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class="category"> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td style="padding:10px;" class="dark">Category »</td> <td><a class="link" href="/pope-pius-xii-and-the-holocaust"> Pope Pius XII & the Holocaust</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div class="flatLinks"><div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-vatican-and-the-holocaust">Pope Pius XII’s</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-holocaust">Holocaust</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/judaism">Jews</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#early">Pacelli in Germany</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#elect">Elected pope</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#cries">Cries for Help</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#papal">Papal Reasons & Responses</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#expert">The Vatican’s Jewish Expert</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#pope">The Pope Protests</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#politics">Politics Behind the Policy</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#recent">Contemporary Developments</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#orphans">Orphans</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#open">Opening the Archives</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#rev">Revelations From The Archive</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#conclusion">Conclusion</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="http://Rome/rome-jewish-history-tour">Rome</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/vatican">Vatican</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-nazi-party">Nazi party</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1939">1939</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Adolf Hitler’s</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/a-question-of-judgment-pius-xii-and-the-jews#lourdes">1935 speech</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/religion-christianity">Christian</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_1_">(1)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1933">1933</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/franz-von-papen">Franz Von Papen</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_1a_">(1a)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">Pius XI</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1937">1937</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1938">1938</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_1b_">(1b)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1939">1939</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_2_">(2)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_3_">(3)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-brazil">Brazil</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/judaism">Judaism</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_4_">(4)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_4a_">(4a)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/roman-catholic-popes">Pope Benedict XV</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_46_">(46)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/world-war-ii">World War II</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-epistle-of-paul-the-apostle-to-the-colossians">Colossians</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_4b_">(4b)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/joachim-von-ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_4c_">(4c)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-holocaust">Holocaust</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1940">1940</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/rabbi-isaac-herzog">Isaac Herzog</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/spain-table-of-contents">Spain</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/lithuania-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Lithuania</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_5_">(5)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/vienna-austria-jewish-history-tour">Vienna</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1941">1941</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1942">1942</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/rome-jewish-history-tour">Rome</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/jews-in-nazi-occupied-slovakia">Slovakian Jews</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/nazi-extermination-camps-in-poland">death camps</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_6_">(6)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_7_">(7)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/ukraine-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Ukrainian Jews</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_8_">(8)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#**">**</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_9_">(9)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/taylor-letter-to-cardinal-maglione-describing-holocaust-september-1942">warned</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_10_">(10)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-1943">1943</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/berlin-germany-jewish-history-tour">Berlin</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_11_">(11)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-quot-final-solution-quot">Final Solution</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_11a_">(11a)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_45_">(45)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_45_">(45)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_45_">(45)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_12_">(12)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_13_">(13)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_13a_">(13a)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-quot-final-solution-quot">extermination campaign</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1940">1940</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_14_">(14)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_15_">(15)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1940">1940</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_18_">(18)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1941">1941</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_16_">(16)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-french-vichy-regime">puppet government</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_17_">(17)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_17a_">(17a)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_19_">(19)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/table-of-contents-italy">Italy</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-ss-schutzstaffel">SS</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/kurt-gerstein-2">Kurt Gerstein</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_20_">(20)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/karl-wolff">Karl Wolff</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/united-states-holocaust-memorial-museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_20a_">(20a)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/jurgen-stroop-2">Jurgen Stroop’s</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/ernst-von-weizsaecker">Ernst von Weizsäcker</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_21_">(21)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_42_">(42)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/auschwitz-birkenau-concentration-camp">Auschwitz</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_22_">(22)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_21a_">(21a)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_37_">(37)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/christmas-message-of-pope-pius-xii-in-1944">message</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-hungary">Hungary</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/chronology-of-jewish-persecution-1944">1944</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/budapest-hungary-jewish-history-tour">Budapest</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_23_">(23)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_24_">(24)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/vittel-internment-camp">Vittel</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_25_">(25)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/bulgaria-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Bulgaria</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/pre-state-israel">Palestine</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/zionism">Zionism</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_26_">(26)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_26a_">(26a)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_27_">(27)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-netherlands">Holland</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/brussels">Brussels</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/history-of-jews-in-the-hague">The Hague</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_28_">(28)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/pius-xii-saint-or-sinner-a-review-of-hitler-s-pope-the-secret-history-of-pius-xii">John Cromwell</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/anti-semitism">anti-Semite</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/jesus-the-crucifixion-pontius-pilate-and-the-new-testament">Jesus</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/golda-meir-table-of-contents">Golda Meir</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/poland-table-of-contents">Poland</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_28a_">(28a)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_28b_">(28b)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_28c_">(28c)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/anti-semitism">anti-Semitic</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/bolivia-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Bolivia</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/chile-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Chile</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/world-jewish-congress">World Jewish Congress</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-russia-and-the-former-soviet-union">Soviet Union</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-holocaust">Holocaust</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_29_">(29)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/league-of-nations">League of Nations</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/france-virtual-jewish-history-tour">France</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_30_">(30)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_31_">(31)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/jewish-agency-for-israel-jafi">Jewish Agency</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/chronology-of-jewish-persecution-1944">1944</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/auschwitz-birkenau-concentration-camp">Auschwitz</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/jews-in-nazi-occupied-slovakia">Slovakia</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_33_">(33)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_37_">(37)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-holocaust">Holocaust</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_32_">(32)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/pope-francis">Pope Francis</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_34_">(34)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_35_">(35)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/jewish-agency-for-israel-jafi">Jewish Agency</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/franklin-delano-roosevelt-administration">Roosevelt’s</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-warsaw-ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-lvov-ghetto">Lvov</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1942">1942</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-lvov-ghetto">Lvov ghetto</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_45_">(45)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-mass-extermination-of-jews-in-german-occupied-poland">report</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/allied-declaration-on-persecution-of-the-jews">joint statement</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1933">1933</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1937">1937</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1939">1939</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-nuremberg-trials">Nuremberg Trials</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_41_">(41)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/pope-pius-xii-saved-hundreds-of-jews">study</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-nazi-party">Nazi</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="heinrich-himmler-table-of-contents">Heinrich Himmler</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-ss-schutzstaffel">SS</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-09-03/ty-article/over-120-top-holocaust-scholars-decry-political-attempts-to-oust-yad-vashem-chief/0000018a-5990-d845-adfe-fbf0ac140000">Yad Vashem</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_43_">(43)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_45_">(45)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/dachau-concentration-camp">Dachau</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/belzec-concentration-camp">Belzec</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/milan-italy">Milan</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_44_">(44)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-holocaust">Holocaust</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_36_">(36)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_38_">(38)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_39_">(39)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_40_">(40)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0316091340/theamericanisraeA/">The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum,</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0805003487/theamericanisraeA/">The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War,</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0805017887/theamericanisraeA/">The Second World War: A Complete History</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0028645278/theamericanisraeA/">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Vol. 3.</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0841909105/theamericanisraeA/">The Destruction of the European Jews.</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0060995076/theamericanisraeA/">Perpetrators Victims Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe 1933-1945,</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0944007244/theamericanisraeA/">The Holocaust Conspiracy: An International Policy of Genocide,</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="http://thewashingtonpost.newspaperdirect.com/epaper/viewer.aspx">Washington Post</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/we-were-complicit-in-nazi-crimes-say-german-bishops-3psjslzsb">The Times</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/german-bishops-said-to-admit-complicity-in-nazi-actions-in-new-report/">Times of Israel</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://nypost.com/2020/05/03/german-catholic-bishops-admit-they-were-complicit-in-nazi-crimes/">New York Post</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/248813/experts-latest-investigation-dispels-myths-about-pius-xii-and-romes-jews">Catholic News Agency</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://apnews.com/article/pope-francis-politics-religion-the-holocaust-582d523f5aaa276e5bb14e0eeefff2bc">AP</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">1. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">1a.</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">1b. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/pope-pius-xii-negotiation-hitler-catholic-church/639435/">The Atlantic</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">2. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">3. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">4. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">4a. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/pope-pius-xii-negotiation-hitler-catholic-church/639435/">The Atlantic</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">4b. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://insidethevatican.com/magazine/editorial/dossier/pope-pius-xii-and-the-vatican-archives/">Inside the Vatican</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">4c. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/pope-pius-xii-negotiation-hitler-catholic-church/639435/">The Atlantic</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">5. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">6. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">7. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">8. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">9. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">10. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">11. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">11a. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://insidethevatican.com/magazine/editorial/dossier/pope-pius-xii-and-the-vatican-archives/">Inside the Vatican</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">12. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">13. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">13a. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.jta.org/1966/05/04/archive/pope-pius-xii-reported-to-have-spent-personal-fortune-on-saving-jews">JTA</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">14. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">15. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">16. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">17. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">17a. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">18. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">19. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">20. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">20a. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.wsj.com/world/vaticans-silence-on-holocaust-was-shaped-by-antisemitism-and-caution-archives-show-4e9ecc90">Wall Street Journal</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">21. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://insidethevatican.com/magazine/editorial/dossier/pope-pius-xii-and-the-vatican-archives/">Inside the Vatican</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="http://www.jewishhistory.org.il/history.php">Beyond Time and Place</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">21a. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.wsj.com/world/vaticans-silence-on-holocaust-was-shaped-by-antisemitism-and-caution-archives-show-4e9ecc90">Wall Street Journal</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">22. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">23. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">24. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">25. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">26. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">26a. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.jta.org/1966/05/04/archive/pope-pius-xii-reported-to-have-spent-personal-fortune-on-saving-jews">JTA</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">27. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">28. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">28a. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">28b. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://insidethevatican.com/magazine/editorial/dossier/pope-pius-xii-and-the-vatican-archives/">Inside the Vatican</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">28c. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://insidethevatican.com/magazine/editorial/dossier/pope-pius-xii-and-the-vatican-archives/">Inside the Vatican</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">29. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">30. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com">Washington Post</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">31. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="http://www.jta.org/">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">32. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">33.</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">34. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47444293">BBC</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">35. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Antisemitism/Questions-remain-regarding-the-opening-of-Vatican-WWII-era-archives-582446">Jerusalem Post</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">36. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">37. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/08/the-popes-jews/615736/">The Atlantic</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">38. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.archbalt.org/scholars-ask-pope-to-put-pius-xiis-sainthood-cause-on-hold/">Catholic Review</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">39. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/pope-francis-says-pius-xiis-beatification-wont-go-ahead/">Times of Israel</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">40. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/pope-francis-to-open-world-war-ii-era-vatican-archives-to-scrutiny/2019/03/04/2908ff80-3e75-11e9-9361-301ffb5bd5e6_story.html">Washington Post</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">41. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_the_Way_Foundation">Wikipedia</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">42. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://apnews.com/article/politics-united-states-vatican-city-religion-28c7c34e524434110b23743e53281d6d">AP</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">43. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2023-09-07/ty-article/catholic-jewish-research-shows-that-catholic-convents-sheltered-jews-during-wwii/0000018a-6f46-d8b9-affe-7f4e96410000">AP</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">44. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/16/world/europe/pope-pius-holocaust.html">New York Times</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">45. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.wsj.com/world/vaticans-silence-on-holocaust-was-shaped-by-antisemitism-and-caution-archives-show-4e9ecc90">Wall Street Journal</a></div></div> </div> <div class="box" id="mailing-list"> <div>Join our mailing list</div> <form name="ccoptin" action="https://visitor.r20.constantcontact.com/d.jsp" target="_blank" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="llr" value="odoiakbab"/> <input type="hidden" name="m" value="1100921190510"/> <input type="hidden" name="p" value="oi"/> <input type="text" name="ea" placeholder="Email address"/> <button type="submit" class="blueButton hvr-box-shadow-outset" onclick="joinMailingList()">Join</button> </form> </div> <div class="box" id="donate"> <div>Support JVL</div> <a href="https://app.mobilecause.com/form/HfNVhg" class="blueButton hvr-box-shadow-outset">Donate</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main"> <div id="actions" class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 a2a_default_style"> <a class="hvr-bounce-in" title="Print" href="javascript:window.print();"><i class="fa fa-print" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <a class="hvr-bounce-in a2a_dd" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share" title="Share"><i class="fa fa-share-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <article> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>January 1938</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">The concentration camp at <a href="/dachau-concentration-camp">Dachau</a>, <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a>, is enlarged.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY">In <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-netherlands">Holland</a>, a collaborationist organization, <em>National-Socialistische Vrouwen Organisatie</em> (National Socialist Women’s Organization), is established.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY">The Swedish government institutes strict <a href="/immigration-and-refugee-policy-during-wwii-table-of-contents">immigration</a> standards.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>January 21</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Minority rights abrogated by <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-romania">Romania</a>; many <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> have their citizenship revoked.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>February 1938 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Hitler</a> appoints <a href="/nuremberg-trial-defendants-joachim-von-ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> foreign minister.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>February 4</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Hitler</a> names himself supreme commander of the <em>Wehrmacht.</em> Hitler’s Cabinet meets for the final time.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Austrian Nazis prepare to take over every Jewish business in the nation.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>March 1938 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">The Polish government threatens to revoke the citizenship of Polish <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> who are living in <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>March 12</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">The German Army enters <a href="/vienna-austria-jewish-history-tour">Vienna</a>, <a href="/austria-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Austria</a>. Austria is annexed (the <a href="/the-anschluss"><em>Anschluss</em></a>) by <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a> and is immediately subject to all antisemitic laws in effect in Germany. Jewish organizations and congregations are subsequently forbidden.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>March 28</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Law pertaining to the legal rights of Jewish cultural (ethnic) organizations. Jewish community organizations are no longer legal entities enjoying civil rights; instead, they can only be legally created associations.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>April 5</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Anti-Jewish riots spread across <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-poland">Poland</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>April 10</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Austrian referendum on <em><a href="/the-anschluss">Anschluss</a>.</em></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>April 15 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/judaism">Jews</a> are killed and injured during an antisemitic pogrom at Dabrowa Tarnowska, <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-poland">Poland</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>April 21</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a> issues a decree that effectively eliminates Jews from the nation’s economy and provides for the seizure of Jewish assets.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>April 23 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/judaism">Jews</a> in <a href="/vienna-austria-jewish-history-tour">Vienna</a>, <a href="/austria-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Austria</a>, are rounded up on the <a href="/shabbat">Sabbath</a> by <a href="/the-nazi-party">Nazis</a> and forced to eat grass at the Prater, a local amusement park. Many of the victimized Jews suffer heart attacks and a few die.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>April 26</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">The German government demands that all <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> register with the authorities all real estate and other assets exceeding 5000 marks. This is the first step toward expropriation of Jewish property; that is, Aryanization, a process whereby the Reich government seizes Jewish property and auctions it off to gentiles.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>April 29 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/judaism">Jews</a> are killed and injured during an antisemitic pogrom at <a href="/the-vilna-ghetto">Vilna</a>, <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-poland">Poland</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>May 1938</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Following the <em>Anschluss,</em> Austrians force Jewish men and women to scrub the streets with small brushes and with the women’s fur coats.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>May 3 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">A concentration camp is established at <a href="/flossenb-uuml-rg-concentration-camp">Flossenbürg</a>, <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>May 4 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Carl von Ossietzky, an anti-Nazi German journalist and winner of the <a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1935">1935</a> Nobel Peace Prize, dies at age 50 after five years’ captivity in <a href="/concentration-camps">concentration camps</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>May 28 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Jewish businesses in <a href="/frankfurt-germany-jewish-history-tour">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a>, are boycotted.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>May 29</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-hungary">Hungary</a> adopts its first law restricting the rights of <a href="/judaism">Jews</a>. Hungary restricts the proportion of Jews holding jobs in commerce, industry, the liberal professions, and the Hungarian government to 20 percent.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>May 30 </b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Hitler</a> announces to his general staff that he has decided to destroy <a href="/czech-republic-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Czechoslovakia</a>. He says it is his “unalterable decision to destroy Czechoslovakia.” Chief of Staff General Ludwig Beck vehemently opposes Hitle’s ambitions and lobbies other top brass to put up a united front against aggression.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>May 31 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">German legislation outlaws “decadent art.”</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>June 4</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">World-famous therapist Sigmund Freud flees Austria for England.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>June 9</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/the-nazi-party">Nazis</a> destroy the Munich Synagogue. They burn it to the ground.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>June 14</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Decree requiring the registration and identification of Jewish industrial enterprises. Creation of lists of wealthy <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> at treasury offices and police districts. All Jewish businesses that have not already been registered and marked must now comply with the Reich requirement.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>June 15</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">“Asocial?Action”: Arrest of all “previously convicted” <a href="/judaism">Jews</a>, including those prosecuted for traffic violations, and committing them to concentration camps (approx. 1,500 persons).</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>June 22</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">German heavyweight boxer Max Schmeling, a symbol of “Aryan supremacy,” is knocked out in the first round by world champion <a href="/joe-louis-and-the-jews">Joe Louis</a>. <a href="/joe-louis-vs-max-schmeling">Schmeling had defeated Louis in 1936</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>June 25</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">German-Jewish doctors are allowed to treat only Jewish patients.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>July 1938</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Under a proposal called the <a href="/sosua-an-american-jewish-experiment">Sosua Project</a>, the <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-dominican-republic">Dominican Republic</a> offers to accept 100,000 European Jewish refugees, to be settled in an area near Santo Domingo, in return for payment of millions of dollars from the <a href="/joint-distribution-committee-jdc">American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC)</a>. (Under the plan, only about 500 <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> will be admitted to the Dominican Republic before the country halts <a href="/immigration-and-refugee-policy-during-wwii-table-of-contents">immigration</a> in <a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1940">1940</a>.)</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>July 6-14</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">An <a href="/evian-conference">international conference at Evian-les-Bains</a>, <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-france">France</a>, is called by <a href="/us-israel-relation">United States</a> <a href="/franklin-delano-roosevelt-administration">President Franklin Roosevelt</a> to deal with the <a href="/immigration-and-refugee-policy-during-wwii-table-of-contents">Jewish refugee</a> problem. Roosevelt’s aims, some say, are to deflect <a href="/jews-in-america">American Jewish</a> appeals to help the German <a href="/judaism">Jews</a>. Aside from <a href="/costa-rica-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Costa Rica</a> and the <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-dominican-republic">Dominican Republic</a>, which want enormous sums of money to allow a small number of Jews to immigrate, the 32 nations attending the conference <a href="/decisions-taken-at-the-evian-conference-on-jewish-refugees">decide</a> that they will not permit large numbers of Jews to enter their countries.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>July 12</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">The first 50 inmates arrive at the <a href="/sachsenhausen-oranienburg-concentration-camp">Sachsenhausen</a> concentration camp, about 20 miles from Berlin. Following <em><a href="/kristallnacht-quot-night-of-broken-glass-quot">Kristallnacht</a></em>, 1,800 Jews are jailed here and subsequently murdered. By September 1939, the camp held 8,000 prisoners. In April 1940, the first crematorium was built. In March 1943, a gas chamber was added. In April 1945, as the Soviet Army advanced, 33,000 prisoners began a <a href="/map-of-evacuation-of-nazi-camps-and-death-marches-of-prisoners">Death March</a>. The Soviet Army found 3,000 survivors in the camp.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>July 14 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Recognizing the intent of the <a href="/evian-conference">Evian Conference</a> nations in regard to the <a href="/judaism">Jews</a>, a <a href="/the-nazi-party">Nazi</a> newspaper headlines: “JEWS FOR SALE AT A BARGAIN PRICE--WHO WANTS THEM? NO ONE.”</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>July 23</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/judaism">Jews</a> in <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a> are ordered to apply for identity cards to be shown to police on demand.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>July 25</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">American radio broadcaster <a href="/father-charles-coughlin">Father Charles Coughlin</a> calls for the establishment of an American Christian Front to combat Communists and <a href="/judaism">Jews</a>. The Christian Front, which will come to fruition, will consist of mostly working-class Irish and German Americans. The organization will adhere to the beliefs that <a href="/us-israel-relation">America</a> is a <a href="/christian-jewish-relations">Christian</a> nation and that Catholics should march along with Protestants in a united Christian Front against the Jews.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Decree for the cancellation of the medical certification of all Jewish physicians effective September 30. Thereafter, Jewish physicians are only allowed to function as nurses for Jewish patients.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>July 30 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/henry-ford-invents-a-jewish-conspiracy">Henry Ford</a>, an American industrialist and a leading antisemite, accepts the <a href="/ford-motor-company-nbsp-and-the-third-reich">Third Reich</a>’s medal of the Grand Cross of the German Eagle. A year later, at the outset of <a href="/world-war-ii">World War II</a>, Ford will claim that “the Jew bankers” are responsible for the war.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>August 1 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">The <em>Reichszentralstelle für Jüdische Auswanderung</em> (<a href="/establishment-of-the-central-office-for-jewish-emigration-in-vienna-august-1938">Reich Central Bureau for Jewish Emigration</a>) is established in <a href="/vienna-austria-jewish-history-tour">Vienna</a>, <a href="/austria-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Austria</a>, to <a href="/adolf-eichmann-helps-vienna-jews-to-facilitate-emigration-june-1939">facilitate Jewish emigration</a> from the Reich.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>August 5 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Nazi Minister of Propaganda <a href="/joseph-goebbels-table-of-contents">Joseph Goebbels</a> introduces a new radio for the German people, the German Mini-Receiver also known as the <em>Goebbels Schnauze</em> (Goebbels’s Snout).</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>August 8</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">The first Austrian concentration camp is established at <a href="/mauthausen-gusen-concentration-camp">Mauthausen</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>August 10</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Destruction of the Great Synagogue in Nuremberg.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>August 17</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/lagebericht-situation-report-of-sd-ii-112">Decree</a> to carry out the law pertaining to the change of first and last names. Effective January 1, <a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1939">1939</a>, all Jews must add to their name either “Israel” (for a Jewish male) or “Sara” (for a Jewish female).</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>August 18</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">The <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-switzerland-table-of-contents">Swiss</a> government denies entry to <a href="/judaism">Jews</a>. However, Paul Grüninger, local police commandant of St. Gall on the Austrian frontier, disobeys his superiors and allows 3600 <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> to pass the border from August through December 1938.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>August 26</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">In <a href="/vienna-austria-jewish-history-tour">Vienna</a>, the <a href="/establishment-of-the-central-office-for-jewish-emigration-in-vienna-august-1938">Central Office for Jewish Emigration</a> <em>(Zentralstelle für Jüdische Auswanderung)</em> is set up under <a href="/adolf-eichmann-table-of-contents">Adolf Eichmann</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>August 27 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Unable to enlist General Staff into resigning en masse and unable to dissuade Hitler from carving up <a href="/czech-republic-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Czechoslovakia</a>, Beck resigns as Chief of Staff. The conspiracy to overthrow Hitler has begun with Beck as the main architect of the plot. Throughout August, co-conspirators on the General Staff have been secretly sent by Beck and Abwehr Chief Admiral Wilhelm Canaris to London to persuade the British government to back their impending coup attempt by standing up to Hitler over Czechoslovakia.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>September 1938 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">A <a href="/concentration-camps">concentration camp</a> is established at <a href="/neuengamme-concentration-camp">Neuengamme</a>, <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY">The <a href="/berlin-germany-jewish-history-tour">Berlin</a> <em>Putsch,</em> with the aim of overthrowing <a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Hitler</a> and tossing him into an insane asylum, is planned by generals and influential civilians, but it never comes off because of poor organization and wavering leadership.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>September 3 </b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Prime Minister Chamberlain proclaims his mission to secure peace with <a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Hitler</a> over the crisis in <a href="/czech-republic-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Czechoslovakia</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>September 6</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/the-vatican-and-the-holocaust">Pope Pius XII</a> informally tells <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-belgium-table-of-contents">Belgian</a> pilgrims that antisemitism is a movement in which Christians should not involve themselves. However, Pius says, each Christian has the right “to defend himself, to take means to protect himself against all that threatens his legitimate interest.”</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>September 12</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/judaism">Jews</a> forbidden to attend public cultural events.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>September 15 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain meets with <a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Hitler</a> at Berchtesgaden, <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a>, to discuss the Sudeten crisis. Hitler has demanded that the Sudetenland, which was part of <a href="/jews-in-nazi-occupied-austria">Austria</a> up through the end of <a href="/palestine-during-world-war-i">World War I</a>, be ceded by <a href="/czech-republic-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Czechoslovakia</a> to Germany.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Army Chief of Staff General Franz Halder with the full knowledge of General Walther von Brauchitsch (Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces) has a commando force assembled and on stand-by notice ready to launch the first coup attempt. Conspirators General Hans Oster and Major Wilhelm Heinz secretly agree to have Hitler killed. The conspirators await Britain’s and France’s next move.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>September 21</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">British and French governments advise Czechoslovakia to accept Hitler’s terms.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>September 22-23</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Neville Chamberlain again meets with <a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Hitler</a>, this time in Godesberg, <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>September 26</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Hitler</a> promises that the Sudetenland will be his last territorial demand in Europe.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>September 27</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Decree for the cancellation of the license to practice for all Jewish lawyers, effective November 30. Thereafter, Jewish lawyers can only practice in special instances as “Jewish Consultants for <a href="/judaism">Jews</a>.”</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>September 28</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Hitler threatens to march into Czechoslovakia without further delay. Halder anxiously expects Britain’s ultimatum to Hitler which will allow him to launch the coup. Major Heinz and 50 commandos are secretly cloistered in safehouses throughout Berlin waiting for orders to storm the Chancellory.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>September 29-30</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">The Munich Conference is attended by French Premier Edouard Daladier, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, Italian dictator <a href="/benito-amilcare-andrea-mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, and <a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Hitler</a>. Climaxing the Allies’ appeasement policy, <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-france">France</a> and <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-united-kingdom">Great Britain</a> permit <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a> to illegally annex the Sudetenland of <a href="/czech-republic-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Czechoslovakia</a>. Most of Europe breathes a sigh of relief because war is averted. Daladier, observing the huge crowds awaiting him at the Orly airport near Paris, fears that they will tear him apart for betraying France’s Czech ally. After he lands, he is relieved when his people throw roses at him.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY">The Czech representatives to the conference, who had been forced to wait helplessly in the corridor outside the conference hall, break down into sobs after hearing the news of the Allied concessions to <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a>. Also at the conference, Chamberlain signs a Friendship Treaty with Germany without informing his French ally. Arriving home, he triumphantly holds this scrap of paper up to the crowd that surrounds his airplane and promises “peace in our time.”</p> <p align="JUSTIFY">First coup attempt falls apart with Chamberlain’s decision to negotiate away the Sudentenland.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>October 1938</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">The Polish government revokes passports of all <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> who have lived outside of <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-poland">Poland</a> for more than five years, rendering them stateless.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><em>Civiltá Cattolica,</em> the foremost Jesuit journal, which is published in <a href="/rome-jewish-history-tour">Rome</a> and controlled by the <a href="/understanding-the-vatican-during-the-nazi-period">Vatican</a>, calls <a href="/judaism">Judaism</a> sinister and accuses <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> of trying to control the world through money and secularism. The journal says that the devil is the Jews’ master; Judaism is evil and “a standing menace to the world.”</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>October 1-10 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">The German <em>Wehrmacht</em> occupies the Czech Sudetenland under stipulations of the Munich Pact.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>October 5</b></p> <p align="justify">Following a <a href="/swiss-immigration-policy">request by Heinrich Rothmund</a>, head of the Swiss federal police, the German government recalls all Jewish passports and marks them with a large, colored “J.” This is to prevent German <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> from passing as Christians and smuggling themselves into <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-switzerland-table-of-contents">Switzerland</a>.</p> <p><strong>October 8 </strong></p> <p>The <a href="/slovakia-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Slovak</a> Peoples’ Party establishes <em>Hlinkova Garda</em> (<a href="/sered-labor-camp">Hlinka Guard</a>), an antisemitic militia that will collaborate with the Germans.</p> <p><b>October 28 </b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/the-deportation-to-zbaszyn">Germany expels Jews with Polish citizenship to the Polish border</a>. Poles refuse to admit them; Germans refuse to allow them back into <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a>. Seventeen thousand are stranded in the frontier town of <a href="/zbaszyn-refugees">Zbaszyn</a>, <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-poland">Poland</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>November</strong> <strong>1938</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Father Bernhard Lichtenberg, a Roman Catholic priest in <a href="/berlin-germany-jewish-history-tour">Berlin</a>, condemns the German assault on <a href="/judaism">Jews</a>. One of the few German Catholics to denounce the immoral behavior of the government, Father Lichtenberg sermonizes: “Outside the synagogue is burning, and that also is a house of God.”</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/joint-distribution-committee-jdc">American Joint Distribution Committee</a> aids <a href="/emmanuel-ringelblum-s-notes-on-the-refugees-in-zbaszyn">Jewish refugees in Zbasyn</a>, <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-poland">Poland</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>November 2</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a> anounces the “Vienna Award” in which Germany cedes large parts of <a href="/czech-republic-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Czechoslovakia</a> to <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-hungary">Hungary</a> and <a href="/italy-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Italy</a>. Sections of <a href="/slovakia-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Slovakia</a> as well as the Transcarpathian <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-ukraine">Ukraine</a> are annexed by Hungary. Hitler has now directly violated the Munich Pact.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>November 7 </b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">A distraught young Jew named Herschel Grynszpan, whose family has just been deported to <a href="/emmanuel-ringelblum-s-notes-on-the-refugees-in-zbaszyn">Zbaszyn</a>, enters the German Embassy in Paris and mortally wounds Third Secretary of Legation Ernst vom Rath. Academics often cite this as the <a href="/an-introductory-history-of-the-holocaust">beginning of the Holocaust</a>. The <a href="/the-nazi-party">Nazis</a> will exploit this event by instigating a <a href="/kristallnacht-quot-night-of-broken-glass-quot">long-planned terror campaign</a> against all <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> in <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/jews-in-nazi-occupied-austria">Austria</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>November 9</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Hitler</a> authorizes <a href="/hermann-goering">Hermann Göring</a> to deal with all Jewish political issues.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>November 9-10</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><em><a href="/kristallnacht-quot-night-of-broken-glass-quot">Kristallnacht</a></em> (Night of Broken Glass) occurs across <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/jews-in-nazi-occupied-austria">Austria</a>. Ninety-one <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> are killed; others are beaten. Thirty thousand male Jews are sent to <a href="/concentration-camps">concentration camps</a> (<a href="/dachau-concentration-camp">Dachau</a>, <a href="/buchenwald-concentration-camp">Buchenwald</a>, and <a href="/sachsenhausen-oranienburg-concentration-camp">Sachsenhausen</a>), though most will be released in a few weeks. 267 <a href="/the-synagogue">synagogues</a> are desecrated and destroyed (almost all of the synagogues of Germany and Austria). <a href="/the-ss-schutzstaffel">SS</a> Security Service chief <a href="/reinhard-heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> <a href="/heydrich-s-instructions-for-kristallnacht">instructs security agencies to burn the synagogues</a> unless German lives or property are endangered. Jewish businesses are looted and destroyed, including 7500 shops.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Hitler</a> mentions to <a href="/hermann-goering">Hermann Göring</a> that he would like to see all German <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> forcibly resettled on the island of <a href="/the-madagascar-plan">Madagascar</a>. Opportunistically chosen by the <a href="/the-nazi-regime-in-germany">Nazi leadership</a>, the date of the pogrom is of great symbolic importance. It coincides with two important national holidays, the Nazi Blood Witness Day of November 9 and Martin Luther’s birthday of November 10. Blood Witness Day commemorates the Nazi “martyrs” who died for their cause. Martin Luther advocated the destruction of Jewish homes and <a href="/the-synagogue">synagogues</a> as well as the impoverishment, forced labor, exile, and death of Jews.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>November 10</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">100,000 people in Nuremberg, <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a>, attend a rally celebrating <em><a href="/kristallnacht-quot-night-of-broken-glass-quot">Kristallnacht</a>.</em></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>November 11 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/judaism">Jews</a> are killed and injured during an antisemitic pogrom at Bratislava, <a href="/slovakia-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Slovakia</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>November 12</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/hermann-goering">Hermann Göring</a> leads a discussion of German officials that results in a one-billion-mark ($400-million) fine against the German-Jewish community to pay for <em><a href="/kristallnacht-quot-night-of-broken-glass-quot">Kristallnacht</a>.</em> Göring calls this extortion an “expiation payment.” Seizing the money German insurance companies were paying the <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> for their damages, the <a href="/the-nazi-party">Nazis</a> require the Jews to pay for the repair of their own properties damaged in <em><a href="/kristallnacht-quot-night-of-broken-glass-quot">Kristallnacht</a>.</em></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">The Nazis decide on a decree to remove all <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> from the German economy, society, and culture. <a href="/reinhard-heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> suggests that every Jew be forced to wear a <a href="/yellow-badges-stars-and-markings">badge</a>. Nazi Minister of Propaganda <a href="/joseph-goebbels-table-of-contents">Joseph Goebbels</a> suggests that Jews be kept from using public parks. <a href="/hermann-goering">Hermann Göring</a> mentions that <a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Hitler</a> told him on the phone on November 9 that if war breaks out, <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a> “will first of all make sure of settling accounts with the Jews. [Hitler] is going to ask the other nations: ‘Why do you keep talking about the Jews? Take them!’” In the <a href="/the-nazi-party">Nazi Party</a>’s principal newspaper, Goebbels writes: “We want only one thing, that the world loves the Jews enough to rid us of them all.”</p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Decree for the “atonement payments” by German <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> in the amount of one billion marks; decree for the elimination of German Jews from involvement in the economy; decree for the reconstruction of the facades of all Jewish shops (Jews have to pay for all damage caused during <i><a href="/kristallnacht-quot-night-of-broken-glass-quot">Kristallnacht</a></i>); Jews prohibited from attending movies, concerts, and other cultural performances.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Speaking at a meeting with the <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-south-africa">South African</a> minister of economics and defense, <a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Hitler</a> remarks that Europe’s <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> will be killed in the event of war.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>November 15</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">All Jewish children are expelled from German schools. From now on, they may only attend Jewish schools.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY">In the wake of the bloody pogroms of <em><a href="/kristallnacht-quot-night-of-broken-glass-quot">Kristallnacht</a>,</em> <a href="/us-israel-relation">United States</a> <a href="/franklin-delano-roosevelt-administration">President Franklin Roosevelt</a> withdraws his ambassador from <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>November 18 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Hitler</a> recalls Hans Heinrich Dieckhoff, German ambassador to the <a href="/us-israel-relation">United States</a>, after <a href="/franklin-delano-roosevelt-administration">President Franklin Roosevelt</a> recalled the U.S. ambassador to <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY">The American Virgin Islands Assembly offers the islands as a haven for Jewish refugees. The American government does not explore this possibility.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>November 20</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Using Nazi documents, American radio commentator <a href="/father-charles-coughlin">Father Charles Coughlin</a> contends that <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> are responsible for Russian communism and for <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a>’s problems. All of Coughlin’s radio programs are approved by his archdiocese as not contradicting Catholic faith or morals. Some Catholics protest Coughlin’s broadcasts, including Chicago’s Cardinal George Mundelein, but most of the American Church is silent.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>November 21 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">The British House of Commons objects to German persecution of minorities.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>November 24 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">British Conservative Party leader <a href="/winston-churchill">Winston Churchill</a> decides that <a href="/pre-state-israel">Palestine</a> cannot be considered a primary refuge for <a href="/judaism">Jews</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>November 25</b></p> <p align="justify">The <a href="/the-ss-schutzstaffel">SS</a> transfers 500 male <a href="/concentration-camps">concentration camp</a> prisoners to the village of <a href="/ravensbr-uuml-ck-concentration-camp">Ravensbrück</a>, north of <a href="/berlin-germany-jewish-history-tour">Berlin</a>, <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a>. The prisoners begin the construction of the <a href="/ravensbr-uuml-ck-concentration-camp">Ravensbrück</a> concentration camp. <a href="/ravensbr-uuml-ck-concentration-camp">Ravensbrück</a> will serve as the main camp for women prisoners in Germany.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>November 28</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Police decree pertaining to the appearance of <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> in public: Restrictions in the freedom of movement and travel, etc.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>December 1938</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><em>Reichsbank</em> president <a href="/nuremberg-trial-defendants-hjalmar-schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a> travels to London to propose to George Rublee, of the Intergovernmental Committee for Political Refugees, an extortionate scheme: German <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> could emigrate if they put up cash assets that would be transferred to the Reich upon emigration. This Schacht-Rublee plan will be abandoned in January <a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1939">1939</a>, when Schacht will be dismissed by <a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Hitler</a> after Schacht objects to the high cost of <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a>’s rearmament.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY">The British Cabinet allows 10,000 unaccompanied Jewish children into <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-united-kingdom">Britain</a> in an action called the <em>Kindertransport.</em> (Britain, however, refuses to allow 21,000 more Jewish children into <a href="/pre-state-israel">Palestine</a>.) The rescued children come from <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/jews-in-nazi-occupied-austria">Austria</a>, and <a href="/czech-republic-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Czechoslovakia</a> with the help of British, Jewish, and Quaker welfare organizations. Because of the <a href="/the-holocaust">Holocaust</a>, most of the children will never see their parents again, and many of the Jewish children will be converted to Christianity.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Organization for illegal <a href="/immigration-to-israel">immigration</a> established in <a href="/pre-state-israel">Palestine</a>.</p> <p align="justify"><b>December 3</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Confiscation of Jewish drivers’ licenses. Creation of a “Ban Against Jews” in <a href="/berlin-germany-jewish-history-tour">Berlin</a>; decree pertaining to the forced disposal (Aryanization) of Jewish industrial enterprises and businesses; directives concerning the ousting of <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> from German economic life.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>December 6</strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-france">France</a> sign a nonaggression pact.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>December 14</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/hermann-goering">Hermann Goring</a> takes charge of resolving the “<a href="/nazi-statements">Jewish question</a>.”</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>December 18 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Thousands of <a href="/father-charles-coughlin">Father Charles Coughlin</a>’s followers take to the streets of New York City, chanting, “Send <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> back where they came from in leaky boats!” and “Wait until <a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Hitler</a> comes over here!” Many <a href="/christian-jewish-relations">Christian</a> policemen are sympathetic to the Coughlinites. The protests will last until April <a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1939">1939</a>. They are opposed by other Catholic organizations and by leftists and liberals.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>December 24 </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Several members of the American Catholic hierarchy and leading Protestants sign a Christmas resolution expressing “horror and shame” in response to the <em><a href="/kristallnacht-quot-night-of-broken-glass-quot">Kristallnacht</a></em> pogrom.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><strong>1938: Other imporant events </strong></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Of <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a>’s 500,000 <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> in <a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1933">1933</a>, about 200,000 emigrate by the end of <a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1938">1938</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY">The first issue of <em>Jüdisches Nachrichtenblatt (Jewish Newsletter),</em> a Nazi-controlled publication, keeps German citizens abreast of Nazi regulations regarding <a href="/judaism">Jews</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Ludwig Schemann, a leading German advocate of racism, dies.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY">In <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-romania">Romania</a>, a Fascist and antisemitic government, established in December <a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1937">1937</a> and headed by Octavian Goga, falls early in <a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1938">1938</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Right-wing Catholic priest Jozef Tiso becomes prime minister of <a href="/slovakia-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Slovakia</a> and establishes ties to <a href="/the-nazi-regime-in-germany">Nazi Germany</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Adolf Hitler</a> tells Minister of Justice <a href="/nuremberg-trial-defendants-hans-frank">Hans Frank</a> that he has come to fulfill the curse imposed by the <a href="/judaism">Jews</a> themselves in the <a href="/new-testament-king-james-version-full-text">New Testament</a>: “His [<a href="/jesus-the-crucifixion-pontius-pilate-and-the-new-testament">Jesus</a>’s] blood be upon us and upon our children.” Hitler, born and raised as a Roman Catholic, observes that had Martin Luther, the founder of Protestantism, been fully aware of the Jewish threat, he would not have criticized Catholicism; instead, he would have put all of his energy into attacking the Jews.</p> <hr/> <table align="center" bgcolor="#ff9933" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" width="75%"> <tbody> <tr bgcolor="#ff9966"> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#cccccc"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1932">1932</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#cccccc"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1933">1933</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#cccccc"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1934">1934</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#cccccc"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1935">1935</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#cccccc"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1936">1936</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#cccccc"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1937">1937</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#cccccc"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1938">1938</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#cccccc"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1939">1939</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#cccccc"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1940">1940</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#cccccc"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1941">1941</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#cccccc"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1942">1942</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#cccccc"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-1943">1943</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#cccccc"><a href="/chronology-of-jewish-persecution-1944">1944</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#cccccc"><a href="/chronology-of-jewish-persecution-1945">1945</a></font></b></div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Sources: Various books and chronologies related to World War II and the <a href="http://www.holocaustcenter.org" target="_blank">Holocaust Memorial Center</a><br/> Zekelman Family Campus<br/> 28123 Orchard Lake Rd.<br/> Farmington Hills, MI 48334-3738<br/> (248) 553-2400<br/> (248) 553-2433 FAX<br/> (248) 553-2834 Library<br/> <a href="https://mail.google.com/mail/?view=cm&fs=1&tf=1&to=info@holocaustcenter.org" target="_blank"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="4b22252d240b23242724282a3e383f282e253f2e396524392c">[email protected]</span></a></p> <p><a href="http://www.ushmm.org/" target="_blank">U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum</a><br/> <a href="http://www.joric.com" target="_blank">The Joric Center</a><br/> <a href="http://www.holocaustchronicle.org" 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