan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Taburan saiz titisan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Water_Drop_on_rose_leaf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Raindrop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Water_Drop_on_rose_leaf.JPG/300px-Water_Drop_on_rose_leaf.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Water_Drop_on_rose_leaf.JPG/450px-Water_Drop_on_rose_leaf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Water_Drop_on_rose_leaf.JPG/600px-Water_Drop_on_rose_leaf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Titisan hujan di daun</figcaption></figure> Taburan saiz titisan akhir adalah taburan eksponen. Bilangan titisan dengan diameter antara <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}"> dan <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D+dD}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D+dD}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c543d9fd275f8035889bc85aff288ac43c43c451" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.905ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D+dD}"> per unit isipadu ruang adalah <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n(d)=n_{0}e^{-d/\langle d\rangle }dD}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mi>d</mi> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n(d)=n_{0}e^{-d/\langle d\rangle }dD}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c1fa5db89ff1ed652a70ac8f4e0c730ff8e474b3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.523ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n(d)=n_{0}e^{-d/\langle d\rangle }dD}">. Ini biasanya dirujuk sebagai undang-undang Marshall-Palmer selepas penyelidik yang pertama mencirikan ia.<a href="#cite_note-Villermaux-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Parameter yang agak bergantung kepada suhu,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> dan cerun juga timbangan dengan kadar hujan <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle d\rangle ^{-1}=41R^{-0.21}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨</mo> <mi>d</mi> <msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>41</mn> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.21</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle d\rangle ^{-1}=41R^{-0.21}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d9849e9ae5a18e5fcb558d35626c46a2370fac35" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.979ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle d\rangle ^{-1}=41R^{-0.21}}"> (D dalam sentimeter dan R dalam milimeter sejam).<a href="#cite_note-Villermaux-23">[23]</a> Penyelewengan boleh berlaku atas titisan kecil dan semasa keadaan hujan yang berbeza. Pengedaran cenderung untuk muat hujan purata, manakala saiz merta spektrum sering menyimpang dan telah dimodelkan sebagai taburan gamma. <a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Pengedaran mempunyai had kerana titisan pemecahan.<a href="#cite_note-Villermaux-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kesan_titisan_hujan">Kesan titisan hujan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Kesan titisan hujan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kesan titisan hujan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Impak titisan hujan pada halaju terminal mereka, yang lebih besar untuk titik yang lebih besar kerana mereka beramai-ramai yang lebih besar kepada nisbah menyeret. Pada aras laut dan tanpa angin, 0.5 mm (0.020 in) kesan hujan renyai-renyai pada 2 m s (6.6 kaki/s) atau 7.2 km/h (4.5 mph), manakala 5 mm besar (0.20 in) jatuh kesan pada kira-kira 9 m/s (30 ft/s) atau 32 km/h (20 mph).<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Hujan jatuh pada bahan longgar dibungkus seperti abu yang baru jatuh boleh menghasilkan lubang-lubang kecil yang boleh membatu.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Pergantungan ketumpatan udara diameter titisan hujan maksimum bersama-sama dengan cetakan titisan hujan fosil telah digunakan untuk mengekang ketumpatan udara 2.7 bilion tahun yang lalu.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Bunyi titisan hujan memukul air adalah disebabkan oleh gelembung udara dalam air berayun.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Kod METAR untuk hujan adalah RA, manakala pengekodan untuk mandi hujan adalah SHRA.<a href="#cite_note-METAR-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virga">Virga</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Virga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Virga">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Dalam keadaan hujan boleh jatuh dari awan tetapi tersejat atau luhur sebelum mencapai tanah. Ini dipanggil <a href="/wiki/Virga" title="Virga">virga</a> dan lebih sering dilihat di kawasan iklim panas dan kering. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punca">Punca</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Punca" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Punca">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aktiviti_perobekan">Aktiviti perobekan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Aktiviti perobekan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Aktiviti perobekan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Stratiform (perisai luas hujan dengan keamatan yang agak sama) dan kerpasan dinamik (perolakan kerpasan yang banyak hujan dalam alam semula jadi dengan perubahan besar dalam intensiti pada jarak yang pendek) berlaku akibat kenaikan perlahan udara dalam sistem sinoptik (dalam tertib cm/s), seperti dalam persekitaran bidang sejuk dan dekat dan arah kutub daripada bidang panas permukaan. Pendakian yang sama dilihat sekitar <a href="/wiki/Taufan" title="Taufan">siklon tropika</a> di luar dinding mata, dan dalam koma kepala corak kerpasan sekitar <a href="/wiki/Siklon_luar_tropika" title="Siklon luar tropika">siklon pertengahan latitud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Geerts-37">[37]</a> Pelbagai jenis cuaca boleh didapati di sepanjang hadapan tersumbat, dengan ribut petir mungkin, tetapi biasanya laluan mereka dikaitkan dengan pengeringan jisim udara.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-38">[38]</a> bidang tersumbat biasanya terbentuk di sekitar kawasan tekanan rendah yang matang. Apa yang membezakan hujan dari jenis kerpasan yang lain, seperti pelet ais dan salji, adalah kehadiran lapisan tebal udara panji yang melebihi tahap cair air, yang cair kerpasan telaga beku sebelum ia sampai ke tanah. Jika terdapat satu lapisan permukaan berhampiran cetek iaitu di bawah paras beku, hujan beku (hujan yang membeku pada kenalan dengan permukaan dalam persekitaran subpembekuan) akan berlaku.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hujan_batu" title="Hujan batu">Hujan batu</a> menjadi satu kejadian semakin kerap apabila paras beku dalam atmosfera melebihi 3,400 m (11,000 kaki) di atas paras tanah.<a href="#cite_note-mesoanal-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olakan">Olakan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Olakan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Olakan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Konvektionsregen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing that as moist air becomes heated more than its surroundings, it moves upward, resulting in brief rain showers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Konvektionsregen.jpg/220px-Konvektionsregen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Konvektionsregen.jpg/330px-Konvektionsregen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Konvektionsregen.jpg/440px-Konvektionsregen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Kerpasan perolakan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Steigungsregen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing how moist air over the ocean rises and flows over the land, causing cooling and rain as it hits mountain ridges." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Steigungsregen.jpg/220px-Steigungsregen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Steigungsregen.jpg/330px-Steigungsregen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Steigungsregen.jpg/440px-Steigungsregen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Kerpasan orografik</figcaption></figure> Hujan perolakan, atau kerpasan banyak hujan, terjadi dari awan perolakan (contohnya, <a href="/wiki/Kumulonimbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumulonimbus">kumulonimbus</a> atau cumulus congestus). Ia jatuh seperti pancuran pesat berubah intensiti. Perolakan kerpasan jatuh ke atas kawasan tertentu untuk masa yang singkat, kerana awan perolakan telah menghadkan tahap mendatar. Kebanyakan hujan di kawasan tropika yang kelihatan sebagai perolakan; Walau bagaimanapun, ia telah dicadangkan bahawa stratiform kerpasan juga berlaku.<a href="#cite_note-Geerts-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Graupel dan <a href="/wiki/Hujan_batu" title="Hujan batu">hujan batu</a> menunjukkan perolakan.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Pada pertengahan latitud, perolakan kerpasan terputus-putus dan sering dikaitkan dengan sempadan baroklinik seperti bidang sejuk, garis badai, dan bidang hangat.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kesan_Orografik">Kesan Orografik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Kesan Orografik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kesan Orografik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Kerpasan orografik berlaku di sebelah atas angin gunung dan disebabkan oleh pergerakan udara yang semakin meningkat aliran besar-besaran udara lembap seluruh rabung gunung, menyebabkan penyejukan adiabatik dan pemeluwapan. Di bahagian-bahagian pergunungan dunia tertakluk kepada angin yang agak konsisten (contohnya, <a href="/wiki/Angin_pasat" title="Angin pasat">angin perdagangan</a>), iklim yang lebih lembap biasanya wujud di sebelah atas angin sebuah gunung daripada di bawah angin atau sebelah bawah tiupan angin. Kelembapan dikeluarkan dengan lif orografik, meninggalkan udara kering (lihat angin yang menuju ke bawah) di menurun dan secara amnya pemanasan, sebelah bawah angin di mana bayang-bayang hujan diperhatikan. <a href="#cite_note-MT-16">[16]</a> Di Hawaii, Gunung Wai'ale'ale, di Pulau Kauai, adalah penting untuk hujan yang melampau, kerana ia mempunyai kedua tertinggi purata hujan turun di Bumi, dengan 12.000 mm (460 in).<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Sistem dikenali sebagai ribut Kona mempengaruhi keadaan dengan hujan lebat antara Oktober dan April.<a href="#cite_note-BIRCH-45">[45]</a> Iklim tempatan berbeza-beza di setiap pulau kerana topografi mereka, dibahagikan ke dalam angin (Ko'olau) dan bawah angin kawasan (Kona) berdasarkan lokasi relatif kepada gunung-gunung yang lebih tinggi. Pihak arah angin menghadapi timur ke angin perdagangan timur laut dan menerima lebih ketara; pihak bawah angin adalah lebih kering dan brcahaya, dengan hujan kurang dan litupan awan kurang.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Di Amerika Selatan, kelembapan Andes blok pergunungan Pasifik yang tiba di benua itu, menyebabkan iklim seperti gurun hanya di bawah tiupan angin seluruh barat Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-Andes-47">[47]</a> Rangkaian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sierra_Nevada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sierra Nevada (laman tidak wujud)">Sierra Nevada</a> mencipta kesan yang sama di <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Utara" title="Amerika Utara">Amerika Utara</a> membentuk Great Basin dan <a href="/wiki/Gurun_Mojave" title="Gurun Mojave">Gurun Mojave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dalam_kawasan_tropika">Dalam kawasan tropika</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Dalam kawasan tropika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Dalam kawasan tropika">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <dl><dd>Lihat juga: <a href="/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun">Monsun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siklon" title="Siklon">siklon</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Taufan" title="Taufan">taufan</a></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Musim_hujan" title="Musim hujan">Musim hujan</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Cairns_climate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chart showing an Australian city with as much as 450 mm of rain in the winter months and less than 50 mm in the summer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cairns_climate.svg/250px-Cairns_climate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cairns_climate.svg/375px-Cairns_climate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cairns_climate.svg/500px-Cairns_climate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Taburan hujan mengikut bulan di Cairns yang menunjukkan sejauh mana musim hujan di lokasi itu</figcaption></figure> Basah, atau hujan, <a href="/wiki/Musim" title="Musim">musim</a> adalah masa tahun, yang meliputi satu atau lebih bulan, apabila kebanyakan purata hujan turun di kawasan yang jatuh.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Musim hijau jangka juga kadang-kadang digunakan sebagai eufemisme oleh pihak berkuasa pelancongan. Kawasan yang mempunyai musim hujan tersebar di seluruh bahagian di kawasan <a href="/wiki/Tropika" title="Tropika">tropika</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Subtropika" title="Subtropika">subtropika</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Iklim savana dan kawasan yang mempunyai rejim monsun mempunyai musim basah dan musim sejuk yang kering. Hutan hujan tropika secara teknikal tidak mempunyai musim kering atau basah kerana hujan mereka sama rata sepanjang tahun.<a href="#cite_note-Hyde-52">[52]</a> Beberapa kawasan yang mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Musim_hujan" title="Musim hujan">musim hujan</a> ketara akan dapat melihat rehat dalam hujan pertengahan musim apabila zon penumpuan antara tropika atau palung monsun bergerak arah kutub lokasi mereka pada pertengahan musim panas.<a href="#cite_note-JS-27">[27]</a> Apabila musim hujan berlaku semasa <a href="/wiki/Musim_panas" title="Musim panas">musim panas</a>, atau musim panas, hujan, terutamanya pada waktu lewat petang dan awal petang. Musim hujan adalah masa yang apabila <a href="/wiki/Udara" title="Udara">kualiti udara</a> bertambah baik,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> kualiti <a href="/wiki/Air_tawar" title="Air tawar">air tawar</a> bertambah baik,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> dan tumbuh-tumbuhan tumbuh dengan ketara. <a href="/wiki/Taufan" title="Taufan">Siklon tropika</a>, sumber hujan yang sangat berat, terdiri daripada kumpulan udara besar beberapa ratus batu di seluruh dengan tekanan rendah di tengah-tengah dan dengan angin meniup masuk ke arah pusat sama ada mengikut arah jam (hemisfera selatan) atau mengikut arah lawan jam (hemisfera utara).<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Walaupun taufan boleh mengambil tol yang besar dalam kehidupan dan harta peribadi, mereka boleh menjadi faktor penting dalam rejim kerpasan tempat yang mereka kesan, kerana ia boleh membawa yang amat diperlukan kerpasan ke kawasan-kawasan jika tidak kering.<a href="#cite_note-2005_EPac_outlook-57">[57]</a> Kawasan dalam laluan mereka boleh menerima bernilai setahun hujan dari laluan taufan tropika.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengaruh_manusia">Pengaruh manusia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: Pengaruh manusia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pengaruh manusia">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Atlanta_thermal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Atlanta_thermal.jpg/200px-Atlanta_thermal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Atlanta_thermal.jpg/300px-Atlanta_thermal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Atlanta_thermal.jpg/400px-Atlanta_thermal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Imej <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a> menunjukkan taburan suhu, dengan warna biru menunjukkan suhu sejuk, panas merah, dan kawasan-kawasan panas kelihatan putih.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Global_Warming_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="World map of temperature distribution shows the northern hemisphere was warmer than the southern hemisphere during the periods compared." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Global_Warming_Map.jpg/200px-Global_Warming_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Global_Warming_Map.jpg/300px-Global_Warming_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Global_Warming_Map.jpg/400px-Global_Warming_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Maksud anomali suhu permukaan dalam tempoh 1999-2008 berkenaan dengan suhu 1940-1980</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>Lihat juga: <a href="/wiki/Pemanasan_global" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemanasan global">Pemanasan global</a></dd></dl> Zarah halus yang dihasilkan oleh ekzos kereta dan sumber manusia lain bentuk pencemaran nukleus pemeluwapan awan, membawa kepada pengeluaran awan dan meningkatkan kemungkinan hujan. Sebagai penumpang dan komersil menyebabkan pencemaran trafik untuk membina sepanjang minggu ini, kemungkinan kenaikan hujan: ia memuncak dengan Sabtu, selepas lima hari pencemaran hari minggu telah dibina. Di kawasan-kawasan berpenduduk padat yang berhampiran pantai, seperti Eastern Seaboard Amerika Syarikat, kesannya boleh menjadi dramatik: ada peluang 22% lebih tinggi daripada hujan pada hari Sabtu dari pada hari Isnin.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Bandar kesan pulau haba memanaskan bandar 0.6 °C (1.1 °F) kepada 5.6 °C (10.1 °F) di atas pinggir bandar sekitarnya dan kawasan luar bandar. Ini haba tambahan membawa kepada gerakan menaik lebih besar, yang boleh menyebabkan pancuran tambahan dan aktiviti ribut petir. kadar hujan di bawah tiupan angin bandar yang meningkat di antara 48% dan 116%. Sebahagiannya akibat pemanasan ini, hujan bulanan ialah kira-kira 28% lebih besar antara 32-64 km (20 hingga 40 batu) di bawah tiupan angin bandar, berbanding dengan arah hadapan angin.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Beberapa bandar mendorong peningkatan kerpasan sebanyak 51%.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Peningkatan suhu cenderung untuk meningkatkan penyejatan yang boleh membawa kepada lebih banyak kerpasan. Hujan umumnya meningkat dari tanah utara 30 ° N dari 1900 melalui 2005 tetapi telah merosot dalam kawasan tropika sejak 1970-an. Di peringkat global tiada trend keseluruhan statistik yang signifikan dalam hujan sepanjang abad yang lalu, walaupun trend telah diubah secara meluas mengikut wilayah dan dari masa ke masa. bahagian timur Amerika Utara dan Selatan, Eropah Utara, dan utara dan tengah Asia telah menjadi lebih lembap. Sahel, Mediterranean, Afrika Selatan dan beberapa negara Asia selatan telah menjadi lebih kering. Terdapat peningkatan dalam bilangan peristiwa kerpasan lebat banyak bidang semasa abad yang lalu, di samping peningkatan sejak tahun 1970-an dalam kejadian kemarau terutamanya di kawasan tropika dan subtropika. Perubahan dalam hujan dan penyejatan lebih lautan dicadangkan oleh kemasinan menurun perairan pertengahan dan tinggi latitud (membayangkan lebih kerpasan), bersama-sama dengan peningkatan kemasinan di latitud yang lebih rendah (membayangkan kurang kerpasan dan / atau lebih penyejatan). Sejak Amerika Syarikat berdampingan, jumlah hujan tahunan meningkat pada kadar purata 6.1 peratus sejak tahun 1900, dengan kenaikan terbesar di Timur Tengah Utara iklim rantau (11.6 peratus abad) dan Selatan (11.1 peratus). Hawaii adalah satu-satunya rantau menunjukkan penurunan (-9,25 peratus).<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Analisis 65 tahun rekod hujan Amerika Syarikat menunjukkan bawah 48 negeri telah peningkatan dalam hujan lebat sejak 1950. Peningkatan terbesar adalah di Timur Laut dan Barat Tengah, yang dalam dekad yang lalu, telah melihat 31 dan 16 peratus lebih hujan lebat berbanding dengan tahun 1950-an. Rhode Island adalah negeri yang mempunyai peningkatan terbesar 104%. McAllen, Texas bandar dengan peningkatan terbesar, 700%. Hujan lebat dalam analisis hari-hari di mana jumlah kerpasan melebihi bahagian 1 peratus daripada semua hujan dan salji hari pada tahun-tahun 1950-2014.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Percubaan yang paling berjaya untuk mempengaruhi <a href="/wiki/Cuaca" title="Cuaca">cuaca</a> melibatkan pembenihan awan, termasuk teknik yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan <a href="/wiki/Salji" title="Salji">kerpasan musim sejuk</a> ke atas gunung dan menyekat hujan batu.<a href="#cite_note-AMSmod-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perwatakan">Perwatakan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bahagian: Perwatakan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Perwatakan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corak">Corak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bahagian: Corak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Corak">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg/200px-Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg/300px-Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg/400px-Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Jalur ribut petir dilihat pada paparan radar cuaca.</figcaption></figure> Ikatan hujan adalah kawasan <a href="/wiki/Awan" title="Awan">awan</a> dan hujan yang memanjang dengan ketara. Ikatan hujan boleh stratiform atau <a href="/wiki/Perolakan_atmosfera" title="Perolakan atmosfera">perolakan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> dan dijana oleh perbezaan suhu. Apabila diperhatikan pada imej radar cuaca, pemanjangan hujan ini disebut sebagai struktur berjalur.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Ikatan hujan awal daripada bidang tersumbat hangat dan bidang hangat dikaitkan dengan gerakan menaik lemah,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> dan cenderung untuk menjadi luas dan stratiform dalam alam semula jadi.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Ikatan hujan melahirkan berhampiran dan mendahului bidang sejuk boleh menjadi garis badai yang dapat menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Puting_beliung" title="Puting beliung">puting beliung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Ikatan hujan berkaitan dengan bidang sejuk boleh meleding oleh halangan gunung serenjang kepada orientasi depan berikutan pembentukan jet halangan peringkat rendah.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Ikatan ribut petir boleh membentuk dengan angin laut dan angin tanah sempadan, jika kelembapan yang mencukupi hadir. Jika ikatan hujan angin laut menjadi cukup aktif hanya menjelang bayu sejuk, mereka boleh topeng lokasi depan sejuk sendiri.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Setelah siklon menutup jalan, palung udara panas panji, atau trowal untuk jangka pendek, akan disebabkan oleh angin selatan yang kuat di pinggir timur berputar Panji sekitar timur laut, dan akhirnya barat laut, pinggir (juga dikenali sebagai tali pinggang penghantar panas), memaksa palung permukaan terus ke dalam sektor sejuk pada keluk yang sama ke hadapan tersumbat. Trowal mewujudkan bahagian yang taufan tersumbat dikenali sebagai kepala koma, disebabkan oleh bentuk koma-seperti keadaan mendung pertengahan troposfera yang mengiringi ciri. Ia juga boleh menjadi tumpuan hujan tempatan berat, dengan ribut petir mungkin jika suasana di sepanjang trowal yang cukup stabil untuk perolakan.<a href="#cite_note-TROW-73">[73]</a> Banding dalam corak hujan kepala koma sesuatu <a href="/wiki/Siklon_luar_tropika" title="Siklon luar tropika">siklon luar tropika</a> boleh menghasilkan sejumlah besar hujan.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Di belakang Siklon luar tropika semasa musim luruh dan musim sejuk, ikatan hujan boleh membentuk arah angin dari badan-badan panas relatif air seperti Tasik-tasik Besar. Di bawah tiupan angin pulau, band pancuran dan ribut petir boleh membangunkan kerana rendah penumpuan tahap angin arah angin dari tepi pulau. Luar Pesisir California, ini telah pun diakui di tengah-bidang sejuk.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Ikatan hujan dalam siklon tropika yang melengkung dalam orientasi. Ikatan hujan siklon tropika mengandungi pancuran dan ribut petir itu, bersama-sama dengan dinding mata dan mata, merupakan taufan atau ribut tropika. Sejauh mana ikatan hujan sekitar siklon tropika boleh membantu menentukan keamatan taufan ini.<a href="#cite_note-ODT-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keasidan">Keasidan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bahagian: Keasidan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Keasidan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <dl><dd>Lihat juga: <a href="/wiki/Hujan_asid" title="Hujan asid">Hujan asid</a></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Origins_of_acid_rain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Origins_of_acid_rain.svg/220px-Origins_of_acid_rain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Origins_of_acid_rain.svg/330px-Origins_of_acid_rain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Origins_of_acid_rain.svg/440px-Origins_of_acid_rain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Frasa hujan asid pertama kali digunakan oleh ahli kimia Scotland Robert Augus Smith dalam 1852.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> pH hujan berbeza, terutamanya disebabkan oleh asal-usulnya. Di Pantai Timur Amerika, hujan yang berasal dari Lautan Atlantik biasanya mempunyai pH 5,0-5,6; hujan yang datang merentasi benua dari barat mempunyai pH 3,8-4,8; dan ribut petir tempatan boleh mempunyai pH serendah 2.0.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Hujan menjadi berasid disebabkan oleh kehadiran dua asid kuat, <a href="/wiki/Asid_sulfurik" title="Asid sulfurik">asid sulfurik</a> (H2SO4) dan asid nitrik (HNO3). Asid sulfurik berasal daripada sumber semula jadi seperti gunung berapi, dan tanah lembap (sulfat mengurangkan bakteria); dan sumber antropogenik seperti pembakaran bahan api fosil, dan perlombongan di mana H2S hadir. <a href="/wiki/Asid_nitrik" title="Asid nitrik">Asid nitrik</a> dihasilkan oleh sumber-sumber semula jadi seperti kilat, bakteria tanah, dan kebakaran semula jadi; sementara juga dihasilkan secara antropogen oleh pembakaran bahan api fosil dan daripada loji kuasa. Dalam tempoh 20 tahun yang lalu, kepekatan nitrik dan asid sulfurik telah menurun dalam kehadiran air hujan, yang mungkin disebabkan oleh peningkatan ketara dalam ammonium (yang paling mungkin ammonia daripada pengeluaran ternakan), yang bertindak sebagai penampan dalam hujan asid dan menimbulkan pH.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengelasan_iklim_Köppen">Pengelasan iklim Köppen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bahagian: Pengelasan iklim Köppen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pengelasan iklim Köppen">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Pengelasan_iklim_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Pengelasan iklim Köppen">Pengelasan iklim Köppen</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:World_K%C3%B6ppen_Classification_(with_authors).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/World_K%C3%B6ppen_Classification_%28with_authors%29.svg/400px-World_K%C3%B6ppen_Classification_%28with_authors%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/World_K%C3%B6ppen_Classification_%28with_authors%29.svg/600px-World_K%C3%B6ppen_Classification_%28with_authors%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/World_K%C3%B6ppen_Classification_%28with_authors%29.svg/800px-World_K%C3%B6ppen_Classification_%28with_authors%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Peta iklim Köppen-Geiger yang dikemas kini<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <table> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5537384">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_khatulistiwa" title="Iklim khatulistiwa">Af</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun">Am</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_savana_tropika" title="Iklim savana tropika">Aw</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_gurun" title="Iklim gurun">BWh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_gurun" title="Iklim gurun">BWk</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_separuh_gersang" title="Iklim separuh gersang">BSh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_separuh_gersang" title="Iklim separuh gersang">BSk</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_Mediterranean" title="Iklim Mediterranean">Csa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_Mediterranean" title="Iklim Mediterranean">Csb</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_subtropika_lembap" title="Iklim subtropika lembap">Cwa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_lautan" title="Iklim lautan">Cwb</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_subtropika_lembap" title="Iklim subtropika lembap">Cfa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_lautan" title="Iklim lautan">Cfb</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_lautan" title="Iklim lautan">Cfc</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iklim_benua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iklim benua (laman tidak wujud)">Dsa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iklim_benua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iklim benua (laman tidak wujud)">Dsb</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iklim_benua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iklim benua (laman tidak wujud)">Dsc</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iklim_benua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iklim benua (laman tidak wujud)">Dsd</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_kebenuaan_lembap" title="Iklim kebenuaan lembap">Dwa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_kebenuaan_lembap" title="Iklim kebenuaan lembap">Dwb</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_subartik" title="Iklim subartik">Dwc</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_subartik" title="Iklim subartik">Dwd</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_kebenuaan_lembap" title="Iklim kebenuaan lembap">Dfa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_kebenuaan_lembap" title="Iklim kebenuaan lembap">Dfb</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_subartik" title="Iklim subartik">Dfc</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Iklim_subartik" title="Iklim subartik">Dfd</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iklim_tundra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iklim tundra (laman tidak wujud)">ET</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5537384"><div class="legend">  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iklim_topi_ais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iklim topi ais (laman tidak wujud)">EF</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> Pengelasan Köppen bergantung kepada nilai-nilai bulanan purata suhu dan hujan. Bentuk yang paling biasa digunakan Köppen mempunyai lima jenis utama dilabel A hingga E. Secara khusus, jenis utama adalah A, tropika; B, kering; C, ringan latitud pertengahan; D, sejuk latitud pertengahan; dan E, kutub. Lima klasifikasi utama boleh dibahagikan kepada klasifikasi sekunder seperti hutan hujan <a href="/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun">monsun</a>, savana tropika, subtropika lembap, lembap Eropah, iklim lautan, iklim Mediterranean, <a href="/wiki/Padang_rumput" title="Padang rumput">padang rumput</a>, Iklim subartik, <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>, topi ais kutub, dan <a href="/wiki/Padang_pasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Padang pasir">padang pasir</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hutan_hujan" title="Hutan hujan">Hutan hujan</a> dicirikan oleh hujan yang tinggi, dengan definisi menetapkan minimum normal hujan tahunan antara 1750 dan 2000 mm (69 dan 79 in).<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Savana" title="Savana">Savana</a> <a href="/wiki/Tropika" title="Tropika">tropika</a> ini merupakan biom padang rumput terletak di <a href="/wiki/Iklim_separa_gersang" class="mw-redirect" title="Iklim separa gersang">iklim separa gersang</a> ke kawasan-kawasan iklim separa lembap <a href="/wiki/Latitud" title="Latitud">latitud</a> subtropika dan <a href="/wiki/Tropika" title="Tropika">tropika</a>, dengan taburan hujan antara 750 dan 1,270 mm (30 dan 50 dalam) setahun. Mereka adalah meluas di <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>, dan juga boleh didapati di <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, bahagian utara <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Selatan" title="Amerika Selatan">Amerika Selatan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SAVWOOD-82">[82]</a> Zon iklim subtropika lembap di mana hujan musim sejuk dikaitkan dengan ribut besar yang barat itu mengemudi dari barat ke timur. Kebanyakan hujan musim panas berlaku semasa ribut petir dan dari siklon tropika sekali-sekala.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> iklim subtropika lembap berbaring di benua sebelah timur, kira-kira di antara garis lintang 20° dan 40° darjah jauh dari khatulistiwa.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Lautan (atau maritim) iklim biasanya didapati di sepanjang pantai barat di kawasan latitud tengah semua benua di dunia, bersempadan dengan lautan sejuk, serta <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> tenggara, dan disertai oleh banyak hujan sepanjang tahun.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Rejim iklim Mediterranean menyerupai iklim di tanah-tanah di <a href="/wiki/Lembangan_Mediterranean" title="Lembangan Mediterranean">Lembangan Mediterranean</a>, bahagian barat Amerika Utara, bahagian Barat dan Australia Selatan, di barat daya Afrika Selatan dan di bahagian tengah Chile. Iklim ini dicirikan oleh musim panas yang kering dan sejuk, musim sejuk yang basah. <a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> padang rumput adalah satu padang rumput kering.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Iklim subartik sejuk dengan permafros berterusan dan sedikit hujan. <a href="#cite_note-subritter-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pengukuran">Pengukuran</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bahagian: Pengukuran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pengukuran">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tolok">Tolok</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bahagian: Tolok" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Tolok">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:250mm_Rain_Gauge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/250mm_Rain_Gauge.jpg/125px-250mm_Rain_Gauge.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/250mm_Rain_Gauge.jpg/188px-250mm_Rain_Gauge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/250mm_Rain_Gauge.jpg/250px-250mm_Rain_Gauge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>Tolok hujan standard</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Standard_rain_Guage.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Standard_rain_Guage.JPG/220px-Standard_rain_Guage.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Standard_rain_Guage.JPG/330px-Standard_rain_Guage.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Standard_rain_Guage.JPG/440px-Standard_rain_Guage.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Tolok hujan biasa</figcaption></figure> Hujan diukur dalam unit panjang per unit masa, biasanya dalam milimeter sejam,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> atau di negara-negara di mana unit imperial adalah lebih biasa, inci sejam.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> "Panjang", atau lebih tepat lagi, "mendalam" yang diukur adalah kedalaman air hujan yang akan terkumpul pada permukaan yang rata, mendatar dan tidak telap dalam jumlah masa tertentu, biasanya satu jam. <a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a>Satu milimeter hujan adalah sama dengan satu liter air setiap meter persegi.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Cara piawaian berukuran hujan atau salji adalah tolok hujan standard, yang boleh didapati di 100-mm (4-in) plastik dan 200 mm (8-in) jenis logam.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Silinder dalaman dipenuhi dengan 25 mm (0.98 in) hujan, dengan limpahan yang mengalir ke dalam silinder luar. tolok plastik mempunyai tanda pada silinder dalaman turun ke 0.25 mm (0.0098 dalam) resolusi, manakala tolok logam memerlukan penggunaan kayu yang direka dengan sesuai 0.25 mm (0.0098 dalam) tanda-tanda. Selepas silinder dalaman dipenuhi, jumlah yang dalam ia dibuang, kemudian diisi dengan hujan yang tinggal di dalam silinder luar sehingga semua cecair dalam silinder luar hilang, menambah dengan jumlah keseluruhan sehingga silinder luar kosong.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Lain-lain jenis tolok termasuk baji tolok popular (tolok hujan yang paling murah dan paling rapuh), tolok hujan tipping baldi, dan tolok hujan berat.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Bagi mereka yang ingin mengukur hujan yang paling murah, satu tin yang silinder dengan sisi lurus akan bertindak sebagai tolok hujan jika dibiarkan di tempat terbuka, tetapi ketepatan akan bergantung kepada apa yang pemerintah digunakan untuk mengukur hujan dengan. Mana-mana tolok hujan di atas boleh dibuat di rumah, dengan cukup pengetahuan.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Apabila ukuran hujan dibuat, pelbagai rangkaian wujud di seluruh Amerika Syarikat dan di tempat lain di mana ukuran hujan boleh dikemukakan melalui Internet, seperti CoCoRAHS atau GLOBE.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Jika rangkaian tidak boleh didapati di kawasan di mana satu kehidupan, cuaca tempatan yang terdekat atau pejabat bertemu mungkin akan berminat dalam pengukuran.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penderia_kawalan_jauh">Penderia kawalan jauh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bahagian: Penderia kawalan jauh" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penderia kawalan jauh">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Radar-accumulations_eng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Radar-accumulations_eng.png/200px-Radar-accumulations_eng.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Radar-accumulations_eng.png/300px-Radar-accumulations_eng.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Radar-accumulations_eng.png/400px-Radar-accumulations_eng.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Dua puluh empat jam pengumpulan hujan pada radar Val d'Irène di Timur Kanada. Zon tanpa data di timur dan barat daya adalah disebabkan oleh pancaran menyekat dari gunung.(Sumber: Environment Canada)</figcaption></figure> Salah satu kegunaan utama radar cuaca dapat menilai jumlah precipitations jatuh ke atas lembangan besar untuk tujuan <a href="/wiki/Hidrologi" title="Hidrologi">hidrologi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Sebagai contoh, kawalan banjir sungai, pengurusan pembetung dan pembinaan empangan di semua kawasan di mana perancang menggunakan data pengumpulan hujan. Anggaran radar hujan yang diperolehi pujian data stesen permukaan yang boleh digunakan untuk penentukuran. Melahirkan pengumpulan radar, kadar hujan ke atas titik dianggarkan dengan menggunakan nilai data pemantulan pada titik grid individu. Satu persamaan radar kemudiannya digunakan, iaitu, <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z=AR^{b}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Z</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>A</mi> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z=AR^{b}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ce4616aa3ff4d1364cd397e8f34d72415fab35bf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.224ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z=AR^{b}}">,</dd></dl> di mana Z mewakili pantulan radar, R mewakili kadar hujan, dan A dan b adalah pemalar.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> anggaran Hujan satelit yang diperolehi menggunakan instrumen <a href="/wiki/Mikrogelombang" title="Mikrogelombang">mikrogelombang</a> pasif kapal Orbit kutub serta <a href="/wiki/Satelit_cuaca" title="Satelit cuaca">satelit cuaca</a> geopegun secara tidak langsung mengukur kadar hujan.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Jika mahu yang hujan terkumpul sepanjang tempoh masa, ianya untuk menambah sehingga semua pengumpulan dari setiap kotak grid dalam imej pada masa itu. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5938181/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1988_US_Rain.ogv/300px--1988_US_Rain.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="91" data-mwtitle="1988_US_Rain.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/1988_US_Rain.ogv/1988_US_Rain.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/1988_US_Rain.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="960" data-height="540" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/1988_US_Rain.ogv/1988_US_Rain.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/1988_US_Rain.ogv/1988_US_Rain.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/1988_US_Rain.ogv/1988_US_Rain.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/1988_US_Rain.ogv/1988_US_Rain.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hujan 1988 di AS. Hujan paling berat dilihat dalam merah dan kuning.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/1993_US_Rain.ogv/300px--1993_US_Rain.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="91" data-mwtitle="1993_US_Rain.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/1993_US_Rain.ogv/1993_US_Rain.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/1993_US_Rain.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="960" data-height="540" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/1993_US_Rain.ogv/1993_US_Rain.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/1993_US_Rain.ogv/1993_US_Rain.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/1993_US_Rain.ogv/1993_US_Rain.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/1993_US_Rain.ogv/1993_US_Rain.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hujan 1993 di AS.</div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kepadatan">Kepadatan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bahagian: Kepadatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kepadatan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <table role="presentation" class="metadata mbox-small" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="line-height:1.1em;"><table style="width:100%; background:transparent; color:inherit; border-collapse:collapse; padding:0; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px 0;"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Heavy_rain_in_Glenshaw,_PA.ogg" title="Fail:Heavy rain in Glenshaw, PA.ogg">Hujan lebat di Glenshaw, Pennsylvania</a></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px;"> <audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" style="width:180px;" data-durationhint="337" data-mwtitle="Heavy_rain_in_Glenshaw,_PA.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Heavy_rain_in_Glenshaw%2C_PA.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Heavy_rain_in_Glenshaw%2C_PA.ogg/Heavy_rain_in_Glenshaw%2C_PA.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding:0;">Bunyi hujan lebat di kawasan pinggir bandar</td> </tr><tr> <td><hr /></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="mbox-text" style="line-height:1.1em;">Masalah mendengarkan ? Sila lihat <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bantuan_audio" title="Wikipedia:Bantuan audio">bantuan media</a>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> Keamatan hujan dikelaskan mengikut kadar hujan: <ul><li>Hujan renyai –apabila kadar hujan adalah <2.5 mm (0.098 in) sejam</li> <li>Hujan sederhana – apabila kadar hujan adalah antara 2.5 mm (0.098 in) – 7.6 mm (0.30 in) atau 10 mm (0.39 in) bagi setiap jam<a href="#cite_note-rainint-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-UKint-104">[104]</a></li> <li>Hujan lebat – apabila kadar hujan adalah> 7.6 mm (0.30 in) setiap jam,<a href="#cite_note-rainint-103">[103]</a> atau antara 10 mm (0.39 in) dan 50 mm (2.0 in) sejam<a href="#cite_note-UKint-104">[104]</a></li> <li>Hujan Ganas – apabila kadar hujan adalah> 50 mm (2.0 in) sejam<a href="#cite_note-UKint-104">[104]</a></li></ul> Eufemisme untuk hujan yang berat atau ganas termasuk mesin basuh parit, penggerak sampah dan kodok.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Intensiti ini juga boleh dinyatakan oleh erosiviti hujan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/library/themes/erosion/RainfallErosivity/">Faktor R</a> <a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tempoh_pulangan">Tempoh pulangan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bahagian: Tempoh pulangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Tempoh pulangan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Kemungkinan atau kebarangkalian sesuatu peristiwa dengan intensiti dan tempoh yang ditetapkan, dipanggil tempoh pulangan atau kekerapan.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Keamatan ribut boleh diramal bagi apa-apa tempoh pulangan dan ribut tempoh, dari carta berdasarkan data bersejarah untuk lokasi.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Istilah 1 dalam 10 tahun ribut menerangkan peristiwa Hujan yang jarang berlaku dan hanya mungkin berlaku sekali setiap 10 tahun, jadi ia mempunyai kemungkinan 10 peratus suatu tahun tertentu. Hujan akan lebih besar dan banjir akan lebih buruk daripada ribut terburuk dijangka pada sesuatu tahun. Istilah 1 dalam 100 tahun ribut menerangkan peristiwa Hujan yang amat jarang berlaku dan yang akan berlaku dengan kemungkinan hanya sekali dalam satu abad, supaya mempunyai kemungkinan 1 peratus pada suatu tahun tertentu. Hujan akan melampau dan banjir menjadi lebih buruk daripada peristiwa 1 dalam 10 tahun. Seperti semua acara kebarangkalian, ia adalah mungkin, walaupun mustahil, untuk mempunyai pelbagai 1 dalam 100 Tahun Ribut pada tahun yang sama.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ramalan">Ramalan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bahagian: Ramalan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ramalan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Rita5dayqpf.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rita5dayqpf.png/200px-Rita5dayqpf.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rita5dayqpf.png/300px-Rita5dayqpf.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rita5dayqpf.png/400px-Rita5dayqpf.png 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>Contoh ramalan hujan selama lima hari dari Pusat Ramalan Hidrometeorologi</figcaption></figure> Kuantitatif Kerpasan Ramalan (singkatan QPF) adalah jumlah yang dijangka hujan cecair terkumpul dalam tempoh masa yang ditetapkan di kawasan yang ditetapkan.<a href="#cite_note-SERFC-110">[110]</a> QPF akan dinyatakan apabila sejenis hujan boleh diukur mencapai ambang minimum dijangka untuk mana-mana jam dalam tempoh sah QPF. Ramalan hujan cenderung untuk terikat dengan waktu sinoptik seperti 0000, 0600, 1200 dan 1800 GMT. Rupa bumi dianggap dalam QPFs dengan menggunakan topografi atau berdasarkan corak hujan klimatologi daripada pemerhatian dengan perincian yang halus.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Bermula pada pertengahan 1990-an, QPF digunakan dalam model ramalan hidrologi untuk mensimulasikan kesan kepada sungai-sungai di seluruh Amerika Syarikat.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Model Ramalan menunjukkan kepekaan besar kepada tahap kelembapan dalam lapisan sempadan planet, atau dalam tahap terendah atmosfera, yang berkurangan dengan ketinggian.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> QPF boleh dihasilkan pada kuantitatif, jumlah ramalan, atau kualitatif, ramalan kebarangkalian jumlah tertentu, asas.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Teknik radar imej ramalan menunjukkan kemahiran yang lebih tinggi daripada ramalan model dalam masa 6 hingga 7 jam masa imej radar. Ramalan boleh disahkan melalui penggunaan ukuran tolok hujan, anggaran radar cuaca, atau gabungan kedua-duanya. Pelbagai skor kemahiran boleh ditentukan untuk mengukur nilai ramalan hujan.<a href="#cite_note-Canada-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impak">Impak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bahagian: Impak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Impak">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kesan_terhadap_pertanian">Kesan terhadap pertanian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bahagian: Kesan terhadap pertanian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kesan terhadap pertanian">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Heavy_Rains_in_Southern_Japan.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Heavy_Rains_in_Southern_Japan.gif/220px-Heavy_Rains_in_Southern_Japan.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Heavy_Rains_in_Southern_Japan.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Anggaran hujan untuk selatan <a href="/wiki/Jepun" title="Jepun">Jepun</a> dan rantau sekitarnya dari 20-27 Julai, 2009.</figcaption></figure> Pemendakan, terutamanya hujan, mempunyai kesan dramatik pada <a href="/wiki/Pertanian" title="Pertanian">pertanian</a>. Semua <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a> memerlukan sekurang-kurangnya sedikit <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a> untuk terus hidup, oleh itu hujan (sebagai cara yang paling berkesan menyiram) adalah penting untuk pertanian. Walaupun corak hujan tetap biasanya penting untuk <a href="/wiki/Tanaman" title="Tanaman">tanaman</a> yang sihat, terlalu banyak atau terlalu sedikit hujan boleh membahayakan, walaupun buruk kepada tanaman. <a href="/wiki/Kemarau" title="Kemarau">Kemarau</a> boleh membunuh tanaman dan meningkatkan hakisan,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> manakala cuaca terlalu basah boleh menyebabkan pertumbuhan <a href="/wiki/Kulat" title="Kulat">kulat</a> yang berbahaya.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Tumbuhan memerlukan jumlah yang berbeza hujan untuk terus hidup. Sebagai contoh, cacti tertentu memerlukan sedikit air,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> manakala <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a> <a href="/wiki/Tropika" title="Tropika">tropika</a> mungkin perlu sehingga beratus-ratus inci hujan setiap tahun untuk terus hidup. Di kawasan yang mempunyai musim hujan dan kering, <a href="/wiki/Nutrien" title="Nutrien">nutrien</a> tanah berkurangan dan peningkatan hakisan semasa musim hujan.<a href="#cite_note-JS-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haiwan" title="Haiwan">Haiwan</a> mempunyai penyesuaian dan strategi kelangsungan untuk rejim lembap. Musim kering sebelum membawa kepada kekurangan makanan ke dalam musim hujan, kerana tanaman belum matang.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Negara-negara membangun telah menyatakan bahawa penduduk mereka menunjukkan turun naik berat badan bermusim kerana kekurangan makanan dilihat sebelum tuaian pertama, yang berlaku lewat di musim hujan.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Hujan boleh <a href="/wiki/Pengumpulan_air_hujan" title="Pengumpulan air hujan">dikumpul</a> dengan menggunakan tangki air huja lalu dirawat agar dapat digunapakai untuk konsumsi mansuia (sebagai sumber boleh diminum) mahupun untuk kegunaan lain (bukan untuk konsumsi manusia) dalam rumah atau tujuan pengairan.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Hujan yang berlebihan semasa jangka masa yang singkat boleh menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Banjir_kilat" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjir kilat">banjir kilat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kebudayaan">Kebudayaan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bahagian: Kebudayaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kebudayaan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Beberapa kebudayaan telah membentuk kebencian kepada hujan dan telah mencipta pelbagai peralatan seperti <a href="/wiki/Payung" title="Payung">payung</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Baju_hujan" title="Baju hujan">baju hujan</a>. Ramai orang juga lebih gemar berkurung di dalam rumah pada hari hujan. Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan orang bersetuju bahawa bau tumbuhan/persekitaran selepas hujan amat menyegarkan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klimatologi_sejagat">Klimatologi sejagat</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Sunting bahagian: Klimatologi sejagat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=28" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Klimatologi sejagat">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Kira-kira 505,000 km3 (121,000 cu mi) air jatuh sebagai hujan setiap tahun di seluruh dunia dengan 398,000 km3 (95,000 cu mi) lebih <a href="/wiki/Lautan" title="Lautan">lautan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chow-123">[123]</a> Memandangkan kawasan permukaan bumi, ini bermakna di peringkat global purata hujan tahunan 990 mm (39 in). <a href="/wiki/Padang_pasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Padang pasir">Padang pasir</a> ditakrifkan sebagai kawasan dengan hujan tahunan purata kurang daripada 250 mm (10 in) setiap tahun,<a href="#cite_note-usgsdesert-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> atau kawasan di mana lebih banyak air hilang melalui <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspirasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Evapotranspirasi">evapotranspirasi</a> daripada jatuh sebagai hujan.<a href="#cite_note-brittanica-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gurun">Gurun</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Sunting bahagian: Gurun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=29" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Gurun">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Padang_pasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Padang pasir">Padang pasir</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Deserts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Deserts.png/300px-Deserts.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Deserts.png/450px-Deserts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Deserts.png/600px-Deserts.png 2x" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Padang pasir terbesar</figcaption></figure> Separuh utara Afrika diduduki oleh kawasan panas yang paling luas di dunia, kering, <a href="/wiki/Gurun_Sahara" title="Gurun Sahara">Gurun Sahara</a>. Sesetengah padang pasir juga berkongsi banyak selatan Afrika: Namib dan Kalahari. Di seluruh Asia, minimum taburan hujan yang besar tahunan, terdiri terutamanya daripada padang pasir, bermula dari <a href="/wiki/Gurun_Gobi" title="Gurun Gobi">Gurun Gobi</a> di <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> barat-barat daya melalui barat <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)">Balochistan</a>) dan Iran ke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Padang_Gurun_Arab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padang Gurun Arab (laman tidak wujud)">Padang Gurun Arab</a> di Arab Saudi. Kebanyakan dari Australia adalah separa gersang atau padang pasir,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> menjadikannya benua didiami kering di dunia. Di Amerika Selatan, kelembapan Andes blok pergunungan Pasifik yang tiba di benua itu, menyebabkan iklim seperti gurun hanya di bawah tiupan angin seluruh barat Argentina. <a href="#cite_note-Andes-47">[47]</a>Kawasan-kawasan yang lebih kering daripada Amerika Syarikat adalah kawasan di mana Gurun Sonoran gulita Gurun Barat daya, Great Basin dan tengah Wyoming.<a href="#cite_note-USatl-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gurun_kutub">Gurun kutub</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Sunting bahagian: Gurun kutub" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=30" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Gurun kutub">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Iklim_kutub" title="Iklim kutub">Iklim kutub</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg/220px-Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg/330px-Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg/440px-Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2471" /></a><figcaption>Pancuran terpencil yang menjulang tinggi padang pasir menegak</figcaption></figure> Kerana hujan hanya turun sebagai cecair, suhu beku, hujan boleh tidak jatuh. Hasilnya, iklim yang sangat sejuk melihat hujan yang sangat sedikit dan sering dikenali sebagai padang pasir kutub. Satu biasa di kawasan <a href="/wiki/Biom" title="Biom">biom</a> ini ialah <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> yang mempunyai cair musim panas pendek dan musim sejuk yang panjang dibekukan. topi ais melihat tiada hujan sama sekali, membuat Antartika benua kering di dunia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hutan_hujan">Hutan hujan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Sunting bahagian: Hutan hujan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=31" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Hutan hujan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat juga: <a href="/wiki/Hutan_hujan" title="Hutan hujan">Hutan hujan</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Hutan_hujan" title="Hutan hujan">Hutan hujan</a> adalah kawasan-kawasan dunia dengan hujan yang sangat tinggi. Kedua-dua hutan hujan <a href="/wiki/Tropika" title="Tropika">tropika</a> dan sederhana wujud. Hutan hujan tropika menduduki band besar planet ini kebanyakannya di sepanjang khatulistiwa. hutan hujan yang paling sederhana yang terletak di kawasan pantai barat pergunungan antara 45 dan 55 darjah latitud, tetapi mereka sering dijumpai di kawasan lain. Sekitar 40-75% daripada semua kehidupan biotik terdapat dalam hutan hujan. Hutan hujan juga bertanggungjawab untuk 28% daripada perolehan oksigen di dunia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monsun">Monsun</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Sunting bahagian: Monsun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=32" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Monsun">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat juga: <a href="/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun">Monsun</a></div> Rantau <a href="/wiki/Khatulistiwa" title="Khatulistiwa">khatulistiwa</a> berhampiran Zon Penumpuan Antara Tropika (ITCZ), atau palung monsun, adalah bahagian basah benua di dunia. Setiap tahun, tali pinggang hujan dalam kawasan tropika perarakan utara menjelang Ogos, kemudian bergerak semula ke arah selatan ke <a href="/wiki/Hemisfera_Selatan" title="Hemisfera Selatan">Hemisfera Selatan</a> pada Februari dan Mac.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Di <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, hujan yang disukai di seluruh bahagian selatan dari India timur dan timur laut di seluruh <a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a> dan selatan <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> ke <a href="/wiki/Jepun" title="Jepun">Jepun </a> disebabkan oleh kelembapan alir lintang tengkujuh terutamanya dari <a href="/wiki/Lautan_Hindi" title="Lautan Hindi">Lautan Hindi</a> ke rantau ini.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Palung monsun boleh mencapai jauh ke utara seperti selari ke-40 di Asia Timur pada bulan Ogos sebelum berpindah ke selatan selepas itu. perkembangan arah kutub dipercepatkan oleh bermulanya monsun musim panas yang dicirikan oleh pembangunan tekanan udara lebih rendah (rendah haba) di atas bahagian yang paling panas dalam Asia.<a href="#cite_note-NCFMRF-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Sama, tetapi lebih lemah, peredaran monsun hadir seluruh <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Utara" title="Amerika Utara">Amerika Utara</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Semasa musim panas, monsun Barat Daya digabungkan dengan kelembapan <a href="/wiki/Teluk_California" title="Teluk California">Teluk California</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Teluk_Mexico" title="Teluk Mexico">Teluk Mexico</a> bergerak di sekitar rabung subtropika di lautan Atlantik membawa janji petang dan malam ribut petir ke peringkat selatan Amerika Syarikat dan juga sebagai <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>. Separuh timur berdampingan Amerika Syarikat timur meridian ke-98, pergunungan <a href="/wiki/Barat_Laut_Pasifik" title="Barat Laut Pasifik">Barat Laut Pasifik</a>, dan pelbagai Sierra Nevada ialah bahagian yang lebih lembap negara, dengan purata hujan turun melebihi 760 mm (30 in) setiap tahun.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Siklon_tropika" title="Siklon tropika">Siklon tropika</a> meningkatkan hujan di seluruh bahagian selatan <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat" title="Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> dan juga <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Virgin_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Kepulauan Virgin Amerika Syarikat">Kepulauan Virgin Amerika Syarikat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Mariana_Utara" title="Kepulauan Mariana Utara">Kepulauan Mariana Utara</a>,<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Samoa_Amerika" title="Samoa Amerika">Samoa Amerika</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kesan_angin_baratan">Kesan angin baratan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Sunting bahagian: Kesan angin baratan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=33" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kesan angin baratan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat juga: <a href="/wiki/Angin_Baratan" title="Angin Baratan">Angin Baratan</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:MeanMonthlyP.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MeanMonthlyP.gif/340px-MeanMonthlyP.gif" decoding="async" width="340" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MeanMonthlyP.gif/510px-MeanMonthlyP.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MeanMonthlyP.gif/680px-MeanMonthlyP.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Jangka panjang bermakna hujan mengikut bulan</figcaption></figure> Aliran barat dari utara Atlantik ringan membawa kepada rasa basah seluruh <a href="/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah">Eropah</a> barat, khususnya <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> dan <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, di mana pantai barat boleh menerima antara 1,000 mm (39 in), di paras laut dan 2,500 mm (98 in), pada gunung hujan setiap tahun. <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> adalah salah satu daripada hujan-bandar Eropah lebih terkenal dengan hujan tahunan sebanyak 2,250 mm (89 in) secara purata. Semasa <a href="/wiki/Musim_gugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Musim gugur">musim gugur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musim_sejuk" title="Musim sejuk">musim sejuk</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Musim_bunga" title="Musim bunga">musim bunga</a>, sistem ribut Pasifik membawa kebanyakan <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> dan Amerika Syarikat barat yang banyak hujan mereka.<a href="#cite_note-JHorel-139">[139]</a> Dari atas rabung, aliran jet membawa musim panas hujan maksimum kepada <a href="/wiki/Tasik-Tasik_Besar" class="mw-disambig" title="Tasik-Tasik Besar">Tasik-Tasik Besar</a>. Kawasan ribut petir besar yang dikenali sebagai kompleks perolakan mesoskala bergerak melalui Dataran, Kawasan Tengah, dan Tasik-Tasik Besar semasa musim panas, menyumbang sehingga 10% daripada hujan tahunan ke rantau ini.<a href="#cite_note-Walker-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Getaran_Selatan_El_Ni%C3%B1o" title="Getaran Selatan El Niño">Getaran Selatan El Niño</a> memberi kesan taburan hujan, dengan mengubah corak taburan hujan di seluruh barat Amerika Syarikat,<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Barat Tengah,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Tenggara,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> dan di seluruh kawasan tropika. Terdapat juga bukti bahawa <a href="/wiki/Pemanasan_global" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemanasan global">pemanasan global</a> yang membawa kepada peningkatan hujan kepada bahagian timur Amerika Utara, manakala kemarau yang semakin kerap berlaku di kawasan tropika dan subtropika. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lokasi_basah_dikenali">Lokasi basah dikenali</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Sunting bahagian: Lokasi basah dikenali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=34" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lokasi basah dikenali">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Cherapunjee" title="Cherapunjee">Cherapunjee</a>, yang terletak di lereng selatan <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya">Himalaya Timur</a> di <a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> adalah disahkan tempat basah di Bumi, dengan purata hujan tahunan 11.430 mm (450 in). Hujan yang tertinggi dicatatkan dalam tempoh setahun adalah 22.987 mm (905,0 in) pada tahun 1861. 38 tahun purata pada Mawsynram berdekatan, <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>, India adalah 11.873 mm (467,4 in). Tempat yang basah di Australia ialah Gunung Bellenden Ker di utara-timur negara itu yang merekodkan purata 8000 mm (310) setahun, dengan lebih 12,200 mm (480,3 dalam) hujan yang dicatatkan pada 2000.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Gunung Wai'ale'ale di pulau Kaua'i di purata <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Hawaii" title="Kepulauan Hawaii">Kepulauan Hawaii</a> lebih daripada 12,000 mm (460 dalam)<a href="#cite_note-NCDCxrain-146">[146]</a> hujan setahun dalam tempoh 32 tahun yang lalu, dengan rekod 17.340 mm (683 in) pada tahun 1982. Puncaknya adalah dianggap sebagai salah satu tempat taburan hujan di bumi. Ia telah dipromosikan dalam risalah pelancongan untuk bertahun-tahun sebagai tempat basah di dunia.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Llor%C3%B3" title="Lloró">Lloró</a>, sebuah bandar yang terletak di <a href="/wiki/Pentadbiran_Choc%C3%B3" title="Pentadbiran Chocó">Chocó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, mungkin adalah tempat yang mempunyai hujan yang terbesar di dunia, dengan purata 13,300 mm (523,6 dalam) setahun.<a href="#cite_note-NCDCxrain-146">[146]</a> Jabatan Chocó adalah luar biasa lembap. Tutunendaó, sebuah bandar kecil yang terletak dalam jabatan yang sama, adalah salah satu tempat yang basah dianggarkan di Bumi, dengan purata 11.394 mm (448,6 in) setahun; pada tahun 1974 bandar menerima 26.303 mm (86 ft 3.6 in), hujan tahunan terbesar diukur di Colombia. Tidak seperti Cherrapunji, yang menerima kebanyakan hujan yang antara April dan September, Tutunendaó menerima hujan hampir teragih seragam sepanjang tahun. <a href="/wiki/Quibd%C3%B3" title="Quibdó">Quibdó</a>, ibu negeri Chocó, yang ditimpa hujan yang paling di dunia kalangan bandar-bandar dengan lebih daripada 100,000 penduduk: 9,000 mm (354 dalam) setahun.<a href="#cite_note-NCDCxrain-146">[146]</a> Ribut di Chocó boleh turun 500 mm (20 in) hujan sehari. Jumlah ini adalah lebih daripada apa yang berlaku di bandar-bandar dalam masa setahun. <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Benua </th> <th colspan="2">Purata tertinggi </th> <th rowspan="2">Tempat </th> <th colspan="2">Ketinggian </th> <th rowspan="2">Tahun dicatatkan </th></tr> <tr> <th>in</th> <th>mm </th> <th>ft</th> <th>m </th></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Selatan" title="Amerika Selatan">Amerika Selatan</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">523.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,299  </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Llor%C3%B3" title="Lloró">Lloró</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (dianggarkan)<a href="#endnote_aa">[a]</a><a href="#endnote_bnone">[b]</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">520 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">158<a href="#endnote_cnone">[c]</a>  </td> <td> 29  </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">467.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,872  </td> <td> Mawsynram, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><a href="#endnote_ab">[a]</a><a href="#endnote_dnone">[d]</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,597 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,401 </td> <td> 39  </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">460.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,684  </td> <td> Gunung Wai'ale'ale, <a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Hawaii" title="Kepulauan Hawaii">Hawaii (AS)</a><a href="#endnote_ac">[a]</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,148 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,569  </td> <td> 30  </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">405.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,287  </td> <td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Debundscha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Debundscha (laman tidak wujud)">Debundscha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.1 </td> <td> 32  </td></tr> <tr> <td> Amerika Selatan  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">354.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,992  </td> <td> Quibdo, Colombia  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36.6  </td> <td> 16  </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Australia_(benua)" title="Australia (benua)">Australia</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">340.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,636  </td> <td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Bellenden_Ker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Bellenden Ker (laman tidak wujud)">Mount Bellenden Ker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,102 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,555  </td> <td> 9  </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Utara" title="Amerika Utara">Amerika Utara</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">256.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,502  </td> <td> Henderson Lake, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.66  </td> <td> 14  </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah">Eropah</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">183.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,648  </td> <td> Crkvice, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,337 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,017  </td> <td> 22  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:center;">Sumber (tanpa penukaran): Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation, National Climatic Data Center. 9 Ogos 2004.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2">Benua </th> <th rowspan="2">Tempat </th> <th colspan="2">Taburan hujan tertinggi </th></tr> <tr> <th>in</th> <th>mm </th></tr> <tr> <th>Purata taburan hujan tertinggi<a href="#cite_note-Global_extremes-149">[149]</a> </th> <td> Asia </td> <td> Mawsynram, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">467.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,870  </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tertinggi dalam satu tahun<a href="#cite_note-Global_extremes-149">[149]</a> </th> <td> Asia </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Cherapunjee" title="Cherapunjee">Cherapunjee</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,042 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26,470  </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tertinggi dalam satu bulan kalendar<a href="#cite_note-extremes-150">[150]</a> </th> <td> Asia </td> <td> Cherrapunji, India </td> <td style="text-align:right;">366 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,296 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tertinggi dalam 24 jam<a href="#cite_note-Global_extremes-149">[149]</a> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Lautan_Hindi" title="Lautan Hindi">Lautan Hindi</a> </td> <td> Foc Foc, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Pulau La Reunion</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">71.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,820 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tertinggi dalam 12 jam<a href="#cite_note-Global_extremes-149">[149]</a> </th> <td> Lautan Hindi </td> <td> Foc Foc, Pulau La Reunion </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,140 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tertinggi dalam satu minit<a href="#cite_note-Global_extremes-149">[149]</a> </th> <td> North America </td> <td> Unionville, Maryland, AS </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.23 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">31.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Di_luar_Bumi">Di luar Bumi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Sunting bahagian: Di luar Bumi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=35" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Di luar Bumi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Di <a href="/wiki/Titan_(bulan)" title="Titan (bulan)">Titan</a>, satelit semula jadi terbesar <a href="/wiki/Zuhal" title="Zuhal">Zuhal</a>, hujan metana kerap dianggap mengukir pelbagai saluran permukaan <a href="/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan">bulan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-planetary-Arizona_Icebox-151">[151]</a> Di <a href="/wiki/Zuhrah" title="Zuhrah">Zuhrah</a>, asid sulfurik <a href="/wiki/Virga" title="Virga">virga</a> menyejat 25 km (16 batu) dari permukaan.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Terdapat mungkin hujan pelbagai komposisi dalam atmosfera atas <a href="/wiki/Gergasi_gas" title="Gergasi gas">gergasi gas</a>, serta hujan neon cecair dalam atmosfera dalam.<a href="#cite_note-galileo_ms-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Planet luar suria <a href="/wiki/OGLE-TR-56b" title="OGLE-TR-56b">OGLE-TR-56b</a> dalam buruj <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius" class="mw-disambig" title="Sagittarius">Sagittarius</a> ini dengan hipotesis untuk mempunyai hujan besi.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=36" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awan" title="Awan">Awan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuaca" title="Cuaca">Cuaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujan_asid" title="Hujan asid">Hujan asid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iklim" title="Iklim">Iklim</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Sunting bahagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=37" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Catatan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="#ref_aa">a</a> <a href="#ref_ab">b</a> <a href="#ref_ac">c</a> Nilai diberi adalah benua yang tertinggi dan mungkin di dunia bergantung kepada amalan pengukuran, prosedur dan tempoh variasi rekod.</li> <li><a href="#ref_bnone">^</a> Purata rasmi hujan tahunan yang paling besar untuk Amerika Selatan 900 cm (354 in) di Quibdó, Colombia. Purata 1330 cm (523,6 in) di lloro [23 km (14 batu) SE dan pada ketinggian yang lebih tinggi daripada Quibdó] adalah jumlah yang dianggarkan.</li> <li><a href="#ref_cnone">^</a> Ketinggian anggaran.</li> <li><a href="#ref_dnone">^</a> Diiktiraf sebagai "tempat basah di Bumi" oleh <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=38" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6415981">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6405196">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetguide.net/book/chapter_2/water_cycle.html">"The Water Cycle"</a>. Planetguide.net. Dicapai pada 2011-12-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Water+Cycle&rft.pub=Planetguide.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetguide.net%2Fbook%2Fchapter_2%2Fwater_cycle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Kempler2009" class="citation web cs1">Steve Kempler (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071126083414/http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/PIP/shtml/atmospheric_water_vapor_or_humidity.shtml">"Parameter information page"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a> Goddard Space Flight Center. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/PIP/shtml/atmospheric_water_vapor_or_humidity.shtml">yang asal</a> pada November 26, 2007. Dicapai pada 2008-12-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parameter+information+page&rft.pub=NASA+Goddard+Space+Flight+Center&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Steve+Kempler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaac.gsfc.nasa.gov%2FPIP%2Fshtml%2Fatmospheric_water_vapor_or_humidity.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Stoelinga2005" class="citation book cs1">Mark Stoelinga (2005-09-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602004341/http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~stoeling/WH-Ch03.pdf">Atmospheric Thermodynamics</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Washington (laman tidak wujud)">University of Washington</a>. m/s. 80. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~stoeling/WH-Ch03.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 2010-06-02. Dicapai pada 2010-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atmospheric+Thermodynamics&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=University+of+Washington&rft.date=2005-09-12&rft.au=Mark+Stoelinga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atmos.washington.edu%2F~stoeling%2FWH-Ch03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFGlossary_of_Meteorology2000" class="citation web cs1">Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707113357/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=relative+humidity&submit=Search">"Relative Humidity"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Meteorological_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Meteorological Society (laman tidak wujud)">American Meteorological Society</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=relative+humidity&submit=Search">yang asal</a> pada 2011-07-07. Dicapai pada 2010-01-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relative+Humidity&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft.date=2000-06&rft.au=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fp%3D1%26query%3Drelative%2Bhumidity%26submit%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFGlossary_of_Meteorology2000" class="citation web cs1">Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419025154/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=cloud1">"Cloud"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Meteorological_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Meteorological Society (laman tidak wujud)">American Meteorological Society</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=cloud1">yang asal</a> pada 2012-04-19. Dicapai pada 2010-01-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cloud&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft.date=2000-06&rft.au=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fid%3Dcloud1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFNaval_Meteorology_and_Oceanography_Command2007" class="citation web cs1">Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114165909/http://www.navmetoccom.navy.mil/pao/Educate/WeatherTalk2/indexatmosp.htm">"Atmospheric Moisture"</a>. United States Navy. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navmetoccom.navy.mil/pao/Educate/WeatherTalk2/indexatmosp.htm">yang asal</a> pada 2009-01-14. Dicapai pada 2008-12-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atmospheric+Moisture&rft.pub=United+States+Navy&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Naval+Meteorology+and+Oceanography+Command&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navmetoccom.navy.mil%2Fpao%2FEducate%2FWeatherTalk2%2Findexatmosp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFGlossary_of_Meteorology2009" class="citation web cs1">Glossary of Meteorology (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017213229/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=adiabatic-process1">"Adiabatic Process"</a>. American Meteorological Society. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=adiabatic-process1">yang asal</a> pada 2007-10-17. Dicapai pada 2008-12-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adiabatic+Process&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fid%3Dadiabatic-process1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFTE_Technology,_Inc2009" class="citation web cs1">TE Technology, Inc (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tetech.com/Cold-Plate-Coolers.html">"Peltier Cold Plate"</a>. Dicapai pada 2008-12-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peltier+Cold+Plate&rft.date=2009&rft.au=TE+Technology%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tetech.com%2FCold-Plate-Coolers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFGlossary_of_Meteorology2009" class="citation web cs1">Glossary of Meteorology (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512161339/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=radiational+cooling&submit=Search">"Radiational cooling"</a>. American Meteorological Society. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=radiational+cooling&submit=Search">yang asal</a> pada 2011-05-12. Dicapai pada 2008-12-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radiational+cooling&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fp%3D1%26query%3Dradiational%2Bcooling%26submit%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Fovell2004" class="citation web cs1">Robert Fovell (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~fovell/AS3downloads/saturation.pdf">"Approaches to saturation"</a> (PDF). University of California in Los Angelese. Dicapai pada 2009-02-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Approaches+to+saturation&rft.pub=University+of+California+in+Los+Angelese&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Robert+Fovell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atmos.ucla.edu%2F~fovell%2FAS3downloads%2Fsaturation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-convection-11"><a href="#cite_ref-convection_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Penrose_Pearce2002" class="citation book cs1">Robert Penrose Pearce (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=ways+to+moisten+the+atmosphere">Meteorology at the Millennium</a>. Academic Press. m/s. 66. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-548035-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-12-548035-2"><bdi>978-0-12-548035-2</bdi></a>. Dicapai pada 2009-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meteorology+at+the+Millennium&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-12-548035-2&rft.au=Robert+Penrose+Pearce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DQECy_UBdyrcC%26pg%3DPA66%26lpg%3DPA66%26dq%3Dways%2Bto%2Bmoisten%2Bthe%2Batmosphere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Weather_Service_Office,_Spokane,_Washington2009" class="citation web cs1">National Weather Service Office, Spokane, Washington (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/otx/outreach/ttalk/virga.php">"Virga and Dry Thunderstorms"</a>. Dicapai pada 2009-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virga+and+Dry+Thunderstorms&rft.date=2009&rft.au=National+Weather+Service+Office%2C+Spokane%2C+Washington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrh.noaa.gov%2Fotx%2Foutreach%2Fttalk%2Fvirga.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFBart_van_den_HurkEleanor_Blyth2008" class="citation web cs1">Bart van den Hurk; Eleanor Blyth (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225074154/http://www.knmi.nl/~hurkvd/Loco_workshop/Workshop_report.pdf">"Global maps of Local Land-Atmosphere coupling"</a> (PDF). KNMI. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knmi.nl/~hurkvd/Loco_workshop/Workshop_report.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 2009-02-25. Dicapai pada 2009-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+maps+of+Local+Land-Atmosphere+coupling&rft.pub=KNMI&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Bart+van+den+Hurk&rft.au=Eleanor+Blyth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knmi.nl%2F~hurkvd%2FLoco_workshop%2FWorkshop_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|lastauthoramp=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna_RamanujanBrad_Bohlander2002" class="citation web cs1">Krishna Ramanujan; Brad Bohlander (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080603022239/http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20020926landcover.html">"Landcover changes may rival greenhouse gases as cause of climate change"</a>. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20020926landcover.html">yang asal</a> pada June 3, 2008. Dicapai pada 2009-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Landcover+changes+may+rival+greenhouse+gases+as+cause+of+climate+change&rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration+Goddard+Space+Flight+Center&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Krishna+Ramanujan&rft.au=Brad+Bohlander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Ftopstory%2F20020926landcover.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|lastauthoramp=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Weather_Service_JetStream2008" class="citation web cs1">National Weather Service JetStream (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017061116/http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/synoptic/airmass.htm">"Air Masses"</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/synoptic/airmass.htm">yang asal</a> pada 2015-10-17. Dicapai pada 2009-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+Masses&rft.date=2008&rft.au=National+Weather+Service+JetStream&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srh.weather.gov%2Fsrh%2Fjetstream%2Fsynoptic%2Fairmass.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MT-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MT_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MT_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Pidwirny2008" class="citation web cs1">Michael Pidwirny (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8e.html">"CHAPTER 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere (e). Cloud Formation Processes"</a>. Physical Geography. 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Sedimentary Geology. 61 (3–4): 303–309. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989SedG...61..303V">1989SedG...61..303V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0037-0738%2889%2990064-X">10.1016/0037-0738(89)90064-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sedimentary+Geology&rft.atitle=Raindrop+imprints+in+the+Late+Archaean-Early+Proterozoic+Ventersdorp+Supergroup%2C+South+Africa&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=303-309&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0037-0738%2889%2990064-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989SedG...61..303V&rft.au=van+der+Westhuizen+W.A.&rft.au=Grobler+N.J.&rft.au=Loock+J.C.&rft.au=Tordiffe+E.A.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSomCatlingHarnmeijerPolivka2012" class="citation journal cs1">Som, Sanjoy M.; Catling, David C.; Harnmeijer, Jelte P.; Polivka, Peter M.; Buick, Roger (2012). "Air density 2.7 billion years ago limited to less than twice modern levels by fossil raindrop imprints". Nature. 484 (7394): 359–362. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.484..359S">2012Natur.484..359S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10890">10.1038/nature10890</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22456703">22456703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Air+density+2.7+billion+years+ago+limited+to+less+than+twice+modern+levels+by+fossil+raindrop+imprints&rft.volume=484&rft.issue=7394&rft.pages=359-362&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22456703&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature10890&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Natur.484..359S&rft.aulast=Som&rft.aufirst=Sanjoy+M.&rft.au=Catling%2C+David+C.&rft.au=Harnmeijer%2C+Jelte+P.&rft.au=Polivka%2C+Peter+M.&rft.au=Buick%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_ProsperettiHasan_N._Oguz1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Prosperetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea Prosperetti (laman tidak wujud)">Andrea Prosperetti</a>; Hasan N. Oguz (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.fl.25.010193.003045">"The impact of drops on liquid surfaces and the underwater noise of rain"</a> (PDF). Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 25: 577–602. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993AnRFM..25..577P">1993AnRFM..25..577P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.fl.25.010193.003045">10.1146/annurev.fl.25.010193.003045</a>. Dicapai pada 2006-12-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Fluid+Mechanics&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+drops+on+liquid+surfaces+and+the+underwater+noise+of+rain&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=577-602&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.fl.25.010193.003045&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993AnRFM..25..577P&rft.au=Andrea+Prosperetti&rft.au=Hasan+N.+Oguz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farjournals.annualreviews.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.fl.25.010193.003045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|lastauthoramp=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRyan_C._Rankin2005" class="citation web cs1">Ryan C. 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Federal Aviation Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090603094326/http://www.alaska.faa.gov/fai/afss/metar%20taf/sametara.htm">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 2009-06-03. 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Dicapai pada 2010-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Precipitation+Type+Forecasts+in+the+Southeastern+and+Mid-Atlantic+states&rft.pub=University+Corporation+for+Atmospheric+Research&rft.date=2003-03-14&rft.au=MetEd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meted.ucar.edu%2Fnwp%2Fpcu3%2Fcases%2Feta_05Dec02_ptype%2Fpage4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mesoanal-40"><a href="#cite_ref-mesoanal_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lmk/soo/docu/SvrWx_MesoGuide.pdf">"Meso-Analyst Severe Weather Guide"</a> (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Dicapai pada 2013-12-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meso-Analyst+Severe+Weather+Guide&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crh.noaa.gov%2Flmk%2Fsoo%2Fdocu%2FSvrWx_MesoGuide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Houze1997" class="citation journal cs1">Robert Houze (October 1997). "Stratiform Precipitation in Regions of Convection: A Meteorological Paradox?". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 78 (10): 2179–2196. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997BAMS...78.2179H">1997BAMS...78.2179H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477%281997%29078%3C2179%3ASPIROC%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2179:SPIROC>2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1520-0477">1520-0477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Meteorological+Society&rft.atitle=Stratiform+Precipitation+in+Regions+of+Convection%3A+A+Meteorological+Paradox%3F&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2179-2196&rft.date=1997-10&rft.issn=1520-0477&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0477%281997%29078%3C2179%3ASPIROC%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997BAMS...78.2179H&rft.au=Robert+Houze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFGlossary_of_Meteorology2009" class="citation web cs1">Glossary of Meteorology (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308123814/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=graupel&submit=Search">"Graupel"</a>. 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Timber Press. m/s. 78. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-88192-877-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-88192-877-8"><bdi>978-0-88192-877-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant-Driven+Design&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-88192-877-8&rft.au=Lauren+Springer+Ogden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Ritter2008" class="citation web cs1">Michael Ritter (2008-12-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/mediterranean.html">"Mediterranean or Dry Summer Subtropical Climate"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Stevens_Point&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point (laman tidak wujud)">University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point</a>. Dicapai pada 2009-07-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+or+Dry+Summer+Subtropical+Climate&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin%E2%80%93Stevens+Point&rft.date=2008-12-24&rft.au=Michael+Ritter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwsp.edu%2Fgeo%2Ffaculty%2Fritter%2Fgeog101%2Ftextbook%2Fclimate_systems%2Fmediterranean.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFBrynn_SchaffnerKenneth_Robinson2003" class="citation web cs1">Brynn Schaffner; Kenneth Robinson (2003-06-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/steppe_climate_page.htm">"Steppe Climate"</a>. West Tisbury Elementary School. Dicapai pada 2008-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steppe+Climate&rft.pub=West+Tisbury+Elementary+School&rft.date=2003-06-06&rft.au=Brynn+Schaffner&rft.au=Kenneth+Robinson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueplanetbiomes.org%2Fsteppe_climate_page.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|lastauthoramp=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-subritter-88"><a href="#cite_ref-subritter_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Ritter2008" class="citation web cs1">Michael Ritter (2008-12-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/subarctic.html">"Subarctic Climate"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Stevens_Point&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point (laman tidak wujud)">University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point</a>. Dicapai pada 2008-04-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Subarctic+Climate&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin%E2%80%93Stevens+Point&rft.date=2008-12-24&rft.au=Michael+Ritter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwsp.edu%2Fgeo%2Ffaculty%2Fritter%2Fgeog101%2Ftextbook%2Fclimate_systems%2Fsubarctic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/IMOP/publications/CIMO-Guide/CIMO%20Guide%207th%20Edition,%202008/Part%20I/Chapter%206.pdf">http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/IMOP/publications/CIMO-Guide/CIMO%20Guide%207th%20Edition,%202008/Part%20I/Chapter%206.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/docs/fem/Chapter%205%20-%20Principal%20Hazards%20in%20U.S.doc">"Chapter 5 - Principal Hazards in U.S.doc"</a>. m/s. 128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+5+-+Principal+Hazards+in+U.S.doc&rft.pages=128&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftraining.fema.gov%2FEMIWeb%2Fedu%2Fdocs%2Ffem%2FChapter%25205%2520-%2520Principal%2520Hazards%2520in%2520U.S.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226035934/http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/gen99/gen99115.htm">"Rain gauge and cubic inches"</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/gen99/gen99115.htm">yang asal</a> pada 2015-02-26. Dicapai pada 2016-07-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rain+gauge+and+cubic+inches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newton.dep.anl.gov%2Faskasci%2Fgen99%2Fgen99115.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/r4082e/r4082e05.htm">"FAO.org"</a>. FAO.org. Dicapai pada 2011-12-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAO.org&rft.pub=FAO.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2Fr4082e%2Fr4082e05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Weather_Service_Office,_Northern_Indiana2009" class="citation web cs1">National Weather Service Office, Northern Indiana (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crh.noaa.gov/iwx/program_areas/coop/8inch.php">"8 Inch Non-Recording Standard Rain Gauge"</a>. Dicapai pada 2009-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=8+Inch+Non-Recording+Standard+Rain+Gauge&rft.date=2009&rft.au=National+Weather+Service+Office%2C+Northern+Indiana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crh.noaa.gov%2Fiwx%2Fprogram_areas%2Fcoop%2F8inch.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Lehmann2009" class="citation web cs1">Chris Lehmann (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615115408/http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/cal/2000_reminders-4thQ.htm">"10/00"</a>. Central Analytical Laboratory. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/CAL/2000_reminders-4thQ.htm">yang asal</a> pada 2010-06-15. Dicapai pada 2009-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10%2F00&rft.pub=Central+Analytical+Laboratory&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Chris+Lehmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnadp.sws.uiuc.edu%2FCAL%2F2000_reminders-4thQ.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Weather_Service2009" class="citation web cs1">National Weather Service (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/glossary/index.php?letter=w">"Glossary: W"</a>. Dicapai pada 2009-01-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary%3A+W&rft.date=2009&rft.au=National+Weather+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fglossary%2Findex.php%3Fletter%3Dw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFDiscovery_School2009" class="citation web cs1">Discovery School (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226022910/http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/activities/weatherstation/itsrainingitspouring.html">"Build Your Own Weather Station"</a>. Discovery Education. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/activities/weatherstation/itsrainingitspouring.html">yang asal</a> pada 2008-12-26. Dicapai pada 2009-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Build+Your+Own+Weather+Station&rft.pub=Discovery+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Discovery+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fschool.discovery.com%2Flessonplans%2Factivities%2Fweatherstation%2Fitsrainingitspouring.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cocorahs.org">"Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network Main Page"</a>. Colorado Climate Center. 2009. Dicapai pada 2009-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Community+Collaborative+Rain%2C+Hail+%26+Snow+Network+Main+Page&rft.pub=Colorado+Climate+Center&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcocorahs.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Globe_Program2009" class="citation web cs1">The Globe Program (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060819010615/http://www.globe.gov/fsl/welcome/welcomeobject.pl">"Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment Program"</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globe.gov/fsl/welcome/welcomeobject.pl">yang asal</a> pada 2006-08-19. Dicapai pada 2009-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Learning+and+Observations+to+Benefit+the+Environment+Program&rft.date=2009&rft.au=The+Globe+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globe.gov%2Ffsl%2Fwelcome%2Fwelcomeobject.pl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Weather_Service2009" class="citation web cs1">National Weather Service (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nws.noaa.gov">"NOAA's National Weather Service Main Page"</a>. Dicapai pada 2009-01-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOAA%27s+National+Weather+Service+Main+Page&rft.date=2009&rft.au=National+Weather+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nws.noaa.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFKang-Tsung_Chang,_Jr-Chuan_HuangShuh-Ji_KaoShou-Hao_Chiang2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kang-Tsung Chang, Jr-Chuan Huang; Shuh-Ji Kao; Shou-Hao Chiang (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/g5447473427jl6w1/">"Radar Rainfall Estimates for Hydrologic and Landslide Modeling"</a>. Data Assimilation for Atmospheric, Oceanic and Hydrologic Applications: 127–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-71056-1_6">10.1007/978-3-540-71056-1_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-3-540-71056-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-3-540-71056-1"><bdi>978-3-540-71056-1</bdi></a>. Dicapai pada 2010-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Data+Assimilation+for+Atmospheric%2C+Oceanic+and+Hydrologic+Applications&rft.atitle=Radar+Rainfall+Estimates+for+Hydrologic+and+Landslide+Modeling&rft.pages=127-145&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-71056-1_6&rft.isbn=978-3-540-71056-1&rft.au=Kang-Tsung+Chang%2C+Jr-Chuan+Huang&rft.au=Shuh-Ji+Kao&rft.au=Shou-Hao+Chiang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg5447473427jl6w1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|last-author-amp=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pautan_reput" title="Wikipedia:Pautan reput">pautan mati kekal</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Chay_Ware2005" class="citation web cs1">Eric Chay Ware (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/2115/1/pdfthesis.pdf">"Corrections to Radar-Estimated Precipitation Using Observed Rain Gauge Data: A Thesis"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>. m/s. 1. Dicapai pada 2010-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corrections+to+Radar-Estimated+Precipitation+Using+Observed+Rain+Gauge+Data%3A+A+Thesis&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cornell+University&rft.date=2005-08&rft.au=Eric+Chay+Ware&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecommons.library.cornell.edu%2Fbitstream%2F1813%2F2115%2F1%2Fpdfthesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFPearl_MngadiPetrus_JM_VisserElizabeth_Ebert2006" class="citation web cs1">Pearl Mngadi; Petrus JM Visser; Elizabeth Ebert (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5nAoR7J6a?url=http://www.isac.cnr.it/~ipwg/meetings/melbourne/papers/Mngadi.pdf">"Southern Africa Satellite Derived Rainfall Estimates Validation"</a> (PDF). International Precipitation Working Group. m/s. 1. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isac.cnr.it/~ipwg/meetings/melbourne/papers/Mngadi.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 2010-01-30. Dicapai pada 2010-01-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southern+Africa+Satellite+Derived+Rainfall+Estimates+Validation&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=International+Precipitation+Working+Group&rft.date=2006-10&rft.au=Pearl+Mngadi&rft.au=Petrus+JM+Visser&rft.au=Elizabeth+Ebert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isac.cnr.it%2F~ipwg%2Fmeetings%2Fmelbourne%2Fpapers%2FMngadi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|last-author-amp=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-rainint-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rainint_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rainint_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFGlossary_of_Meteorology2000" class="citation web cs1">Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100725142506/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=rain1">"Rain"</a>. American Meteorological Society. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=rain1">yang asal</a> pada 2010-07-25. Dicapai pada 2010-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rain&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft.date=2000-06&rft.au=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fid%3Drain1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKint-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UKint_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UKint_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UKint_104-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMet_Office2007" class="citation web cs1">Met Office (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114162401/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/4/1/No._03_-_Water_in_the_Atmosphere.pdf">"Fact Sheet No. 3: Water in the Atmosphere"</a> (PDF). Crown Copyright. m/s. 6. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/4/1/No._03_-_Water_in_the_Atmosphere.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 2012-01-14. 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Science of The Total Environment. 511: 801–814. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2015.01.008">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+The+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Rainfall+erosivity+in+Europe&rft.volume=511&rft.pages=801-814&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2015.01.008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS004896971500011X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFGlossary_of_Meteorology2009" class="citation web cs1">Glossary of Meteorology (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061020151220/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=return-period1">"Return period"</a>. American Meteorological Society. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=return-period1">yang asal</a> pada 2006-10-20. Dicapai pada 2009-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Return+period&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fid%3Dreturn-period1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFGlossary_of_Meteorology2009" class="citation web cs1">Glossary of Meteorology (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606085617/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=return+period&submit=Search">"Rainfall intensity return period"</a>. American Meteorological Society. 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Dicapai pada 2009-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+100+year+flood%3F&rft.pub=Boulder+Community+Network&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Boulder+Area+Sustainability+Information+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbcn.boulder.co.us%2Fbasin%2Fwatershed%2Fflood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SERFC-110"><a href="#cite_ref-SERFC_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJack_S._Bushong1999" class="citation web cs1">Jack S. 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Dicapai pada 2008-12-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quantitative+Precipitation+Forecast%3A+Its+Generation+and+Verification+at+the+Southeast+River+Forecast+Center&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Jack+S.+Bushong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcms.ce.gatech.edu%2Fgwri%2Fuploads%2Fproceedings%2F1999%2FBushongJ-99.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Weygand2008" class="citation web cs1">Daniel Weygand (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/wrh/talite0821.pdf">"Optimizing Output From QPF Helper"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Weather_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Weather Service (laman tidak wujud)">National Weather Service</a> Western Region. 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Geophysical Research Letters. 35 (9): L09812. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008GeoRL..3509812K">2008GeoRL..3509812K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2008GL033657">10.1029/2008GL033657</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2008GL033657.shtml">yang asal</a> pada 2011-06-06. Dicapai pada 2016-07-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Sensitivity+of+quantitative+precipitation+forecast+to+height+dependent+changes+in+humidity&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=L09812&rft.date=2008-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2008GL033657&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008GeoRL..3509812K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agu.org%2Fpubs%2Fcrossref%2F2008%2F2008GL033657.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988">CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_uses_authors_parameter" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: uses authors parameter">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFReggiani,_P.Weerts,_A._H.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Reggiani, P.; Weerts, A. H. 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Achieving Technological Innovation in Flood Forecasting Project. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actif-ec.net/Workshop2/Presentations/ACTIF_P_S1_02.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 2013-06-23. 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Commonwealth of Australia. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/livedrought.shtml">yang asal</a> pada 2007-02-18. Dicapai pada 2010-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living+With+Drought&rft.pub=Commonwealth+of+Australia&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Fdrought%2Flivedrought.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Burns2007" class="citation web cs1">Robert Burns (2007-06-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agnewsarchive.tamu.edu/dailynews/stories/CROP/Jun0607a.htm">"Texas Crop and Weather"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_A%26M_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Texas A&M University (laman tidak wujud)">Texas A&M University</a>. Dicapai pada 2010-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Texas+Crop+and+Weather&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University&rft.date=2007-06-06&rft.au=Robert+Burns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagnewsarchive.tamu.edu%2Fdailynews%2Fstories%2FCROP%2FJun0607a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJames_D._Mauseth2006" class="citation web cs1">James D. Mauseth (2006-07-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mauseth/researchoncacti/">"Mauseth Research: Cacti"</a>. University of Texas. Dicapai pada 2010-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mauseth+Research%3A+Cacti&rft.pub=University+of+Texas&rft.date=2006-07-07&rft.au=James+D.+Mauseth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.utexas.edu%2Fmauseth%2Fresearchoncacti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> A. Roberto Frisancho (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-K_SYHBo42MC&pg=PA388&lpg=PA388&dq=wet+season+characteristics&source=web&ots=QSA_t3uuZU&sig=iin9pzOynVHyA7x4wMYEkApeCV8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result">Human Adaptation and Accommodation.</a> University of Michigan Press, pp. 388. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780472095117" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-472-09511-7</a>. 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Texas A&M University. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainwaterharvesting.tamu.edu/drinking/gi-366_2021994.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 2007-07-04. Dicapai pada 15 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harvesting%2C+Storing%2C+and+Treating+Rainwater+for+Domestic+Indoor+Use&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University&rft.date=2008-01-16&rft.au=Texas+Department+of+Environmental+Quality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frainwaterharvesting.tamu.edu%2Fdrinking%2Fgi-366_2021994.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFGlossary_of_Meteorology2000" class="citation web cs1">Glossary of Meteorology (Jun 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195417/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=flash+flood&submit=Search">"Flash Flood"</a>. American Meteorological Society. 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Dicapai pada 15 Januari 2010-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flash+Flood&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft.date=2000-06&rft.au=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fp%3D1%26query%3Dflash%2Bflood%26submit%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|accessdate=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-chow-123"><a href="#cite_ref-chow_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFChowdhury's_Guide_to_Planet_Earth2005" class="citation web cs1">Chowdhury's Guide to Planet Earth (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetguide.net/book/chapter_2/water_cycle.html">"The Water Cycle"</a>. WestEd. Dicapai pada 2006-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Water+Cycle&rft.pub=WestEd&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Chowdhury%27s+Guide+to+Planet+Earth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetguide.net%2Fbook%2Fchapter_2%2Fwater_cycle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgsdesert-124"><a href="#cite_ref-usgsdesert_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFPublications_Service_Center2001" class="citation web cs1">Publications Service Center (2001-12-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/what/">"What is a desert?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. Dicapai pada 2010-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+desert%3F&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2001-12-18&rft.au=Publications+Service+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fgip%2Fdeserts%2Fwhat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/what/">What is a desert?</a>, the 250 mm threshold definition is attributed to Peveril Meigs. </li> <li id="cite_note-brittanica-126"><a href="#cite_ref-brittanica_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-70815/desert">"desert"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica online. 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The Astrophysical Journal. 611 (1): 587–597. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApJ...611..587L">2004ApJ...611..587L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F421970">10.1086/421970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Jupiter+Formed+with+More+Tar+than+Ice&rft.volume=611&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=587-597&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F421970&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ApJ...611..587L&rft.au=Katharina+Lodders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFHarvard_University_and_Smithsonian_Institution2003" class="citation journal cs1">Harvard University and Smithsonian Institution (2003-01-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrobio.net/pressrelease/352/new-world-of-iron-rain">"New World of Iron Rain"</a>. Astrobiology Magazine. Dicapai pada 2010-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology+Magazine&rft.atitle=New+World+of+Iron+Rain&rft.date=2003-01-08&rft.au=Harvard+University+and+Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrobio.net%2Fpressrelease%2F352%2Fnew-world-of-iron-rain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHujan" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hujan&action=edit&section=39" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="extiw" title="commons:Laman Utama">Wikimedia Commons</a> mempunyai media berkaitan: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hujan" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Hujan">Hujan</a>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikipetik mempunyai koleksi petikan mengenai: <a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/wq/ms/Hujan" class="extiw" title="incubator:wq/ms/Hujan">Hujan</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geography-site.co.uk/pages/physical/climate/why%20does%20it%20rain.html">What are clouds, and why does it rain?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/146120.stm">BBC article on the weekend rain effect</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3893671.stm">BBC article on rain-making</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4562132.stm">BBC article on the mathematics of running in the rain</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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