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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jephthah</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="يفتاح الجلعادي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يفتاح الجلعادي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeft%C3%A8" title="Jeftè – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jeftè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jift%C3%A1ch" title="Jiftách – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jiftách" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiftach" title="Jiftach – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jiftach" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%B8%CE%AC%CE%B5" title="Ιεφθάε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιεφθάε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeft%C3%A9" title="Jefté – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jefté" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jifta%C4%A5o" title="Jiftaĥo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jiftaĥo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="یفتاح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یفتاح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jepht%C3%A9" title="Jephté – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jephté" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%85%EB%8B%A4" title="입다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="입다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yefta" title="Yefta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yefta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iefte" title="Iefte – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iefte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99" title="יפתח הגלעדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יפתח הגלעדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yefta" title="Yefta – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yefta" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iephthae" title="Iephthae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iephthae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefta" title="Jefta – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jefta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE" title="ജഫ്‌താ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജഫ്‌താ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefta" title="Jefta – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jefta" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%95%E3%82%BF" title="エフタ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エフタ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefta" title="Jefta – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jefta" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD" title="یفتح – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یفتح" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefte" title="Jefte – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jefte" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeft%C3%A9" title="Jefté – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jefté" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Иеффай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иеффай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefta" title="Jefta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jefta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="เยฟธาห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เยฟธาห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%87%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Їфтах – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Їфтах" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="افتاح بن جلعاد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="افتاح بن جلعاد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%BC%97%E4%BB%96" title="耶弗他 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="耶弗他" data-language-autonym="中文" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Judge of ancient Israel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a character in the Book of Judges. For the character in Book of Genesis, see <a href="/wiki/Japheth" title="Japheth">Japheth</a>. For the oratorio by Handel, see <a href="/wiki/Jephtha_(Handel)" title="Jephtha (Handel)">Jephtha (Handel)</a>. For the oratorio by Carissimi, see <a href="/wiki/Jephte_(Carissimi)" title="Jephte (Carissimi)">Jephte (Carissimi)</a>. For the community in the United States, see <a href="/wiki/Jeptha,_Kentucky" title="Jeptha, Kentucky">Jeptha, Kentucky</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jephthah</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="Hebrew">יפתח</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jephthah-Jephte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Jephthah-Jephte.jpg/220px-Jephthah-Jephte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Jephthah-Jephte.jpg/330px-Jephthah-Jephte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Jephthah-Jephte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="397" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait from <i><a href="/wiki/Promptuarium_Iconum_Insigniorum" title="Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum">Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum</a></i> (1553) by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Guillaume Rouillé">Guillaume Rouillé</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jair" title="Jair">Jair</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ibzan" title="Ibzan">Ibzan</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jephthah</b> (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יִפְתָּח</span>, <i>Yīftāḥ</i>) appears in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a> as a judge who presided over <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel</a> for a period of six years (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Judges+12:7">Judges 12:7</a>). According to Judges, he lived in <a href="/wiki/Gilead" title="Gilead">Gilead</a>. His father's name is also given as Gilead, and, as his mother is described as a prostitute, this may indicate that his father might have been any of the men of that area.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jephthah led the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> in battle against <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a> and, in exchange for defeating the Ammonites, made a <a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">vow</a> to sacrifice whatever would come out of the door of his house first. When <a href="/wiki/Jephthah%27s_daughter" title="Jephthah's daughter">his daughter</a> was the first to come out of the house, he immediately regretted the vow, which bound him to <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">sacrifice</a> his daughter to <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>. Jephthah carried out his vow. </p><p>Traditionally, Jephthah ranks among the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges#Main_text" title="Book of Judges">major judges</a> because of the length of the biblical narrative referring to him, but his story also shares features with those of the minor judges, such as his short tenure—only six years—in office.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Story">Story</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jephthah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Story"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dir="rtl">שופטים</span>‎</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-size:90%;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <i>Italics</i> indicate individuals not explicitly described as judges</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#add8e6;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#add8e6;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#add8e6;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Othniel" title="Othniel">Othniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehud" title="Ehud">Ehud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamgar" title="Shamgar">Shamgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah" title="Deborah">Deborah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abimelech_(Judges)" title="Abimelech (Judges)">Abimelech</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tola_(biblical_figure)" title="Tola (biblical figure)">Tola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair" title="Jair">Jair</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jephthah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibzan" title="Ibzan">Ibzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_(Judges)" title="Elon (Judges)">Elon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdon_(Judges)" title="Abdon (Judges)">Abdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#add8e6;"> <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">First Book of Samuel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eli_(biblical_figure)" title="Eli (biblical figure)">Eli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li>Joel</li> <li>Abijah</li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judges" title="Template:Judges"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judges" title="Template talk:Judges"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judges" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judges"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The story of Jephthah is found in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judges_11" title="Judges 11">chapters 11</a>–<a href="/wiki/Judges_12" title="Judges 12">12</a>. The Israelites "again did what was evil in the sight of the Lord ... they forsook the Lord and did not serve him. So the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he sold them into the hand of the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a> and into the hand of the <a href="/wiki/Ammon_(nation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammon (nation)">Ammonites</a> ...".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jephthah, having been born illegitimately, is driven out by his half-brothers and takes up his dwelling in <a href="/wiki/Tob" title="Tob">Tob</a>, east of Gilead. "Outlaws collected around Jephthah and went raiding with him."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elders of Gilead ask him to be their leader in the campaign against the Ammonites, but he holds out for a more permanent and a broader position, and the elders agree that, provided Jephthah succeeds in defeating Ammon, he will be their permanent chieftain. On behalf of Israel as a whole and in reliance on the might of God the Judge, Jephthah challenges the Ammonites. Jephthah swears an oath: </p> <blockquote><p>". . . and whatever [footnote: Or <i>whoever</i>] comes out from the doors of my house to meet me when I return in peace from the Ammonites shall be the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>'s, and I will offer it [footnote: Or <i>him</i>] up for a <a href="/wiki/Burnt_offering_(Judaism)" title="Burnt offering (Judaism)">burnt offering</a>. </p><dl><dd>—<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Judges+11:31">Judges 11:31</a>, <i>English Standard Version</i></dd></dl></blockquote> <p>The victorious Jephthah is met on his return by his only child, a <a href="/wiki/Jephthah%27s_daughter" title="Jephthah's daughter">daughter</a>. Jephthah tears his clothes and cries, "Alas, my daughter! You have brought me very low!" but is bound by his vow: "I have opened my mouth to the Lord, and I cannot take back my vow".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The girl asks for two months' grace, "...that I may go up and down on the mountains and weep for my virginity".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And so Jephthah "did with her according to his vow that he had made".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story ends by recounting how "the daughters of Israel went year by year to lament the daughter of Jephthah, the Gileadite, four days in the year".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, Jephthah was forced to fight against the <a href="/wiki/Ephraim" title="Ephraim">Ephraimites</a>, who refused to aid him in his struggle against the Ammonites. The story is remembered for the killing of the fugitive Ephraimites who were identified by their accent; they said the Hebrew word <i><a href="/wiki/Shibboleth" title="Shibboleth">shibboleth</a></i> as <i>sibboleth</i>. "At that time 42,000 of the Ephraimites fell" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Judges+12:5">Judges 12:5–6</a>). </p><p>Jephthah is referenced once in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> 11:32. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentary">Commentary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jephthah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Commentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacrifice_of_daughter">Sacrifice of daughter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jephthah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sacrifice of daughter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jephthah%27s_daughter" title="Jephthah's daughter">Jephthah's daughter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Pellegrini_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Giovanni_Antonio_Pellegrini_001.jpg/220px-Giovanni_Antonio_Pellegrini_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Giovanni_Antonio_Pellegrini_001.jpg/330px-Giovanni_Antonio_Pellegrini_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Giovanni_Antonio_Pellegrini_001.jpg/440px-Giovanni_Antonio_Pellegrini_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2512" /></a><figcaption><i>The Return of Jephtha</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Pellegrini" title="Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini">Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Jephthah's sacrifice of his daughter stands in stark contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac" title="Binding of Isaac">Binding of Isaac</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> was about to perform a divinely ordered sacrifice of his son, when an angel of God directly intervened and stopped the sacrifice. </p><p>Some writers have observed that the Israelites of the time widely disrespected <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic law">Mosaic law</a>, which forbade human sacrifice; and that there are several other examples of rash <a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">vows</a>, some with similarly terrible consequences (for instance <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%2021:6–9&version=nrsv">2 Samuel 21:6–9</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Janzen argued that the story was an integral part of the Deuteronomist picture of moral decline through adoption of non-Israelitic practices such as child sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solomon Landers believed that the absence of express judgement implies that the sacrifice was not acceptable to God, notwithstanding the fact that the sacrifice nevertheless happened.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Philo" title="Pseudo-Philo">Pseudo-Philo</a>'s <i>Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum</i> gives a name for Jephthah's daughter, Seila. Her character is elaborated and emphasized;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the author has done his utmost to put this woman on the same level as the patriarchs, in this case especially Isaac."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> held that God allowed Jephthah to kill his daughter in order to prevent similar rash vows being made in the future and that it was for that purpose that the annual bewailing of the event took place as a constant reminder.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> cited the story as an example of how it is "sometimes contrary to duty to fulfill a promise, or to keep an oath".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One midrash characterizes Yiftach (Jephthah) as a person of poor judgment, who makes "unfitting" vows without proper consideration for consequences (<a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">B'reishit Rabbah</a>, 60:3). Another midrash (Tanhuma Bechukotai 7) asserts that if Jephthah had read the laws of vows in the Torah, he would not have lost his daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-kadari_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadari-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rabbis also ascribe Jephthah's death to his actions, as punishment: "Jephthah’s penalty consists of the shedding of his limbs, which are buried in numerous places, as is learned from Jud. 12:7: 'Then Jephthah the Gileadite died and he was buried in the towns of Gilead.' One limb would slough away and be buried in one location, and then another would fall off somewhere else and be buried there."<sup id="cite_ref-kadari_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadari-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> also quotes the <a href="/wiki/Midrash_Rabba" title="Midrash Rabba">Midrash Rabba</a> saying that he was punished for not going to the high priest to get the vow annulled and was afflicted with an illness that caused his limbs to decompose off of his body at which point it would be buried where it fell thereby explaining the verse that said he was buried in the cities as opposed to city of Gilead.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some rabbinical commentators, Phineas also sinned by failing to address the needs of relieving Jephthah of his <a href="/wiki/Neder" title="Neder">vow</a> to sacrifice his daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As consequence, the high priesthood was taken from him and temporarily given to the offspring of <a href="/wiki/Ithamar" title="Ithamar">Ithamar</a>, essentially <a href="/wiki/Eli_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eli (Bible)">Eli</a> and his sons. </p><p>Since at least the 12th or 13th century, Jewish scholars, among them the compiler and summarizer <a href="/wiki/David_Kimhi" title="David Kimhi">David Kimhi</a> (1160–1235) and <a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Levi Ben Gershon</a> (1288–1344), have taken fulfilment of Jephthah's vow as meaning that he only kept her in seclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is put forward also by Christian scholars from the 14th century<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continues to be propounded today, as by Solomon Landers, who considers it most likely that the fate of Jephthah's daughter was perpetual virginity or solitary confinement.<sup id="cite_ref-Landers_1991_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landers_1991-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ethelbert_William_Bullinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethelbert William Bullinger">Ethelbert William Bullinger</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> looks at the word "and" in Jephthah's vow (Judges 11:31: "whatever comes out of the doors of my house to meet me, when I return in peace from the people of Ammon, shall surely be the Lord's, <i>and</i> I will offer it up as a burnt offering"). As he explains<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Hebrew prefix "ו" that is translated in the above passage as "and" is often used as a disjunctive, and means "or", when there is a second proposition. Indeed, this rendering is suggested in the margin of the A.V. Bullinger goes on to give examples from the Bible where the same word has been translated as "or". According to him, the right translation of this passage is: "whatever comes out of the doors of my house to meet me, when I return in peace from the people of Ammon, shall surely be the Lord's, <i>or</i> I will offer it up as a burnt offering." Jephthah's daughter, being the first that came out of the house, was thus, according to Bullinger, dedicated to God. He also says: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> In any case, it should have been unlawful, and repugnant to Jehovah, to offer a human being to Him as a burnt-offering, for His acceptance. Such offerings were common to heathen nations at that time, but it is noteworthy that Israel stands out among them with this great peculiarity, that human sacrifices were unknown in Israel.</p></blockquote> <p>However, in the Hebrew Bible, the same word for 'burnt offering' (Hebrew, <i>ʿōlāh</i>) used in reference to Jephthah and his daughter in Judges 11:31 is also used in other Biblical stories alluding to human sacrifice, such as the story of Abraham and Isaac (Genesis 22) and Mesha of Moab and his son (2 Kings 3:27). Moreover, an <i>ʿōlāh</i> in the Hebrew Bible exemplifies a pure gift to the deity.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Jephthah is not stating an alternative between dedicating something to God and offering it up as a burnt offering, but clearly linking the two. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clarke" title="Adam Clarke">Adam Clarke</a>'s Commentary</i> has an exposition of the issues at stake in this passage and contends that the vow Jephthah made was not as rash as it sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Eastern_Star" title="Order of the Eastern Star">Order of the Eastern Star</a> refers to her as Adah.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_origins">Possible origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jephthah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Possible origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandre_Cabanel_-_The_Daughter_of_Jephthah_(1879,_Oil_on_canvas).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Alexandre_Cabanel_-_The_Daughter_of_Jephthah_%281879%2C_Oil_on_canvas%29.JPG/170px-Alexandre_Cabanel_-_The_Daughter_of_Jephthah_%281879%2C_Oil_on_canvas%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Alexandre_Cabanel_-_The_Daughter_of_Jephthah_%281879%2C_Oil_on_canvas%29.JPG/255px-Alexandre_Cabanel_-_The_Daughter_of_Jephthah_%281879%2C_Oil_on_canvas%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Alexandre_Cabanel_-_The_Daughter_of_Jephthah_%281879%2C_Oil_on_canvas%29.JPG/340px-Alexandre_Cabanel_-_The_Daughter_of_Jephthah_%281879%2C_Oil_on_canvas%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption><i>The Daughter of Jephthah</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Cabanel" title="Alexandre Cabanel">Alexandre Cabanel</a> (1879).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Israel Finkelstein</a> has suggested that behind multiple and large-scale Deuteronomistic and post-Deuteronomistic additions and redactions, there may lie an oral story which reflects a conflict on the boundary between Israelite and Ammonite settlements in Transjordan, around the towns of Gilead and Mizpah. It may have been first written down in the 8th century BCE, when the Northern kingdom of Israel (Samaria) began to collect its heroic tales, royal stories, and foundation myths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelstein201615_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelstein201615-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finkelstein has also suggested that the story of Jephthah's vow may have been added into the story as late as the Hellenistic period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelstein20167_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelstein20167-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some observers have noted the similarities between Jephthah and the mythical Cretan general, <a href="/wiki/Idomeneus" class="mw-redirect" title="Idomeneus">Idomeneus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as related by <a href="/wiki/Servius_the_Grammarian" title="Servius the Grammarian">Servius the Grammarian</a> in his <i>Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Idomeneus had asked the gods to calm a storm, promising in return that he would sacrifice the first living thing he saw upon his return, which turned out to be his son. The similarity has caused some to wonder if they share a common ancestor. </p><p>A similar story about <a href="/wiki/Meander_(mythology)" title="Meander (mythology)">Meander</a> is given by <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Plutarch" title="Pseudo-Plutarch">Pseudo-Plutarch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The story of Jephthah's daughter is also sometimes compared to that of <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a>'s daughter <a href="/wiki/Iphigenia" title="Iphigenia">Iphigenia</a>. In his play <i>Jephthas sive votum – Jeptha or the Vow</i>, the Scottish scholar and dramatist <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a> (1506–1582) called Jephthah's daughter "Iphis", obviously alluding to Iphigenia,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Handel" class="mw-redirect" title="Handel">Handel</a>'s 1751 <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jephtha_(Handel)" title="Jephtha (Handel)">Jephtha</a></i>, based on Buchanan's play, uses the same name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burial">Burial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jephthah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to an early Jewish tradition, Jephthah was buried in <a href="/wiki/Ajloun" title="Ajloun">Ajloun</a>, a town in present-day Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jephthah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultural influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The story of Jephthah has influenced a number of literary works.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jephte_(Carissimi)" title="Jephte (Carissimi)">Historia di Jephta</a></i>, an oratorio by <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Carissimi" title="Giacomo Carissimi">Giacomo Carissimi</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jephthes,_sive_Votum" title="Jephthes, sive Votum">Jephthes, sive Votum</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a> (1554).</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeptha_of_Offerbelofte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeptha of Offerbelofte (page does not exist)">Jeptha of Offerbelofte</a></i>, a play by <a href="/wiki/Joost_van_den_Vondel" title="Joost van den Vondel">Joost van den Vondel</a> (1659), a <a href="/wiki/Dionysian_imitatio" title="Dionysian imitatio">reworking</a> in Dutch of the play by Buchanan.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i>, A political and theological book <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> (1689) challenging the divine right of kings, using Jephthah to demonstrate his "appeal to heaven" for changing government by the use of force in the absence of an earthly authority to petition to. See Book II, section 21. This concept is extremely important in first amendment jurisprudence, and is one of the strongest arguments against temporary restraining orders that enjoin speech, also known as a <a href="/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">prior restraint</a>, because of how dangerous they are. See for example <i>Milk Wagon Drivers v. Meadowmoor Dairies, Inc.</i> 312 U.S. 287,293 (1941).</li> <li><i>Jephté</i>, a tragedy by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Piroye" title="Charles Piroye">Charles Piroye</a> (1703).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jepht%C3%A9" title="Jephté">Jephté</a></i>, an opera by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Pignolet_de_Mont%C3%A9clair" title="Michel Pignolet de Montéclair">Michel Pignolet de Montéclair</a> (1732).</li> <li><i>Jephtha</i>, an oratorio by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Greene_(composer)" title="Maurice Greene (composer)">Maurice Greene</a> (1737).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jephtha_(Handel)" title="Jephtha (Handel)">Jephtha</a></i>, an oratorio by <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a> (1751).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jephtas_Gel%C3%BCbde" title="Jephtas Gelübde">Jephtas Gelübde</a></i>, an opera by <a href="/wiki/Meyerbeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a> (1812).</li> <li><i>Jephtha</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an oratorio by <a href="/wiki/John_Hill_Hewitt" title="John Hill Hewitt">John H. Hewitt</a> (1846).</li> <li><i>The Vow</i>, a one-act opera by based on the story <a href="/wiki/Colin_McAlpin" title="Colin McAlpin">Colin McAlpin</a> (1915).</li> <li>The story of Jephthah and his daughter is the subject of <a href="/wiki/Lion_Feuchtwanger" title="Lion Feuchtwanger">Lion Feuchtwanger</a>'s historical novel, <i>Jefta und seine Tochter</i> (1957), English translation, <i>Jephta and His Daughter</i>, also known as <i>Jephthah and His Daughter</i>, published 1958</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i>, Polonius tells Hamlet "If you call me Jephthah, my lord, I have a daughter I love passing well."</li> <li>The 2015 winner of the <a href="/wiki/BP_Portrait_Award" title="BP Portrait Award">BP Portrait Award</a>, <i>Annabelle and Guy</i> by Matan Ben-Cnaan was inspired by the story of Jephthah and his daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-BP_Portrait_Award_2015_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP_Portrait_Award_2015-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 2008 novel <i>Ever</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gail_Carson_Levine" title="Gail Carson Levine">Gail Carson Levine</a> is based on the story of Jephthah's daughter; Judges 11:34 is quoted in the foreword, and the plot follows the story of a girl in a Bronze Age Middle Eastern–inspired society whose father promises to sacrifice to his god the first person who congratulates him on his wife's recovery from an illness.</li> <li>The song "Burn, Baby Burn" by <a href="/wiki/The_Residents" title="The Residents">The Residents</a> (from their album <i><a href="/wiki/Wormwood:_Curious_Stories_from_the_Bible" title="Wormwood: Curious Stories from the Bible">Wormwood: Curious Stories from the Bible</a></i>) is inspired by the story of Jephthah.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jephthah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abel-cheramim" title="Abel-cheramim">Abel-cheramim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_judges" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical judges">Biblical judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac" title="Binding of Isaac">Binding of Isaac</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jephthah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBohmbach2009" class="citation web cs1">Bohmbach, Karla (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/daughter-of-jephthah-bible">"Daughter of Jephthah: Bible"</a>. <i>Jewish Women's Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Women%27s+Archive&rft.atitle=Daughter+of+Jephthah%3A+Bible&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bohmbach&rft.aufirst=Karla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fdaughter-of-jephthah-bible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJephthah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauser1975" class="citation journal cs1">Hauser, Alan J. (1975). "The "Minor Judges" – A Re-evaluation". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>94</b> (2). Alan J. Hauser: 190–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3265729">10.2307/3265729</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3265729">3265729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+%22Minor+Judges%22+%E2%80%93+A+Re-evaluation&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=190-200&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3265729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3265729%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hauser&rft.aufirst=Alan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJephthah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Judges+10:6">Judges 10:6–7</a>, English Standard Version</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judges 11:3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Judges+11:35">Judges 11:35</a>, English Standard Version</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Judges+11:37">Judges 11:37</a>, English Standard Version</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Judges+11:39">Judges 11:39</a>, English Standard Version</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Judges+11:40">Judges 11:40</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08333b.htm">"Jephte"</a>, <i>Catholic Encyclopaedia</i>, New advent.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Why the Deuteronomist Told about the Sacrifice of Jephthah's Daughter", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Study_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Journal for the Study of the Old Testament">Journal for the Study of the Old Testament</a></i>, Sage Publications, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jot.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/29/3/339.pdf">p. 7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Solomon Landers "Did Jephthah Kill his Daughter?", <i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a></i>, August 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Alexander (1988), "Retelling the Old Testament", in <i>It Is Written: Scripture Citing Scripture</i>, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Murphy (1993), <i>Pseudo-Philo: Rewriting the Bible</i>, New York: Oxford.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pieter Van der Horst (1989), "Portraits of Biblical Women in Pseudo-Philo's <i>Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum</i>", <i>Journal for the Study of Pseudepigrapha</i>, 5, 29–46, at 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrysostom" class="citation web cs1">Chrysostom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/190114.htm">"Homily 14 on the Statues"</a>. <i>Church fathers</i>. New advent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church+fathers&rft.atitle=Homily+14+on+the+Statues&rft.au=Chrysostom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F190114.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJephthah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambrose, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/St.AmbroseSelectedWorksAndLetters/st_ambrose_selected_works_and_letters#page/n139/mode/2up/search/%22make+no+promise+at+all%22"><i>On the Duties of the Clergy</i></a>, Book I, chapter 50: p. 141 in Schaff's edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kadari-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kadari_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadari_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadari" class="citation web cs1">Kadari, Tamar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/jephthahs-daughter-midrash-and-aggadah">"Jephthah's Daughter: Midrash and Aggadah"</a>. <i>Jewish Women's Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Women%27s+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Jephthah%27s+Daughter%3A+Midrash+and+Aggadah&rft.aulast=Kadari&rft.aufirst=Tamar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fjephthahs-daughter-midrash-and-aggadah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJephthah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Vayikra_Rabbah.37.4">"Vayikra Rabbah 37:4"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Sep 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Vayikra+Rabbah+37%3A4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FVayikra_Rabbah.37.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJephthah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_rabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis rabbah">Genesis rabbah</a>, 60,3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8584-jephthah">"Jephthah (יפתח)"</a>, <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carol Ann Newsom et al. (eds), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9uUMZ_g2_NoC&pg=PA136">Women's Bible Commentary</a></i> (Westminster John Knox Press 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-66423707-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-66423707-3">978-0-66423707-3</a>), p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landers_1991-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Landers_1991_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Did Jephthah Kill his Daughter?", Solomon Landers, <i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a></i>, August 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaves2008" class="citation journal cs1">Staves, Susan (2008). "Jephtha's Vow Reconsidered". <i>Huntington Library Quarterly</i>. <b>71</b> (4): 651–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fhlq.2008.71.4.651">10.1525/hlq.2008.71.4.651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huntington+Library+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Jephtha%27s+Vow+Reconsidered&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=651-69&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fhlq.2008.71.4.651&rft.aulast=Staves&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJephthah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Great Cloud of Witnesses in Hebrew 11</i> (1911) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8254-2247-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8254-2247-7">0-8254-2247-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jba.gr/Articles/jbadec06b.htm">"Did Jephthah really sacrifice his daughter? An analysis of Judges 11:31"</a>. <i>JBA</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JBA&rft.atitle=Did+Jephthah+really+sacrifice+his+daughter%3F+An+analysis+of+Judges+11%3A31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jba.gr%2FArticles%2Fjbadec06b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJephthah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20504000">"ʿōlāh: The Rhetoric of Burnt Offerings"</a>, <i>Vetus Testamentum</i>, Vol. 56, Fasc. 1 (Jan., 2006), pp. 125–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/acc/judges-11.html">Judges 11</a>. <i>Adam Clarke Commentary</i>. Studylight.org. Accessed 17 February 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NXM4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA289"><i>The Builder: A Journal for the Masonic Student</i></a>. 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Builder%3A+A+Journal+for+the+Masonic+Student&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNXM4AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJephthah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelstein201615-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelstein201615_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelstein2016">Finkelstein 2016</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelstein20167-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelstein20167_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelstein2016">Finkelstein 2016</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazer1921" class="citation book cs1">Frazer, James (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858052742800&view=1up&seq=7&q1=Idomeneus"><i>The Library of Apollodorus; with an English translation by Sir James George Frazer. v.2</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 394–395.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library+of+Apollodorus%3B+with+an+English+translation+by+Sir+James+George+Frazer.+v.2&rft.pages=394-395&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Frazer&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Diau.31858052742800%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D7%26q1%3DIdomeneus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJephthah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonoratus" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Honoratus, Servius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0053:book=11:commline=264&highlight=Idomeneus%2Crex%2CCretensium%2Cfuit"><i>Vergilii carmina comentarii</i></a> (in Latin). 11.264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vergilii+carmina+comentarii&rft.pages=11.264&rft.aulast=Honoratus&rft.aufirst=Servius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053%3Abook%3D11%3Acommline%3D264%26highlight%3DIdomeneus%252Crex%252CCretensium%252Cfuit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJephthah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0400%3Achapter%3D9">"Pseudo-Plutarch, De fluviis, IX. 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"The graves of the fathers and of the righteous". <i>Sefer ṣohar le-ḥasifat ginzei teiman</i> (in Hebrew). Ḥolon, Israel: Mifʻal ḥaśifat ginze Teman. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15417732">15417732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+graves+of+the+fathers+and+of+the+righteous&rft.btitle=Sefer+%E1%B9%A3ohar+le-%E1%B8%A5asifat+ginzei+teiman&rft.place=%E1%B8%A4olon%2C+Israel&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Mif%CA%BBal+%E1%B8%A5a%C5%9Bifat+ginze+Teman&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15417732&rft.aulast=Levi-Na%E1%B8%A5um&rft.aufirst=Yehuda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJephthah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanusa1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hanusa, Ruth L. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824003515/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/notes-and-queries-14716941?cc=us&lang=en&">"Killing the daughter: Judges' Jephthah and The Jew of Malta's Barabas"</a>. <i>Notes and Queries</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 199–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnq%2F46-2-199">10.1093/nq/46-2-199</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/notes-and-queries-14716941?cc=us&lang=en&">the original</a> on 2021-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.atitle=Killing+the+daughter%3A+Judges%27+Jephthah+and+The+Jew+of+Malta%27s+Barabas.&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-200&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnq%2F46-2-199&rft.aulast=Hanusa&rft.aufirst=Ruth+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fnotes-and-queries-14716941%3Fcc%3Dus%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJephthah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Jephtha_(Hewitt,_John_Hill)">"Jephtha (Hewitt, John Hill) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download"</a>. <i>imslp.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Sep 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imslp.org&rft.atitle=Jephtha+%28Hewitt%2C+John+Hill%29+-+IMSLP%3A+Free+Sheet+Music+PDF+Download&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimslp.org%2Fwiki%2FJephtha_%28Hewitt%2C_John_Hill%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJephthah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BP_Portrait_Award_2015-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BP_Portrait_Award_2015_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/bp-portrait-award/exhibition/prize-winners-entries/first-prize.php">"BP Portrait Award 2015 - First Prize"</a>. National Portrait Gallery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BP+Portrait+Award+2015+-+First+Prize&rft.pub=National+Portrait+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npg.org.uk%2Fwhatson%2Fbp-portrait-award%2Fexhibition%2Fprize-winners-entries%2Ffirst-prize.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJephthah" class="Z3988"></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk">National Portrait Gallery</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jephthah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2016" class="citation cs2">Finkelstein, Israel (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bsw.org/biblica/vol-97-2016/the-old-jephthah-tale-in-judges-geographical-and-historical-considerations/606/"><i>The Old Jephthah Tale in Judges: Geographical and Historical Considerations</i></a>, vol. 97, Biblical Studies on the Web</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Jephthah+Tale+in+Judges%3A+Geographical+and+Historical+Considerations&rft.pub=Biblical+Studies+on+the+Web&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsw.org%2Fbiblica%2Fvol-97-2016%2Fthe-old-jephthah-tale-in-judges-geographical-and-historical-considerations%2F606%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJephthah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jephthah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jephthah" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jephthah">Jephthah</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8584-jephthah">Jephthah</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Jephthah </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh" title="Tribe of Manasseh">Tribe of Manasseh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Gad" title="Tribe of Gad">Tribe of Gad</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jair" title="Jair">Jair</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_judges" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical judges">Judge of Israel</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ibzan" title="Ibzan">Ibzan</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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