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id="toc-Arabic_meaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_meaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Arabic meaning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meaning_and_usage_in_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meaning_and_usage_in_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Meaning and usage in English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meaning_and_usage_in_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_development_of_the_formal_madrasah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_development_of_the_formal_madrasah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 The development of the formal madrasah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_development_of_the_formal_madrasah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_education_in_the_madrasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_education_in_the_madrasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Islamic education in the madrasa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_education_in_the_madrasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_in_historical_madrasas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_in_historical_madrasas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Education in historical madrasas </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_in_historical_madrasas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education in historical madrasas subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education_in_historical_madrasas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elementary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elementary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Elementary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elementary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Primary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Secondary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Higher education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Law_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Law school </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Medical school </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madrasa_and_university" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madrasa_and_university"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Madrasa and university </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madrasa_and_university-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Female education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Architecture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Architecture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architectural_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Architectural origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_and_spread_across_different_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_and_spread_across_different_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Evolution and spread across different regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_and_spread_across_different_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seljuk_Anatolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seljuk_Anatolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Seljuk Anatolia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seljuk_Anatolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria_and_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria_and_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Syria and Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria_and_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maghreb_(North_Africa)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maghreb_(North_Africa)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Maghreb (North Africa) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maghreb_(North_Africa)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran,_Iraq,_and_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran,_Iraq,_and_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Iran, Iraq, and Central Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran,_Iraq,_and_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 Ottoman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madrasas_by_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madrasas_by_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Madrasas by region </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Madrasas_by_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Madrasas by region subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Madrasas_by_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ottoman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Curricula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curricula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Curricula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curricula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_life_and_the_medrese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_life_and_the_medrese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Social life and the medrese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_life_and_the_medrese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maghreb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maghreb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Maghreb </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maghreb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 South Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2 Bangladesh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.3 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Kerala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Kerala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.3.1 In Kerala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Kerala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.4 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.5 Nepal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Southeast Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.2 Singapore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.3 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Western countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.1 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.3 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_misconceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_misconceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Common misconceptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_misconceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Madrasa</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" > 86 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مدرسة إسلامية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدرسة إسلامية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Madrasa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Madrasa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99dr%C9%99s%C9%99" title="Mədrəsə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mədrəsə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE" title="মাদ্রাসা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাদ্রাসা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D2%99%D1%80%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99" title="Мәҙрәсә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәҙрәсә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%8D" title="Медрэсэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Медрэсэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="मदरसा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मदरसा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Madrasa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Медресе – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Медресе" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medresa" title="Medresa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Medresa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrassa" title="Madrassa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Madrassa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medresa" title="Medresa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Medresa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Madrasa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Madrasa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Madrasa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medrese" title="Medrese – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Medrese" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Μεντρεσές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεντρεσές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Madrasa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madraso" title="Madraso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Madraso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Madrasa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%87_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="مدرسه (اسلام) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدرسه (اسلام)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dersa" title="Médersa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Médersa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Madrasa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%82%AC" title="마드라사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마드라사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantar_Islamiyya" title="Makarantar Islamiyya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Makarantar Islamiyya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A5" title="Մեդրեսե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեդրեսե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="मदरसा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मदरसा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medresa" title="Medresa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Medresa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah" title="Madrasah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Madrasah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Медресе – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Медресе" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Madrasa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%94" title="מדרסה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדרסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94" title="მედრესე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მედრესე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Медресе – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Медресе" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Madrasa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medrese" title="Medrese – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Medrese" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Медресе – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Медресе" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Madrasa" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Madrasa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medrese" title="Medrese – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Medrese" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medres%C4%97" title="Medresė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Medresė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medresze" title="Medresze – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Medresze" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Медреса – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Медреса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8" title="മദ്റസ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മദ്റസ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah" title="Madrasah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Madrasah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah" title="Madrasah – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Madrasah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrassa" title="Madrassa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Madrassa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B5" title="マドラサ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マドラサ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хьуьжар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хьуьжар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Madrasa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Madrasa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrassa" title="Madrassa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Madrassa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Madrasa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਦਰੱਸਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਦਰੱਸਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%81_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="مدرسہ (اسلام) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مدرسہ (اسلام)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medresa" title="Medresa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Medresa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madra%C3%A7a" title="Madraça – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Madraça" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medres%C4%83" title="Medresă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Medresă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Медресе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Медресе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Madrasa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medreseja" title="Medreseja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Medreseja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Madrasa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88" title="مدرسو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مدرسو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medresa" title="Medresa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Medresa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%95" title="مەدرەسە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەدرەسە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Медреса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Медреса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medresa" title="Medresa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Medresa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah" title="Madrasah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Madrasah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Madrasa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrassa" title="Madrassa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Madrassa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE" title="மதராசா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மதராசா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%B4%D1%80%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99" title="Мәдрәсә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мәдрәсә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE" title="మదరసా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మదరసా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="มัดเราะซะฮ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มัดเราะซะฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Мадраса – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мадраса" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medrese" title="Medrese – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Medrese" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Madras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrasi" title="Madrasi">Madrasi</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Madrasta_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Madrasta (disambiguation)">Madrasta</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Madraseh", "Medrese", and "Madraza" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Madrasa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Madrasa (disambiguation)">Madrasa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RegistanSquare_Samarkand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/RegistanSquare_Samarkand.jpg/280px-RegistanSquare_Samarkand.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/RegistanSquare_Samarkand.jpg/420px-RegistanSquare_Samarkand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/RegistanSquare_Samarkand.jpg/560px-RegistanSquare_Samarkand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1462" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>The three madrasas at the <a href="/wiki/Registan" title="Registan">Registan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, built during the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Renaissance" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revealed Books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Day of Resurrection</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir (exegesis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah (creed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya">Qisas al-Anbiya ("Stories of the Prophets")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a> (Poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh (jurisprudence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia (law)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Proselytizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">Concubinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border:1px solid #060;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">Usul al-Fiqh</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);border-bottom:1px solid #686;"> <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">Ijazah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhtilaf" title="Ikhtilaf">Ikhtilaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istihlal" title="Istihlal">Istihlal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istihsan" title="Istihsan">Istihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishab" title="Istishab">Istishab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Madhhab</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madrasah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">Maslaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urf" title="Urf">Urf</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);border-bottom:1px solid #686;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahkam" title="Ahkam">Ahkam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">Fard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustahabb" title="Mustahabb">Mustahabb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubah" title="Mubah">Mubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makruh" title="Makruh">Makruh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batil" title="Batil">Batil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bid%27ah" title="Bid'ah">Bid'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahisha" title="Fahisha">Fahisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasiq" title="Fasiq">Fasiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad">Fasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghibah" title="Ghibah">Ghibah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_sin" title="Islamic views on sin">Gunah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah">Hirabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istighfar" title="Istighfar">Istighfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishhad" title="Istishhad">Istishhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasd" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasd">Qasd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Taghut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya">Taqiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawbah">Tawbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazkiah">Tazkiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation_in_Islam" title="Moderation in Islam">Wasat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);border-bottom:1px solid #686;"> Legal vocations and titles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashraf">Ashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrat" title="Hadrat">Hadrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqeeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqeeh">Faqeeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamah" title="Allamah">Allamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohyeddin" title="Mohyeddin">Mohyeddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti" title="Grand Mufti">Grand Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujjat_al-Islam" title="Hujjat al-Islam">Hujjat al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">Mujtahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seghatoleslam" title="Seghatoleslam">Seghatoleslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">Hujja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_(title)" title="Hakim (title)">Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">Mullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlawi_(Islamic_title)" title="Mawlawi (Islamic title)">Mawlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatib" title="Khatib">Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja" title="Khawaja">Khawaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawl%C4%81n%C4%81" title="Mawlānā">Mawlānā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">Mawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Mufassir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshid" title="Murshid">Murshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">Pir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhund" title="Akhund">Akhund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaddith" title="Muhaddith">Muhaddith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujaddid" title="Mujaddid">Mujaddid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">Marabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu%27l-amr" title="Ulu'l-amr">Ulu'l-amr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustad" title="Ustad">Ustad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27azzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'azzin">Mu'azzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">Murid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">Shahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajji" title="Hajji">Hajji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabi%27un" title="Tabi'un">Tabi'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabi%27_al-Tabi%27in" title="Tabi' al-Tabi'in">Tabi' al-Tabi'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Da'i al-Mutlaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dawla" title="Al-Dawla">al-Dawla</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Template:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Template talk:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Madrasa (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/məˈdræsə/</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> also <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-rɑːs-/</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-3">[3]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmædrɑːsə/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: مدرسة <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[mædˈræ.sæ, ˈmad.ra.sa]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4e\/Ar-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9.ogg\/Ar-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ar-\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/Ar-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9.ogg/Ar-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ar-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9.ogg" title="File:Ar-مدرسة.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">pl.</a> مدارس, madāris), sometimes <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">transliterated</a> as madrasah or madrassa,<a href="#cite_note-:19-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> is the Arabic word for any <a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">type of educational institution</a>, secular or religious (of any religion), whether for elementary education or higher learning. In countries outside the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, the word usually refers to a specific type of religious school or college for the study of the religion of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (loosely equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">Christian seminary</a>), though this may not be the only subject studied. In an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">architectural</a> and historical context, the term generally refers to a particular kind of institution in the historic <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> which primarily taught <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a> (fiqh), as well as other subjects on occasion. The origin of this type of institution is widely credited to <a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuks</a> in the 11th century, who was responsible for building the first network of official madrasas in Iran, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>. From there, the construction of madrasas spread across much of the Muslim world over the next few centuries, often adopting similar models of architectural design.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> The madrasas became the longest serving institutions of the Ottoman Empire, beginning service in 1330 and operating for nearly 600 years on three continents. They trained doctors, engineers, lawyers and religious officials, among other members of the governing and political elite. The madrasas were a specific educational institution, with their own funding and curricula, in contrast with the <a href="/wiki/Enderun_School" title="Enderun School">Enderun</a> palace schools attended by <a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a> pupils.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word madrasah derives from the triconsonantal <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic root</a> د-ر-س D-R-S 'to learn, study', using the wazn (<a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> form or template) مفعل(ة); mafʻal(ah), meaning "a place where something is done". Thus, madrasah literally means "a place where learning and studying take place" or "place of study".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a> The word is also present as a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> with the same general meaning in many Arabic-influenced languages, such as: <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Baluchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic_meaning">Arabic meaning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arabic meaning">edit</a>]</div> In the Arabic language, the word مدرسة madrasah simply means the same as school does in the English language, whether that is private, public or parochial school, as well as for any primary or secondary school whether <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, non-Muslim, or secular.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Unlike the use of the word school in British English, the word madrasah more closely resembles the term school in American English, in that it can refer to a university-level or post-graduate school as well as to a primary or secondary school. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Period">Early Modern Period</a>, madrasas had lower schools and specialised schools where the students became known as danişmends.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman-14">[14]</a> In medieval usage, however, the term madrasah was usually specific to institutions of higher learning, which generally taught Islamic law and occasionally other subjects, as opposed to elementary schools or children's schools, which were usually known as <a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">kuttāb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalwa_(school)" title="Khalwa (school)">khalwa</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> or maktab.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> The usual <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> word for a university, however, is جامعة (jāmiʻah). The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> <a href="/wiki/Midrasha" title="Midrasha">midrasha</a> also connotes the meaning of a place of learning; the related term <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a> literally refers to study or learning, but has acquired mystical and religious connotations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meaning_and_usage_in_English">Meaning and usage in English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Meaning and usage in English">edit</a>]</div> In English, the term madrasah or "madrasa" usually refers more narrowly to Islamic institutions of learning. Historians and other scholars also employ the term to refer to historical learning institutions throughout the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, which is to say a college where <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> was taught along with other secondary subjects, but not to secular science schools, modern or historical. These institutions were typically housed in specially designed buildings which were primarily devoted to this purpose. Such institutions are believed to have originated, or at least proliferated, in the region of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> in the 11th century under <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a> and subsequently spread to other regions of the Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nizamiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizamiyya">Nizamiyya</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_madrasahs_in_continuous_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of oldest madrasahs in continuous operation">List of oldest madrasahs in continuous operation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:29610-Fez_(28134041211)_(qarawiyyin_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/29610-Fez_%2828134041211%29_%28qarawiyyin_crop%29.jpg/250px-29610-Fez_%2828134041211%29_%28qarawiyyin_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/29610-Fez_%2828134041211%29_%28qarawiyyin_crop%29.jpg/375px-29610-Fez_%2828134041211%29_%28qarawiyyin_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/29610-Fez_%2828134041211%29_%28qarawiyyin_crop%29.jpg/500px-29610-Fez_%2828134041211%29_%28qarawiyyin_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">Qarawiyyin Mosque</a> (marked by the green roofs and the white <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a>) on the skyline of historic <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes</a></figcaption></figure> The first institute of madrasa education was at the estate of <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Arqam" title="Zayd ibn Arqam">Zayd ibn Arqam</a> near a hill called <a href="/wiki/Al-Safa_and_Al-Marwah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Safa and Al-Marwah">Safa</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> was the teacher and the students were some of his followers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After <a href="/wiki/Hegira" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegira">Hijrah</a> (migration) the madrasa of "Suffa" was established in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madina</a> on the east side of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a> mosque. <a href="/wiki/Ubada_ibn_as-Samit" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubada ibn as-Samit">Ubada ibn as-Samit</a> was appointed there by Muhammad as teacher and among the students.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the curriculum of the madrasa, there were teachings of The Qur'an, The Hadith, fara'iz, <a href="/wiki/Tajweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajweed">tajweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a>, treatises of <a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">first aid</a>, etc. There was also training in horse-riding, the art of war, handwriting and <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athletics_(physical_culture)" title="Athletics (physical culture)">athletics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a>. The first part of madrasa-based education is estimated from the first day of "<a href="/wiki/Nabuwwat" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabuwwat">nabuwwat</a>" to the first portion of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> period, the reliance on <a href="/wiki/Court_(royal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court (royal)">courts</a> initially confined sponsorship and scholarly activities to major centres.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the early history of the Islamic period, teaching was generally carried out in mosques rather than in separate specialized institutions. Although some major early mosques like the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Great Mosque of Damascus</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Amr_ibn_al-As" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Amr ibn al-As">Mosque of Amr ibn al-As</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> had separate rooms which were devoted to teaching, this distinction between "mosque" and "madrasa" was not very present.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> Notably, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">al-Qarawiyyin</a> (Jāmiʻat al-Qarawīyīn), established in 859 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Fes,_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes, Morocco">Fes</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, is considered the oldest university in the world by some scholars,<a href="#cite_note-founding-1-16">[16]</a> though the application of the term "university" to institutions of the medieval Muslim world is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-18">[18]</a> According to tradition, the al-Qarawiyyin mosque was founded by <a href="/wiki/Fatima_al-Fihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima al-Fihri">Fāṭimah al-Fihrī</a>, the daughter of a wealthy merchant named Muḥammad al-Fihrī. This was later followed by the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> establishment of <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque" title="Al-Azhar Mosque">al-Azhar Mosque</a> in 969–970 in Cairo, initially as a center to promote <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a> teachings, which later became a <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> institution under <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a> rule (today's <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a>).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-22">[22]</a> By the 900s AD, the Madrasa is noted to have become a successful higher education system.<a href="#cite_note-Hilgendorf_63–75-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_development_of_the_formal_madrasah">The development of the formal madrasah</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The development of the formal madrasah">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg/330px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg/440px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5603" data-file-height="3613" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mustansiriya_Madrasah" title="Mustansiriya Madrasah">Madrasa al-Mustansiriyya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, established in 1227, one of the only <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a>-era madrasas remaining today</figcaption></figure> In the late 11th century, during the late <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">ʻAbbāsid</a> period, the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuk</a> vizier <a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Niẓām al-Mulk</a> created one of the first major official academic institutions known in history as the <a href="/wiki/Nizamiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizamiyyah">Madrasah Niẓāmīyah</a>, based on the informal majālis (sessions of the shaykhs). Niẓām al-Mulk, who would later be murdered by the <a href="/wiki/Assassins_(sect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassins (sect)">Assassins</a> (Ḥashshāshīn), created a system of state madrasas (in his time they were called the Niẓāmiyyahs, named after him) in various Seljuk and ʻAbbāsid cities at the end of the 11th century, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a> Although madrasa-type institutions appear to have existed in Iran before Nizam al-Mulk, this period is nonetheless considered by many as the starting point for the proliferation of the formal madrasah across the rest of the Muslim world, adapted for use by all four different Sunni <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Islamic legal schools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">Sufi orders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> Part of the motivation for this widespread adoption of the madrasah by Sunni rulers and elites was a desire to counter the influence and spread of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> at the time, by using these institutions to spread Sunni teachings.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Gutas" title="Dimitri Gutas">Dimitri Gutas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> consider the period between the 11th and 14th centuries to be the "<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a>" of Arabic and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a>, initiated by <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a>'s successful <a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">integration of logic</a> into the madrasah curriculum and the subsequent rise of <a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford-24">[24]</a> In addition to religious subjects, they taught the "rational sciences," as varied as <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematics in medieval Islam">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic astrology">astrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography and cartography in medieval Islam">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam">alchemy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> depending on the curriculum of the specific institution in question.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The madrasas, however, were not centres of advanced scientific study; scientific advances in Islam were usually carried out by scholars working under the <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> of royal courts.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, the territories under the Caliphate experienced a growth in <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>, having the highest literacy rate of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, comparable to <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">classical Athens</a>' literacy in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a> but on a much larger scale.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">maktab</a> and madrasa institutions played a fundamental role in the relatively high literacy rates of the medieval Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nur_al-Din_Madrasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nur_al-Din_Madrasa.jpg/220px-Nur_al-Din_Madrasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nur_al-Din_Madrasa.jpg/330px-Nur_al-Din_Madrasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nur_al-Din_Madrasa.jpg/440px-Nur_al-Din_Madrasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2660" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard of the <a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Madrasa" title="Nur al-Din Madrasa">Nur al-Din Madrasa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, originally built in 1167 by <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_(died_1174)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din (died 1174)">Nur al-Din</a></figcaption></figure>Under the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Anatolian Seljuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> dynasties (11th-16th centuries) in the Middle East, many of the ruling elite founded madrasas through a religious endowment and <a href="/wiki/Charitable_trust" title="Charitable trust">charitable trust</a> known as a <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-30">[30]</a> The first documented madrasa created in Syria was the Madrasa of Kumushtakin, added to a mosque in <a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a> in 1136.<a href="#cite_note-:11-31">[31]</a>: 27 <a href="#cite_note-:242-32">[32]</a> One of the earliest madrasas in Damascus, and one of the first madrasas to be accompanied by the tomb of its founder, is the <a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Madrasa" title="Nur al-Din Madrasa">Madrasa al-Nuriyya</a> (or Madrasa al-Kubra) founded by <a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din" title="Nur al-Din">Nur al-Din</a> in 1167–1172.<a href="#cite_note-:11-31">[31]</a>: 119 <a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>: 225  After <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Salah ad-Din</a> (Saladin) overthrew the Shi'a Fatimids in Egypt in 1171, he founded a Sunni madrasa near the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">al-Shafi'i</a> in Cairo in 1176–1177, introducing this institution to Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-:242-32">[32]</a> The Mamluks who succeeded the Ayyubids built many more madrasas across their territories. Not only was the madrasa a potent symbol of status for its patrons but it could also be an effective means of transmitting wealth and status to their descendants. Especially during the Mamluk period, when only former slaves (<a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">mamālīk</a>) could assume power, the sons of the ruling Mamluk elites were unable to inherit. Guaranteed positions within the new madrasas (and other similar foundations) thus allowed them to maintain some status and means of living even after their fathers' deaths.<a href="#cite_note-:2-30">[30]</a> Madrasas built in this period were often associated with the mausoleums of their founders.<a href="#cite_note-:2-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-34">[34]</a> Further west, the <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid dynasty</a> introduced the first madrasas to <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Ech_Chamaiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasa Ech Chamaiya">Madrasa al-Shamma῾iyya</a> built in Tunis in 1238<a href="#cite_note-:23-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-:82-36">[36]</a>: 209  (or in 1249 according to some sources<a href="#cite_note-:022-37">[37]</a>: 296 <a href="#cite_note-:244-38">[38]</a>). By the late 13th century, the first madrasas were being built in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid dynasty</a>, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Saffarin_Madrasa" title="Saffarin Madrasa">Saffarin Madrasa</a> in Fes (founded in 1271) and culminating with much larger and more ornate constructions like the <a href="/wiki/Bou_Inania_Madrasa" title="Bou Inania Madrasa">Bou Inania Madrasa</a> (founded in 1350).<a href="#cite_note-:022-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-39">[39]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman period</a> the medrese (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> word for madrasah) was a common institution as well, often part of a larger <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">külliye</a> or a waqf-based religious foundation which included other elements like a mosque and a <a href="/wiki/Hammam_(bath)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammam (bath)">hammam</a> (public bathhouse).<a href="#cite_note-:8-40">[40]</a> The following excerpt provides a brief synopsis of the historical origins and starting points for the teachings that took place in the Ottoman madrasas in the Early Modern Period:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> Taşköprülüzâde's concept of knowledge and his division of the sciences provides a starting point for a study of learning and medrese education in the Ottoman Empire. Taşköprülüzâde recognises four stages of knowledge—spiritual, intellectual, oral and written. Thus all the sciences fall into one of these seven categories: calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, intellectual sciences, spiritual sciences, theoretical rational sciences, and practical rational sciences. The first Ottoman medrese was created in İznik in 1331, when a converted Church building was assigned as a medrese to a famous scholar, Dâvûd of Kayseri. Suleyman made an important change in the hierarchy of Ottoman medreses. He established four general medreses and two more for specialised studies, one devoted to the ḥadīth and the other to medicine. He gave the highest ranking to these and thus established the hierarchy of the medreses which was to continue until the end of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman-14">[14]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_education_in_the_madrasa">Islamic education in the madrasa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Islamic education in the madrasa">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Madrasa" title="Special:EditPage/Madrasa">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The term "Islamic education" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> - the holy book of the Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a> - Oneness or <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> To Islam, the Quran is the core of all learning, it is described in this journal as the “Spine of all discipline”<a href="#cite_note-Hilgendorf_63–75-23">[23]</a> A typical Islamic school usually offers two courses of study: a ḥifẓ course teaching memorization of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> (the person who commits the entire Qur'an to memory is called a <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">ḥāfiẓ</a>); and an <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ʻālim</a> course leading the candidate to become an accepted scholar in the community. A regular curriculum includes courses in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a> (Qur'anic interpretation), <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharīʻah</a> (Islamic law), <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantiq">mantiq</a> (logic), and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim history">Muslim history</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, during the Early Modern Period, the study of hadiths was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Süleyman I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman-14">[14]</a> Depending on the educational demands, some madrasas also offer additional advanced courses in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a>, English and other foreign languages, as well as science and world history. Ottoman madrasas along with religious teachings also taught "styles of writing, grammar, syntax, poetry, composition, natural sciences, political sciences, and etiquette."<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman-14">[14]</a> People of all ages attend, and many often move on to becoming <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The certificate of an ʻālim, for example, requires approximately twelve years of study.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A good number of the ḥuffāẓ (plural of ḥāfiẓ) are the product of the madrasas. The madrasas also resemble colleges, where people take evening classes and reside in dormitories. An important function of the madrasas is to admit orphans and poor children in order to provide them with education and training. Madrasas may enroll female students; however, they study separately from the men.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_in_historical_madrasas">Education in historical madrasas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Education in historical madrasas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education in Islam</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_culture" title="Category:Arab culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle fn org country-name adr"><a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arabic culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Maq%C4%81ma_21_(fols._58v%E2%80%9359r,_double-page_spread_as_a_unit),_Maqamat_al-Harari,_1237.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg/260px-Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg/390px-Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg/520px-Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="524" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Architecture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist">Styles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_architecture" title="Nabataean architecture">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li></ul> Features <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes"> Arabic dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Arab" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaulting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaulting">Vaulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voussoir" title="Voussoir">Voussoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil">Sabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekyeh">Tekyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_art" title="Category:Arabic art">Art</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist">Styles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_art" title="Ancient South Arabian art">Ancient South Arabian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_art" title="Nabataean art">Nabataean art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_art" title="Fatimid art">Fatimid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate#Art" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk art</a></li></ul></li></ul> Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_graffiti" title="Islamic graffiti">Arabic graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab carpet">Arab carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_pottery" title="Category:Arabic pottery">Arabic pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_wood_carving_in_Palestine" title="Olive wood carving in Palestine">Palestinian wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Islamic embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Islamic hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Islamic glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Islamic ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Islamic Metalwork</a></li></ul> Features <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_geometric_patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic geometric patterns">Arabic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_glass" title="Hedwig glass">Hedwig glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Arabic">Pseudo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Cuisine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabian_cuisine" title="Eastern Arabian cuisine">Khalij (Arabian Peninsula)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Arab Mashriq (Levant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Mashriq (Mesopotamia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Mawset (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Mawset (Sudan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghreb cuisine">Arab Maghreb (North Africa)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_clothing" title="Category:Arabic clothing">Dress</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist">Headwear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agal_(accessory)" title="Agal (accessory)">Agal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battoulah" title="Battoulah">Battoulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haik_(garment)" title="Haik (garment)"> Haik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">Keffiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litham" title="Litham">Litham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhalla" title="Madhalla">Madhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">Taqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantour" title="Tantour">Tantour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">Tarboush (fez)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a></li></ul> Clothing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">Abaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)" title="Bisht (clothing)">Bisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnous" title="Burnous">Burnous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djellaba" title="Djellaba">Djellaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durra%27ah" title="Durra'ah">Durra'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouta_towel" title="Fouta towel">Fouta towel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izaar" title="Izaar">Izaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellabiya" title="Jellabiya">Jellabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">Kaftan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarong#Somalia" title="Sarong">Macawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robe_of_honour" title="Robe of honour">Robe of honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirwal" title="Sirwal">Sirwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takchita" class="mw-redirect" title="Takchita">Takchita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawb" title="Thawb">Thawb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiraz" title="Tiraz">Tiraz</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Music</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist">Theory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Arabic maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_tone_system" title="Arab tone system">Arab tone system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_scale" title="Algerian scale">Algerian scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Arabic_music" title="Rhythm in Arabic music">Rhythm in Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqsim" title="Taqsim">Taqsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jins" title="Jins">Jins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazma" title="Lazma">Lazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teslim" title="Teslim">Teslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_tone" title="Quarter tone">Quarter tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_musical_instruments" title="Category:Arabic musical instruments">Arabic musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Musiqa_al-Kabir" title="Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir"> Great Book of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Aghani" title="Kitab al-Aghani"> Kitab al-Aghani</a></li></ul> Genres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_pop" title="Arabic pop">Arabic pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_hip_hop" title="Arabic hip hop">Arabic hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_rock" title="Arabic rock">Arabic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music#Arabic_jazz" title="Arabic music"> Arabic jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music#20th_century" title="Arabic music"> Classical Arab music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Arabic" title="Opera in Arabic">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jeel" title="Al Jeel">Al Jeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaliji_(music)" title="Khaliji (music)">Khaliji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Raï</a></li></ul> Art music <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian classical music">Andalusian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_nubah" title="Andalusi nubah">Andalusi nubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashraf">Bashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawr" title="Dawr">Dawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulab" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulab">Dulab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layali" title="Layali">Layali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhun" title="Malhun">Malhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_maqam" title="Iraqi maqam">Iraqi maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">Muwashshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasidah">Qasidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudud_Halabiya" title="Qudud Halabiya">Qudud Halabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%27i" title="Sama'i">Sama'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmilah" title="Tahmilah">Tahmilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqsim" title="Taqsim">Taqsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waslah" title="Waslah">Waslah</a></li></ul> Folk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ataaba" title="Ataaba">Ataaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Algerian Raï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_music" title="Bedouin music"> Bedouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Algeria)" title="Chaabi (Algeria)">Chaabi (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Morocco)" title="Chaabi (Morocco)">Chaabi (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baladi" title="Baladi">Egyptian folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fann_at-Tanbura" title="Fann at-Tanbura">Fann at-Tanbura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijiri" title="Fijiri">Fijiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnawa_music" title="Gnawa music">Gnawa (North Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_(music)" title="Liwa (music)">Liwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezwed" title="Mezwed">Mezwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samri" title="Samri">Samri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawt_(music)" title="Sawt (music)">Sawt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaabi" title="Shaabi">Shaabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zajal" title="Zajal">Zajal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Dance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardah" title="Ardah">Ardah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">Belly dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabke" title="Dabke">Dabke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Deheyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Deheyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Guedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Guedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Hagallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Hagallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleegy_(dance)" title="Khaleegy (dance)">Khaleegy </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_(music)" title="Liwa (music)">Liwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizmar_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizmar (dance)">Mizmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouled_Nail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouled Nail">Ouled Nail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqs_Sharqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqs Sharqi">Raqs Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samri" title="Samri">Samri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Shamadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Shamadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Schikhatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Schikhatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtib" title="Tahtib">Tahtib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling#Egyptian_tanoura" title="Sufi whirling">Tanoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yowlah" title="Yowlah">Yowlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81r" title="Zār">Zār</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic"> Old </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arabic" title="Paleo-Arabic"> Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern</a></li></ul> Prose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_epic_literature" title="Arabic epic literature">Epic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhymed_prose" title="Rhymed prose">Saj (ryhmed prose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqama" title="Maqama">Maqama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Love_in_Arabic_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Love in Arabic literature (page does not exist)">Love in Arabic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_erotic_literature" title="Category:Arabic erotic literature">Arabic erotic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_grimoires" title="Category:Arabic grimoires">Arabic grimoires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism#Classical_and_medieval_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary_criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_short_story" title="Arabic short story">Arabic short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabaqat" title="Tabaqat">Tabaqat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezkire" title="Tezkire">Tezkire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">Rihla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_mirrors_for_princes" title="Category:Islamic mirrors for princes">Mirrors for princes</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sīra">Sīra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_anthologies" title="Category:Arabic anthologies">Anthologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic-language_poets" title="Category:Arabic-language poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabic_poetry" title="Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry">Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Arabic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Arabic poetry">Modern Arabic poetry</a></li></ul> Genres <ul><li>Madih</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hija" class="mw-redirect" title="Hija">Hija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rith%C4%81%27" title="Rithā'">Rithā'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa%E1%B9%A3f" title="Waṣf">Waṣf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li>Khamriyyah</li> <li>Tardiyyah</li> <li>Khawal</li> <li>Fakhr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamasah" title="Hamasah">Hamasah</a></li></ul> Forms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)"> Diwan </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">Muwashshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaz_(prosody)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaz (prosody)">Urjūza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruba%27i" title="Ruba'i">Ruba'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nas%C4%ABb_(poetry)" title="Nasīb (poetry)">Nasīb </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddles_(Arabic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Riddles (Arabic)">Riddles </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharja" title="Kharja">Kharja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zajal" title="Zajal">Zajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabati" title="Nabati">Nabati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghinnawa" title="Ghinnawa">Ghinnawa</a></li> <li>Humayni</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_prosody" title="Arabic prosody">Arabic prosody</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_(poetry)" title="Bayt (poetry)">Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%ACaw%C4%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṭawīl">Ṭawīl</a></li> <li>Madīd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas%C4%AB%E1%B9%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Basīṭ">Basīṭ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamil_(metre)" title="Kamil (metre)"> Kamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāfir">Wāfir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaj_meter" title="Hazaj meter">Hazaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaz" title="Rajaz">Rajaz </a></li> <li>Ramal</li> <li>Munsariħ</li> <li>Khafīf</li> <li>Muqtaḍab</li> <li>Mujtathth</li> <li>Muḍāriʿ</li> <li>Sarīʿ</li> <li>Mutaqārib</li> <li>Mutadārik</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">National literatures of Arab States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_literature" title="Algerian literature">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Djibouti" title="Literature of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_literature" title="Iraqi literature">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jordan" title="Culture of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_literature" title="Kuwaiti literature">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_literature" title="Libyan literature">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Oman" title="Culture of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_literature" title="Palestinian literature">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_literature" title="Qatari literature">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saudi_Arabian_writers" title="List of Saudi Arabian writers">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_literature" title="Somali literature">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_literature" title="Sudanese literature">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_literature" title="Syrian literature">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_literature" title="Tunisian literature">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Culture of the United Arab Emirates">U.A.E.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yemen" title="Culture of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alchemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic alchemy">Arabic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic astrology">Arabic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic astronomy">Arabic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic geography">Arabic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Arabic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic mathematics">Arabic mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">Arabic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic psychology">Arabic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic technology">Arabic technology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early Arabic Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism#Islamic_world" title="Aristotelianism">Islamic Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_Islamic_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonism in Islamic Philosophy">Islamic Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Islamic Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Farabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li></ul> Concepts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-aql_al-faal" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-aql al-faal">Al-aql al-faal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aql_bi-l-fi%27l" class="mw-redirect" title="Aql bi-l-fi'l">Aql bi-l-fi'l</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">Al-Insān al-Kāmil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhati_in_islamic_philosophy" title="Dhati in islamic philosophy">Dhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcs_of_Descent_and_Ascent" title="Arcs of Descent and Ascent">Arcs of Descent and Ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">Asabiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Hal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadar">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">Qalb</a></li></ul> Texts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_Causis" title="Liber de Causis">Liber de Causis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theology_of_Aristotle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Theology of Aristotle">The Theology of Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-isharat_wa_al-tanbihat" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-isharat wa al-tanbihat">Al-isharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Apple" title="The Book of the Apple">The Book of the Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Incoherence_of_the_Philosophers" title="The Incoherence of the Philosophers">The Incoherence of the Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Incoherence_of_the_Incoherence" title="The Incoherence of the Incoherence">The Incoherence of the Incoherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologus_Autodidactus" title="Theologus Autodidactus">Theologus Autodidactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Harmony_of_Religions_and_Philosophy" title="On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy">On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Muqaddimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Questions" title="Sicilian Questions">Sicilian Questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi#Commentaries_and_translations_of_Fuṣūṣ_al-Ḥikam" title="Ibn Arabi"> Fusus al-Hikam</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabian_mythology" title="Category:Arabian mythology">Mythology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ababil_(mythology)" title="Ababil (mythology)">Ababil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_of_the_Sands" title="Atlantis of the Sands">Atlantis of the Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamut" title="Bahamut">Bahamut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Idols" title="Book of Idols">Book of Idols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wonders" title="Book of Wonders">Book of Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buraq" title="Buraq">Buraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandan" title="Dandan">Dandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falak_(Arabian_legend)" title="Falak (Arabian legend)">Falak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinn_(mythology)" title="Hinn (mythology)">Hinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Houri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifrit" title="Ifrit">Ifrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkadann" title="Karkadann">Karkadann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kujata_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kujata (mythology)">Kujata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">Magic carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Marid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Qaf" title="Mount Qaf">Mount Qaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasnas" title="Nasnas">Nasnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutrub" title="Qutrub">Qutrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roc_(mythology)" title="Roc (mythology)"> Roc </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadhavar" title="Shadhavar">Shadhavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Ma%27arif" title="Shams al-Ma'arif">Shams al-Ma'arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">She-Camel of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81%E1%B8%B3w%C4%81%E1%B8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāḳwāḳ">Wāḳwāḳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar" title="Zulfiqar">Zulfiqar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarqa_al_Yamama" title="Zarqa al Yamama">Zarqa al Yamama</a></li></ul> Fictional Arab people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aladdin" title="Aladdin">Aladdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Alhazred" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Alhazred">Abdul Alhazred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Baba">Ali Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta%C3%AFr_Ibn-La%27Ahad" class="mw-redirect" title="Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad">Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battal_Gazi" title="Battal Gazi">Battal Gazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Ben_Nemsi" title="Kara Ben Nemsi">Kara Ben Nemsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Marsile" title="King Marsile">King Marsile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layla_and_Majnun" title="Layla and Majnun">Layla and Majnun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamedes_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Palamedes (Arthurian legend)">Palamedes </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Jasmine" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Jasmine">Princess Jasmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul" title="Ra's al Ghul">Ra's al Ghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor" title="Sinbad the Sailor">Sindbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talia_al_Ghul" title="Talia al Ghul">Talia al Ghul</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian mythology">Spirituality</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist">North Arabian deities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah#Pre-Islamic_Arabians" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%E2%80%98Uzz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-‘Uzzá">Al-‘Uzzá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushara" title="Dushara">Dushara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabou" title="Chaabou">Chaabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaf_(deity)" title="Manaf (deity)">Manaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha_(deity)" title="Nuha (deity)">Nuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kutbay" title="Al-Kutbay">Al-Kutbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asira" title="Asira">Asira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awal" title="Awal">Awal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizos" title="Azizos">Azizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajir" title="Bajir">Bajir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quzah" title="Quzah">Quzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%27ra" class="mw-redirect" title="A'ra">A'ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abgal_(god)" title="Abgal (god)">Abgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglibol" title="Aglibol">Aglibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaum" title="Al-Qaum">Al-Qaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarsamain" title="Atarsamain">Atarsamain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baalshamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bēl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theandrios" title="Theandrios">Theandrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakbel" title="Malakbel">Malakbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orotalt" title="Orotalt">Orotalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruda_(deity)" title="Ruda (deity)">Ruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_(idol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'd (idol)">Sa'd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarhibol" title="Yarhibol">Yarhibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is%C4%81f_and_N%C4%81%27ila" class="mw-redirect" title="Isāf and Nā'ila">Isāf and Nā'ila</a></li></ul> South Arabian deities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaqah" title="Almaqah">Almaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amm_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amm (god)">Amm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anbay" title="Anbay">Anbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attar_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attar (god)">Athtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_(myth)" title="Salman (myth)"> Salman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhat-Badan" title="Dhat-Badan">Dhat-Badan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haubas" title="Haubas">Haubas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27lab" title="Ta'lab">Ta'lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaynan" title="Qaynan">Qaynan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basamum" title="Basamum">Basamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul_Khalasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul Khalasa">Dhul Khalasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haukim" title="Haukim">Haukim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(idol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasr (idol)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Ya'uq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaghuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghuth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatha" title="Yatha">Yatha</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_culture" title="Template:Arabic culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_culture" title="Template talk:Arabic culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elementary_education">Elementary education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Elementary education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qaytbay_sabil-kuttab_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Qaytbay_sabil-kuttab_2.jpg/220px-Qaytbay_sabil-kuttab_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Qaytbay_sabil-kuttab_2.jpg/330px-Qaytbay_sabil-kuttab_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Qaytbay_sabil-kuttab_2.jpg/440px-Qaytbay_sabil-kuttab_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The Sabil-Kuttab of Sultan Qaytbay in Cairo, built in the 15th century. The bottom floor contained a <a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">sabil</a> and the top floor held a <a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">kuttab</a></figcaption></figure> In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school (for children or for those learning to read) was known as a 'kuttāb' or maktab. Their exact origin is uncertain, but they appear to have been already widespread in the early Abbasid period (8th-9th centuries) and may have played an early role in socializing new ethnic and demographic groups into the Islamic religion during the first few centuries after the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Arab-Muslim conquests</a> of the region.<a href="#cite_note-:05-44">[44]</a> Like madrasas (which referred to higher education), a maktab was often attached to an endowed mosque.<a href="#cite_note-:05-44">[44]</a> In the 11th century, the famous Persian <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosopher</a> and teacher <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Ibn Sīnā</a> (known as Avicenna in the West), in one of his books, wrote a chapter about the maktab entitled "The Role of the Teacher in the Training and Upbringing of Children", as a guide to teachers working at maktab schools. He wrote that children can learn better if taught in <a href="/wiki/Class_(education)" title="Class (education)">classes</a> instead of individual <a href="/wiki/Tuition_payments" title="Tuition payments">tuition</a> from private <a href="/wiki/Tutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutor">tutors</a>, and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case, citing the value of competition and <a href="/wiki/Emulation_(observational_learning)" title="Emulation (observational learning)">emulation</a> among pupils, as well as the usefulness of group discussions and <a href="/wiki/Debate" title="Debate">debates</a>. Ibn Sīnā described the curriculum of a maktab school in some detail, describing the curricula for two stages of education in a maktab school.<a href="#cite_note-Asimov-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_education">Primary education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Primary education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Classroom_of_Madrasa_Taleemul_Islam,_Soofiya_Masjid,_Ahmadabad,_Bhopal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Classroom_of_Madrasa_Taleemul_Islam%2C_Soofiya_Masjid%2C_Ahmadabad%2C_Bhopal.jpg/220px-Classroom_of_Madrasa_Taleemul_Islam%2C_Soofiya_Masjid%2C_Ahmadabad%2C_Bhopal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Classroom_of_Madrasa_Taleemul_Islam%2C_Soofiya_Masjid%2C_Ahmadabad%2C_Bhopal.jpg/330px-Classroom_of_Madrasa_Taleemul_Islam%2C_Soofiya_Masjid%2C_Ahmadabad%2C_Bhopal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Classroom_of_Madrasa_Taleemul_Islam%2C_Soofiya_Masjid%2C_Ahmadabad%2C_Bhopal.jpg/440px-Classroom_of_Madrasa_Taleemul_Islam%2C_Soofiya_Masjid%2C_Ahmadabad%2C_Bhopal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3689" data-file-height="2582" /></a><figcaption>Muslim children at a maktab in <a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a>, India</figcaption></figure> Ibn Sīnā wrote that children should be sent to a maktab school from the age of 6 and be taught primary education until they reach the age of 14. During which time, he wrote, they should be taught the Qur'an, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_metaphysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic metaphysics">Islamic metaphysics</a>, Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic ethics</a>, and manual skills (which could refer to a variety of practical skills).<a href="#cite_note-Asimov-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_education">Secondary education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Secondary education">edit</a>]</div> Ibn Sīnā refers to the secondary education stage of maktab schooling as a period of specialisation when pupils should begin to acquire manual skills, regardless of their social status. He writes that children after the age of 14 should be allowed to choose and specialise in subjects they have an interest in, whether it was reading, manual skills, literature, preaching, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic mathematics">geometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic economics in the world">trade and commerce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inventions_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventions in medieval Islam">craftsmanship</a>, or any other subject or profession they would be interested in pursuing for a future career. He wrote that this was a transitional stage and that there needs to be flexibility regarding the age in which pupils graduate, as the student's emotional development and chosen subjects need to be taken into account.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Higher education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">Ijazah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Bilibin_182.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ivan_Bilibin_182.jpg/220px-Ivan_Bilibin_182.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ivan_Bilibin_182.jpg/330px-Ivan_Bilibin_182.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ivan_Bilibin_182.jpg/440px-Ivan_Bilibin_182.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard of the Al-Azhar Mosque and University in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Gartenlaube_(1869)_b_509.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Die_Gartenlaube_%281869%29_b_509.jpg/220px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281869%29_b_509.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Die_Gartenlaube_%281869%29_b_509.jpg/330px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281869%29_b_509.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Die_Gartenlaube_%281869%29_b_509.jpg/440px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281869%29_b_509.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3461" data-file-height="2379" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of an "Arab university in Cairo" from 1869's <a href="/wiki/Die_Gartenlaube" title="Die Gartenlaube">Die Gartenlaube Journal</a></figcaption></figure>During its formative period, the term madrasah referred to a higher education institution, whose curriculum initially included only the "religious sciences", whilst <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">philosophy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic science">secular sciences</a> were often excluded.<a href="#cite_note-Huff-47">[47]</a> The curriculum slowly began to diversify, with many later madrasas teaching both the religious and the "secular sciences",<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Some madrasas further extended their curriculum to <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Muslim sociology">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic astronomy">astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in Islam">chemistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The curriculum of a madrasah was usually set by its founder, but most generally taught both the religious sciences and the physical sciences. Madrasas were established throughout the Islamic world, examples being the ninth century <a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">University of al-Qarawiyyin</a>, the tenth century <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">al-Azhar University</a> (the most famous), the eleventh century <a href="/wiki/Nizamiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizamiyyah">Niẓāmīyah</a>, as well as 75 madrasas in Cairo, 51 in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and up to 44 in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> between 1155 and 1260.<a href="#cite_note-:18-52">[52]</a> Institutions of learning were established in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusian</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-52">[52]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="This statement seems at odds with other detailed scholarly references, and the cited source (Britannica) is very vague on Andalusi institutions. Some of the examples being referred to here are most likely later madrasas founded well after the Umayyad period. More specialized sources should be cited for more detail and clarity. (March 2023)">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Madrasa#Dubious" title="Talk:Madrasa">discuss</a>] In the Ottoman Empire during the early modern period, "Madaris were divided into lower and specialised levels, which reveals that there was a sense of elevation in school. Students who studied in the specialised schools after completing courses in the lower levels became known as danişmends."<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman-14">[14]</a> Mosques were more than a place of worship as they were also utilized as an area to host community transactions of business. It was the center of most of a city's social and cultural life. Along with this came trades of information and teachings. As the mosque was a starting ground for religious discourse in the Islamic world, these madrasas became more common. In this context, a madrasa would be referred to as a localized area or center within the mosque for studies and teachings relating the Quran. Among the first advanced topics featured at a madrasa was <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>. There was a premium fee required to study Islamic law, which was sometimes fronted by state or private subsidiaries.<a href="#cite_note-:17-53">[53]</a> The topics of this higher education also expanded larger than the Islamic time and area. Arab translations of Greco-Roman classical texts were often examined for mathematical and grammatical discourse. Since the focus of theology and legal study was utmost, specified law schools began their own development. On the theological side however, these remained mainly at the general madrasa since it was more common and easier for the lower-level students to approach. The requirement of competent teachers to keep a madrasa up and running was also important. It was not uncommon for these scholars to be involved in multiple fields such as <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi">Abd al-Latif</a> who was an expert in medicine, grammar, linguistics, law, alchemy, and philosophy. The choice of freedom in inquiry was also important. Muslim higher education at madrasas offered not only mastery in specified fields but also a more generalized, broader option.<a href="#cite_note-:17-53">[53]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Muslim India</a>, the madrasa started off as providing higher education similarly to other parts of the Islamic world. The primary function for these institutions was to train and prepare workers for bureaucratic work as well as the judicial system. The curriculum generally consisted of logic, philosophy, law, history, politics, and particularly religious sciences, later incorporating more of mathematics, astronomy, geography, and medicine. Madrasas were often subsidized and founded by states or private individuals, and well-qualified teachers filled in the role for professors. Foundations of Islamic higher education in India is tied to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> in 1206 which set a basis of importance for Muslim education. Under control of the Delhi Sultanate, two early important madrasas were founded. The first was the Mu’zziyya named after Muḥammad Ghuri of the Ghorid Dynasty and his title of Muʿizz al-Dīn and founded by Sultan Iltutmish.<a href="#cite_note-:16-54">[54]</a> The other madrasa was the Nāṣiriyya, named after Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd and built by Balban. These two madrasas bear importance as a starting point for higher education for Muslim India. <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> founded a madrasa in Delhi which he specifically included the subjects of mathematics, astronomy, and geography besides the standard subjects of law, history, secular and religious sciences.<a href="#cite_note-:16-54">[54]</a> Although little is known about the management and inner workings of these places of Islamic higher education, religious studies bore the focus amongst most other subjects, particularly the rational sciences such as mathematics, logic, medicine, and astronomy. Although some tried to emphasize these subjects more, it is doubtful that every madrasa made this effort. While "madrasah" can now refer to any type of school, the term madrasah was originally used to refer more specifically to a medieval Islamic centre of learning, mainly teaching <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">theology</a>, usually affiliated with a mosque, and funded by an early charitable trust known as waqf.<a href="#cite_note-Alatas-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Law_school">Law school</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Law school">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></div> Madrasas were largely centred on the study of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). The <a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">ijāzat al-tadrīs wa-al-iftāʼ</a> ("licence to teach and issue legal opinions") in the medieval Islamic <a href="/wiki/Legal_education" title="Legal education">legal education</a> system had its origins in the ninth century after the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhāhib</a> (schools of jurisprudence). George Makdisi considers the ijāzah to be the origin of the European doctorate.<a href="#cite_note-Makdisi_Scholasticism-56">[56]</a> However, in an earlier article, he considered the ijāzah to be of "fundamental difference" to the medieval doctorate, since the former was awarded by an individual teacher-scholar not obliged to follow any formal criteria, whereas the latter was conferred on the student by the collective authority of the faculty.<a href="#cite_note-Makdisi_Madrasa_and_University_260-57">[57]</a> To obtain an ijāzah, a student "had to study in a guild school of law, usually four years for the basic undergraduate course" and ten or more years for a <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">post-graduate</a> course. The "doctorate was obtained after an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses", and to test the student's "ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose." These were scholarly exercises practised throughout the student's "career as a graduate student of law." After students completed their post-graduate education, they were awarded ijazas giving them the status of <a href="/wiki/Faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqih">faqīh</a> 'scholar of jurisprudence', <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">muftī</a> 'scholar competent in issuing <a href="/wiki/Fatw%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatwā">fatwās</a>', and mudarris 'teacher'.<a href="#cite_note-Makdisi_Scholasticism-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruner-Dvorak,_Rudolf_-_Bosna,_medresa_2_(ca_1906).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bruner-Dvorak%2C_Rudolf_-_Bosna%2C_medresa_2_%28ca_1906%29.jpg/220px-Bruner-Dvorak%2C_Rudolf_-_Bosna%2C_medresa_2_%28ca_1906%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bruner-Dvorak%2C_Rudolf_-_Bosna%2C_medresa_2_%28ca_1906%29.jpg/330px-Bruner-Dvorak%2C_Rudolf_-_Bosna%2C_medresa_2_%28ca_1906%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bruner-Dvorak%2C_Rudolf_-_Bosna%2C_medresa_2_%28ca_1906%29.jpg/440px-Bruner-Dvorak%2C_Rudolf_-_Bosna%2C_medresa_2_%28ca_1906%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosnian</a> Madrasa, c. 1906</figcaption></figure> The Arabic term ijāzat al-tadrīs was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">Islamic scholars</a> who were qualified to teach. According to Makdisi, the Latin title licentia docendi 'licence to teach' in the European university may have been a translation of the Arabic,<a href="#cite_note-Makdisi_Scholasticism-56">[56]</a> but the underlying concept was very different.<a href="#cite_note-Makdisi_Madrasa_and_University_260-57">[57]</a> A significant difference between the ijāzat al-tadrīs and the licentia docendi was that the former was awarded by the individual scholar-teacher, while the latter was awarded by the chief official of the university, who represented the collective faculty, rather than the individual scholar-teacher.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Much of the study in the madrasah college centred on examining whether certain opinions of law were orthodox. This scholarly process of "determining orthodoxy began with a question which the Muslim layman, called in that capacity mustaftī, presented to a <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurisconsult</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">mufti</a>, soliciting from him a response, called <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Legal_opinion" title="Legal opinion">legal opinion</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">religious law of Islam</a> covers <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">religious matters</a>). The mufti (professor of legal opinions) took this question, studied it, researched it intensively in the sacred scriptures, in order to find a solution to it. This process of scholarly research was called <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihād</a>, literally, the exertion of one's efforts to the utmost limit."<a href="#cite_note-Makdisi_Scholasticism-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_school">Medical school</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Medical school">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimaristan</a></div> Though <a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">Islamic medicine</a> was most often taught at the <a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">bimaristan</a> teaching hospitals, there were also several <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical madrasas</a> dedicated to the teaching of medicine. For example, of the 155 madrasa colleges in 15th century Damascus, three of them were medical schools.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Toby Huff argues that no medical degrees were granted to students, as there was no faculty that could issue them, and that therefore, no system of examination and certification developed in the Islamic tradition like that of medieval Europe.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> However, the historians Andrew C. Miller, Nigel J. Shanks and Dawshe Al-Kalai point out that, during this era, physician licensure became mandatory in the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shanks-62">[62]</a> In 931 AD, Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">Al-Muqtadir</a> learned of the death of one of his subjects as a result of a physician's error.<a href="#cite_note-Shanks-62">[62]</a> He immediately ordered his <a href="/wiki/Muhtasib" title="Muhtasib">muhtasib</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinan_ibn_Thabit" title="Sinan ibn Thabit">Sinan ibn Thabit</a> to examine and prevent doctors from practicing until they passed an examination.<a href="#cite_note-Shanks-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller-61">[61]</a> From this time on, licensing exams were required and only qualified physicians were allowed to practice medicine. The study of Medicine and many other sciences that took place in Madrasas made large contributions to western societies in later years.<a href="#cite_note-Shanks-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller-61">[61]</a> In the Early Modern Period in the Ottoman Empire, "Suleyman I added new curriculums ['sic'] to the Ottoman medreses of which one was medicine, which alongside studying of the ḥadīth was given highest rank."<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Madrasa_and_university">Madrasa and university</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Madrasa and university">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>Note: The word jāmiʻah (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: جامعة) simply means 'university'. For more information, see <a href="/wiki/Islamic_university" title="Islamic university">Islamic university</a> (disambiguation).</dd></dl> Scholars like <a href="/wiki/Arnold_H._Green" title="Arnold H. Green">Arnold H. Green</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a> have argued that, starting in the tenth century, some <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">medieval Islamic</a> madrasas indeed became <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> However, scholars like <a href="/wiki/George_Makdisi" title="George Makdisi">George Makdisi</a>, Toby Huff and Norman Daniel<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-NDaniel1-66">[66]</a> argue that the European <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">medieval university</a> has no parallel in the medieval Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-huff334979-68">[68]</a> Darleen Pryds questions this view, pointing out that madrasas and European universities in the Mediterranean region shared similar foundations by princely patrons and were intended to provide loyal administrators to further the rulers' agenda.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Some other scholars regard the university as uniquely European in origin and characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lexikon_des_Mittelalters:_Doctor,_doctoratus-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lexikon_des_Mittelalters:_Licentia-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">Al-Qarawīyīn University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> is recognised by many historians as the oldest degree-granting university in the world, having been founded in 859 as a mosque by <a href="/wiki/Fatima_al-Fihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima al-Fihri">Fatima al-Fihri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-founding-2-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kettani-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> While the madrasa college could also issue degrees at all levels, the jāmiʻahs (such as al-Qarawīyīn and <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">al-Azhar University</a>) differed in the sense that they were larger institutions, more universal in terms of their complete source of studies, had individual faculties for different subjects, and could house a number of mosques, madrasas, and other institutions within them.<a href="#cite_note-Alatas-55">[55]</a> Such an institution has thus been described as an "Islamic university".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Azhar_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Al_Azhar_Mosque.jpg/220px-Al_Azhar_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Al_Azhar_Mosque.jpg/330px-Al_Azhar_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Al_Azhar_Mosque.jpg/440px-Al_Azhar_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2841" data-file-height="4261" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque" title="Al-Azhar Mosque">Al-Azhar Mosque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></figcaption></figure> Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975 by the Ismaʻīlī Shīʻī <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimid dynasty</a> as a jāmiʻah, had individual <a href="/wiki/Faculty_(division)" title="Faculty (division)">faculties</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> for a theological <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic astronomy">Islamic astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">early Islamic philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">logic in Islamic philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alatas-123-80">[80]</a> In the second half of the 19th century in Egypt, Muslim Egyptians began to attend secular schools, and a movement arose in the late 19th to the early 20th century to modernize al-Azhar.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The postgraduate doctorate in law was only obtained after "an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses", and to test the student's "ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose."<a href="#cite_note-Makdisi_Scholasticism-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi_(medieval_writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (medieval writer)">‘Abd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī</a> also delivered lectures on <a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">Islamic medicine</a> at al-Azhar, while <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> delivered lectures on medicine and astronomy there during the time of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Another early jāmiʻah was the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nizamiyya_of_Baghdad" title="Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad">Niẓāmīyah of Baghdād</a> (founded 1091), which has been called the "largest university of the Medieval world."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mustansiriya_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustansiriya University">Mustansiriya University</a>, established by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">ʻAbbāsid</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_(Baghdad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mustansir (Baghdad)">al-Mustanṣir</a> in 1227,<a href="#cite_note-:9-84">[84]</a> in addition to teaching the religious subjects, offered courses dealing with philosophy, mathematics and the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a>. Madrasas by the 11th century had buildings and full time working educators. These educators were provided with places to live inside the madrasas. The institutions by this time occumulated a wide spread of attendance among the population. The attraction of the educational institution was that it provided free education for everyone in attendance. Furthermore, sciences at madrasas were indeed taught, and much of the material was from well-known scholars of the sciences such as <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a>, who was the “most famous and most successful” editor of the Shi’i law, kalam philosophy which include mathematic works and astrology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrentjes201880-85">[85]</a> However, the classification of madrasas as "universities" is disputed on the question of understanding of each institution on its own terms. In madrasas, the <a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">ijāzahs</a> were only issued in one field, the Islamic religious law of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharīʻah</a>, and in no other field of learning.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Other academic subjects, including the natural sciences, philosophy and literary studies, were only treated "ancillary" to the study of the Sharia.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> For example, at least in Sunni madrasas, astronomy was only studied (if at all) to supply religious needs, like the time for prayer.<a href="#cite_note-Lessnoff-88">[88]</a> This is why <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic astronomy">Ptolemaic astronomy</a> was considered adequate, and is still taught in some modern day madrasas.<a href="#cite_note-Lessnoff-88">[88]</a> The Islamic law undergraduate degree from al-Azhar, the most prestigious madrasa, was traditionally granted without final examinations, but on the basis of the students' attentive attendance to courses.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In contrast to the medieval doctorate which was granted by the collective authority of the faculty, the Islamic degree was not granted by the teacher to the pupil based on any formal criteria, but remained a "personal matter, the sole prerogative of the person bestowing it; no one could force him to give one".<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Although there is a sort of validity to what was just mentioned in this section, more specifically in the previous paragraph, other sources also convey that an emphasis on the teaching of sciences in madrasas, and the licensing of <a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">ijāzahs</a> to those who proved satisfactory in the knowledge of their specific scientific field of study, were indeed conducted. It is historically inaccurate to definitively mention that all forms of science were studied solely for the advancement/supplication of religious needs. This can be evident when one further examines the specific fields of secular sciences that have achieved an established position in madrasa curriculum. Such fields included the sciences of mathematics, medicine and pharmacology, natural philosophy, divination, magic, and alchemy (The last three being clumped up into one set of coursework).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrentjes201877-111-91">[91]</a> To support the claims mentioned earlier in this section, it has been noted that <a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">ijāzahs</a> are not issued to these sciences as much as they are to religious studies, yet at the same time, there is no evidence fully supporting that none were given to these subjects. Clear examples of the issuing of such <a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">ijāzahs</a> can be seen in numerous manuscripts, or more specifically, in <a href="/wiki/Al-Sakhawi" title="Al-Sakhawi">Shams al-Din al-Sakhawi's</a> multiple collections of manuscript titles and biographies. Further evidence of this was illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Al-Sakhawi" title="Al-Sakhawi">al-Sakhawi</a>. He mentioned that in places like Syria and Egypt, it has been suggested that public performances of knowledge, which its conduction was required for one to finally receive their <a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">ijāzah</a>, included mathematics in its content.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrentjes201869-92">[92]</a> There are plenty of other examples of the issuance of <a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">ijazahs</a> for scientific subjects. <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_ibn_Ali_al-Qalasadi" title="Abu'l-Hasan ibn Ali al-Qalasadi">Ali b. Muhammad al-Qalasadi</a>, a prominent mathematician in his day, was mentioned to be responsible for giving his students an <a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">ijāzah</a> to teach his mathematical treatise on the dust letters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrentjes2018138-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a> gave an <a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">ijazah</a> to his student al-Quff for proving sufficient in knowledge of his commentary on the medical book, <a href="/wiki/On_the_Nature_of_Man" title="On the Nature of Man">On the Nature of Man</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrentjes2018161-94">[94]</a> In addition, a copy of a commentary on <a href="/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq" title="Hunayn ibn Ishaq">Hunayn b. Ishaq's</a>, Problems of Medicine for Students, managed to show that one of its readers had sufficient knowledge in the medical text, Synopses of the Alexandrians. Later on in this commentary, an <a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">ijazah</a>, issued by a physician from Damascus, was present to confirm that one was indeed issued here for said student.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrentjes2018251-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a> was a student of <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a> who was considered to be a proficient polymath, astronomer, philosopher, and physician who issued an <a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">ijazah</a> to Najm al-Milla wa-l-Din M. b. M. b. Abi Bakr al-Tabrizi. This license was very extensive, allowing him to teach religious, philosophical, and even medical texts like <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Ibn Sina's</a> first book in his <a href="/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine" title="The Canon of Medicine">Canon of Medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> These are just a few select/historical examples of the issuance of <a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">ijazahs</a> for scientific subjects, thereby proving that such licenses were indeed issued along with those regarding religious studies. There are many more examples of this that are not listed on this page, but can easily be found. When taking this evidence into account, one may then reasonably assume that the presence, teaching, and licensing of certain sciences in madrasas has been historically underrepresented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrentjes201877-111-91">[91]</a> This information, along with some of what is discussed in the following sections/paragraphs on this page, may now hopefully help one in identifying whether or not madrasas can indeed be classified as "Universities". However, arguments for why they should not be classified as such will later be proposed as well. Medievalist specialists who define the university as a legally autonomous corporation disagree with the term "university" for the Islamic madrasas and jāmi‘ahs because the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">medieval university</a> (from Latin universitas) was structurally different, being a legally autonomous corporation rather than a <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a> institution like the madrasa and jāmiʻah.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Despite the many similarities, medieval specialists have coined the term "Islamic college" for madrasa and jāmiʻah to differentiate them from the legally autonomous corporations that the medieval European universities were. In a sense, the madrasa resembles a <a href="/wiki/University_college" title="University college">university college</a> in that it has most of the features of a university, but lacks the corporate element. Toby Huff summarises the difference as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">From a structural and legal point of view, the madrasa and the university were contrasting types. Whereas the madrasa was a pious endowment under the law of religious and charitable foundations (waqf), the universities of Europe were legally autonomous corporate entities that had many legal rights and privileges. These included the capacity to make their own internal rules and regulations, the right to buy and sell property, to have legal representation in various forums, to make contracts, to sue and be sued."<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></blockquote> As Muslim institutions of higher learning, the madrasa had the legal designation of <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a>. In central and eastern Islamic lands, the view that the madrasa, as a charitable endowment, will remain under the control of the donor (and their descendant), resulted in a "spurt" of establishment of madrasas in the 11th and 12th centuries. However, in Western Islamic lands, where the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> views prohibited donors from controlling their endowment, madrasas were not as popular. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Corporate" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate">corporate</a> designation of Western institutions of higher learning, the waqf designation seemed to have led to the exclusion of non-orthodox religious subjects such a philosophy and natural science from the curricula.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The madrasa of al-Qarawīyīn, one of the two surviving madrasas that predate the founding of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Medieval_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval universities">medieval universities</a> and are thus claimed to be the "first universities" by some authors, has acquired official university status as late as 1947.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The other, al-Azhar, did acquire this status in name and essence only in the course of numerous reforms during the 19th and 20th century, notably the one of 1961 which introduced non-religious subjects to its curriculum, such as economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Many medieval universities were run for centuries as Christian <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">cathedral schools</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monastic_school" title="Monastic school">monastic schools</a> prior to their formal establishment as universitas scholarium; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the university dates back to the sixth century AD,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> thus well preceding the earliest madrasas. George Makdisi, who has published most extensively on the topic<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> concludes in his comparison between the two institutions: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the middle ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite like it anywhere.<a href="#cite_note-Makdisi_Madrasa_and_University_264-104">[104]</a></blockquote> Nevertheless, Makdisi has asserted that the European university borrowed many of its features from the Islamic madrasa, including the concepts of a degree and doctorate.<a href="#cite_note-Makdisi_Scholasticism-56">[56]</a> Makdisi and Hugh Goddard have also highlighted other terms and concepts now used in modern universities which most likely have Islamic origins, including "the fact that we still talk of professors holding the 'chairman' of their subject" being based on the "traditional Islamic pattern of teaching where the professor sits on a chair and the students sit around him", the term '<a href="/wiki/Study_circle" title="Study circle">academic circles</a>' being derived from the way in which Islamic students "sat in a circle around their professor", and terms such as "having '<a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellows</a>', '<a href="/wiki/Reading_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Reading education">reading</a>' a subject, and obtaining 'degrees', can all be traced back" to the Islamic concepts of aṣḥāb ('<a href="/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">companions</a>, as of Muhammad'), qirāʼah ('reading aloud the Qur'an') and <a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">ijāzah</a> ('licence [to teach]') respectively. Makdisi has listed eighteen such parallels in terminology which can be traced back to their roots in Islamic education. Some of the practices now common in modern universities which Makdisi and Goddard trace back to an Islamic root include "practices such as delivering inaugural lectures, wearing academic robes, obtaining doctorates by defending a thesis, and even the idea of <a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">academic freedom</a> are also modelled on Islamic custom."<a href="#cite_note-RelationsHughGoddard1-105">[105]</a> The Islamic scholarly system of <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwá</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">ijmāʻ</a>, meaning <a href="/wiki/Opinion" title="Opinion">opinion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consensus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Consensus (disambiguation)">consensus</a> respectively, formed the basis of the "scholarly system the West has practised in university scholarship from the Middle Ages down to the present day."<a href="#cite_note-G-Makdisi-106">[106]</a> According to Makdisi and Goddard, "the idea of academic freedom" in universities was also "modelled on Islamic custom" as practised in the medieval Madrasa system from the ninth century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately planned university" in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Naples_Federico_II" title="University of Naples Federico II">University of Naples Federico II</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> in 1224.<a href="#cite_note-RelationsHughGoddard1-105">[105]</a> However, all of these facets of medieval university life are considered by other scholars to be independent medieval European developments with no necessary Islamic influence.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Norman Daniel criticizes Makdisi for overstating his case by simply resting on "the accumulation of close parallels" while failing to point to convincing channels of transmission between the Muslim and Christian world.<a href="#cite_note-Daniel_1984,_586f.-108">[108]</a> Daniel also points out that the Arab equivalent of the Latin disputation, the taliqa, was reserved for the ruler's court, not the madrasa, and that the actual differences between Islamic <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> and medieval European <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> were profound.<a href="#cite_note-Daniel_1984,_586f.-108">[108]</a> The taliqa only reached Islamic Spain, the only likely point of transmission, after the establishment of the first medieval universities.<a href="#cite_note-Daniel_1984,_586f.-108">[108]</a> Moroever, there is no Latin translation of the taliqa and, most importantly, no evidence of Latin scholars ever showing awareness of Arab influence on the Latin method of disputation, something they would have certainly found noteworthy.<a href="#cite_note-Daniel_1984,_586f.-108">[108]</a> Rather, it was the medieval reception of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Organon" title="Organon">Organon</a> which set the scholastic <a href="/wiki/Sic_et_non" class="mw-redirect" title="Sic et non">sic et non</a> in motion.<a href="#cite_note-Daniel_1984,_587-109">[109]</a> Daniel concludes that resemblances in method had more to with the two religions having "common problems: to reconcile the conflicting statements of their own authorities, and to safeguard the data of revelation from the impact of <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a>"; thus Christian scholasticism and similar Arab concepts should be viewed in terms of a parallel occurrence, not of the transmission of ideas from one to the other,<a href="#cite_note-Daniel_1984,_587-109">[109]</a> a view shared by Hugh Kennedy.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Toby Huff, in a discussion of Makdisi's hypothesis, argues:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It remains the case that no equivalent of the bachelor's degree, the licentia docendi, or higher degrees ever emerged in the medieval or early modern Islamic madrasas.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/George_Saliba" title="George Saliba">George Saliba</a> criticized Huff's views regarding the legal autonomy of European universities and limited curriculum of Madrasahs, demonstrating that there were many Madrasahs dedicated to the teaching of non-religious subjects and arguing that Madrasahs generally had greater legal autonomy than medieval European universities. According to Saliba, Madrasahs "were fully protected from interference in their curriculum by the <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">very endowments</a> that established them in the first place." Examples include the Dakhwariyya madrasah in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, which was <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine in medieval Islam">dedicated to medicine</a>, a subject also taught at <a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Islamic hospitals</a>; the Madrasah established by Kamal al-Din Ibn Man`a (d. 1242) in <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> which taught astronomy, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">music</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old</a> the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testaments</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg" title="Ulugh Beg">Ulugh Beg</a>'s Madrasah in <a href="/wiki/Samarqand" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarqand">Samarqand</a> which taught <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam">astronomy</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi`i</a> madrasahs in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> which taught astronomy along with religious studies. According to Saliba:<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As I noted in my original article, students in the medieval Islamic world, who had the full freedom to chose their teacher and the subjects that they would study together, could not have been worse off than today’s students, who are required to pursue a specific curriculum that is usually designed to promote the ideas of their elders and preserve tradition, rather than introduce them to innovative ideas that challenge ‘received texts.’ Moreover, if Professor Huff had looked more carefully at the European institutions that produced science, he would have found that they were mainly academies and royal courts protected by individual potentates and not the universities that he wishes to promote. But neither universities nor courts were beyond the reach of the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>, which is another point that he seems to neglect.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_education">Female education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Female education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women in Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_literary_salons_and_societies_in_the_Arab_world" title="Women's literary salons and societies in the Arab world">Women's literary salons and societies in the Arab world</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Muslim_scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of female Muslim scholars">List of female Muslim scholars</a></div> Prior to the 12th century, women accounted for less than one percent of the world's Islamic scholars. However, <a href="/wiki/Al-Sakhawi" title="Al-Sakhawi">al-Sakhawi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Akram_Nadwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Akram Nadwi">Mohammad Akram Nadwi</a> have since found evidence of over 8,000 female scholars since the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> al-Sakhawi devotes an entire volume of his 12-volume <a href="/wiki/Biographical_dictionary" title="Biographical dictionary">biographical dictionary</a> al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ to female scholars, giving information on 1,075 of them.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> More recently, the scholar Mohammad Akram Nadwi, currently a researcher from the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Islamic_Studies" title="Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies">Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies</a>, has written 40 volumes on the <a href="/wiki/Muhaddith" title="Muhaddith">muḥaddithāt</a> (the women scholars of hadith), and found at least 8,000 of them.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haildhar_Madrasah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Haildhar_Madrasah.jpg/220px-Haildhar_Madrasah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Haildhar_Madrasah.jpg/330px-Haildhar_Madrasah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Haildhar_Madrasah.jpg/440px-Haildhar_Madrasah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Jamiatul_Arabia_Haildhar_Madrasa" title="Al-Jamiatul Arabia Haildhar Madrasa">Al-Jamiatul Arabia Haildhar Madrasa</a> was the first female <a href="/wiki/Qawmi_madrasa" title="Qawmi madrasa">qawmi madrasa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.</figcaption></figure> From around 750, during the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, women "became renowned for their brains as well as their beauty".<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In particular, many well known women of the time were trained from childhood in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">music</a>, dancing and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">poetry</a>. Mahbuba was one of these. Another female (albeit probably fictional) figure to be remembered for her achievements was <a href="/wiki/Tawaddud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaddud">Tawaddud</a>, "a slave girl who was said to have been bought at great cost by <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Hārūn al-Rashīd</a> because she had passed her examinations by the most eminent <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">scholars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine in medieval Islam">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim history">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>".<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Moreover, among the most prominent feminine figures was Shuhda who was known as "the Scholar" or "the Pride of Women" during the 12th century in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. Despite the recognition of women's aptitudes during the Abbasid dynasty, all these came to an end in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Baghdad (1258)">sack of Baghdad</a> in 1258.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Asakir" title="Ibn Asakir">Ibn ʻAsākir</a> in the 12th century, there were opportunities for <a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">female education</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">medieval Islamic world</a>, writing that women could study, earn <a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">ijazahs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic degrees</a>), and qualify as <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">scholars</a> and teachers. This was especially the case for learned and scholarly families, who wanted to ensure the highest possible education for both their sons and daughters.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Ibn ʻAsakir had himself studied under 80 different female teachers in his time. Female education in the Islamic world was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadijah</a>, a successful businesswoman, and 'A'isha, a strong leader and interpreter of the Prophet's actions. According to a hadith attributed both to Muhammad and 'A'isha, the women of Medina were praiseworthy because of their desire for religious knowledge: Although female madrasas did exist before the 1970s large strides were made is regards to female education. After the 1970s a large increase in total female madrasas took place expanded very rapidly across the region.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">How splendid were the women of the ansar; shame did not prevent them from becoming learned in the faith.</blockquote> While it was not common for women to enroll as students in formal <a href="/wiki/Class_(education)" title="Class (education)">classes</a>, it was common for women to attend informal lectures and study sessions at mosques, madrasas and other public places. While there were no legal restrictions on female education, some men did not approve of this practice, such as Muhammad ibn al-Hajj (d. 1336) who was appalled at the behaviour of some women who informally <a href="/wiki/Academic_audit" title="Academic audit">audited</a> lectures in his time:<a href="#cite_note-Lindsay-122">[122]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[Consider] what some women do when people gather with a shaykh to hear [the recitation of] books. At that point women come, too, to hear the readings; the men sit in one place, the women facing them. It even happens at such times that some of the women are carried away by the situation; one will stand up, and sit down, and shout in a loud voice. [Moreover,] her awra will appear; in her house, their exposure would be forbidden — how can it be allowed in a mosque, in the presence of men?</blockquote> The term <a href="/wiki/Awrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Awrah">ʻawrah</a> is often translated as 'that which is indecent', which usually meant the exposure of anything other than a woman's face and hands, although scholarly interpretations of the ʻawrah and <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">ḥijāb</a> have always tended to vary, with some more or less strict than others.<a href="#cite_note-Lindsay-122">[122]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atik_Valide_Mosque_5832.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Atik_Valide_Mosque_5832.jpg/220px-Atik_Valide_Mosque_5832.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Atik_Valide_Mosque_5832.jpg/330px-Atik_Valide_Mosque_5832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Atik_Valide_Mosque_5832.jpg/440px-Atik_Valide_Mosque_5832.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>The medrese of the <a href="/wiki/Atik_Valide_Mosque" title="Atik Valide Mosque">Atik Valide Mosque</a>, part of a <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">külliye</a> sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Nurbanu_Sultan" title="Nurbanu Sultan">Nurbanu Sultan</a> (wife of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a>) and designed by imperial architect <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a> in 1571</figcaption></figure>Women played an important role in the foundations of many Islamic educational institutions, such as <a href="/wiki/Fatima_al-Fihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima al-Fihri">Fatima al-Fihri</a>'s founding of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">al-Qarawiyyin</a> mosque in 859, which later developed into a madrasa. The role of female patrons was also evident during the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a> in the 12th and 13th centuries, when 160 mosques and madrasas were established in Damascus, 26 of which were funded by women through the waqf (charitable trust) system. Half of all the royal patrons for these institutions were also women.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Royal women were also major patrons of culture and architecture in the Ottoman Empire, founding many külliyes (religious and charitable complexes) that included madrasas.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In the 20th century in Indonesia, madrasas founded by women played an important role in increasing educational standards in the country. In November 1923, <a href="/wiki/Rahmah_el_Yunusiyah" title="Rahmah el Yunusiyah">Rahmah el Yunusiyah</a> opened a school located in Padang Panjang called Diniyah School Putri or Madrasah Diniyah Li al-Banat.<a href="#cite_note-Munawaroh_2002-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-tirto_bio-127">[127]</a> This school is generally thought to be the first Muslim religious school in the country for young girls.<a href="#cite_note-Munawaroh_2002-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seno_2010_63-128">[128]</a> El Yunusiyah, a deeply religious woman, believed that Islam demanded a central role for women and women's education.<a href="#cite_note-Jejak_Islam_bio-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The school gained considerable popularity and by the end of the 1930s had as many as five hundred students.<a href="#cite_note-tirto_bio-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johns_1989-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The scholar Audrey Kahin calls Diniyah Putri "one of the most successful and influential of the schools for women" in pre-independence Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-:15-133">[133]</a> While madrasas continue to play a pivotal role in the education of many, including young girls, there are still some cultural norms that find their way into the hallways and classrooms of these institutions.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In article from 2021, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hem_Borker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hem Borker (page does not exist)">Hem Borker</a>, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Jamia_Millia_Islamia" title="Jamia Millia Islamia">Jamia Millia Islamia</a>, had the opportunity to travel to India and see the daily life of girls at a residential madrasa. In these madrasas in Northern India, young girls have the ability to receive an education, however, many of the practices within these institutions can be seen as very restrictive or at least by Western standards. Many madrasas that enroll girls act as "purdah institutions." In Persian, purdah translates to curtain or cover. With respect to these madrasas in Northern India, a purdah institution is an institution in which there are several guidelines female students must adhere to as a way to cover themselves both physically and culturally, These restrictions are based on the students' gender and create a segregation of sorts. Girls are expected to wear veils over their faces and cover their entire bodies as a means of dressing modestly by cultural standards. In addition to the clothes that these girls wear, the physical building itself also adheres to the ideals of a purdah institution. Classrooms and hallways are separated by gender in order to prevent fraternization. Within many of these madrasas, even the windows are lined with metal grills in order to prevent students from looking to the outside as well as to prevent people on the outside to look inward. In addition to the physical layout of the building, there are a series of rules female students must adhere to. Some of these rules include girls must lower their head and their voice when addressing their male counterparts. As they pass windows, even with barriers blocking most of their view to the outside and blocking the view of those on the outside, they are expected to lower their gaze. Going back to the idea of clothing, they must wear a <a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b" title="Niqāb">niqāb</a> in order to go outside. Within a cultural context, these rules are very appropriate. In addition to teaching specific subject academic content, institutions such as these purdah madrasas are also incorporating appropriate cultural and societal behavior outside the walls of the building. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural_origins">Architectural origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Architectural origins">edit</a>]</div> Madrasas were generally centered around an interior courtyard and the classical madrasa form generally featured four <a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">iwans</a> (vaulted chambers open on one side) arranged symmetrically around the courtyard. The origin of this architectural model may have been <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">monasteries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>), of which some early surviving remains demonstrate this type of layout.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> Another possible origin may have been domestic houses in the region of <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan Province">Khorasan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> Practically none of the first madrasas founded under Nizam al-Mulk (Seljuk vizier between 1064 and 1092) have survived, though partial remains of one madrasa in <a href="/wiki/Khar_Gerd" title="Khar Gerd">Khargerd</a>, Iran, include an iwan and an inscription attributing it to Nizam al-Mulk. Nonetheless, it is clear that the Seljuks constructed many madrasas across their empire within a relatively short period of time, thus spreading both the idea of this institution and the architectural models on which later examples were based.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_and_spread_across_different_regions">Evolution and spread across different regions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Evolution and spread across different regions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seljuk_Anatolia">Seljuk Anatolia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Seljuk Anatolia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ince_Minareli_Medrese_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ince_Minareli_Medrese_01.jpg/220px-Ince_Minareli_Medrese_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ince_Minareli_Medrese_01.jpg/330px-Ince_Minareli_Medrese_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ince_Minareli_Medrese_01.jpg/440px-Ince_Minareli_Medrese_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3079" data-file-height="2122" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ince_Minaret_Medrese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ince Minaret Medrese">Ince Minaret Medrese</a> (13th century) in <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>, now housing the Museum of Stone and Wood Art</figcaption></figure> In contrast to early Iranian Seljuk madrasas, a large number of madrasas from the Anatolian Seljuk Empire (between 1077 and 1308) have survived, and are the closest examples we have of Iranian-influenced early madrasa architecture.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> However, though each usually included a large central courtyard, their overall layouts were more variable and may have reflected more multi-purpose functions, often with an attached mausoleum, a minaret, and an ornate entrance portal. The courtyards were sometimes covered by a large dome (as with the <a href="/wiki/Karatay_Madrasa,_Konya" class="mw-redirect" title="Karatay Madrasa, Konya">Karatay Madrasa</a>, founded in 1279, and other madrasas in <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>), reflecting an ongoing transition to domed Islamic buildings in Anatolia and later <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syria_and_Egypt">Syria and Egypt</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Syria and Egypt">edit</a>]</div> In Syria and the surrounding region, the earliest madrasas were often relatively small buildings, the earliest example of which is one in <a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a> founded in 1136–37.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> Madrasa architecture in this region appears to have evolved out of Seljuk prototypes.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> Another early important example is the <a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Madrasa" title="Nur al-Din Madrasa">Madrasa of Nur al-Din</a> from 1167.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a> madrasas began to take on added importance, with the first madrasa in Egypt (no longer extant) being built by <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Salah ad-Din</a> (Saladin) in 1180 next to the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Imam_al-Shafi%27i" title="Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i">Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i</a> in Cairo's <a href="/wiki/City_of_the_Dead_(Cairo)" title="City of the Dead (Cairo)">Qarafa Cemetery</a>. As with the earlier Seljuk madrasas, it is likely that these foundations were motivated by a desire to counteract the influence of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytism</a> and propaganda during the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:04-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> Among the surviving Ayyubid madrasas in Egypt are the remains of the Madrasa of al-Kamil (founded by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">al-Kamil Ayyub</a> in 1229) and the more important <a href="/wiki/Salihiyya_Madrasa" title="Salihiyya Madrasa">Madrasa al-Salihiyya</a> founded by Sultan <a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ayyub" title="As-Salih Ayyub">al-Salih Ayyub</a> founded in 1242, to which was later attached al-Salih's mausoleum.<a href="#cite_note-:03-34">[34]</a> In Syria, an exceptional example of a monumental madrasa from this period is the <a href="/wiki/Al-Firdaws_Madrasa" title="Al-Firdaws Madrasa">al-Firdaws Madrasa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> Many more examples from this period, however, have not survived.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan-Hassan-Moschee_2015-11-14zc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sultan-Hassan-Moschee_2015-11-14zc.jpg/220px-Sultan-Hassan-Moschee_2015-11-14zc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sultan-Hassan-Moschee_2015-11-14zc.jpg/330px-Sultan-Hassan-Moschee_2015-11-14zc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sultan-Hassan-Moschee_2015-11-14zc.jpg/440px-Sultan-Hassan-Moschee_2015-11-14zc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4476" data-file-height="3297" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Mosque-Madrassa_of_Sultan_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan">Madrasa-Mosque of Sultan Hasan</a> (14th century) in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></figcaption></figure>After the faltering of the Ayyubid dynasty and the transition to the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> around 1250, the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> became eager patrons of architecture. Many of their projects involved the construction of madrasas as part of larger multi-functional religious complexes, usually attached to their personal mausoleums, which provided services to the general population while also promoting their own prestige and pious reputations.<a href="#cite_note-:2-30">[30]</a> In Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk architecture</a>, which largely used stone, the madrasa layout generally had two prominent iwans which were aligned to the <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">qibla</a> and faced each other across a central courtyard, while two "lateral" iwans faced each across each on the other two sides of the courtyard. Prominent examples of these include the madrasa of the <a href="/wiki/Qalawun_complex" title="Qalawun complex">Sultan Qalawun complex</a> (built in 1284–1285) and the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Madrassa_of_Al-Nasir_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrassa of Al-Nasir Muhammad">complex of his son al-Nasir Muhammad</a> (finished in 1304).<a href="#cite_note-:2-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-34">[34]</a> One exceptional madrasa, which also served as a mosque and was easily one of the most massive structures of its time, was the monumental <a href="/wiki/Mosque-Madrassa_of_Sultan_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan">Madrasa-Mosque of Sultan Hasan</a> (built from 1356 to 1363), with a large central courtyard surrounded by four enormous iwans. While the unique Madrasa of Sultan Hasan provided instruction in all four Sunni <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">legal schools of thought</a>, most madrasas and mosques in Egypt followed the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%E2%80%98i_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi‘i school">Shafi'i</a> school. Moreover, due to the already dense urban fabric of Cairo, Mamluk architectural complexes adopted increasingly irregular and creatively designed floor plans to compensate for limited space while simultaneously attempting to maximize their prominence and visibility from the street.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-137">[137]</a> While Mamluk architecture outside Cairo was generally of lesser quality and craftsmanship, there were nonetheless many examples. The <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahiriyah_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahiriyah Library">Madrasa al-Zahiriyya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, which contains the mausoleum of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baybars I</a>, is still essentially Ayyubid in style.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> also holds a concentration of Mamluk-era architecture, including madrasas. However, the most significant Mamluk archtiectural patronage outside of Cairo is likely in Jerusalem, as with the example of the major <a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Al-Ashrafiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasa Al-Ashrafiyya">al-Ashrafiyya Madrasa</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> (Haram al-Sharif), which was rebuilt in its current form by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qaitbay" title="Qaitbay">Qaytbay</a> in the late 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> Cruciform madrasas, which have a <a href="/wiki/Four-iwan_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-iwan plan">four-iwan plan</a>, came to prominence in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> They also appeared in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria-Palestine</a>, e.g., Jerusalem's <a href="/wiki/Tankiziyya" title="Tankiziyya">Tankiziyya</a>, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Al-Arghuniyya" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Al-Arghuniyya">Arghūniyya</a>, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tashtamuriyya" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tashtamuriyya">Ṭashtamuriyya</a>, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Al-Muzhiriyya" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Al-Muzhiriyya">Muzhiriyya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Berchem-139">[139]</a> and Damascus's <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahiriyah_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahiriyah Library">Ẓāhirīyah</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maghreb_(North_Africa)">Maghreb (North Africa)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Maghreb (North Africa)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coranic_School_(106589859).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coranic_School_%28106589859%29.jpeg/220px-Coranic_School_%28106589859%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coranic_School_%28106589859%29.jpeg/330px-Coranic_School_%28106589859%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coranic_School_%28106589859%29.jpeg/440px-Coranic_School_%28106589859%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard of the <a href="/wiki/Ben_Youssef_Madrasa" title="Ben Youssef Madrasa">Ben Youssef Madrasa</a> (16th century) in <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a></figcaption></figure> In northwestern Africa (the Maghrib or <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>), including Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, madrasas began to be constructed in the 13th century under the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid</a> dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-:022-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> In Tunisia (or <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>), the earliest Hafsid madrasa was the <a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Ech_Chamaiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasa Ech Chamaiya">Madrasa al-Shamma'iyya</a> founded in 1238<a href="#cite_note-:10-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a>: 209  (or in 1249 according to some sources<a href="#cite_note-:244-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:022-37">[37]</a>: 296 ). In Morocco, the first madrasa was the <a href="/wiki/Saffarin_Madrasa" title="Saffarin Madrasa">Madrasa as-Saffarin</a> built in Fes in 1271, followed by many others constructed around the country. The main architectural highlights among these are the <a href="/wiki/Sahrij_Madrasa" title="Sahrij Madrasa">Madrasa as-Sahrij</a> (built in 1321–1328), the <a href="/wiki/Al-Attarine_Madrasa" title="Al-Attarine Madrasa">Madrasa al-Attarin</a> (built in 1323–1325), and the <a href="/wiki/Madrasa_of_Abu_al-Hasan" title="Madrasa of Abu al-Hasan">Madrasa of Salé</a> (completed in 1341), all of which are lavishly decorated with sculpted wood, carved <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">zellij</a> mosaic tilework.<a href="#cite_note-:1223-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-142">[142]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bou_Inania_Madrasa" title="Bou Inania Madrasa">Bou Inania Madrasa</a> in Fes, built in 1350–1355, distinguished itself from other madrasas by its size and by being the only madrasa which also officially functioned as a public <a href="/wiki/Jama_masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama masjid">Friday mosque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:032-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-:022-37">[37]</a> The Marinids also built madrasas in Algeria, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:022-37">[37]</a> In Morocco, madrasas were generally built in brick and wood and were still centered around a main internal courtyard with a central fountain or water basin, around which student dorms were distributed across one or two floors. A prayer hall or mosque chamber usually stood opposite the entrance on one side of the courtyard. The Bou Inania Madrasa in Fes also contained two side-chambers opening off the lateral sides of its courtyard, which may reflect an influence of the older four-iwan layout.<a href="#cite_note-:022-37">[37]</a>: 293  However, most other Moroccan madrasas did not have this feature and the courtyards were instead flanked by ornate galleries. By contrast with Mamluk structures to the east, Moroccan and Maghrebi madrasas were not prominently distinguishable from the outside except for an ornate entrance portal decorated with carved wood and stucco. This model continued to be found in later madrasas like the <a href="/wiki/Ben_Youssef_Madrasa" title="Ben Youssef Madrasa">Ben Youssef Madrasa</a> of the 16th century in <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:022-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1223-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran,_Iraq,_and_Central_Asia">Iran, Iraq, and Central Asia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Iran, Iraq, and Central Asia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samarcanda,_Regist%C3%A1n_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Samarcanda%2C_Regist%C3%A1n_04.jpg/220px-Samarcanda%2C_Regist%C3%A1n_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Samarcanda%2C_Regist%C3%A1n_04.jpg/330px-Samarcanda%2C_Regist%C3%A1n_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Samarcanda%2C_Regist%C3%A1n_04.jpg/440px-Samarcanda%2C_Regist%C3%A1n_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard of the <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_Madrasa,_Samarkand" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulugh Beg Madrasa, Samarkand">Ulugh Beg Madrasa (15th century)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></figcaption></figure> Very few if any formal madrasas from before the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Iran">Mongol invasions</a> have survived in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> One exception is the <a href="/wiki/Mustansiriya_Madrasah" title="Mustansiriya Madrasah">Mustansiriyya Madrasa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, which dates from 1227 and is also the earliest "universal" madrasa, which is to say the first madrasa that taught all four Sunni <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">maddhab</a>s (legal schools of thought).<a href="#cite_note-:9-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> Later, the Mongol <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanid</a> dynasty and the many dynasties that followed them (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a>) nonetheless built numerous monumental madrasas, many of which are excellent examples of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian Islamic architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a> In some cases, these madrasas were directly attached and integrated into larger mosques, as with those attached to the <a href="/wiki/Shah_Mosque_(Isfahan)" title="Shah Mosque (Isfahan)">Shah Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> (17th century). In other cases they were built as more or less separate entities, such as with the <a href="/wiki/Chaharbagh_School" title="Chaharbagh School">Chahar Bagh Madrasa</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> (also in Isfahan, 17th-18th centuries), or the 15th-century Timurid <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_Madrasa,_Samarkand" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulugh Beg Madrasa, Samarkand">Ulugh Beg Madrasa</a> and two other monumental 17th-century madrasas at the <a href="/wiki/Registan" title="Registan">Registan</a> complex in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a> The form of the madrasa does not appear to have changed significantly over time in this region. The Timurid period (late 14th and 15th century), however, was a "golden age" of Iranian madrasas, during which the four-iwan model was made much larger and more monumental, on a par with major mosques, thanks to intense patronage from <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> and his successors.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> Madrasas in the Iranian architectural tradition continued to be centered around a large square or rectangular courtyard with a central water basin and surrounded by a one or two-story <a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">arcade</a>. Either two or four large iwans stood at the ends of the central axes of the courtyard.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suleymaniye_kulliyesi_medrese_i_salis_11_05_30_810000.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Suleymaniye_kulliyesi_medrese_i_salis_11_05_30_810000.jpeg/220px-Suleymaniye_kulliyesi_medrese_i_salis_11_05_30_810000.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Suleymaniye_kulliyesi_medrese_i_salis_11_05_30_810000.jpeg/330px-Suleymaniye_kulliyesi_medrese_i_salis_11_05_30_810000.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Suleymaniye_kulliyesi_medrese_i_salis_11_05_30_810000.jpeg/440px-Suleymaniye_kulliyesi_medrese_i_salis_11_05_30_810000.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The Salis Medrese, part of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye complex</a> (16th century) in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a> evolved out of its Anatolian Seljuk predecessors into a particular style. In the classical Ottoman period (15th-16th centuries), the typical form of the madrasa had become a large courtyard surrounded by an arched gallery covered by a series of domes, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">sahn</a> (courtyard) of imperial mosques. Madrasas were generally limited to a main ground floor, and were often built as auxiliary buildings to a central mosque which anchored a <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">külliye</a> or charitable complex.<a href="#cite_note-:8-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> This marked a certain departure from other madrasa styles as it emphasized the feeling of space for its own sake instead of focusing on the practical function of housing as many students as possible within a small area.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> This is evident in the külliye complex of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad the Conqueror">Mehmet II Fatih</a>, which included 16 madrasa buildings arranged symmetrically around the <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Fatih Mosque, Istanbul">Fatih Mosque</a>. The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye complex</a>, often considered the apogee of Ottoman architecture, included four madrasas as part of a vast and carefully designed architectural ensemble at the top of one of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>'s highest hills.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Madrasas_by_region">Madrasas by region</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Madrasas by region">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire_2">Ottoman Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9Eemsi_Pasha_Mosque-madrasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%C5%9Eemsi_Pasha_Mosque-madrasa.jpg/220px-%C5%9Eemsi_Pasha_Mosque-madrasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%C5%9Eemsi_Pasha_Mosque-madrasa.jpg/330px-%C5%9Eemsi_Pasha_Mosque-madrasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%C5%9Eemsi_Pasha_Mosque-madrasa.jpg/440px-%C5%9Eemsi_Pasha_Mosque-madrasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eemsi_Pasha_Mosque" title="Şemsi Pasha Mosque">Şemsi Pasha Mosque</a> and medrese (1580) in <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Üsküdar">Üsküdar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. It cites sources in support of certain statements and quotes, but these are used as arguments leading to conclusions with no supporting citations. (See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTESSAY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTESSAY">WP:NOTESSAY</a>.) Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> "The first Ottoman Medrese was created in İznik in 1331 and most Ottoman medreses followed the traditions of Sunni Islam."<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman-14">[14]</a> "When an Ottoman sultan established a new medrese, he would invite scholars from the Islamic world—for example, <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> brought scholars from Persia, such as ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn and Fakhr al-Dīn who helped enhance the reputation of the Ottoman medrese".<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman-14">[14]</a> This reveals that the Islamic world was interconnected in the early modern period as they travelled around to other Islamic states exchanging knowledge. This sense that the Ottoman Empire was becoming modernised through <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> is also recognised by Hamadeh who says: "Change in the eighteenth century as the beginning of a long and unilinear march toward westernisation reflects the two centuries of reformation in sovereign identity."<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> İnalcık also mentions that while scholars from for example Persia travelled to the Ottomans in order to share their knowledge, Ottomans travelled as well to receive education from scholars of these Islamic lands, such as Egypt, Persia and Turkestan.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman-14">[14]</a> Hence, this reveals that similar to today's modern world, individuals from the early modern society travelled abroad to receive education and share knowledge and that the world was more interconnected than it seems. Also, it reveals how the system of "schooling" was also similar to today's modern world where students travel abroad to different countries for studies. Examples of Ottoman madrasas are the ones built by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad the Conqueror">Muhammad the Conqueror</a>. He built eight madrasas that were built "on either side of the mosque where there were eight higher madrasas for specialised studies and eight lower medreses, which prepared students for these."<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman-14">[14]</a> The fact that they were built around, or near mosques reveals the religious impulses behind madrasa building and it reveals the interconnectedness between institutions of learning and religion. The students who completed their education in the lower medreses became known as danismends.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman-14">[14]</a> This reveals that similar to the education system today, the Ottomans' educational system involved different kinds of schools attached to different kinds of levels. For example, there were lower madrasas and specialised ones, and for one to get into the specialised area meant that he had to complete the classes in the lower one in order to adequately prepare himself for higher learning.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman-14">[14]</a> This is the rank of madrasas in the Ottoman Empire from the highest ranking to the lowest: (From İnalcık, 167).<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman-14">[14]</a> <ol><li>Semniye</li> <li>Darulhadis</li> <li>Madrasas built by earlier sultans in Bursa.</li> <li>Madrasas endowed by great men of state.</li></ol> Although Ottoman madrasas had a number of different branches of study, such as calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, and intellectual sciences, they primarily served the function of an Islamic centre for spiritual learning. Often mentioned by critics that madrasas did not include a variety of natural sciences during the time of the Ottoman Empire, madrasas included curriculums that included a wide range of natural sciences. There were many well-known Muslim scholars, mathematicians, and scientists that all worked to teach high-ranking families and children of the sciences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrentjes201836-37-148">[148]</a> it known that "The goal of all knowledge and in particular, of the spiritual sciences is knowledge of God."<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman-14">[14]</a> Religion, for the most part, determines the significance and importance of each science. As İnalcık mentions: "Those which aid religion are good and sciences like astrology are bad."<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman-14">[14]</a> However, even though mathematics, or studies in logic were part of the madrasa's curriculum, they were all primarily concerned with religion. Even mathematics had a religious impulse behind its teachings. "The Ulema of the Ottoman medreses held the view that hostility to logic and mathematics was futile since these accustomed the mind to correct thinking and thus helped to reveal divine truths"<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman-14">[14]</a> – key word being "divine". İnalcık also mentions that even philosophy was only allowed to be studied so that it helped to confirm the doctrines of Islam."<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman-14">[14]</a> Hence, madrasas – schools were basically religious centres for religious teachings and learning in the Ottoman world. Although scholars such as Goffman have argued that the Ottomans were highly tolerant and lived in a pluralistic society, it seems that schools that were the main centres for learning were in fact heavily religious and were not religiously pluralistic, but rather Islamic in nature. Similarly, in Europe "Jewish children learned the Hebrew letters and texts of basic prayers at home, and then attended a school organised by the synagogue to study the Torah."<a href="#cite_note-WH-149">[149]</a> Wiesner-Hanks also says that Protestants also wanted to teach "proper religious values."<a href="#cite_note-WH-149">[149]</a> This shows that in the early modern period, Ottomans and Europeans were similar in their ideas about how schools should be managed and what they should be primarily focused on. Thus, Ottoman madrasas were very similar to present day schools in the sense that they offered a wide range of studies; however, these studies, in their ultimate objective, aimed to further solidify and consolidate Islamic practices and theories. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Curricula">Curricula</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Curricula">edit</a>]</div> As is previously mentioned, religion dominated much of the knowledge and teachings that were endowed upon students. "Religious learning as the only true science, whose sole aim was the understanding of God's word."<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman-14">[14]</a> The following is taken from İnalcık.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman-14">[14]</a> <blockquote> <ul><li>A) Calligraphic sciences—such as styles of writing.</li> <li>B) Oral sciences—such as Arabic language, grammar and syntax.</li> <li>C) Intellectual sciences—logic in Islamic philosophy.</li> <li>D) Spiritual sciences—theoretical, such as Islamic theology and mathematics; and practical, such as Islamic ethics and politics.</li></ul> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_life_and_the_medrese">Social life and the medrese</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Social life and the medrese">edit</a>]</div> As with any other country during the Early Modern Period, such as Italy and Spain in Europe, the Ottoman social life was interconnected with the medrese. Medreses were built in as part of a Mosque complex where many programmes, such as aid to the poor through soup kitchens, were held under the infrastructure of a mosque, which reveals the interconnectedness of religion and social life during this period. "The mosques to which medreses were attached, dominated the social life in Ottoman cities."<a href="#cite_note-Goffman-150">[150]</a> Social life was not dominated by religion only in the Muslim world of the Ottoman Empire; it was also quite similar to the social life of Europe during this period. As Goffman says: "Just as mosques dominated social life for the Ottomans, churches and synagogues dominated life for the Christians and Jews as well."<a href="#cite_note-Goffman-150">[150]</a> Hence, social life and the medrese were closely linked, since medreses taught many curricula, such as religion, which highly governed social life in terms of establishing orthodoxy. "They tried moving their developing state toward Islamic orthodoxy."<a href="#cite_note-Goffman-150">[150]</a> Overall, the fact that mosques contained medreses comes to show the relevance of education to religion in the sense that education took place within the framework of religion and religion established social life by trying to create a common religious orthodoxy. Hence, medreses were simply part of the social life of society as students came to learn the fundamentals of their societal values and beliefs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maghreb">Maghreb</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Maghreb">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrasa_Bou_Inania_(3045670870).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Madrasa_Bou_Inania_%283045670870%29.jpg/220px-Madrasa_Bou_Inania_%283045670870%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Madrasa_Bou_Inania_%283045670870%29.jpg/330px-Madrasa_Bou_Inania_%283045670870%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Madrasa_Bou_Inania_%283045670870%29.jpg/440px-Madrasa_Bou_Inania_%283045670870%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard of the <a href="/wiki/Bou_Inania_Madrasa" title="Bou Inania Madrasa">Bou Inania Madrasa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes</a></figcaption></figure> In northwestern Africa (the Maghrib or <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>), including <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, the appearance of madrasas was delayed until after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad dynasty</a>, who espoused a <a href="/wiki/Almohad_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad reforms">reformist doctrine</a> generally considered unorthodox by other Sunnis. As such, it only came to flourish in the region in the 13th century, under the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid</a> dynasties which succeeded them.<a href="#cite_note-:022-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> In Tunisia (or <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>), the earliest Hafsid madrasa was the Madrasat al-Ma'raḍ, founded in Tunis in 1252 and followed by many others.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> In Morocco, the first madrasa was the <a href="/wiki/Saffarin_Madrasa" title="Saffarin Madrasa">Madrasa as-Saffarin</a> built in Fes in 1271, followed by many others constructed around the country.<a href="#cite_note-:1223-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-39">[39]</a> The Marinids also built madrasas in Algeria, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:022-37">[37]</a> As elsewhere, rulers in the Maghreb built madrasas to bolster their political legitimacy and that of their dynasty. The Marinids used their patronage of madrasas to cultivate the loyalty of Morocco's influential but independent religious elites and also to portray themselves to the general population as protectors and promoters of orthodox Sunni Islam.<a href="#cite_note-:022-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-39">[39]</a> Madrasas also served to train the scholars and educated elites who generally operated the state bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-:13-39">[39]</a> A number of madrasas also played a supporting role to major learning institutions like the older <a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">Qarawiyyin Mosque-University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian Mosque">al-Andalusiyyin Mosque</a> (both located in Fes) because they provided accommodations for students coming from other cities.<a href="#cite_note-:122-151">[151]</a>: 137 <a href="#cite_note-:62-152">[152]</a>: 110  Many of these students were poor, seeking sufficient education to gain a higher position in their home towns, and the madrasas provided them with basic necessities such as lodging and bread.<a href="#cite_note-:032-143">[143]</a>: 463  However, the madrasas were also teaching institutions in their own right and offered their own courses, but usually with much narrower and more limited curriculums than the Qarawiyyin.<a href="#cite_note-:62-152">[152]</a>: 141 <a href="#cite_note-:7-153">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bou_Inania_Madrasa" title="Bou Inania Madrasa">Bou Inania Madrasa</a> in Fes, distinguished itself from other madrasas by its size and by being the only madrasa which also officially functioned as a public <a href="/wiki/Jama_masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama masjid">Friday mosque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:032-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-:022-37">[37]</a> While some historical madrasas in Morocco remained in use well into the 20th century, most are no longer used for their original purpose following the reorganization of the Moroccan education system under <a href="/wiki/French_Protectorate_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Protectorate in Morocco">French colonial rule</a> and in the period following independence in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-:122-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Métalsi_2003-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-142">[142]</a> Likewise, while some madrasas are still used for learning in Tunisia, many have since been converted to other uses in modern times.<a href="#cite_note-:10-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a> has been the official religion of Iran since the <a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavids</a> declared it to be at the beginning of the 16th century, and the number of Shiʿite madrasas in Iran (or Persia) grew rapidly from that time on. Since 1979, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a>, the head of state ("<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a>"), has been a Twelver Shi'i <a href="/wiki/Faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqih">faqih</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy#Twelver" title="Shia clergy">cleric</a>. ("The vast majority" of the population is Twelver Shia Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-155">[155]</a> There are nearly three hundred thousand clerics in Iran's seminaries.<a href="#cite_note-C&S-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_century">20th century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> Historically, its estimated that there were about 5,000 religious students in Iran/Persia in 1924–25, but, that number dropped sharply owing to the <a href="/wiki/Anticlerical" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticlerical">anticlerical</a> policy of <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reżā Shah</a> (1925–41), and made a gradual comeback—though lagging behind growth of Iran's population, "between 1920 and 1979 the Persian population tripled ... but enrollment in madrasas only doubled"—in the four decades before the revolution when his son (<a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>) ruled.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer-77-157">[157]</a> At the biggest religious center in Iran, Qom, stipends for students came from religious taxes starting in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer-81-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: South Asia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alauddin%27s_Madrasa,_Qutb_complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Alauddin%27s_Madrasa%2C_Qutb_complex.jpg/220px-Alauddin%27s_Madrasa%2C_Qutb_complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Alauddin%27s_Madrasa%2C_Qutb_complex.jpg/330px-Alauddin%27s_Madrasa%2C_Qutb_complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Alauddin%27s_Madrasa%2C_Qutb_complex.jpg/440px-Alauddin%27s_Madrasa%2C_Qutb_complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1948" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a>'s Madrasa, <a href="/wiki/Qutb_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb complex">Qutb complex</a>, built in the early-14th century in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, India.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Madrasa" title="Special:EditPage/Madrasa">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Afghanistan">edit</a>]</div> As of early 2021, Afghanistan had some 5000 madrasas registered with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Hajj_and_Religious_Affairs" title="Ministry of Hajj and Religious Affairs">Ministry of Hajj and Religious Affairs</a> (unregistered ones being uncounted) with around 250 in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, including the Darul-Ulom Imam <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a> which has 200 teachers and 3000 students, and in all, some 380,000 students were enrolled in these government recognized madrasas, including 55,000 girls.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bangladesh">edit</a>]</div> There are three different madrasa education systems in Bangladesh: the original darse nizami system, the redesigned nizami system, and the higher syllabus alia nisab. The first two categories are commonly called <a href="/wiki/Qawmi_madrasa" title="Qawmi madrasa">Qawmi</a> or non-government madrasas.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Amongst them the most notable are <a href="/wiki/Al-Jamiatul_Ahlia_Darul_Ulum_Moinul_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam">Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam</a> in Hathazari, <a href="/wiki/Al-Jamiah_Al-Islamiah_Patiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jamiah Al-Islamiah Patiya">Al-Jamiah Al-Islamiah Patiya</a>, in Patiya, and <a href="/wiki/Jamia_Tawakkulia_Renga_Madrasah" title="Jamia Tawakkulia Renga Madrasah">Jamia Tawakkulia Renga Madrasah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a>.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A7%A9_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A7%A9_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97.jpg/220px-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A7%A9_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A7%A9_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97.jpg/330px-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A7%A9_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A7%A9_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97.jpg/440px-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A7%A9_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jamia_Qurania_Arabia_Lalbagh" title="Jamia Qurania Arabia Lalbagh">Jamia Qurania Arabia Lalbagh</a> madrasa in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> lies in front of the historic <a href="/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort" title="Lalbagh Fort">Lalbagh Fort</a> courtyard.</figcaption></figure>In 2006 there were 15,000 registered Qawmi madrasas with the Befaqul Mudarressin of Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board,<a href="#cite_note-dstar1-161">[161]</a> though the figure could be well over double that number if unregistered madrasas were counted.<a href="#cite_note-saminaahmed2005-162">[162]</a> The madrasas regulated by the government through the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Madrasah_Education_Board" title="Bangladesh Madrasah Education Board">Bangladesh Madrasah Education Board</a> are called the Alia madrasas and they number some 7,000, offering, in addition to religious instruction, subjects such as English and science, and its graduates often complete their education in secular institutions, to the extent that some 32% of the university teachers in the humanities and the social sciences are graduates of these Alia madrasas.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quvvathul_Islam_Madrassa._,_Taliparamba,_Kerala,_India._(4488376429).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Quvvathul_Islam_Madrassa._%2C_Taliparamba%2C_Kerala%2C_India._%284488376429%29.jpg/220px-Quvvathul_Islam_Madrassa._%2C_Taliparamba%2C_Kerala%2C_India._%284488376429%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Quvvathul_Islam_Madrassa._%2C_Taliparamba%2C_Kerala%2C_India._%284488376429%29.jpg/330px-Quvvathul_Islam_Madrassa._%2C_Taliparamba%2C_Kerala%2C_India._%284488376429%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Quvvathul_Islam_Madrassa._%2C_Taliparamba%2C_Kerala%2C_India._%284488376429%29.jpg/440px-Quvvathul_Islam_Madrassa._%2C_Taliparamba%2C_Kerala%2C_India._%284488376429%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Quvvathul Islam Senior Madrassa, <a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Taliparamba</a>, India </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrasah1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Madrasah1.jpg/220px-Madrasah1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Madrasah1.jpg/330px-Madrasah1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Madrasah1.jpg/440px-Madrasah1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>This is a madarasa of the Jamia Masjid mosque in <a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a>, India. This mosque dates back to the 1700s and is where <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> used to pray.</figcaption></figure> In 2008, India's madrassas were estimated to number between 8000 and 30,000, the state of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> hosting most of them, estimated by the Indian government to have 10,000 of those back then.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The majority of these schools follow the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school of thought. The religious establishment forms part of the mainly two large divisions within the country, namely the Deobandis, who dominate in numbers (of whom the <a href="/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Deoband" title="Darul Uloom Deoband">Darul Uloom Deoband</a> constitutes one of the biggest madrasas) and the <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvis</a>, who also make up a sizeable portion (Sufi-oriented). Some notable establishments include: <a href="/wiki/Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah" title="Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah">Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Al_Jamiatul_Ashrafia" title="Al Jamiatul Ashrafia">Al Jamiatul Ashrafia</a>, Mubarakpur, Manzar Islam Bareilly, Jamia Nizamdina New Delhi, Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad which is one of the largest learning centres for the Barelvis. The HR[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] ministry of the government of India has recently[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] declared that a Central Madrasa Board would be set up. This will enhance the education system of madrasas in India. Though the madrasas impart Quranic education mainly, efforts are on to include Mathematics, Computers and science in the curriculum. In July 2015, the state government of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> created a stir when it de-recognised madrasa education, receiving criticism from several political parties with the NCP accusing the ruling BJP of creating Hindu-Muslim friction in the state, and Kamal Farooqui of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board saying it was "ill-designed"<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In March 2024, the Allahabad High Court in Uttar Pradesh declared the Madrasa Act of 2004 to be unconstitutional, according to a court order, while ordering the state government to move students enrolled in the Islamic system into mainstream schools. <a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_Kerala">In Kerala</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: In Kerala">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_College" title="Arabic College">Arabic College</a></div> Most of the Muslims of Kerala follow the traditional <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shāfiʿī</a> school of religious law (known in Kerala as the traditionalist 'Sunnis') while a large minority follow modern movements that developed within <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller12-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheEncyclopediaofIslam2-169">[169]</a> The latter section consists of majority <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafists (the Mujahids)</a> and the minority <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists (political Islam)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller12-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheEncyclopediaofIslam2-169">[169]</a> <ul><li>A 'madrasa' in Kerala refers to an extra-curricular institution where children receive basic (Islamic) religious and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a> instruction.<a href="#cite_note-:12-170">[170]</a></li> <li>The so-called '<a href="/wiki/Arabic_Colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Colleges">Arabic Colleges</a>' of Kerala are the equivalent of north Indian madrasas.<a href="#cite_note-:12-170">[170]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Pakistan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Madrassas_in_Pakistan" title="Madrassas in Pakistan">Madrassas in Pakistan</a></div>It is sometimes speculated that parents send their children to madrasas in Pakistan due to the inability to afford a good education. Although Madrasas are free they do provide adequate education for their students. It is sometimes speculated that due to lower quality of education those who finish have a hard time finding employment. Those who attended Madrasas have problem finding a job soon after. The education those receive madrasas in Pakistan closely resembles public institutions in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Fair-171">[171]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque_And_Education_Center_Run_By_Dawat-e-Islami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mosque_And_Education_Center_Run_By_Dawat-e-Islami.jpg/220px-Mosque_And_Education_Center_Run_By_Dawat-e-Islami.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mosque_And_Education_Center_Run_By_Dawat-e-Islami.jpg/330px-Mosque_And_Education_Center_Run_By_Dawat-e-Islami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mosque_And_Education_Center_Run_By_Dawat-e-Islami.jpg/440px-Mosque_And_Education_Center_Run_By_Dawat-e-Islami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Madrasa e Faizan e Madina in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, Pakistan</figcaption></figure> The madrasas rose as colleges of learning in the Islamic world in the 11th century, though there were institutions of learning earlier. They catered not only to the religious establishment, though that was the dominant influence over them, but also the secular one. To the latter they supplied physicians, administrative officials, judges and teachers. Today many registered madrasas are working effectively and coping up with modern education system such as <a href="/wiki/Jamia-tul-Madina" title="Jamia-tul-Madina">Jamia-tul-Madina</a>, which is a chain of Islamic schools in Pakistan and in European and other countries established by <a href="/wiki/Dawat-e-Islami" title="Dawat-e-Islami">Dawat-e-Islami</a>. The Jamia-tul-Madina are also known as Faizan-e-Madina. Dawat-e-Islami has grown its network of madrasas from Pakistan to Europe. In today's time the most centralized location of madrasas is in Pakistan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although Pakistan hold the most Madrasas the number is still growing in many different countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nepal">Nepal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Nepal">edit</a>]</div> Nepal has 907 madrasas recognized on the same level as government schools but the total number in the country is around 4000.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia">edit</a>]</div> In Southeast Asia, Muslim students have a choice of attending a secular government or an Islamic school. Madrasas or Islamic schools are known as Sekolah Agama (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: religious school) in Malaysia and Indonesia, โรงเรียนศาสนาอิสลาม (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: school of Islam) in Thailand and madaris in the Philippines. In countries where Islam is not the majority or state religion, Islamic schools are found in regions such as southern Thailand (near the Thai-Malaysian border) and the southern Philippines in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, where a significant Muslim population can be found. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Indonesia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pesantren" title="Pesantren">Pesantren</a></div> The number of madrasas more than doubled from 2002/2003 to 2011/2012, going from 63,000 to 145,000, unrecognized madrasas accounting for 17% of all schools in the country while the recognized madrasas account for nearly 1/3 of the secondary schools.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The word madrasah in Indonesia is also refer to secular-style public and private schools with more Islamic subjects in its curriculum. There are several levels of madrasah: Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI, the equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary school">elementary school</a>), Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs, the equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Junior_high_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior high school">junior high school</a>), Madrasah Aliyah (MA, the equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Senior_high_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior high school">senior high school</a>), and Madrasah Aliyah Kejuruan (MAK, the equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Vocational_high_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocational high school">vocational high school</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore">Singapore</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Singapore">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Madrasahs_in_Singapore" title="Madrasahs in Singapore">Madrasahs in Singapore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrasah_Aljunied_Al-Islamiah_Students_In_A_Lecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Madrasah_Aljunied_Al-Islamiah_Students_In_A_Lecture.jpg/220px-Madrasah_Aljunied_Al-Islamiah_Students_In_A_Lecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Madrasah_Aljunied_Al-Islamiah_Students_In_A_Lecture.jpg/330px-Madrasah_Aljunied_Al-Islamiah_Students_In_A_Lecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Madrasah_Aljunied_Al-Islamiah_Students_In_A_Lecture.jpg/440px-Madrasah_Aljunied_Al-Islamiah_Students_In_A_Lecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>Students of Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></figcaption></figure> In Singapore, madrasahs are private schools which are overseen by <a href="/wiki/Majlis_Ugama_Islam_Singapura" title="Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura">Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura</a> (MUIS, Islamic Religious Council of Singapore). There are six Madrasahs in Singapore, catering to students from Primary 1 to Secondary 4 (and <a href="/wiki/Junior_college_(Singapore)" title="Junior college (Singapore)">junior college</a> equivalent, or "Pre-U", at several schools).<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Four Madrasahs are coeducational and two are for girls.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Students take a range of Islamic Studies subjects in addition to mainstream <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Education (Singapore)">MOE</a> curriculum subjects and sit for the <a href="/wiki/Primary_School_Leaving_Examination" title="Primary School Leaving Examination">PSLE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore-Cambridge_GCE_Ordinary_Level" title="Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level">GCE 'O' Levels</a> like their peers. In 2009, MUIS introduced the "Joint Madrasah System" (JMS), a joint collaboration of Madrasah Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiah primary school and secondary schools Madrasah Aljunied Al-Islamiah (offering the ukhrawi, or religious stream) and Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah (offering the academic stream).<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The JMS aims to introduce the <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> (IB) programme into the Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah by 2019.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Students attending a madrasah are required to wear the traditional Malay attire, including the <a href="/wiki/Songkok" title="Songkok">songkok</a> for boys and <a href="/wiki/Tudong" title="Tudong">tudong</a> for girls, in contrast to mainstream government schools which ban religious headgear as Singapore is officially a secular state. Students who wish to attend a mainstream school may opt to take classes on weekends at the madrasah instead of enrolling full-time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Education in the Philippines</a></div> According to a 2006 International Religious Freedom Report of the US State Department the country has some 2000 madrasas, with half of them located in Mindanao.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> In 2004, madrasas were mainstreamed in 16 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Regions</a> nationwide, primarily in Muslim-majority areas in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)" title="Department of Education (Philippines)">Department of Education</a> (DepEd). The DepEd adopted Department Order No. 51, which instituted Arabic-language and Islamic Values instruction for Muslim children in state schools, and authorised implementation of the Standard Madrasa Curriculum (SMC) in private-run madrasas. While there are state-recognised Islamic schools, such as Ibn Siena Integrated School in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_City_of_Marawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic City of Marawi">Islamic City of Marawi</a>, Sarang Bangun LC in <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga</a> and SMIE in <a href="/wiki/Jolo" title="Jolo">Jolo</a>, their Islamic studies programmes initially varied in application and content. Since 2005, the <a href="/wiki/AusAID" class="mw-redirect" title="AusAID">AusAID</a>-funded DepEd project Basic Education Assistance for Mindanao (BEAM) has assisted a group of private madrasas seeking a Permit To Operate from the government and implement the SMC. These private madrasas are scattered throughout <a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/SOCCSKSARGEN_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="SOCCSKSARGEN Region">Soccsksargen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" title="Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</a> (ARMM). In <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a>, which succeeded the ARMM, the eligibility of Madrasa teachers are covered by the autonomous region's education code. Prospect teachers barring any exception will have to take special examinations organized by the region's education ministry in order to secure their eligibility.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_countries">Western countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Western countries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Madrasa" title="Special:EditPage/Madrasa">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yangzhou_-_Muslim_kindergarten_-_P1130207.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Yangzhou_-_Muslim_kindergarten_-_P1130207.JPG/220px-Yangzhou_-_Muslim_kindergarten_-_P1130207.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Yangzhou_-_Muslim_kindergarten_-_P1130207.JPG/330px-Yangzhou_-_Muslim_kindergarten_-_P1130207.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Yangzhou_-_Muslim_kindergarten_-_P1130207.JPG/440px-Yangzhou_-_Muslim_kindergarten_-_P1130207.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> In South Africa, the madrasas also play a social and cultural role in giving after-school religious instruction to children of Muslims who attend government or private non-religious schools. However, substantial numbers of Muslim children attend fully-fledged private Islamic schools, which combine secular and religious education. Among Muslims of <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indian</a> origin, madrasas also used to provide instruction in Urdu, although this is far less common today than it used to be. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> The first Madressa established in North America, <a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid_Islamic_Institute" title="Al-Rashid Islamic Institute">Al-Rashid Islamic Institute</a>, was established in Cornwall, Ontario in 1983 and has graduates who are <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">Hafiz (Quran)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a>. The seminary was established by Mazhar Alam under the direction of his teacher the leading Indian Tablighi scholar Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi and focuses on the Hanafi school of thought. Due to its proximity to the US border city of Messina the school has historically had a high ratio of US students. Their most prominent graduate Shaykh Muhammad Alshareef completed his Hifz in the early 1990s then went on to form the <a href="/wiki/AlMaghrib_Institute" title="AlMaghrib Institute">AlMaghrib Institute</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> On May 26, 2012, Congressman <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Carson" title="André Carson">André Carson</a> of Indiana called for additional madrasas in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> There is a madrassa in <a href="/wiki/Woodside,_Queens" title="Woodside, Queens">Queens, NY</a> called Shia Ithna-Asheri Jamaat of New York.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Presently, the Darul Uloom in New York City, an affiliate of <a href="/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Haqqania" title="Darul Uloom Haqqania">Darul Uloom Haqqania</a> in Pakistan, also serves as a madrassa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_misconceptions">Common misconceptions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Common misconceptions">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a>, the word madrasa (مدرسه) means any educational institution, of any description, (as does the term school in American English)<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> and does not imply a political or religious affiliation, not even one as broad as Islam in the general sense. Madrasas often have varied curricula. A large misconception[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] is that madrasas only focused on the study of religion which is not true. Madrasas often included many different topics in their curriculum. Some madrasas in India, for example, have a secularised identity.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Although early madrasas were founded primarily to gain "knowledge of God" they also taught subjects such as mathematics and poetry. For example, in the Ottoman Empire, "Madrasahs had seven categories of sciences that were taught, such as: styles of writing, oral sciences like the Arabic language, grammar, rhetoric, and history and intellectual sciences, such as logic."<a href="#cite_note-Ottoman-14">[14]</a> This is similar to the Western world, in which <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">the evolution of universities</a> began with Christian cathedral schools and monastic schools. The <a href="/wiki/Yale_Center_for_the_Study_of_Globalization" title="Yale Center for the Study of Globalization">Yale Center for the Study of Globalization</a> examined bias in United States newspaper coverage of Pakistan since the <a href="/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a>, and found the term has come to contain a loaded political meaning:<a href="#cite_note-YG20070621-184">[184]</a> <blockquote>When articles mentioned "madrassas," readers were led to infer that all schools so-named are anti-American, anti-Western, pro-terrorist centres having less to do with teaching basic literacy and more to do with political indoctrination.</blockquote> Various American public figures in the early 2000s used the word in a negative manner, including <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a>,<a href="#cite_note-YG20070621-184">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rumsfeld20031016-185">[185]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tribind20040311-186">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> published in January 2007 a correction for misusing the word "madrassa" in a way that assumed it meant a radical Islamic school. The correction stated: <blockquote> An article [...] about a pointed exchange [...] over a Web site report that said Senator Barack Obama had attended an Islamic school or madrassa in Indonesia as a child referred imprecisely to madrassas. While some [madrassas] teach a radical version of Islam, most historically have not.<a href="#cite_note-NYTapology-187">[187]</a></blockquote>There are many other[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] instances where attempts to deem madrasas as just radical Islamic schools were made. In the year 2000, an article from <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, authored by university professor <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Stern" title="Jessica Stern">Jessica Stern</a>, claimed that specifically Pakistani madrasas were responsible for the development of thousands of jihadists/terrorists, and that they were essentially weapons of mass destruction. During the time of the article's release, videos surfaced of young boys intensely memorizing/studying the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, thus facilitating the false stereotype that madrasas brainwash and breed children to becoming future jihadists. This stereotype was even further accentuated following the events of <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a>. After this event, the United States implemented a plan to force Pakistan to completely shut down all madrasas that have links to militant groups, and to persuade madrasa students to instead attend public schools. Such a reaction and belief of the ties between Pakistan's madrasas and militancy were especially prominent during these times, and even in modern-day society to a similar extent, due to false assumptions regarding the roles of madrasas in upbringing militant groups, the prevalence of enrollment in such institutions, and more.<a href="#cite_note-Fair-171">[171]</a> To touch more on the prevalence of enrollment in Pakistan's madrasas, a 2005 study by Andrabi and others could be looked at. According to the study's results, seventy-five percent of all households that send one child to a madrasa also tended to incorporate public and private schools for the education of the rest of their children (Those who were not sent to a madrasa). Therefore, only twenty-five percent of all households relied solely on madrasas for the education of all their children. When taking this into account, one can see that enrollment in madrasas is not as prevalent as many people would assume[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] due to parental choice being a strong deciding factor.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bias_in_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Bias in education">Bias in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">Beth midrash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midrasha" title="Midrasha">midrasha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a> — Jewish religious schooling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dars-e_Nizamiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dars-e Nizamiyyah">Dars-e Nizamiyyah</a>—most common madrasa curriculum in South Asia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darul_uloom" title="Darul uloom">Darul uloom</a>—another similar type of Islamic school</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mali" title="Education in Mali">Education in Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawza" title="Hawza">Hawza</a>—used in Shi'a Islam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_seminaries" title="List of Islamic seminaries">List of Islamic seminaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_madrasahs_in_continuous_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of oldest madrasahs in continuous operation">List of oldest madrasahs in continuous operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwa_(school)" title="Khalwa (school)">Khalwa (school)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606084157/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/madrasa">"madrasa"</a> (US) and <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230224626/https://www.lexico.com/definition/madrasa">"madrasa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/madrasa">the original</a> on 2019-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=madrasa&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fmadrasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-madrasa" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=madrasa">"madrasa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a> (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 6 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=madrasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dmadrasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/madrassa">"madrassa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 6 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=madrassa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmadrassa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/madrasah">"Madrasah"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606084145/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/madrasah">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Madrasah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fmadrasah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/madrasa">"madrasa"</a>. Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved 19 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=madrasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fmadrasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-18">s</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomBlair2009" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Madrasa". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Madrasa&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbazaKéchichian2009" class="citation book cs1">Abaza, Mona; Kéchichian, Joseph A. (2009). "Madrasah". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Madrasah&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Abaza&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft.au=K%C3%A9chichian%2C+Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-27">ab</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersenMakdisiRahmanHillenbrand2012" class="citation book cs1">Pedersen, J.; Makdisi, G.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. (2012). "Madrasa". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Madrasa&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Makdisi%2C+G.&rft.au=Rahman%2C+Munibur&rft.au=Hillenbrand%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAktan2018" class="citation book cs1">Aktan, Sümer (2018). Curriculum Studies in Turkey:A Historical Perspective. United States: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 46, 76, 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curriculum+Studies+in+Turkey%3AA+Historical+Perspective&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=46%2C+76%2C+77&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Aktan&rft.aufirst=S%C3%BCmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/madrasah">"madrasah - Origin and meaning of madrasah"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813174629/https://www.etymonline.com/word/madrasah">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-13. Retrieved 2020-08-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=madrasah+-+Origin+and+meaning+of+madrasah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fmadrasah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassim2020" class="citation book cs1">Hassim, E. (2020). "Madrassa". In List, Regina A.; Anheier, Helmut K.; Toepler, Stefan (eds.). International Encyclopedia of Civil Society. Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Madrassa&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Civil+Society&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Hassim&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/glossary-madrassa-or-madrasa-2352961">"Alternate Spellings of Madrassa"</a>. ThoughtCo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014113940/https://www.thoughtco.com/glossary-madrassa-or-madrasa-2352961">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-14. Retrieved 2017-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Alternate+Spellings+of+Madrassa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fglossary-madrassa-or-madrasa-2352961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Madrasah ʻāmmah (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مدرسة عامة) translates as '<a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public school</a>', madrasah khāṣṣah (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مدرسة خاصة) translates as 'private school', madrasah dīnīyah (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مدرسة دينية) translates as '<a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">religious school</a>', madrasah Islāmīyah (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مدرسة إسلامية) translates as 'Islamic school', and madrasah jāmiʻah (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مدرسة جامعة) translates as 'university'. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottoman-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_14-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_14-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_14-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_14-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_14-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_14-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_14-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_14-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_14-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_14-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_14-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_14-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottoman_14-19">t</a> İnalcık, Halil. 1973. "Learning, the Medrese, and the Ulema." In The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600. New York: Praeger, pp. 165–178. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHugh1994" class="citation book cs1">McHugh, Neil (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FJVh-uUNSAkC&dq=%22Khalwa%22+school+-wikipedia&pg=PA85">Holymen of the Blue Nile: The Making of an Arab-Islamic Community in the Nilotic Sudan, 1500-1850</a>. Northwestern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-1069-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-1069-4"><bdi>978-0-8101-1069-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holymen+of+the+Blue+Nile%3A+The+Making+of+an+Arab-Islamic+Community+in+the+Nilotic+Sudan%2C+1500-1850&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-1069-4&rft.aulast=McHugh&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFJVh-uUNSAkC%26dq%3D%2522Khalwa%2522%2Bschool%2B-wikipedia%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-founding-1-16"><a href="#cite_ref-founding-1_16-0">^</a> while other scholars have argued that this distinction belongs to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">University of al-Qarawiyyin</a>, also founded in 859. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Esposito" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Esposito">Esposito, John</a> (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512559-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512559-2"><bdi>0-19-512559-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-512559-2&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kettani, M. Ali. Engineering Education in the Arab World. Middle East Journal, 1974, 28(4):441.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", <a href="/wiki/Studia_Islamica" title="Studia Islamica">Studia Islamica</a>, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264 </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-18"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-0">^</a> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Verger" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques Verger">Verger, Jacques</a>: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54113-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54113-8">978-0-521-54113-8</a>, pp. 35–76 (35): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">No one today would dispute the fact that universities, in the sense in which the term is now generally understood, were a creation of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, appearing for the first time between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It is no doubt true that other civilizations, prior to, or wholly alien to, the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">Islam</a>, or <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">China</a>, were familiar with forms of higher education which a number of historians, for the sake of convenience, have sometimes described as universities.Yet a closer look makes it plain that the institutional reality was altogether different and, no matter what has been said on the subject, there is no real link such as would justify us in associating them with <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">medieval universities</a> in the West. Until there is definite proof to the contrary, these latter must be regarded as the sole source of the model which gradually spread through the whole of Europe and then to the whole world. We are therefore concerned with what is indisputably an original institution, which can only be defined in terms of a historical analysis of its emergence and its mode of operation in concrete circumstances.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreswell1952" class="citation book cs1">Creswell, K.A.C. (1952). The Muslim Architecture of Egypt I, Ikhshids and Fatimids, A.D. 939–1171. 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Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300088670" title="Special:BookSources/9780300088670"><bdi>9780300088670</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115132431/https://books.google.com/books?id=l1uWZAzN_VcC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-15. 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"Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi"". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 104 (3): 586–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F601679">10.2307/601679</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/601679">601679</a>. <q>The first section, typology of institutions and the law of waqf, is crucial to the main thesis, since the college is defined in terms of the charitable trust, or endowment, as in Europe: it is admitted that the university, defined as a corporation, has no Islamic parallel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Review+of+%22The+Rise+of+Colleges.+Institutions+of+Learning+in+Islam+and+the+West+by+George+Makdisi%22&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=586-8&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F601679&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F601679%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", Studia Islamica, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (264): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Thus the university, as a form of social organisation, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. 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Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36105-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36105-2">0-521-36105-2</a>, pp. XIX–XX </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuria_Sanz,_Sjur_Bergan2006" class="citation book cs1">Nuria Sanz, Sjur Bergan (2006-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M09rKWhN3soC&q=arab-oriental">The heritage of European universities, Volume 548</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789287161215" title="Special:BookSources/9789287161215"><bdi>9789287161215</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115132432/https://books.google.com/books?id=M09rKWhN3soC&q=arab-oriental">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2020-10-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+heritage+of+European+universities%2C+Volume+548&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=9789287161215&rft.au=Nuria+Sanz%2C+Sjur+Bergan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM09rKWhN3soC%26q%3Darab-oriental&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z1VBEbF0HAC">A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115132432/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z1VBEbF0HAC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> 2023-01-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cambridge University Press, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36105-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36105-2">0-521-36105-2</a>, pp. 47-55 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lexikon_des_Mittelalters:_Doctor,_doctoratus-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Lexikon_des_Mittelalters:_Doctor,_doctoratus_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerger1999" class="citation cs2">Verger, J. (1999), "Doctor, doctoratus", <a href="/wiki/Lexikon_des_Mittelalters" title="Lexikon des Mittelalters">Lexikon des Mittelalters</a>, vol. 3, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, cols. 1155–1156</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Doctor%2C+doctoratus&rft.btitle=Lexikon+des+Mittelalters&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=cols.+1155-1156&rft.pub=J.B.+Metzler&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Verger&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lexikon_des_Mittelalters:_Licentia-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Lexikon_des_Mittelalters:_Licentia_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerger1999" class="citation cs2">Verger, J. (1999), "Licentia", <a href="/wiki/Lexikon_des_Mittelalters" title="Lexikon des Mittelalters">Lexikon des Mittelalters</a>, vol. 5, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, cols. 1957–1958</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Licentia&rft.btitle=Lexikon+des+Mittelalters&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=cols.+1957-1958&rft.pub=J.B.+Metzler&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Verger&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-founding-2-75"><a href="#cite_ref-founding-2_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Esposito" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Esposito">Esposito, John</a> (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512559-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512559-2"><bdi>0-19-512559-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-512559-2&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kettani-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Kettani_76-0">^</a> Kettani, M. Ali. Engineering Education in the Arab World. Middle East Journal, 1974, 28(4):441. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Civilization: The West and the Rest by Niall Ferguson, Publisher: Allen Lane 2011 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-273-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-273-4">978-1-84614-273-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmund_Burke2009" class="citation cs2">Edmund Burke (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity", <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_World_History" title="Journal of World History">Journal of World History</a>, 20 (2), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>: 165–186 [180–3], <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.0.0045">10.1353/jwh.0.0045</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143484233">143484233</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=Islam+at+the+Center%3A+Technological+Complexes+and+the+Roots+of+Modernity&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-186+180-3&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.0.0045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143484233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Edmund+Burke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard2000" class="citation cs2">Goddard, Hugh (2000), A History of Christian-Muslim Relations, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>, p. 99, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1009-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1009-X"><bdi>0-7486-1009-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christian-Muslim+Relations&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7486-1009-X&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alatas-123-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Alatas-123_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlatas2006" class="citation cs2">Alatas, Syed Farid (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/29439">"From Jamiʻah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue"</a>, Current Sociology, 54 (1): 112–132 [123], <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0011392106058837">10.1177/0011392106058837</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144509355">144509355</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923024727/https://zenodo.org/record/29439/files/6.1From_Jamiah_to_University.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-23, retrieved 2019-06-29, <q>One such jamiʻ was that of al-Azhar in Cairo. This was established during the last quarter of the tenth century by the Fatimids to teach the principles of jurisprudence, grammar, philosophy, logic and astronomy. [...] It is here that we may find the origins of the modern universitas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Sociology&rft.atitle=From+Jami%CA%BBah+to+University%3A+Multiculturalism+and+Christian%E2%80%93Muslim+Dialogue&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=112-132+123&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0011392106058837&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144509355%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Alatas&rft.aufirst=Syed+Farid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F29439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampo2009" class="citation book cs1">Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&q=In+the+second+half+of+the+19th+century+%EF%BB%BF+in+Egypt%2C+Muslim+Egyptians+began+to+attend+secu-%EF%BB%BF+lar+schools%2C+and+a+movement+arose+in+the+late+19th+%EF%BB%BF+to+the+early+20th+century+to+modernize+al-Azhar.">Encyclopedia of Islam</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 447. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8"><bdi>978-1-4381-2696-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191250/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&q=In+the+second+half+of+the+19th+century+%EF%BB%BF+in+Egypt%2C+Muslim+Egyptians+began+to+attend+secu-%EF%BB%BF+lar+schools%2C+and+a+movement+arose+in+the+late+19th+%EF%BB%BF+to+the+early+20th+century+to+modernize+al-Azhar.">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-08. Retrieved 2021-05-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2696-8&rft.aulast=Campo&rft.aufirst=Juan+Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZbyz_Hr-eIC%26q%3DIn%2Bthe%2Bsecond%2Bhalf%2Bof%2Bthe%2B19th%2Bcentury%2B%25EF%25BB%25BF%2Bin%2BEgypt%252C%2BMuslim%2BEgyptians%2Bbegan%2Bto%2Battend%2Bsecu-%25EF%25BB%25BF%2Blar%2Bschools%252C%2Band%2Ba%2Bmovement%2Barose%2Bin%2Bthe%2Blate%2B19th%2B%25EF%25BB%25BF%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bearly%2B20th%2Bcentury%2Bto%2Bmodernize%2Bal-Azhar.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNecipogulu1996" class="citation cs2">Necipogulu, Gulru (1996), Muqarnas, Volume 13, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, p. 56, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10633-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10633-2"><bdi>90-04-10633-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muqarnas%2C+Volume+13&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=90-04-10633-2&rft.aulast=Necipogulu&rft.aufirst=Gulru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metapress.com/">"Metapress - Discover More"</a>. 24 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425064723/http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=c3ht013txp686v71&size=largest">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metapress+-+Discover+More&rft.date=2016-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmetapress.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archnet.org/sites/3836">"Madrasa al-Mustansiriyya"</a>. Archnet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808070657/http://archnet.org/sites/3836">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-08. Retrieved 2020-08-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archnet&rft.atitle=Madrasa+al-Mustansiriyya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchnet.org%2Fsites%2F3836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrentjes201880-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrentjes201880_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrentjes2018">Brentjes 2018</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakdisi1989" class="citation cs2">Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 109 (2), American Oriental Society: 175–182 [176], <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F604423">10.2307/604423</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/604423">604423</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Scholasticism+and+Humanism+in+Classical+Islam+and+the+Christian+West&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-182+176&rft.date=1989-04%2F1989-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F604423&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F604423%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Makdisi&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988">: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There was no other doctorate in any other field, no license to teach a field, except that of the religious law. To obtain a doctorate, one had to study in a guild school of law.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Pedersen, J.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. "Madrasa." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20/03/2010: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Madrasa,...in mediaeval usage, essentially a college of law in which the other Islamic sciences, including literary and philosophical ones, were ancillary subjects only.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lessnoff-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lessnoff_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lessnoff_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLessnoff2007" class="citation cs2">Lessnoff, Michael (2007), "Islam, Modernity and Science", in Malešević, Siniša; Haugaard, Mark (eds.), Ernest Gellner and contemporary social thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 196, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70941-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70941-5"><bdi>978-0-521-70941-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam%2C+Modernity+and+Science&rft.btitle=Ernest+Gellner+and+contemporary+social+thought&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-70941-5&rft.aulast=Lessnoff&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Jomier, J. "al- Azhar (al-Ḏj̲āmiʿ al-Azhar)." Encyclopædia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There was no examination at the end of the course of study. Many of the students were well advanced in years. Those who left al-Azhar obtained an idjāza or licence to teach; this was a certificate given by the teacher under whom the student had followed courses, testifying to the student's diligence and proficiency.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", Studia Islamica, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (260): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Perhaps the most fundamental difference between the two systems is embodied in their systems of certification; namely, in medieval Europe, the licentia docendi, or license to teach; in medieval Islam, the ijāzah, or authorization. In Europe, the license to teach was a license to teach a certain field of knowledge. It was conferred by the licensed masters acting as a corporation, with the consent of a Church authority, in Paris, by the Chancellor of the Cathedral Chapter... Certification in the Muslim East remained a personal matter between the master and the student. The master conferred it on an individual for a particular work, or works. Qualification, in the strict sense of the word, was supposed to be a criterion, but it was at the full discretion of the master, since, if he chose, he could give an ijaza to children hardly able to read, or even to unborn children. This was surely an abuse of the system... but no official system was involved. The ijaza was a personal matter, the sole prerogative of the person bestowing it; no one could force him to give one.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrentjes201877-111-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrentjes201877-111_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrentjes201877-111_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrentjes2018">Brentjes 2018</a>, p. 77-111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrentjes201869-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrentjes201869_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrentjes2018">Brentjes 2018</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrentjes2018138-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrentjes2018138_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrentjes2018">Brentjes 2018</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrentjes2018161-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrentjes2018161_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrentjes2018">Brentjes 2018</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrentjes2018251-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrentjes2018251_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrentjes2018">Brentjes 2018</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrack2019" class="citation journal cs1">Brack, Jonathan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.139.3.0611">"A Mongol Mahdi in Medieval Anatolia: Rebellion, Reform, and Divine Right in the Post-Mongol Islamic World"</a>. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 139 (3): 611–630. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.139.3.0611">10.7817/jameroriesoci.139.3.0611</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7817/jameroriesoci.139.3.0611">10.7817/jameroriesoci.139.3.0611</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211662842">211662842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=A+Mongol+Mahdi+in+Medieval+Anatolia%3A+Rebellion%2C+Reform%2C+and+Divine+Right+in+the+Post-Mongol+Islamic+World&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=611-630&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211662842%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.139.3.0611%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.139.3.0611&rft.aulast=Brack&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7817%252Fjameroriesoci.139.3.0611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Toby Huff, Rise of early modern science 2nd ed. (Cambridge University, 2003) p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuff2003" class="citation book cs1">Huff, Toby (2003). Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West (2nd ed.). Cambridge. p. 179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+of+Early+Modern+Science%3A+Islam%2C+China+and+the+West&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=179&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Huff&rft.aufirst=Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> C. E. Bosworth: Untitled review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 2 (1983), pp. 304-305 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Kevin Shillington: "Encyclopedia of African history", Vol. 1, New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-245-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57958-245-1">1-57958-245-1</a>, p. 1025 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Skovgaard-Petersen, Jakob. "al-Azhar, modern period. 1. From madrasa to university" Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Edited by: Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas and Everett Rowson. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20/03/2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Riché, Pierre (1978): "Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century", Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87249-376-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87249-376-8">0-87249-376-8</a>, pp. 126-7, 282-98 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Extensive bibliography in: Pedersen, J.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. "Madrasa." <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20/03/2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-Makdisi_Madrasa_and_University_264-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Makdisi_Madrasa_and_University_264_104-0">^</a> George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", Studia Islamica, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (264) </li> <li id="cite_note-RelationsHughGoddard1-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RelationsHughGoddard1_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RelationsHughGoddard1_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard2000" class="citation cs2">Goddard, Hugh (2000), A History of Christian-Muslim Relations, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>, p. 100, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1009-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1009-X"><bdi>0-7486-1009-X</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/237514956">237514956</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christian-Muslim+Relations&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F237514956&rft.isbn=0-7486-1009-X&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-G-Makdisi-106"><a href="#cite_ref-G-Makdisi_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakdisi1989" class="citation cs2">Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 109 (2), American Oriental Society: 175–182 [175–77], <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F604423">10.2307/604423</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/604423">604423</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Scholasticism+and+Humanism+in+Classical+Islam+and+the+Christian+West&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-182+175-77&rft.date=1989-04%2F1989-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F604423&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F604423%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Makdisi&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Cf. <a href="/wiki/Lexikon_des_Mittelalters" title="Lexikon des Mittelalters">Lexikon des Mittelalters</a>, J.B. Metzler, Stuttgart 1999, individual entries on: Baccalarius; Collegium; Disputatio; Grade, universitäre; Magister universitatis, Professor; Rector; Studia humanitatis; Universität </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniel_1984,_586f.-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_1984,_586f._108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_1984,_586f._108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_1984,_586f._108-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_1984,_586f._108-3">d</a> Norman Daniel: Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1984), pp. 586-588 (586f.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniel_1984,_587-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_1984,_587_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_1984,_587_109-1">b</a> Norman Daniel: Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1984), pp. 586-588 (587) </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Hugh Kennedy: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 2, No. 2 (1992), pp. 272-273 (272): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It is more likely that the undeniable similarities sprang from similar circumstances. Both cultural traditions had sacred writings which needed to be examined, both had systems of law that looked back to ancient precedent, neither culture knew printing (which meant that dictation and verbal communication were so important).</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Toby Huff, Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West, 2nd ed., Cambridge 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52994-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52994-8">0-521-52994-8</a>, p. 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Saliba2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_Saliba" title="George Saliba">George Saliba</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baheyeldin.com/history/george-saliba-2.html">"Flying Goats And Other Obsessions: A Response to Toby Huff's Reply"</a>, Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies, 4 (2), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091231213711/http://baheyeldin.com/history/george-saliba-2.html">archived</a> from the original on 2009-12-31, retrieved 2010-04-02</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Royal+Institute+for+Inter-Faith+Studies&rft.atitle=Flying+Goats+And+Other+Obsessions%3A+A+Response+to+Toby+Huff%27s+Reply&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2002&rft.au=George+Saliba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaheyeldin.com%2Fhistory%2Fgeorge-saliba-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadwi2013" class="citation book cs1">Nadwi, Mohammad Akram (2013). al-Muhaddithat. Oxford: Interface Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=al-Muhaddithat&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Interface+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Nadwi&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Akram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuity_Nashat2003" class="citation cs2">Guity Nashat, Lois Beck (2003), Women in Iran from the Rise of Islam to 1800, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>, p. 69, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-07121-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-07121-2"><bdi>0-252-07121-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Iran+from+the+Rise+of+Islam+to+1800&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-252-07121-2&rft.aulast=Guity+Nashat&rft.aufirst=Lois+Beck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/25/magazine/25wwlnEssay.t.html">"A Secret History"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Secret+History&rft.date=2007-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F02%2F25%2Fmagazine%2F25wwlnEssay.t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Doreen Insgrams (1983), The Awakened: Women in Iraq, p. 22, Third World Centre for Research and Publishing Ltd., Lebanon </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Doreen Insgrams (1983), The Awakened: Women in Iraq, p. 23, Third World Centre for Research and Publishing Ltd., Lebanon </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Anthony Nutting, The Arabs. (Hollis and Carter, 1964), p. 196 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2005" class="citation cs2">Lindsay, James E. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/196">Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/196">196 & 198</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32270-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32270-8"><bdi>0-313-32270-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+the+Medieval+Islamic+World&rft.pages=196+%26+198&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-313-32270-8&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinmedie00lind%2Fpage%2F196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2005" class="citation cs2">Lindsay, James E. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/196">Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/196">196</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32270-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32270-8"><bdi>0-313-32270-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+the+Medieval+Islamic+World&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-313-32270-8&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinmedie00lind%2Fpage%2F196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFibn_al-Hajjaj" class="citation book cs1">ibn al-Hajjaj, Muslim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/muslim/3/72">Sahih Muslim</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161129144841/https://sunnah.com/muslim/3/72">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sahih+Muslim&rft.aulast=ibn+al-Hajjaj&rft.aufirst=Muslim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fmuslim%2F3%2F72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindsay-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lindsay_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindsay_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2005" class="citation cs2">Lindsay, James E. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/198">Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/198">198</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32270-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32270-8"><bdi>0-313-32270-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+the+Medieval+Islamic+World&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-313-32270-8&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinmedie00lind%2Fpage%2F198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2005" class="citation cs2">Lindsay, James E. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/197">Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/197">197</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32270-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32270-8"><bdi>0-313-32270-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+the+Medieval+Islamic+World&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-313-32270-8&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinmedie00lind%2Fpage%2F197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNecipoğlu2011" class="citation book cs1">Necipoğlu, Gülru (2011) [2005]. The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. Reaktion Books. pp. 268–368 and elsewhere. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-253-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-253-9"><bdi>978-1-86189-253-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Sinan%3A+Architectural+Culture+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=268-368+and+elsewhere&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-253-9&rft.aulast=Necipo%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThys-Senocak2017" class="citation book cs1">Thys-Senocak, Lucienne (2017-03-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffNADgAAQBAJ">Ottoman Women Builders: The Architectural Patronage of Hadice Turhan Sultan</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-91315-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-91315-7"><bdi>978-1-351-91315-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408191250/https://books.google.com/books?id=ffNADgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-08. Retrieved 2021-11-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Women+Builders%3A+The+Architectural+Patronage+of+Hadice+Turhan+Sultan&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-03-02&rft.isbn=978-1-351-91315-7&rft.aulast=Thys-Senocak&rft.aufirst=Lucienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffNADgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munawaroh_2002-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Munawaroh_2002_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munawaroh_2002_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunawaroh2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Munawaroh, Unaidatul (2002). "Rahmah el-Yunusiah: Pelopor Pendidikan Perempuan". In Burhanuddin, Jajat (ed.). Ulama perempuan Indonesia (in Indonesian). Gramedia Pustaka Utama. pp. 1–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789796866441" title="Special:BookSources/9789796866441"><bdi>9789796866441</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rahmah+el-Yunusiah%3A+Pelopor+Pendidikan+Perempuan&rft.btitle=Ulama+perempuan+Indonesia&rft.pages=1-38&rft.pub=Gramedia+Pustaka+Utama&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789796866441&rft.aulast=Munawaroh&rft.aufirst=Unaidatul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tirto_bio-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tirto_bio_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tirto_bio_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaditya" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Raditya, Iswara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tirto.id/rahmah-el-yunusiyah-memperjuangkan-kesetaraan-muslimah-cE52">"Rahmah El Yunusiyah Memperjuangkan Kesetaraan Muslimah"</a>. tirto.id (in Indonesian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210216000837/https://tirto.id/rahmah-el-yunusiyah-memperjuangkan-kesetaraan-muslimah-cE52">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=tirto.id&rft.atitle=Rahmah+El+Yunusiyah+Memperjuangkan+Kesetaraan+Muslimah&rft.aulast=Raditya&rft.aufirst=Iswara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftirto.id%2Frahmah-el-yunusiyah-memperjuangkan-kesetaraan-muslimah-cE52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seno_2010_63-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Seno_2010_63_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeno2010" class="citation book cs1">Seno, Seno (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/12765/">Peran kaum mudo dalam pembaharuan pendidikan Islam di Minangkabau 1803-1942</a>. Padang: BPSNT Padang Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-8742-16-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-602-8742-16-0"><bdi>978-602-8742-16-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701151157/http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/12765/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-01. Retrieved 2022-07-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peran+kaum+mudo+dalam+pembaharuan+pendidikan+Islam+di+Minangkabau+1803-1942&rft.place=Padang&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=BPSNT+Padang+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-602-8742-16-0&rft.aulast=Seno&rft.aufirst=Seno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositori.kemdikbud.go.id%2F12765%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jejak_Islam_bio-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Jejak_Islam_bio_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jejakislam.net/rahmah-el-yunusiyyah-pejuang-pendidikan-kaum-wanita/">"Rahmah el Yunusiyyah Pejuang Pendidikan Kaum Wanita"</a>. Jejak Islam untuk Bangsa. 24 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516003054/https://jejakislam.net/rahmah-el-yunusiyyah-pejuang-pendidikan-kaum-wanita/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jejak+Islam+untuk+Bangsa&rft.atitle=Rahmah+el+Yunusiyyah+Pejuang+Pendidikan+Kaum+Wanita&rft.date=2020-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjejakislam.net%2Frahmah-el-yunusiyyah-pejuang-pendidikan-kaum-wanita%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoorn-Harder2006" class="citation book cs1">Doorn-Harder, Nelly van (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenshapingisla0000door/page/172/mode/2up?q=Yunusiyah">Women shaping Islam : Indonesian women reading the Qurʼan</a>. Urbana. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252030772" title="Special:BookSources/9780252030772"><bdi>9780252030772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+shaping+Islam+%3A+Indonesian+women+reading+the+Qur%CA%BCan&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pages=173&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780252030772&rft.aulast=Doorn-Harder&rft.aufirst=Nelly+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomenshapingisla0000door%2Fpage%2F172%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3DYunusiyah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Johns_1989-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Johns_1989_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohns1989" class="citation book cs1">Johns, A. H. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religioustraditi00kita/page/175/mode/1up?q=Yunusiyah">"7. Islam in Southeast Asia"</a>. In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious traditions of Asia. New York: Macmillan Pub. Co. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028972114" title="Special:BookSources/9780028972114"><bdi>9780028972114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+Islam+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.btitle=The+Religious+traditions+of+Asia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Macmillan+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780028972114&rft.aulast=Johns&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligioustraditi00kita%2Fpage%2F175%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3DYunusiyah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrimulyani2012" class="citation book cs1">Srimulyani, Eka (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/34531">Women from Traditional Islamic Educational Institutions in Indonesia : Negotiating Public Spaces</a>. Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12657%2F34531">20.500.12657/34531</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-421-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-421-3"><bdi>978-90-8964-421-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323050823/https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/34531">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-23. Retrieved 2022-03-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+from+Traditional+Islamic+Educational+Institutions+in+Indonesia+%3A+Negotiating+Public+Spaces&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12657%2F34531&rft.isbn=978-90-8964-421-3&rft.aulast=Srimulyani&rft.aufirst=Eka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F34531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-133"><a href="#cite_ref-:15_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahin2015" class="citation book cs1">Kahin, Audrey (2015). Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810874565" title="Special:BookSources/9780810874565"><bdi>9780810874565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Indonesia&rft.pages=505&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780810874565&rft.aulast=Kahin&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorker2021" class="citation journal cs1">Borker, Hem (2021-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/714346">"Inside a Residential Girls' Madrasa in India"</a>. Current Anthropology. 62 (3): 363–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F714346">10.1086/714346</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3204">0011-3204</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234864708">234864708</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122045445/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/714346">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-22. Retrieved 2021-11-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Inside+a+Residential+Girls%27+Madrasa+in+India&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=363-372&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234864708%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0011-3204&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F714346&rft.aulast=Borker&rft.aufirst=Hem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F714346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-135"><a href="#cite_ref-:04_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_KadiBonnamy2007" class="citation book cs1">El Kadi, Galila; Bonnamy, Alain (2007). Architecture for the Dead: Cairo's Medieval Necropolis. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+for+the+Dead%3A+Cairo%27s+Medieval+Necropolis&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=El+Kadi&rft.aufirst=Galila&rft.au=Bonnamy%2C+Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-136"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Kane2016" class="citation book cs1">O'Kane, Bernard (2016). The Mosques of Egypt. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mosques+of+Egypt&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=O%27Kane&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-137"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond1993" class="citation book cs1">Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire. Fayard. pp. 139, 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2213029830" title="Special:BookSources/2213029830"><bdi>2213029830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Caire&rft.pages=139%2C+240&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=2213029830&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreswell1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K.A.C._Creswell" class="mw-redirect" title="K.A.C. Creswell">Creswell, K.A.C.</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NLlIAQAAIAAJ">The Muslim Architecture of Egypt: Ayyūbids and early Baḥrite Mamlūks</a>. Hacker Art Books. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87817-175-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87817-175-0"><bdi>978-0-87817-175-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115132433/https://books.google.com/books?id=NLlIAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-15. Retrieved 2022-06-21. <q>Having come to the conclusion that the cruciform madrasa was Egyptian in origin, I shall […] show that its influence on Syria was almost nil. Only two madrasas, one built by an Egyptian sultan and the other by an Egyptian emīr, show signs of this influence, (a) the Madrasa of Malik aẓ-Ẓāhir Bibars at Damascus, and (b) the Tankizīya, at Jerusalem.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Architecture+of+Egypt%3A+Ayy%C5%ABbids+and+early+Ba%E1%B8%A5rite+Maml%C5%ABks&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Hacker+Art+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-87817-175-0&rft.aulast=Creswell&rft.aufirst=K.A.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNLlIAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berchem-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Berchem_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerchem,_van1922" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Max_van_Berchem" title="Max van Berchem">Berchem, van, M.</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MIFAO43/page/n145/mode/1up?view=theater&q=cruciforme">Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum. 2e partie. Syrie du Sud. Tome 1er. Jérusalem "Ville"</a> (in French). 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Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+the+Islamic+West%3A+North+Africa+and+the+Iberian+Peninsula%2C+700-1800&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archnet.org/sites/1620">"Madrasah-i Madar-i Shah"</a>. Archnet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724043538/http://archnet.org/sites/1620">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-24. 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The Journal of Architectural Historians. 63 (1): 32–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4127991">10.2307/4127991</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4127991">4127991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=Ottoman+Expressions+of+Early+Modernity+and+the+%27Inevitable%27+Question+of+Westernization&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-51&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4127991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4127991%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hamadeh&rft.aufirst=Shirine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrentjes201836-37-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrentjes201836-37_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrentjes2018">Brentjes 2018</a>, p. 36-37. </li> <li id="cite_note-WH-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WH_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WH_149-1">b</a> Wiesner-Hanks, E. Merry. Early Modern Europe 1450–1789. New York: U of Cambridge P, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-Goffman-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goffman_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goffman_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goffman_150-2">c</a> Goffman, Daniel. The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe. United Kingdom: U of Cambridge P, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-:122-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:122_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:122_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1981" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Richard (1981). A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150605091023/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/24/us/politics/24obama.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-06-05. Retrieved 2014-09-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rivals+CNN+and+Fox+News+Spar+Over+Obama+Report&rft.date=2007-01-27&rft.au=Bill+Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F01%2F24%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F24obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFair2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fair, Christine (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcurh.2012.111.744.135">"The Enduring Madrasa Myth"</a>. Current History. 111 (744): 136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcurh.2012.111.744.135">10.1525/curh.2012.111.744.135</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45319115">45319115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+History&rft.atitle=The+Enduring+Madrasa+Myth&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=744&rft.pages=136&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcurh.2012.111.744.135&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45319115%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fair&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Fcurh.2012.111.744.135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrentjes2018" class="citation book cs1">Brentjes, Sonja (2018). Teaching and Learning the Sciences in Islamicate Societies (800-1700). Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. pp. 77–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782503574455" title="Special:BookSources/9782503574455"><bdi>9782503574455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+and+Learning+the+Sciences+in+Islamicate+Societies+%28800-1700%29&rft.place=Turnhout%2C+Belgium&rft.pages=77-111&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9782503574455&rft.aulast=Brentjes&rft.aufirst=Sonja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Esplanada, Jerry E. (2009-07-20). "Mainstreaming Madrasa. The Philippine Daily Inquirer". Retrieved 2010-11-25.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Sultan Ali of Sawabi. Madrasah Reform and State Power in Pakistan (2012)</li> <li>Ali, Saleem H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005172705/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Education/?view=usa&ci=9780195476729">"Islam and Education: Conflict and Conformity in Pakistan's Madrassas"</a>, Oxford University Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547672-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547672-9">978-0-19-547672-9</a></li> <li>Evans, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105140231/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060101facomment85102/alexander-evans/understanding-madrasahs.html">"Understanding Madrasahs"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, Jan/Feb 2006.</li> <li>Malik, Jamal (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NVnVOGluM3UC">Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching Terror?</a>. London and New York: Routledge, 2008.</li> <li>Malik, Jamal. Colonialization of Islam: Dissolution of Traditional Institutions in Pakistan. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, and Lahore: Vanguard Ltd., 1996.</li> <li>Rahman, Tariq. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qEucAAAAMAAJ">Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan</a>. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2004. Reprinted 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-597863-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-597863-6">978-0-19-597863-6</a>. Chapter on "Madrassas".</li> <li>Tanweer, Bilal. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/may2007-weekly/nos-06-05-2007/dia.htm#2">Revisiting the Madrasa Question</a>". <a href="/wiki/The_News_International" title="The News International">The News International</a>, 6 May 2007. About a talk given by Dr. Nomanul Haq (University of Pennsylvania) at the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_University_of_Management_Sciences" title="Lahore University of Management Sciences">Lahore University of Management Sciences</a> (LUMS), Pakistan.</li> <li>Ziad, Waleed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027051746/http://geocities.com/ziadnumis/thenews">"Madaris in Perspective"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived October 27, 2009). Reprinted from <a href="/wiki/The_News_International" title="The News International">The News</a>, March 21, 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130224210638/http://southasiaanalysis.org/paper730">Madrasa Education in India</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Madrasas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Madrasas">Madrasas</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/madrasa" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/madrasa">madrasa</a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_educational_institutions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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title="Almajiranci">Almajiranci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daara" title="Daara">Daara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talibe" title="Talibe">Talibe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darul_uloom" title="Darul uloom">Darul uloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawza" title="Hawza">Hawza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_university" title="Islamic university">Islamic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwa_(school)" title="Khalwa (school)">Khalawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nezamiyeh" title="Nezamiyeh">Nezamiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesantren" title="Pesantren">Pesantren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawmi_madrasa" title="Qawmi madrasa">Qawmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theology" title="Template:Theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theology" title="Template talk:Theology"><abbr 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> and gods <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a> theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Hindu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Last Judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_theology" title="Category:Jewish theology">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Abrahamic prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_pagan_theology" title="Category:Modern pagan theology">Pagan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_theology_and_cosmology" title="Slavic Native Faith's theology and cosmology">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wiccan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_architecture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_architecture" title="Template talk:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Deccan_sultanates" title="Architecture of the Deccan sultanates">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_architecture" title="Qutb Shahi architecture">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture" title="Aghlabid architecture">Aghlabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_architecture" title="Almoravid architecture">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_architecture" title="Almohad architecture">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_architecture" title="Hafsid architecture">Hafsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_architecture" title="Zayyanid architecture">Zayyanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 1.0em"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/200px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/300px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/400px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a> (four-arch structure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharging_arch" title="Discharging arch">Discharging arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">Four-centred arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambrequin_arch" title="Lambrequin arch">Lambrequin arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee#Ogee_arch" title="Ogee">Ogee arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive#architecture" title="Ogive">Pointed arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">Squinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Vaulting" title="Islamic architecture">Vaulting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roofs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Arabic dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">Onion dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes" title="History of Persian domes">Persian dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asian_domes" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asian domes">South Asian dome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">Semi-dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajug" title="Tajug">Tajug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhajja" title="Chhajja">Chhajja</a> (eaves)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaza" title="Anaza">Anaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikka" title="Dikka">Dikka</a> (or müezzin mahfili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">Loudspeakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">Maqsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">Zarih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(For overview, see <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a> (multicoloured ashlar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashani" title="Qashani">Qashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsa" title="Shamsa">Shamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a> (entrance hall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirador_(architecture)" title="Mirador (architecture)">Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh_(architecture)" title="Hosh (architecture)">Hosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)" title="Qa'a (room)">Qa’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">Zenana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh (garden)">Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri">Chhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fina_(architecture)" title="Fina (architecture)">Fina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechouar" title="Mechouar">Mechouar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">Sebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passive cooling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a> (fountain type)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharokha" title="Jharokha">Jharokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq (arcade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a> (courtyard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">Salsabil (fountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_Haram_Piazza_Shading_Umbrellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Haram Piazza Shading Umbrellas">Shading Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">Congregational mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Muwaqqit" title="Dar al-Muwaqqit">Dar al-Muwaqqit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">Külliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab (or maktab)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauza" title="Rauza">Rauza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">Takya</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">takyeh</a> in modern Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baradari_(building)" title="Baradari (building)">Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghorfa" title="Ghorfa">Ghorfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasht-Bihisht_(Architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasht-Bihisht (Architecture)">Hasht-Bihisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahal_(palace)" title="Mahal (palace)">Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsar" title="Amsar">Amsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArchNet" title="ArchNet">ArchNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_with_No_Frontiers" title="Museum with No Frontiers">Museum with No Frontiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art#Architecture" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Category pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Arabic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berber_architecture" title="Category:Berber architecture">Berber architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Iran" title="Category:Architecture in Iran">Iranian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architecture" title="Category:Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moorish_architecture" title="Category:Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Architecture in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Category:Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Yemen" title="Category:Architecture in Yemen">Yemeni architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a> • <a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/16px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/24px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a> • <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sufism_terminology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sufism_terminology" title="Template:Sufism terminology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sufism_terminology" title="Template talk:Sufism terminology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sufism_terminology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sufism terminology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sufism_terminology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> terminology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sufis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Khutwa" title="Ahl al-Khutwa">Ahl al-Khutwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">Al-Insān al-Kāmil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bash_Hezzab" title="Bash Hezzab">Bash Hezzab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">Dervish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">Fakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezzab" title="Hezzab">Hezzab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatib" title="Khatib">Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majzoob_(Sufism)" title="Majzoob (Sufism)">Majzoob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">Marabout</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudaqiq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mudaqiq (page does not exist)">Mudaqiq</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%82%D9%82_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:مدقق (صوفية)">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqaddam" title="Muqaddam">Muqaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarrab_(Sufism)" title="Muqarrab (Sufism)">Muqarrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshid" title="Murshid">Murshid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutahaqiq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutahaqiq (page does not exist)">Mutahaqiq</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82" class="extiw" title="ar:متحقق بالحق والخلق">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">Murid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nass_al-Houdhour" title="Nass al-Houdhour">Nass al-Houdhour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">Pir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandar_(title)" title="Qalandar (title)">Qalandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81ri%CA%BE" title="Qāriʾ">Qāriʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb" title="Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbani_(Sufism)" title="Rabbani (Sufism)">Rabbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salik" title="Salik">Salik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_(Sufism)" title="Sheikh (Sufism)">Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq" title="Siddiq">Siddiq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sufis_ranks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sufis ranks (page does not exist)">Sufis ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibe" title="Talibe">Talibe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Seven_ranks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Seven ranks (page does not exist)">The Seven ranks</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:المراتب السبعة">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasil_(Sufism)" title="Wasil (Sufism)">Wasil</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Raising_hands_in_Dua" title="Raising hands in Dua"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/IslamSymbol.svg/160px-IslamSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/IslamSymbol.svg/240px-IslamSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/IslamSymbol.svg/320px-IslamSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aayane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aayane (page does not exist)">Aayane</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:أعيان (تصوف)">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aayane_Thabita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aayane Thabita (page does not exist)">Aayane Thabita</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الأعيان الثابتة">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Aql</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqaa" title="Baqaa">Baqaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhawq" title="Dhawq">Dhawq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fana_(Sufism)" title="Fana (Sufism)">Fana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaflah" title="Ghaflah">Ghaflah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Hal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijab_(Sufism)" title="Hijab (Sufism)">Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huwa" title="Huwa">Huwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismul_Azam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismul Azam">Ismul Azam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lataif-e-Sitta" title="Lataif-e-Sitta">Lataif-e-Sitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(Sufism)" title="Maqam (Sufism)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">Qalb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ran_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ran (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Ran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Rūḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadr_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadr (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Sadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqeen" title="Yaqeen">Yaqeen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wird_(Sufism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wird (Sufism)">Awrad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djamaa_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djamaa (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Djamaa</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_(%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83)" class="extiw" title="ar:جمع (سلوك)">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djoua_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djoua (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Djoua</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:جوع (تصوف)">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Dua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibara_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibara (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Ibara</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:عبارة (صوفية)">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ichara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ichara (page does not exist)">Ichara</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:إشارة (صوفية)">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latifa_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latifa (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Latifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazimi" title="Lazimi">Lazimi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhasabah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhasabah (page does not exist)">Muhasabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqabah" title="Muraqabah">Muraqabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_hands_in_Dua" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising hands in Dua">Raising hands in Dua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabr" title="Sabr">Sabr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahar_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sahar (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Sahar</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%D8%B1_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:سهر (تصوف)">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salat_al-Fatih" title="Salat al-Fatih">Salat al-Fatih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salawat" title="Salawat">Salawat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samt_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samt (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Samt</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%AA_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:صمت (تصوف)">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuhud_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuhud (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Shuhud</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:شهود (تصوف)">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukr" title="Shukr">Shukr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sufism_pillars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sufism pillars (page does not exist)">Sufism pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemplation" title="Contemplation">Tafakur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahara_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahara (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Tahara</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:طهارة معنوية">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahlia_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahlia (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Tahlia</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:تحلية (صوفية)">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takhlia_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takhlia (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Takhlia</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:تخلية (صوفية)">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawajud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tawajud (page does not exist)">Tawajud</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="ar:تواجد">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawakkul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazkiah">Tazkiah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzla_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzla (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Uzla</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:عزلة (تصوف)">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajd" title="Wajd">Wajd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazifa" title="Wazifa">Wazifa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wazifa_Zarruqiyya" title="Wazifa Zarruqiyya">Zarruqiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wird" title="Wird">Wird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Zuhd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Warid_(Sufism)" title="Warid (Sufism)">Waridates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barakah" title="Barakah">Barakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Basirah">Basirah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bast_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bast (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Bast</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%B7_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:بسط (تصوف)">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djadba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djadba (page does not exist)">Djadba</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:جذبة (تصوف)">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fath_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fath (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Fath</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:فتح (تصوف)">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">Haqiqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidayah" title="Hidayah">Hidayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afflatus" title="Afflatus">Ilham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Ishrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamat" title="Karamat">Karamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">Kashf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khatir_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khatir (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Khatir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27rifa" title="Ma'rifa">Ma'rifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">Nūr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qabdh_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qabdh (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Qabdh</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B6_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:قبض (تصوف)">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabita_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabita (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Rabita</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:رابطة (صوفية)">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ru%27ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ru'ya (page does not exist)">Ru'ya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secret_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secret (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Secret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajalli" title="Tajalli">Tajalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uns_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uns (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Uns</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="ar:أنس">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warid_(Sufism)" title="Warid (Sufism)">Warid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misconducts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism#Islamic_antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Rahbaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shath" title="Shath">Shath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Taqabbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zandaqa" title="Zandaqa">Zandaqa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">Haḍra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_Rateb" title="Hizb Rateb">Hizb Rateb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idjaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Idjaza">Idjaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawsim" title="Mawsim">Mawsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salka_(Sufism)" title="Salka (Sufism)">Salka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sbooa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sbooa (page does not exist)">Sbooa</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbu%C3%A2" class="extiw" title="fr:Sbuâ">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebiba" title="Sebiba">Sebiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silsila" title="Silsila">Silsila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">Sufi orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweeza" title="Tweeza">Tweeza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wezeea" title="Wezeea">Wezeea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashewiq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashewiq (page does not exist)">Ashewiq</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%82" class="extiw" title="ar:أشويق">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madih_nabawi" title="Madih nabawi">Madih nabawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasheed" title="Nasheed">Nasheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BDat" title="Naʽat">Naʽat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Sufi cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sufism" title="History of Sufism">Sufism history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_literature" title="Sufi literature">Sufi literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufis persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">Sufi poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_psychology" title="Sufi psychology">Sufi psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Sufi whirling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daara" title="Daara">Daara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datuk_Keramat" title="Datuk Keramat">Datuk Keramat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama_masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama masjid">Jama masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwa_(Sufism)" title="Khalwa (Sufism)">Khalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwa_(school)" title="Khalwa (school)"> Khalawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">Külliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauza" title="Rauza">Rauza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">Takya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbah" title="Turbah">Turbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammama" title="Ammama">Ammama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balgha" title="Balgha">Balgha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnous" title="Burnous">Burnous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djellaba" title="Djellaba">Djellaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandoura" title="Gandoura">Gandoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellabiya" title="Jellabiya">Jellabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirqa" title="Khirqa">Khirqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misbaha" title="Misbaha">Misbaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">Prayer rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashabiya" title="Qashabiya">Qashabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagelmust" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagelmust">Tagelmust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">Taqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarboosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarboosh">Tarboosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/29px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/38px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/19px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/29px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/38px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballerina-icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/16px-Ballerina-icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/24px-Ballerina-icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ballerina-icon.jpg/32px-Ballerina-icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="367" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Art">Art</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/21px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/42px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132834#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132834#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132834#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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