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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%AF" title="قند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terr%C3%B2s_de_sucre" title="Terròs de sucre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Terròs de sucre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostkov%C3%BD_cukr" title="Kostkový cukr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kostkový cukr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrfelzucker" title="Würfelzucker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Würfelzucker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8D%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B6%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Κύβος ζάχαρης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κύβος ζάχαρης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terr%C3%B3n_de_az%C3%BAcar" title="Terrón de azúcar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Terrón de azúcar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubsukero" title="Kubsukero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kubsukero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azukre-koxkor" title="Azukre-koxkor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azukre-koxkor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%AF" title="قند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre_en_morceaux" title="Sucre en morceaux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sucre en morceaux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%81%EC%84%A4%ED%83%95" title="각설탕 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="각설탕" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Կտոր շաքար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կտոր շաքար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolletta_di_zucchero" title="Zolletta di zucchero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zolletta di zucchero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kockacukor" title="Kockacukor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kockacukor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suikerklontje" title="Suikerklontje – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Suikerklontje" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E7%A0%82%E7%B3%96" title="角砂糖 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="角砂糖" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkerbit" title="Sukkerbit – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sukkerbit" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кусковой сахар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кусковой сахар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Коцка шећера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Коцка шећера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palasokeri" title="Palasokeri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Palasokeri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCp_%C5%9Feker" title="Küp şeker – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Küp şeker" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Шматковий цукор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шматковий цукор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E7%B3%96" title="方糖 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="方糖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E7%B3%96" title="方糖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="方糖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1042920#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sugar packed into a cuboid shape</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cubes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sugar cubes (disambiguation)">Sugar cubes (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3582.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3582.jpg/300px-W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3582.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3582.jpg/450px-W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3582.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3582.jpg/600px-W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3582.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Macro photo of sugar cubes</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sugar cubes</b> are <a href="/wiki/White_sugar" title="White sugar">white sugar</a> granules pressed into small <a href="/wiki/Cube" title="Cube">cubes</a>. It is usually used by individuals to sweeten drinks. There are two main ways of using the sugar cubes: directly dissolving the cubes in the drink or placing the cube into the mouth while drinking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006455_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006455-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Size_and_packaging">Size and packaging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_cube&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Size and packaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zuckerstueckchen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Zuckerstueckchen.JPG/220px-Zuckerstueckchen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Zuckerstueckchen.JPG/330px-Zuckerstueckchen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Zuckerstueckchen.JPG/440px-Zuckerstueckchen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Two-piece sugar cube packaging (Germany)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Individually_wrapped_sugar_cubes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Individually_wrapped_sugar_cubes.jpg/220px-Individually_wrapped_sugar_cubes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Individually_wrapped_sugar_cubes.jpg/330px-Individually_wrapped_sugar_cubes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Individually_wrapped_sugar_cubes.jpg/440px-Individually_wrapped_sugar_cubes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3340" data-file-height="2311" /></a><figcaption>Individually wrapped sugar cubes (France)</figcaption></figure> <p>The typical size for each cube is between 16 by 16 by 11 millimetres (0.6 by 0.6 by 0.4 inches) and 20 by 20 by 12 millimetres (0.8 in × 0.8 in × 0.5 in), corresponding to the weight of approximately 3–5 <a href="/wiki/Grams" class="mw-redirect" title="Grams">grams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirschner2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirschner2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006454_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006454-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the cube sizes and shapes vary greatly, for example, <a href="/wiki/Playing_card_suits" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing card suits">playing card suits</a>-shaped pieces are produced under the name "bridge cube sugar".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006454_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006454-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The typical retail packaging weight is 0.5 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> (1 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(unit_of_weight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound (unit of weight)">pound</a>) or 1 kilogram / 2 pounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006454_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006454-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923 German wholesaler Karl Hellmann started packaging pair of cubes into individual wrappings with advertisements or collectible pictures on the sleeves. Originally very popular in <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Cafés">cafés</a>, they were quickly replaced in the beginning of the 21st century by granulated sugar in packets and sticks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirschner2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirschner2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_cube&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When making the cubes, the granulated sugar is slightly (2–3%) moistened, placed into a mold and heated so that the moisture can escape. The firmness, density, and speed of dissolution of the cube are controlled via the crystal size of the granulated sugar, amount of water/steam added, molding pressure, and speed of drying.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006454_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006454-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dissolution speed is important, as the consumers that place the sugar into their mouths prefer denser, slower-dissolving sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006455_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006455-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The input material usually requires a wide distribution of sizes (from 500 <a href="/wiki/Microns" class="mw-redirect" title="Microns">microns</a> and up) for the cube stability.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006455_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006455-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cubes are made on the highly automated lines capable of processing up to 50 tons of sugar per day. Typically, one of the three common processes is used<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006455_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006455-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to produce the more popular soft cubes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Vibro process of Swedish Sugar Corporation (from the late 1950s<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) utilizes <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibration</a> to fill the molds and to get the formed cubes out. Heat radiation oven is used for drying;</li> <li>Chambon process was invented in France in 1949<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and uses a rotating molding unit and a vertical dryer;</li> <li>Elba process is similar to Chambon.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_cube&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugarloaf_Box_-_Open.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sugarloaf_Box_-_Open.jpg/220px-Sugarloaf_Box_-_Open.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sugarloaf_Box_-_Open.jpg/330px-Sugarloaf_Box_-_Open.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sugarloaf_Box_-_Open.jpg/440px-Sugarloaf_Box_-_Open.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Sugarloaf cutting box with tools</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf" title="Sugarloaf">sugarloafs</a> were hard to break into manageable pieces,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so dangerous tools were used in the process (apparently, <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Kry%C5%A1tof_Rad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakub Kryštof Rad">Jakub Kryštof Rad</a>, the inventor of the first sugar cube, started his effort after his wife hurt herself while chopping the sugarloaf).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting pieces were irregular in size; if the piece was too large, either <a href="/wiki/Sugar_nips" title="Sugar nips">sugar nips</a> had to be used, or the piece had to be dunked into the tea cup like a donut, and after sufficient dissolution taken out to dry for the next use (the latter option was described by <a href="/wiki/Lev_Tolstoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lev Tolstoy">Lev Tolstoy</a> in his "<a href="/wiki/Where_Love_Is,_God_Is" title="Where Love Is, God Is">Where Love Is, God Is</a>": "Stepanich drank his glass, turned it upside down and set the leftover bit of sugar on it").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2012_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rad had made the first sugar cubes in the early 1840s by pressing moist sugar into a tray resembling the modern <a href="/wiki/Ice_cube_tray" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice cube tray">ice cube trays</a> and letting the cubes dry. Despite Rad obtaining a patent in 1843, his business was ultimately unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrahoňovská2018_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrahoňovská2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next breakthrough came almost 30 years later, when <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Langen" title="Eugen Langen">Eugen Langen</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Pfeifer_%26_Langen" title="Pfeifer & Langen">Pfeifer & Langen</a>, used a <a href="/wiki/Centrifuge" title="Centrifuge">centrifuge</a> to produce blocks of sugar that were subsequently cut into cubes. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tate" title="Henry Tate">Henry Tate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tate_%26_Lyle" title="Tate & Lyle">Tate & Lyle</a>) acquired from Langen exclusive rights for producing the cubes in Britain (on 13 March 1875<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalmin199075_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmin199075-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and started the first large-scale manufacturing of cubes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tate placed a very large bet on the innovation, temporarily running through personal financial difficulties to the extent that he had to pull his daughter from the boarding school she attended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalmin199076_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmin199076-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contract with Langen involved <a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalties</a>, but the factory was successful, producing 214 tons of cubes in 1878 and 1,366 tons in 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalmin199077_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmin199077-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1880 Tate acquired rights to another process, invented in Belgium by Gustav Adant, where sugar "tablets" were manufactured on rotating machines and then sliced into cubes (at the time, they were called "<a href="/wiki/Dominoes" title="Dominoes">dominoes</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new process had replaced the Langen one in 1891 and was a huge success; standard quotes for refined sugar in London started to be expressed in Tate's cubes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalmin199077_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmin199077-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first process to mold cubes without any cutting was invented in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> by Charles H. Hersey ("<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hersey_drum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hersey drum (page does not exist)">Hersey drum</a>", 1879); some of these units, modified in 1929 to produce fancy shaped pieces, are still in use today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adant's process is also still used, for example, at the <a href="/wiki/Raffinerie_Tirlemontoise" title="Raffinerie Tirlemontoise">Raffinerie Tirlemontoise</a> (since 1902) to make extremely hard cubes popular in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arab_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab countries">Arab countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_cube&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F025952-0015,_Bonn,_Gesundheitsamt,_Schutzimpfung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F025952-0015%2C_Bonn%2C_Gesundheitsamt%2C_Schutzimpfung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F025952-0015%2C_Bonn%2C_Gesundheitsamt%2C_Schutzimpfung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F025952-0015%2C_Bonn%2C_Gesundheitsamt%2C_Schutzimpfung.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F025952-0015%2C_Bonn%2C_Gesundheitsamt%2C_Schutzimpfung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F025952-0015%2C_Bonn%2C_Gesundheitsamt%2C_Schutzimpfung.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F025952-0015%2C_Bonn%2C_Gesundheitsamt%2C_Schutzimpfung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Doses of oral polio vaccine being added to sugar cubes for use in a 1967 vaccination campaign in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The cubes were and are mostly used to sweeten tea and coffee (the original Rad's pieces were even sold as "tea-sugar"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). However, the popularity of artificial sweeteners, together with the trend of switching from <a href="/wiki/Filtered_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Filtered coffee">filtered coffee</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cappuccino" title="Cappuccino">cappuccino</a>-like drinks, has turned sugar cubes into a niche product primarily used in bars or served at formal <a href="/wiki/Afternoon_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Afternoon tea">afternoon tea</a> events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirschner2016_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirschner2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specialty uses of cubes include:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the classical <a href="/wiki/Old_Fashioned_(cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Fashioned (cocktail)">Old Fashioned cocktail</a> recipe with a sugar cube infused with <a href="/wiki/Angostura_bitters" title="Angostura bitters">Angostura bitters</a>;</li> <li>paraphernalia for serving the <a href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">absinthe</a> includes the slotted <a href="/wiki/Absinthe_spoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Absinthe spoon">absinthe spoon</a> on top of the glass. A sugar cube is placed onto the spoon and a slow drip of water dissolves the sugar into the drink, creating the desired milky <i>louche</i> effect<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrangArnoldPeters1999_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrangArnoldPeters1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a more bohemian version involves putting the soaked cube aflame<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabrecqueWarrLabrecque2016328_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabrecqueWarrLabrecque2016328-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>);</li> <li>sugar cubes can be infused with a drug, making a calibrated oral delivery simple. This was used both for administering the <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio vaccine</a> and for distribution of drugs like <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a> (leaving the "cube" as a slang term for the latter);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015679_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015679-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a great variety of colored and sculpted sugar cubes (shaped as flowers and animals) is marketed in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts">Arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_cube&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sugar-cube <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> is popular in architecture. First proposed by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a> in 1922, it comes back "every five years" with a variety of ambiguous meanings, from strictly regimented design (cf. works of <a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Theo van Doesburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarbison2003461_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbison2003461-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to "<a href="/wiki/Unity_in_variety" title="Unity in variety">unity in variety</a>" (cf. <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_hill_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean hill town">Mediterranean hill towns</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJencks200226_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJencks200226-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to whitewashed plain facades of the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwardowski201965_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwardowski201965-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A monument with sugar cube on top stands in Czech town of <a href="/wiki/Da%C4%8Dice" title="Dačice">Dačice</a>, the place where the first sugar cube factory was established by Rad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrahoňovská2018_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrahoňovská2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multiple art galleries display the works of an Irish sculptor Brendan Jamison, specializing on the architecture-themed pieces made of sugar cubes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cube_sugar_statue_Dacice.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sugar cube monument in Dačice"><img alt="Sugar cube monument in Dačice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cube_sugar_statue_Dacice.jpg/67px-Cube_sugar_statue_Dacice.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cube_sugar_statue_Dacice.jpg/101px-Cube_sugar_statue_Dacice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cube_sugar_statue_Dacice.jpg/134px-Cube_sugar_statue_Dacice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sugar cube monument in Dačice</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_maison_Van_Doesburg_Meudon_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="House of van Doesburg [nl]"><img alt="House of van Doesburg [nl]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/La_maison_Van_Doesburg_Meudon_2.jpg/120px-La_maison_Van_Doesburg_Meudon_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/La_maison_Van_Doesburg_Meudon_2.jpg/180px-La_maison_Van_Doesburg_Meudon_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/La_maison_Van_Doesburg_Meudon_2.jpg/240px-La_maison_Van_Doesburg_Meudon_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_van_Doesburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of van Doesburg (page does not exist)">House of van Doesburg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Doesburghuis" class="extiw" title="nl:Van Doesburghuis">nl</a>]</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ioulis_at_Kea_(Tzia)_Island_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Houses on Kea island (Cyclades)"><img alt="Houses on Kea island (Cyclades)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ioulis_at_Kea_%28Tzia%29_Island_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/120px-Ioulis_at_Kea_%28Tzia%29_Island_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ioulis_at_Kea_%28Tzia%29_Island_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/180px-Ioulis_at_Kea_%28Tzia%29_Island_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ioulis_at_Kea_%28Tzia%29_Island_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/240px-Ioulis_at_Kea_%28Tzia%29_Island_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1362" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Houses on <a href="/wiki/Kea_(island)" title="Kea (island)">Kea island</a> (Cyclades)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_cube&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006455-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006455_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006455_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006455_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006455_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsadi2006">Asadi 2006</a>, p. 455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirschner2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirschner2016_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirschner2016_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirschner2016_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirschner2016">Kirschner 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006454-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006454_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006454_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006454_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsadi2006454_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsadi2006">Asadi 2006</a>, p. 454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrigorieva2015">Grigorieva 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2012_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2012_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2012">Kennedy 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrahoňovská2018-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrahoňovská2018_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrahoňovská2018_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrahoňovská2018">Drahoňovská 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmin199075-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalmin199075_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalmin1990">Chalmin 1990</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmin199076-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalmin199076_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalmin1990">Chalmin 1990</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalmin199077-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalmin199077_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalmin199077_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalmin1990">Chalmin 1990</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrangArnoldPeters1999-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrangArnoldPeters1999_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrangArnoldPeters1999">Strang, Arnold & Peters 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabrecqueWarrLabrecque2016328-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabrecqueWarrLabrecque2016328_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabrecqueWarrLabrecque2016">Labrecque, Warr & Labrecque 2016</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015679-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigorieva2015679_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrigorieva2015">Grigorieva 2015</a>, p. 679.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbison2003461-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarbison2003461_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarbison2003">Harbison 2003</a>, p. 461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJencks200226-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJencks200226_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJencks2002">Jencks 2002</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwardowski201965-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwardowski201965_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwardowski2019">Twardowski 2019</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_cube&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAsadi2006" class="citation book cs1">Asadi, M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ssltAbEO4kkC&pg=PA454">"Cube Sugar"</a>. <i>Beet-Sugar Handbook</i>. Wiley. pp. 454–455. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-79098-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-79098-3"><bdi>978-0-471-79098-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cube+Sugar&rft.btitle=Beet-Sugar+Handbook&rft.pages=454-455&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-471-79098-3&rft.aulast=Asadi&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DssltAbEO4kkC%26pg%3DPA454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+cube" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigorieva2015" class="citation book cs1">Grigorieva, Alexandra (2015). "sugar cubes". <i>The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199313396.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199313396.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931339-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931339-6"><bdi>978-0-19-931339-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=sugar+cubes&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Sugar+and+Sweets&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199313396.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-931339-6&rft.aulast=Grigorieva&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+cube" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, Pagan (16 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/18/magazine/who-made-that-sugar-cube.html">"Who Made That Sugar Cube?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=Who+Made+That+Sugar+Cube%3F&rft.date=2012-11-16&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Pagan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F11%2F18%2Fmagazine%2Fwho-made-that-sugar-cube.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+cube" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalmin1990" class="citation book cs1">Chalmin, P. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bOPogF8v9-kC&pg=PA75">"Thames Refinery and the Cubes"</a>. <i>The Making of a Sugar Giant: Tate and Lyle, 1859–1989</i>. Harwood Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7186-0434-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7186-0434-0"><bdi>978-3-7186-0434-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thames+Refinery+and+the+Cubes&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+a+Sugar+Giant%3A+Tate+and+Lyle%2C+1859%E2%80%931989&rft.pub=Harwood+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-3-7186-0434-0&rft.aulast=Chalmin&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbOPogF8v9-kC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+cube" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirschner2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kirschner, Sebastian (2 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180705151731/https://sz-magazin.sueddeutsche.de/essen-und-trinken/die-wuerfel-sind-gefallen-82237">"Die Würfel sind gefallen"</a>. <i>Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sz-magazin.sueddeutsche.de/essen-und-trinken/die-wuerfel-sind-gefallen-82237">the original</a> on 5 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCddeutsche+Zeitung+Magazin&rft.atitle=Die+W%C3%BCrfel+sind+gefallen&rft.date=2016-03-02&rft.aulast=Kirschner&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsz-magazin.sueddeutsche.de%2Fessen-und-trinken%2Fdie-wuerfel-sind-gefallen-82237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+cube" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrangArnoldPeters1999" class="citation journal cs1">Strang, J.; Arnold, W. N; Peters, T. (18 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1127080">"Absinthe: what's your poison?"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>319</b> (7225): 1590–1592. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.319.7225.1590">10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1590</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138">0959-8138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1127080">1127080</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10600949">10600949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Absinthe%3A+what%27s+your+poison%3F&rft.volume=319&rft.issue=7225&rft.pages=1590-1592&rft.date=1999-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1127080%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0959-8138&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10600949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.319.7225.1590&rft.aulast=Strang&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Arnold%2C+W.+N&rft.au=Peters%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1127080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+cube" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabrecqueWarrLabrecque2016" class="citation book cs1">Labrecque, Lauren I.; Warr, Garret M.; Labrecque, Joseph (2016). "Absinthe: An Exploration of the Role of Mythology and Ritual in Market Revival". <i>Celebrating America's Pastimes: Baseball, Hot Dogs, Apple Pie and Marketing?</i>. Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 325–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-26647-3_67">10.1007/978-3-319-26647-3_67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-26646-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-26646-6"><bdi>978-3-319-26646-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2363-6165">2363-6165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Absinthe%3A+An+Exploration+of+the+Role+of+Mythology+and+Ritual+in+Market+Revival&rft.btitle=Celebrating+America%27s+Pastimes%3A+Baseball%2C+Hot+Dogs%2C+Apple+Pie+and+Marketing%3F&rft.place=Cham&rft.series=Developments+in+Marketing+Science%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Academy+of+Marketing+Science&rft.pages=325-328&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=2363-6165&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-26647-3_67&rft.isbn=978-3-319-26646-6&rft.aulast=Labrecque&rft.aufirst=Lauren+I.&rft.au=Warr%2C+Garret+M.&rft.au=Labrecque%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+cube" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrahoňovská2018" class="citation web cs1">Drahoňovská, Lucie Pantazopoulou (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goethe.de/prj/mis/en/mit/frs.html#:~:text=The%20sugar%20cube%20has%20even,of%20the%20Bohemian%2DMoravian%20Highlands.">"From Round to Square"</a>. <i>Fehler</i>. <a href="/wiki/Goethe-Institut" title="Goethe-Institut">Goethe-Institut</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fehler&rft.atitle=From+Round+to+Square&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Draho%C5%88ovsk%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Lucie+Pantazopoulou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goethe.de%2Fprj%2Fmis%2Fen%2Fmit%2Ffrs.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520sugar%2520cube%2520has%2520even%2Cof%2520the%2520Bohemian%252DMoravian%2520Highlands.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+cube" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJencks2002" class="citation book cs1">Jencks, C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=20bkru0gzCMC&pg=PA26"><i>The New Paradigm in Architecture: The Language of Post-modernism</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09513-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09513-5"><bdi>978-0-300-09513-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Paradigm+in+Architecture%3A+The+Language+of+Post-modernism&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09513-5&rft.aulast=Jencks&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D20bkru0gzCMC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+cube" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHildebrand-Schat2022" class="citation book cs1">Hildebrand-Schat, Viola (13 October 2022). "Sugar Cubes That Revolutionized Art: Malevich's Artistic Project as Interpreted by Leonid Tishkov in Kubvechnosti (2012)". <i>The Mediality of Sugar</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill Publishing">Brill Publishing</a>. pp. 173–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004513686_009">10.1163/9789004513686_009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51368-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51368-6"><bdi>978-90-04-51368-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sugar+Cubes+That+Revolutionized+Art%3A+Malevich%E2%80%99s+Artistic+Project+as+Interpreted+by+Leonid+Tishkov+in+Kubvechnosti+%282012%29&rft.btitle=The+Mediality+of+Sugar&rft.pages=173-195&rft.pub=Brill+Publishing&rft.date=2022-10-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004513686_009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-51368-6&rft.aulast=Hildebrand-Schat&rft.aufirst=Viola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+cube" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbison2003" class="citation book cs1">Harbison, Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4eCvXjPi49kC&pg=PA458">"The avant-garde in twentieth-century architecture"</a>. <i>Companion to Contemporary Architectural Thought</i>. Routledge Companion Encyclopedias. Taylor & Francis. pp. 458–461. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-98381-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-98381-0"><bdi>978-1-134-98381-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+avant-garde+in+twentieth-century+architecture&rft.btitle=Companion+to+Contemporary+Architectural+Thought&rft.series=Routledge+Companion+Encyclopedias&rft.pages=458-461&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-98381-0&rft.aulast=Harbison&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4eCvXjPi49kC%26pg%3DPA458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+cube" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwardowski2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Twardowski, Mariusz (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repozytorium.biblos.pk.edu.pl/redo/resources/42752/file/resourceFiles/TwardowskiM_SantorynSprawa.pdf">"Santoryn a sprawa architektury nowoczesnej"</a> [Santorini and the modern architecture affair] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Środowisko Mieszkaniowe</i> (in Polish) (28). Uniwersytet Jagiellonski – Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego: 60–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4467%2F25438700sm.19.031.11368">10.4467/25438700sm.19.031.11368</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1731-2442">1731-2442</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213734448">213734448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C5%9Arodowisko+Mieszkaniowe&rft.atitle=Santoryn+a+sprawa+architektury+nowoczesnej&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=60-71&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213734448%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1731-2442&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4467%2F25438700sm.19.031.11368&rft.aulast=Twardowski&rft.aufirst=Mariusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepozytorium.biblos.pk.edu.pl%2Fredo%2Fresources%2F42752%2Ffile%2FresourceFiles%2FTwardowskiM_SantorynSprawa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+cube" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaysersSchweckDelavier1998" class="citation book cs1">Kaysers, Harry; Schweck, Hubert; Delavier, Hans-Joachim (1998). "Special crystal sugar products. Cube sugar, nib sugar and loaf sugar". In van der Poel, Pieter; Schieweck, Hubert M.; Schwartz, Thomas K. (eds.). <i>Sugar Technology. Beet and Sugar Cane Manufacture</i>. Berlin: Verlag Dr. Albert Bartens KG. pp. 962–964. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87040-065-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-87040-065-X"><bdi>3-87040-065-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Special+crystal+sugar+products.+Cube+sugar%2C+nib+sugar+and+loaf+sugar&rft.btitle=Sugar+Technology.+Beet+and+Sugar+Cane+Manufacture&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=962-964&rft.pub=Verlag+Dr.+Albert+Bartens+KG&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-87040-065-X&rft.aulast=Kaysers&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=Schweck%2C+Hubert&rft.au=Delavier%2C+Hans-Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASugar+cube" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar_cube&oldid=1257076678">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar_cube&oldid=1257076678</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sugar_foods" title="Category:Sugar foods">Sugar foods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tea_culture" title="Category:Tea culture">Tea culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cubes" title="Category:Cubes">Cubes</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2023">Use dmy dates from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 03:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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