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<span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Timeline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outbreak_of_the_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outbreak_of_the_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Outbreak of the rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outbreak_of_the_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallus'_campaign_and_Judean_provisional_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallus'_campaign_and_Judean_provisional_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Gallus' campaign and Judean provisional government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallus'_campaign_and_Judean_provisional_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vespasian's_Galilee_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vespasian's_Galilee_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Vespasian's Galilee campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vespasian's_Galilee_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judean_regrouping_and_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judean_regrouping_and_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Judean regrouping and civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judean_regrouping_and_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vespasian's_Judea_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vespasian's_Judea_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Vespasian's Judea campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vespasian's_Judea_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Siege of Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_strongholds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_strongholds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Last strongholds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_strongholds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographic_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographic_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Demographic consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographic_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Social consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Economic consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Religious developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Further wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">First Jewish–Roman War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joodse_oorlog" title="Joodse oorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Joodse oorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCdischer_Krieg" title="Jüdischer Krieg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Jüdischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="الثورة اليهودية الكبرى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الثورة اليهودية الكبرى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_Y%C9%99hudi_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Birinci Yəhudi müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birinci Yəhudi müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="بیرینجی یهودی ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی یهودی ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_(66%E2%80%9473)" title="Іўдзейская вайна (66—73) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іўдзейская вайна (66—73)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Първа юдейско-римска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Първа юдейско-римска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Guerra_Judeo-romana" title="Primera Guerra Judeo-romana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primera Guerra Judeo-romana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvn%C3%AD_%C5%BEidovsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="První židovská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="První židovská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_cyntaf_yr_Iddewon_a_Rhufain" title="Rhyfel cyntaf yr Iddewon a Rhufain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel cyntaf yr Iddewon a Rhufain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_j%C3%B8disk-romerske_krig" title="Første jødisk-romerske krig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Første jødisk-romerske krig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCdischer_Krieg" title="Jüdischer Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jüdischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πρώτος Ιουδαϊκός Πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρώτος Ιουδαϊκός Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_guerra_judeo-romana" title="Primera guerra judeo-romana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primera guerra judeo-romana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unua_Juda-Romia_Milito" title="Unua Juda-Romia Milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unua Juda-Romia Milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehen_Judu-Erromatar_Gerra" title="Lehen Judu-Erromatar Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lehen Judu-Erromatar Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="نخستین جنگ یهود-روم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نخستین جنگ یهود-روم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_guerre_jud%C3%A9o-romaine" title="Première guerre judéo-romaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Première guerre judéo-romaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ch%C3%A9ad_Chogadh_idir_na_R%C3%B3mh%C3%A1naigh_agus_na_Gi%C3%BAdaigh" title="An Chéad Chogadh idir na Rómhánaigh agus na Giúdaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chéad Chogadh idir na Rómhánaigh agus na Giúdaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EC%B0%A8_%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80-%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="제1차 유대-로마 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1차 유대-로마 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4_(66-73)" title="Հրեական պատերազմ (66-73) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրեական պատերազմ (66-73)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unesma_Milito_Juda-Romana" title="Unesma Milito Juda-Romana – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Unesma Milito Juda-Romana" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Yahudi%E2%80%93Romawi_Pertama" title="Perang Yahudi–Romawi Pertama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Yahudi–Romawi Pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_guerra_giudaica" title="Prima guerra giudaica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prima guerra giudaica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C" title="המרד הגדול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המרד הגדול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="იუდეველთა ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუდეველთა ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_vya_kwanza_vya_Kiyahudi" title="Vita vya kwanza vya Kiyahudi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita vya kwanza vya Kiyahudi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primum_Bellum_Iudaicum" title="Primum Bellum Iudaicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Primum Bellum Iudaicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romie%C5%A1u-j%C5%ABdu_kar%C5%A1" title="Romiešu-jūdu karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Romiešu-jūdu karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C4%97jos_karas" title="Judėjos karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Judėjos karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsid%C3%B3%E2%80%93r%C3%B3mai_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Zsidó–római háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zsidó–római háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikomiana_lehibe_nataon%27_ny_Jiosy" title="Fikomiana lehibe nataon' ny Jiosy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fikomiana lehibe nataon' ny Jiosy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="الثوره اليهوديه الكبرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الثوره اليهوديه الكبرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joodse_Oorlog" title="Joodse Oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joodse Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="ユダヤ戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユダヤ戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_f%C3%B8rste_j%C3%B8disk-romerske_krig" title="Den første jødisk-romerske krig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den første jødisk-romerske krig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="پہلی یہودی رومی جنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پہلی یہودی رومی جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%D9%86%DB%8D_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د یهودانو او روم لومړنۍ جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د یهودانو او روم لومړنۍ جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_%C5%BCydowska_(66%E2%80%9373)" title="Wojna żydowska (66–73) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna żydowska (66–73)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_guerra_judaico-romana" title="Primeira guerra judaico-romana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primeira guerra judaico-romana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Revolt%C4%83_a_Evreilor" title="Marea Revoltă a Evreilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marea Revoltă a Evreilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Первая Иудейская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Первая Иудейская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="First Jewish–Roman War" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_Par%C3%AB_Jahudo-Romake" title="Lufta e Parë Jahudo-Romake – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta e Parë Jahudo-Romake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="First Jewish–Roman War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prv%C3%A1_%C5%BEidovsk%C3%A1_vojna" title="Prvá židovská vojna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prvá židovská vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prva_judovsko-rimska_vojna" title="Prva judovsko-rimska vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prva judovsko-rimska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Први римско-јеврејски рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Први римско-јеврејски рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_jevrejsko-rimski_rat" title="Prvi jevrejsko-rimski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prvi jevrejsko-rimski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensimm%C3%A4inen_juutalaissota" title="Ensimmäinen juutalaissota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ensimmäinen juutalaissota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiska_kriget" title="Judiska kriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Judiska kriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unang_Digmaang_Hudyo-Romano" title="Unang Digmaang Hudyo-Romano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unang Digmaang Hudyo-Romano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="முதலாம் யூத-உரோமைப் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதலாம் யூத-உரோமைப் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_%C4%B0syan" title="Büyük İsyan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Büyük İsyan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Перша Юдейська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перша Юдейська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="پہلی یہودی-رومی جنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پہلی یہودی-رومی جنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Do_Th%C3%A1i-La_M%C3%A3_th%E1%BB%A9_nh%E1%BA%A5t" title="Chiến tranh Do Thái-La Mã thứ nhất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Do Thái-La Mã thứ nhất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="גרויסער יידישער אויפשטאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גרויסער יידישער אויפשטאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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searchaux" style="display:none">Rebellion against Roman rule (66–73 CE)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">First Jewish–Roman War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galilee_to_Judea.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Galilee_to_Judea.gif/300px-Galilee_to_Judea.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="412" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Galilee_to_Judea.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><br />Judaea and Galilee in the first century</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>66–74 CE</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea (Roman province)</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Roman victory</li></ul></div> <ul><li>Destruction of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Temple</a></li> <li>Development of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> out of the <a href="/wiki/Pharisaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharisaic">Pharisaic</a> school</li> <li>Significant portion of the Jewish population killed, enslaved and displaced, and many towns and villages destroyed</li> <li>Collapse of the Jewish elite and disappearance of the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a></li> <li>Creation of Roman military camps and <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonies</a></li> <li>Consolidation of <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian rule</a> in Rome</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><a href="/wiki/Judean_provisional_government_(66%E2%80%9368)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean provisional government (66–68)">Judean provisional government</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></li></ul> <p><i>Supported by:</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a> volunteers</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Peasantry faction</li> <li>Idumeans <span style="font-size:85%;">(69–70)</span></li></ul></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p>Radical factions: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zealotry_in_Jewish_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealotry in Jewish history">Zealots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idumeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumeans">Idumeans</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(68)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gessius_Florus" title="Gessius Florus">Gessius Florus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(66)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cestius_Gallus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cestius Gallus">Cestius Gallus</a>  (<a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><abbr title="Died of wounds">DOW</abbr></a>) <span style="font-size:85%;">(66)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>) <span style="font-size:85%;">(67–69)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(67–71)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Lucilius_Bassus" title="Sextus Lucilius Bassus">Lucilius Bassus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(71–72)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Flavius_Silva" title="Lucius Flavius Silva">Flavius Silva</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(72–73)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Herod Agrippa II</a>  (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ananus_ben_Ananus" title="Ananus ben Ananus">Ananus ben Ananus</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Gurion" title="Joseph ben Gurion">Yosef ben Gurion</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Gamla" title="Joshua ben Gamla">Joshua ben Gamla</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Hanania" title="Eleazar ben Hanania">Eleazar ben Hanania</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li></ul></div> <hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Giora" title="Simon bar Giora">Simon bar Giora</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_ben_Ari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judah ben Ari (page does not exist)">Judah ben Ari</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_ben_Sosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob ben Sosa (page does not exist)">Jacob ben Sosa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(69–70)</span></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> Zealots:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Giscala" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Giscala">Yohanan of Gush Halav</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Simon" title="Eleazar ben Simon">Eleazar ben Simon</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li></ul></div> Edomites:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>John</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_ben_Sosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob ben Sosa (page does not exist)">Jacob ben Sosa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(68)</span></li><li>Simon ben Cathlas</li><li>Phineas ben Clusothus</li></ul></div> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_ben_Yehuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Menahem ben Yehuda">Menahem ben Yehuda</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Ya%27ir" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleazar ben Ya'ir">Eleazar ben Ya'ir</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Roman guard 3,000 <span style="font-size:85%;">(spring 66)</span></li><li>Syrian Legion 30–36,000 <span style="font-size:85%;">(summer 66)</span></li><li>5 Legions 60–80,000 <span style="font-size:85%;">(67–70)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis">Legio X Fretensis</a> 6,000 troops <span style="font-size:85%;">(70–73)</span></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> Judean provisional government forces:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>20,000 total <span style="font-size:85%;">(66–67)</span></li><li>10,000 total <span style="font-size:85%;">(68)</span></li><li>3,000 Parashim guard</li><li>500 <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a> warriors</li></ul></div> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Peasantry: <ul><li><ul><li>40,000 <span style="font-size:85%;">(69)</span></li> <li>15,000 <span style="font-size:85%;">(70)</span></li> <li>3,000 <span style="font-size:85%;">(71)</span></li><li>Idumeans 5,000 <span style="font-size:85%;">(69–70)</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>6,000 Zealots under Yohanan</li><li>2,400 Zealots under Eleazar</li><li>20,000 Idumeans <span style="font-size:85%;">(68)</span></li></ul></div> <hr /> Sicarii:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Several thousand <span style="font-size:85%;">(67)</span></li><li>Several dozen or hundred <span style="font-size:85%;">(73)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 10,000+ soldiers killed</td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> 25,000–30,000 killed</td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p>10,000–20,000 Zealots and Idumeans killed </p> <hr /> Thousands of Sicarii killed</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> According to Josephus, 1.1<span class="nowrap"> </span>million <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatants</a> died in Jerusalem and 100,000 in Galilee; 97,000 enslaved.<sup id="cite_ref-Wars_6.9.3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wars_6.9.3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimates the combined death toll<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for the First and Third Roman Jewish Wars as being approximately 350,000.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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id="First_Jewish–Roman_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">First Jewish–Roman War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Early engagements</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_riots_of_66" title="Jerusalem riots of 66">Jerusalem (66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_riot_(66)" title="Alexandria riot (66)">Alexandria riot</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Gallus' campaign</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sepphoris_(66)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sepphoris (66)">1st Sepphoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Jaffa_(66)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Jaffa (66)">1st Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geva" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Geva">Geva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Beth–Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillage_of_Ein_Gedi" title="Pillage of Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">Northern revolt</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sepphoris_(67)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sepphoris (67)">2nd Sepphoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arrab" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Arrab">Gabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yodfat" title="Siege of Yodfat">Yodfat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taricheae" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Taricheae">Tarichaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gamla" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gamla">Gamla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_(67)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mount Tabor (67)">Mount Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gush_Halav" title="Siege of Gush Halav">Gischala</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Judea coast and highlands</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zealot_Temple_Siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealot Temple Siege">Zealot Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">Jerusalem (70)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Last strongholds</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Herodium_(71)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Herodium (71)">Herodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Machaerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Machaerus">Machaerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jardes_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jardes Forest">Jardes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Masada</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish–Roman_wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Jewish–Roman wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Jewish–Roman wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Jewish–Roman wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish–Roman_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars"><span class="wrap">Jewish–Roman wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Prelude</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)">Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas uprising (6 CE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_riots_(38_CE)" title="Alexandrian riots (38 CE)">Alexandria (38 CE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_and_Simon_uprising" title="Jacob and Simon uprising">Jacob and Simon uprising (46 CE)</a></li></ul> <p><b>Major conflicts</b> </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Revolt (66–74 CE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_Revolt" title="Diaspora Revolt">Diaspora Revolt (115–117 CE)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–136 CE)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>First Jewish–Roman War</b> (66–74 CE), sometimes called the <b>Great Jewish Revolt</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">המרד הגדול</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ha-Mered Ha-Gadol</i></span>) or the <b>Jewish War</b>, was the first of three <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">major rebellions</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> fought in the province of <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>, resulting in the destruction of Jewish towns, the displacement of its people, and the appropriation of land for Roman military use, as well as the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Jewish Temple</a> and polity. </p><p>The revolt began in 66 CE, during the twelfth year of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, originating in the oppressive rule of <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Roman governors</a>, the widening gaps between the wealthy aristocracy and the downtrodden masses, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman and Jewish religious tensions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crisis escalated because of <a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">anti-taxation protests</a> and clashes between Jews and pagans in mixed cities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman governor <a href="/wiki/Gessius_Florus" title="Gessius Florus">Gessius Florus</a> seized money from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple#Herod's_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>'s treasury and arrested numerous senior Jewish figures. This prompted widespread rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> that culminated in the capture of the Roman garrison by rebel forces as the pro-Roman King <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Herod Agrippa II</a> and Roman officials fled. To quell the unrest, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cestius_Gallus_(governor_of_Syria)" title="Gaius Cestius Gallus (governor of Syria)">Cestius Gallus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Legate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Legate (ancient Rome)">legate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>, brought in the Syrian army, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_XII_Fulminata" title="Legio XII Fulminata">Legion XII <i>Fulminata</i></a> and auxiliary troops. Despite initial advances and the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, the Syrian Legion was ambushed and defeated by Jewish rebels at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Battle of Beth Horon</a> with 6,000 Romans massacred and the Legion's <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">aquila</a> lost. In 66, a <a href="/wiki/Judean_provisional_government" title="Judean provisional government">Judean provisional government</a> was formed in Jerusalem led by former <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest</a> <a href="/wiki/Ananus_ben_Ananus" title="Ananus ben Ananus">Ananus ben Ananus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Gurion" title="Joseph ben Gurion">Joseph ben Gurion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Gamla" title="Joshua ben Gamla">Joshua ben Gamla</a>. Yosef ben Matityahu (<a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>) was appointed as the rebel commander in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Hanania" title="Eleazar ben Hanania">Eleazar ben Hanania</a> as the commander in <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>. Later, in Jerusalem, an attempt by <a href="/wiki/Menahem_ben_Yehuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Menahem ben Yehuda">Menahem ben Yehuda</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>, to take control of the city failed. He was executed, and the remaining Sicarii were ejected from the city. <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Giora" title="Simon bar Giora">Simon bar Giora</a>, a peasant leader, was also expelled by the new government. </p><p>The Roman general <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> was given four legions and tasked by Nero with crushing the rebellion. Assisted by forces of Agrippa, Vespasian <a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">invaded Galilee in 67</a> and within several months had claimed the major Jewish strongholds of Galilee, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yodfat" title="Siege of Yodfat">Jodapatha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarichaea" title="Tarichaea">Tarichaea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Driven from Galilee, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealot</a> rebels and thousands of refugees arrived in Jerusalem, creating tensions between the mainly <a href="/wiki/Sadducee" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadducee">Sadducee</a> Jerusalemites and the Zealot rebel factions that soon erupted into bitter infighting. In 69, Vespasian marched on Rome and crowned himself as emperor, leaving <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">besiege Jerusalem in 70 CE</a>. Following a brutal seven-month siege, during which Zealot infighting resulted in the burning of the entire food supplies of the city, the Romans finally succeeded in breaching the defenses in the summer of 70. Following the fall of Jerusalem, Titus departed for Rome, leaving the <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis">Legion X <i>Fretensis</i></a> to defeat the remaining Jewish strongholds, including <a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machaerus" title="Machaerus">Machaerus</a>. The Roman campaign ended with their success at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">siege of Masada</a> in 72–74. </p><p>The Roman suppression of the revolt had a significant impact on the local population, with many rebels perishing in battle, displaced, or being sold into slavery. The temple of Jerusalem and much of the city was destroyed by fire and the Jewish community was thrown into turmoil by the devastation of its political and religious leadership. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> ruled Jerusalem from 37 BCE – 4 BCE as a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> king for the Roman Empire, having been appointed "King of the Jews" by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>. Herod was known as a tyrant, mostly because of his campaign to kill anyone who could claim the throne. Herod had all relatives of the previous <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a> executed. This included his wife <a href="/wiki/Mariamne_I" title="Mariamne I">Mariamne I</a>, the daughter of a Hasmonean king, and all of her family members.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herod also created a new line of nobility that would have loyalties to only him, known as the <a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a>. He appointed high priests from families that were not connected to the past dynasty. After Herod's death, several relatives made claims to the region, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_tetrarchy" title="Herodian tetrarchy">Herodian tetrarchy</a>. </p><p>Another aspect of Herod's legacy was economic hardship. Labor workers, which had been employed at Herod's large-scale construction sites, became impoverished.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen273_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen273-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Herod's death, the poor economy led to riots. Herod's void of leadership made the region vulnerable to riots and can be considered an anticipatory cause of the Great Revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen273_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen273-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following increasing Roman domination of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>, the initially semi-independent <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian dynasty</a> was officially merged into the Roman Empire in the year 6 CE. The transition of the client kingdom into a <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> brought a great deal of tension, and a Jewish uprising by <a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a> erupted as a response to the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a>. </p><p>After the death of Herod the Great and the deposition of <a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Herod Archelaus</a>, the Romans instituted <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">procurators</a> (technically <a href="/wiki/Praefectus_urbi" title="Praefectus urbi">prefects</a> before 41 CE) to rule the Judeans.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen286_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen286-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the beginning, the Roman procurators respected the laws and customs of the Jewish people, allowing them to rest on the Sabbath, granting them exemption from pagan rituals, and even minting coins without images despite the fact that elsewhere the coins bore images.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen286_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen286-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When confronted with a procurator who disrespected their laws and customs, the Jews petitioned the governor of Syria to get the official removed,<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen286_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen286-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman Judea being essentially a "satellite of Syria".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The years 7–26 CE were relatively calm, but after 37 the province again began to be a source of trouble, this time for Emperor <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>. The cause of tensions in the east of the empire was complicated, involving the <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">spread of Greek culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Law">Roman Law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">rights of Jews in the empire</a>. Caligula did not trust the prefect of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Avilius_Flaccus" title="Aulus Avilius Flaccus">Aulus Avilius Flaccus</a>. Flaccus had been loyal to Tiberius, had conspired against Caligula's mother, and had connections with Egyptian separatists.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2013)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 38, Caligula sent <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a> to Alexandria unannounced to check on Flaccus.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2013)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>, the visit was met with jeers from the Greek population, who saw Agrippa as the king of the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2013)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Flaccus tried to placate both the Greek population and Caligula by having statues of the emperor placed in Jewish <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UrmanFlesher1998_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UrmanFlesher1998-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SchürerMillar2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchürerMillar2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alexandria.)2003_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexandria.)2003-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_riots_(38_CE)" title="Alexandrian riots (38 CE)">extensive religious riots</a> broke out in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caligula responded by removing Flaccus from his position and executing him.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 39, Agrippa accused <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a>, the tetrarch of Galilee and <a href="/wiki/Perea_(Holy_Land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perea (Holy Land)">Perea</a>, of planning a rebellion against Roman rule with the help of <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>. Herod Antipas confessed, and Caligula exiled him. Agrippa was rewarded with his territories.<sup id="cite_ref-jos_AJ_18.7.2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jos_AJ_18.7.2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riots again erupted in Alexandria in 40 between Jews and Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-AJ_18.8.1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJ_18.8.1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews were accused of not honoring the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-AJ_18.8.1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJ_18.8.1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disputes occurred also in the city of Jamnia.<sup id="cite_ref-philo-gaius-30_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philo-gaius-30-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews were angered by the erection of a clay altar and destroyed it.<sup id="cite_ref-philo-gaius-30_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philo-gaius-30-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Caligula ordered the erection of a statue of himself in the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jerusalem">Temple of Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-philo-gaius-statue_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philo-gaius-statue-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Governor">governor</a> of Syria, <a href="/wiki/Publius_Petronius" title="Publius Petronius">Publius Petronius</a>, fearing civil war if the order were carried out, delayed implementing it for nearly a year.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agrippa finally convinced Caligula to reverse the order.<sup id="cite_ref-AJ_18.8.1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJ_18.8.1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 46 an insurrection by the Jews broke out in Judea province. The <a href="/wiki/Jacob_and_Simon_uprising" title="Jacob and Simon uprising">Jacob and Simon uprising</a> was instigated by the two eponymous brothers and lasted between 46-48. The revolt, which concentrated in the Galilee, began as sporadic insurgency and in 48 was put down by Roman authorities, and both brothers were executed. The relatively conciliatory Roman policy in Judea changed when <a href="/wiki/Gessius_Florus" title="Gessius Florus">Gessius Florus</a> became procurator in 64.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen286_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen286-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mason_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> had ordered Florus to extract a large sum of money from Jerusalem's temple and put down any resistance by deploying a locally recruited auxiliary force. When he did seize 17 <a href="/wiki/Talent_(measurement)" title="Talent (measurement)">talents</a>, he justified the measure as a matter of reclaiming unpaid back taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both this measure and the subsequent upheavals it provoked were not unusual: similar incidents had occurred in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When rioting broke out, some Jerusalemites armed themselves in self-defense, a younger group of priests called for the expulsion of all foreigners from the city, while many elders spoke out for caution and diplomacy. In the end, charismatic insurgents accompanied by armed bands entered Jerusalem, initiating a period of revolt against Rome but also internecine fighting amongst themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts were made to garner support from the governor of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a> at the time, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cestius_Gallus_(governor_of_Syria)" title="Gaius Cestius Gallus (governor of Syria)">Cestius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen286_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen286-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This plea for help failed to garner any support, however. The consequent riot which erupted was the first in a series of revolts and led to the formation of several revolutionary factions.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen286_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen286-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revolt was further intensified when Florus attempted to stop the riots, which actually incited more revolutionary zeal.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen286_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen286-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outbreak_of_the_rebellion">Outbreak of the rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Outbreak of the rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_riots_of_66" title="Jerusalem riots of 66">Jerusalem riots of 66</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots (Judea)</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, the violence which began at <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a> in 66 was provoked by Greeks of a certain merchant house sacrificing birds in front of a local synagogue.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reaction, one of the Jewish Temple clerks, <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Hanania" title="Eleazar ben Hanania">Eleazar ben Hanania</a>, ceased prayers and sacrifices for the Roman emperor at the Temple. Protests over taxation joined the list of grievances and random attacks on Roman citizens and perceived 'traitors' occurred in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Florus removed the 17 talents from the treasury the city fell into unrest and some of the Jewish population began to openly mock Florus by passing a basket around to collect money as if Florus was poor.<sup id="cite_ref-Wars_2.14.6_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wars_2.14.6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Florus reacted to the unrest by sending soldiers into Jerusalem the next day to raid the city and arrest a number of the city leaders, who were later whipped and <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucified</a>, despite many of them being <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wars_2.14.9_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wars_2.14.9-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly, outraged Judean nationalist factions took up arms and the Roman military garrison of Jerusalem was quickly overrun by rebels. Fearing the worst, the pro-Roman King <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Herod Agrippa II</a> and his sister <a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a> fled Jerusalem to Galilee. Judaean militias later moved upon Roman citizens of Judaea and pro-Roman officials, cleansing the country of any Roman symbols. Among other events, the <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a> rebel faction surprised the Roman garrison of <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a> and took over the fortress. </p><p>Initially, the outbreak of violence had been an internal factional conflict between the Jews who were in favour of rebellion, and those who were not. A huge loss of life occurred, including that of the former High Priest <a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias</a>. The Roman garrison on Jerusalem's western border became besieged and was unable to assist those who opposed rebellion. Eventually, led by their commander Metilius, the garrison surrendered in exchange for unhindered passage from the city, but, led by Eliezar, the Jewish rebels slaughtered all the surrendered soldiers, except for Metilius who was forced to convert to Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodman2008_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to fourth-century church fathers <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a>, Jerusalem's Christians <a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Pella" title="Flight to Pella">fled to Pella</a> before the beginning of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallus'_campaign_and_Judean_provisional_government"><span id="Gallus.27_campaign_and_Judean_provisional_government"></span>Gallus' campaign and Judean provisional government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gallus' campaign and Judean provisional government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Battle of Beth Horon (66)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judean_provisional_government_(66%E2%80%9368)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean provisional government (66–68)">Judean provisional government (66–68)</a></div> <p>As a result of the unrest in Judaea, Gallus assembled the Syrian legion <a href="/wiki/Legio_XII_Fulminata" title="Legio XII Fulminata">XII <i>Fulminata</i></a>, reinforced with units of <a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Gallica" title="Legio III Gallica">III <i>Gallica</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Legio_IV_Scythica" title="Legio IV Scythica">IV <i>Scythica</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Legio_VI_Ferrata" title="Legio VI Ferrata">VI <i>Ferrata</i></a>, plus auxiliaries and allies—a total of approximately 30,000–36,000 troops—in order to restore order in the neighbouring province. The Syrian legion captured Narbata and also took <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a>, which surrendered without a fight. The Judean rebels who withdrew from Sepphoris took refuge at Atzmon hill but were defeated following a short siege. Gallus later reached <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and then marched on Caesarea and <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, where he massacred some 8,400 people. Continuing his military campaign, Gallus took <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lydda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antipatris#Aphek" title="Antipatris">Afek (Antipatris)</a> and engaged Jerusalemite rebels in <a href="/wiki/Geva" title="Geva">Geva</a>, where he lost nearly 500 troops to Judean rebels led by <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Giora" title="Simon bar Giora">Simon bar Giora</a>, reinforced by allied volunteers from <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a>. </p><p>The Syrian legion then <a href="/wiki/Invest_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invest (military)">invested</a> Jerusalem but for uncertain reasons and despite initial gains withdrew back towards the coast, where it was ambushed and defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Battle of Beth Horon</a>, a result which shocked the imperial leadership. The defeat of the Romans in Beth Horon is considered one of the worst military defeats of the Roman Empire by a rebel province throughout its history. Some 6,000 Roman troops were killed and many more wounded in the battle, with Legio XII <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Fulminata</i></span> losing its <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">aquila</a></i></span>, as Gallus abandoned his troops in disarray, fleeing to Syria. Judean militias included Sadducee and Pharisee factions, with a major role also played by the peasantry led by bar Giora and a <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealot</a> faction led by <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Simon" title="Eleazar ben Simon">Eleazar ben Simon</a>, as well as elements of the Sicarii. </p><p>Victorious Judean troops then took an initiative and attempted to expand their control to the Hellenistic city of <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a>, assembling an army commanded by <a href="/wiki/Niger_the_Perean" title="Niger the Perean">Niger the Perean</a>, Yohanan the Issean, and Shila the Babylonian and laying siege to the city. Despite the pillage of Ascalon's countryside, the campaign was a disaster for the Judeans, who failed to take the city and lost some 8,000 militia men to the small defending Roman garrison. Many Jewish residents of Ascalon were butchered by their Greco-Syrian and Roman neighbours as well in the aftermath. The failure to take Ascalon changed the tactics of Judean forces from open engagement to fortified warfare. </p><p>Following the defeat of Gallus in Beth Horon, the People's Assembly was called under the spiritual guidance of <a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Gamliel" title="Simeon ben Gamliel">Simeon ben Gamliel</a> and thus the <a href="/wiki/Judean_provisional_government" title="Judean provisional government">Judean provisional government</a> was formed in Jerusalem. Former <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest</a> <a href="/wiki/Ananus_ben_Ananus" title="Ananus ben Ananus">Ananus ben Ananus</a> (Hanan ben Hanan) was appointed one of the government heads and began reinforcing the city, with other prominent figure of Joseph ben Gurion,<sup id="cite_ref-benzion45_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benzion45-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Gamla" title="Joshua ben Gamla">Joshua ben Gamla</a> taking a leading role. <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus Matthias (Yosef ben Matityahu)</a> was appointed the commander in Galilee and <a href="/wiki/Golan" title="Golan">Golan</a>, while Josephus Simon (Yosef ben Shimon) was appointed commander of <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-benzion45_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benzion45-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John the Issene (Yohanan Issean) commander of Jaffa, Lydda, Ammeus-Nikopolis and the Tamna area.<sup id="cite_ref-benzion45_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benzion45-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eliezar_ben_Hanania" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliezar ben Hanania">Elazar Ananias (Eliezar ben Hananiya)</a> the joint commander in <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a> together with Jesus ben Sapphas (Joshua ben Zafia), with Niger the Perean the war hero during the Gallus campaign under their command. Menasseh was appointed for Perea and John Ananias (Yohanan ben Hananiya) to <a href="/wiki/Jifna" title="Jifna">Gophna</a> and Acrabetta.<sup id="cite_ref-benzion45_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benzion45-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An attempt by <a href="/wiki/Menahem_ben_Yehuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Menahem ben Yehuda">Menahem ben Yehuda</a>, leader of the Sicarii, to take control of Jerusalem failed. He was executed, and the remaining Sicarii were ejected from the city to their stronghold <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a>, previously taken from a Roman garrison. Headquartered in Masada, the Sicarii terrorized nearby Judean villages such as <a href="/wiki/Pillage_of_Ein_Gedi" title="Pillage of Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a>. Simon bar Giora was also expelled from Jerusalem, and his faction took refuge in Masada and stayed there until the winter of 67–68. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vespasian's_Galilee_campaign"><span id="Vespasian.27s_Galilee_campaign"></span>Vespasian's Galilee campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vespasian's Galilee campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">Galilee campaign (67)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yodfat" title="Siege of Yodfat">Siege of Yodfat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gamla" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gamla">Siege of Gamla</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstructed_ballistra_at_Gamla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Reconstructed_ballistra_at_Gamla.jpg/220px-Reconstructed_ballistra_at_Gamla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Reconstructed_ballistra_at_Gamla.jpg/330px-Reconstructed_ballistra_at_Gamla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Reconstructed_ballistra_at_Gamla.jpg/440px-Reconstructed_ballistra_at_Gamla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Roman-era <a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">ballista</a> (reconstructed at <a href="/wiki/Gamla" title="Gamla">Gamla</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Emperor Nero sent General <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> to crush the rebellion. Vespasian, along with legions <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis">X <i>Fretensis</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica" title="Legio V Macedonica">V <i>Macedonica</i></a>, landed at <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Ptolemais</a> in April 67. There he was joined by his son <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>, who arrived from <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> as the head of <a href="/wiki/Legio_XV_Apollinaris" title="Legio XV Apollinaris">Legio XV <i>Apollinaris</i></a>, as well as by the armies of various local allies including that of King <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a>. Fielding more than 60,000 soldiers, Vespasian began operations by subjugating Galilee.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judean rebels in Galilee were divided into two camps, with forces loyal to the central government in Jerusalem commanded by Josephus and representing the wealthy and priesthood classes, whereas local Zealot militias largely consisted of poor fishermen, farmers and refugees from Roman Syria. Many towns associated with the Jewish elite gave up without a fight, including Sepphoris and Tiberias, although others had to be taken by force. Of these, Josephus provides detailed accounts of the sieges of <a href="/wiki/Tarichaea" title="Tarichaea">Tarichaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yodfat" title="Yodfat">Yodfat</a> (Jotapata) and <a href="/wiki/Gamla" title="Gamla">Gamla</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gischala" class="mw-redirect" title="Gischala">Gischala</a>, the stronghold of Zealots, was also taken by force, as Zealot leaders abandoned it in the midst of the siege, heading with the bulk of their force for Jerusalem. </p><p>By 68, Jewish resistance in the north had been crushed, and Vespasian made Caesarea Maritima his headquarters and methodically proceeded to cleanse the coastline of the country, avoiding direct confrontation with the rebels at Jerusalem. Based on questionable numbers from Josephus, it has been estimated that the Roman vanquishing of Galilee resulted in 100,000 Jews killed or sold into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judean_regrouping_and_civil_war">Judean regrouping and civil war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Judean regrouping and civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zealot_Temple_Siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealot Temple Siege">Zealot Temple Siege</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shekel_from_third_year_of_the_first_Jewish-Roman_war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Shekel_from_third_year_of_the_first_Jewish-Roman_war.jpg/220px-Shekel_from_third_year_of_the_first_Jewish-Roman_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Shekel_from_third_year_of_the_first_Jewish-Roman_war.jpg/330px-Shekel_from_third_year_of_the_first_Jewish-Roman_war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Shekel_from_third_year_of_the_first_Jewish-Roman_war.jpg/440px-Shekel_from_third_year_of_the_first_Jewish-Roman_war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>A coin issued by the rebels in 68, note <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">Obverse</a>: "<a href="/wiki/Shekel" title="Shekel">Shekel</a>, Israel. Year 3." <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">Reverse</a>: "Jerusalem the Holy"</figcaption></figure> <p>Vespasian remained camped at Caesarea Maritima until spring 68, preparing for another campaign in the Judean and Samarian highlands. The Jews who were driven out of Galilee rebuilt Joppa (Jaffa) which had been destroyed by Gallus. Surrounded by the Romans, they rebuilt the city walls and used a light flotilla to demoralize commerce and interrupt the grain supply to Rome from Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-malkin-hohlfelder_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malkin-hohlfelder-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a>,</i> Josephus wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They also built themselves a great many piratical ships, and turned pirates upon the seas near to Syria, and Phoenicia, and Egypt, and made those seas unnavigable to all men.<sup id="cite_ref-War_3.9.2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-War_3.9.2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Zealot leaders of the collapsed northern revolt, headed by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Giscala" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Giscala">John of Giscala</a>, managed to escape from Galilee to Jerusalem with the bulk of their forces. Packed with militants of many factions, including remains of forces loyal to the Judean provisional government and significant Zealot militia headed by <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Simon" title="Eleazar ben Simon">Eleazar ben Simon</a>, and largely cut off by Roman forces, Jerusalem quickly descended into anarchy with the radical Zealots taking control of large parts of the fortified city. A brutal civil war then erupted, with the Zealots and the Sicarii executing anyone advocating surrender. </p><p>Following a false message that the Judean provisional government had come to terms with the Roman Army, delivered by the Zealots to the Idumeans, a major force of some 20,000 armed Idumeans arrived to Jerusalem. It was allowed in by the Zealots and thus, with Idumeans entering Jerusalem and fighting by the side of the Zealots, the heads of the Judean provisional government, Ananus ben Ananus and Joseph ben Gurion, were killed with severe civilian casualties in the notorious <a href="/wiki/Zealot_Temple_Siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealot Temple Siege">Zealot Temple Siege</a>, where Josephus reports 12,000 dead. Receiving the news of the carnage in Jerusalem, Simon bar Giora left Masada and began pillaging Idumea, setting his headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Na%27an" title="Na'an">Na'an</a>; he met little resistance and joined forces with Idumean leaders, including Jacob ben Susa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vespasian's_Judea_campaign"><span id="Vespasian.27s_Judea_campaign"></span>Vespasian's Judea campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vespasian's Judea campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="Special:EditPage/First Jewish–Roman War">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the spring of 68, Vespasian began a systematic campaign to subdue various rebel-held strongholds in Judea proper, recapturing Afeq, Lydda, Javneh, and Jaffa that spring. He continued into Idumea and Perea and to the Judean and Samarian highlands, where Bar Giora's faction was causing major concern to the Romans. The Roman Army took Gophna, Akrabta, Bet-El, Ephraim, and Hebron by July 69. </p><p>While the war in Judea was in progress, great events were occurring in Rome. In the middle of 68, Nero's increasingly erratic behavior finally lost him all support for his position. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>, and several prominent army commanders conspired for his removal. When the Senate declared Nero an <a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">enemy of the people</a>, he fled Rome and committed suicide with the help of a secretary. The newly installed emperor <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a> was murdered after just a few months by his rival <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a>, triggering a civil war that came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a>. In 69, though previously uninvolved, the popular Vespasian was also hailed emperor by the legions under his command. He decided, upon gaining further widespread support, to leave Titus to finish the war in Judea while he returned to Rome to claim the throne from the usurper <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a>, who had already deposed Otho. </p><p>Titus advanced his Roman legions on Jerusalem, conquering towns and creating a wave of Judean refugees. The rebels avoided direct confrontation and were mostly interested in their own control and survival. The Zealot factions were weakened by civil war within the city but could still field significant troops. John, a Zealot leader, assassinated Eleazar and began a despotic rule over the city. Simon bar Giora was invited into Jerusalem to stand against the Zealot faction of John and quickly took control of much of the city. Infighting between the factions of bar Giora and John followed through 69. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Jerusalem">Siege of Jerusalem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Siege of Jerusalem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">siege of Jerusalem</a> turned into a stalemate. Unable to breach the city's defenses, Roman armies established a permanent camp just outside the city, digging a trench around the circumference of its walls and building a wall as high as the city walls themselves around Jerusalem. Anyone caught in the trench attempting to flee the city would be captured and <a href="/wiki/Crucified" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucified">crucified</a> in lines on top of the dirt wall facing into Jerusalem, with as many as 500 crucifixions occurring in a day.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two Zealot leaders, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gischala" title="John of Gischala">John of Gischala</a> and Simon Bar Giora, only ceased hostilities and joined forces to defend the city when the Romans began to construct ramparts for the siege. </p><p>During the infighting inside the city walls, a stockpiled supply of dry food was intentionally burned by the Zealots to induce the defenders to fight against the siege, instead of negotiating peace; as a result many city dwellers and soldiers died of starvation during the siege. <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, a contemporary historian, notes that those who were besieged in Jerusalem amounted to no fewer than 600,000, that men and women alike and every age engaged in armed resistance, that everyone who could pick up a weapon did, and that both sexes showed equal determination, preferring death to a life that involved expulsion from their country.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus puts the number of the besieged at nearly 1 million. Many pilgrims from the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a> who, undeterred by the war, had trekked to Jerusalem to be present at the Temple during <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> became trapped in Jerusalem during the siege and perished.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rom,_Titusbogen,_Triumphzug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rom%2C_Titusbogen%2C_Triumphzug.jpg/220px-Rom%2C_Titusbogen%2C_Triumphzug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rom%2C_Titusbogen%2C_Triumphzug.jpg/330px-Rom%2C_Titusbogen%2C_Triumphzug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rom%2C_Titusbogen%2C_Triumphzug.jpg/440px-Rom%2C_Titusbogen%2C_Triumphzug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="2198" /></a><figcaption>The treasures of Jerusalem taken by the Romans (detail from the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>In the summer of 70, following a seven-month siege, Titus used the collapse of several of the city walls to breach Jerusalem, ransacking and burning nearly the entire city. The Romans began by attacking the weakest spot: the third wall. It was built shortly before the siege so it did not have as much time invested in its protection. They succeeded towards the end of May and shortly afterwards broke through the more important second wall. During the final stages of the Roman attack, Zealots still held the Temple while the Sicarii held the upper city. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>, one of the last fortified bastions of the rebellion, was destroyed on <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a> (29 or 30 July 70). </p><p>All three walls of Jerusalem were eventually destroyed as well as the Temple and the citadels; the city was burned, with most survivors taken into slavery; some of those overturned stones and their place of impact can still be seen. John of Giscala surrendered at Agrippa II's fortress of Jotapata while Simon Bar Giora surrendered at the site where the Temple once stood. The Temple treasures, including the <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">Menorah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Showbread#The_table_(shulchan)" title="Showbread">Table of the Bread of God's Presence</a>, which had previously only ever been seen by the High Priest of the Temple, were paraded through the streets of Rome during Titus' <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumphal procession</a>, along with some 700 Judean prisoners who were paraded in chains, among them John of Giscala and Simon Bar Giora. John of Giscala was sentenced to life imprisonment while Simon Bar Giora was executed. The triumph was commemorated with the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a>, which depicts the Temple's treasures being paraded.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the fall of Jerusalem, some insurrection still continued in isolated locations in Judea, lasting as long as 73. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_strongholds">Last strongholds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Last strongholds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Siege of Masada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masada_Roman_Ruins_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Masada_Roman_Ruins_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Masada_Roman_Ruins_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Masada_Roman_Ruins_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Masada_Roman_Ruins_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Masada_Roman_Ruins_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/440px-Masada_Roman_Ruins_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Remnants of one of several legionary camps at <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a> in Israel, just outside the <a href="/wiki/Circumvallation" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumvallation">circumvallation</a> wall at the bottom of the image.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the spring of 71, Titus set sail for Rome. <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Lucilius_Bassus" title="Sextus Lucilius Bassus">Sextus Lucilius Bassus</a> was appointed as military governor, whose assigned task was to undertake the "mopping-up" operations in Judea. He used X <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Fretensis</i></span> to besiege and capture the few remaining fortresses that still resisted. Bassus took <a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodium</a> and then crossed the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan</a> to capture the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Machaerus" title="Machaerus">Machaerus</a> on the shore of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> and then continued into the forest of Jardus on the northern shore of the Dead Sea to pursue some 3,000 Judean rebels under the leadership of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_ben_Ari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judah ben Ari (page does not exist)">Judah ben Ari</a>, whom he swiftly defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of illness, Bassus did not live to complete his mission. <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Flavius_Silva" title="Lucius Flavius Silva">Lucius Flavius Silva</a> replaced him and moved against the last Judean stronghold, Masada, in the autumn of 72. He used <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis">Legio X</a>, auxiliary troops, and thousands of Jewish prisoners,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for a total of 10,000 soldiers. After his orders for surrender were rejected, Silva established several base camps and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circumvallate" class="extiw" title="wikt:circumvallate">circumvallated</a> the fortress. According to Josephus, when the Romans finally broke through the walls of this citadel in 73, they discovered that 960 of the 967 defenders had committed suicide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographic_consequences">Demographic consequences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographic consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Roman suppression of the revolt had a significant demographic impact on the Jews of Judaea, as many perished in battle and from siege conditions, and multiple cities, towns and villages were destroyed. The destruction was not uniform across the country; certain areas suffered more extensive devastation than others. The Jewish population in several mixed cities was eliminated. In Galilee, according to Josephus, two of the four largest cities, <a href="/wiki/Tarichaea" title="Tarichaea">Tarichaea</a> (probably <a href="/wiki/Magdala" title="Magdala">Magdala</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Arraba,_Israel" title="Arraba, Israel">Gabara</a>, were destroyed, while <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> reconciled with the Romans and experienced minimal harm. The scope of destruction also varied in <a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Transjordan</a> and in central Judaea. Among all the regions, Judea proper experienced the most severe destruction, yet some cities, like <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yavne" title="Yavne">Yavne</a>, and their surroundings, remained relatively undamaged. The most severe devastation was concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Mountains" title="Judaean Mountains">Judaean Mountains</a>, culminating in the complete destruction of Jerusalem, resulting in an estimated loss of more than 90% of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Josephus reports that the Romans took numerous slaves with them. He says that Vespasian sent 6,000 Jewish prisoners of war from Galilee to work on the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Corinth" title="Isthmus of Corinth">Isthmus of Corinth</a> in Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He records that the Romans captured captives who were 17 years old and older and sent them to <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labor</a> in Egypt. The youngest captives were sold into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Moshe David Herr's estimation, one-third of the Jewish population in Judaea perished during the revolt. This figure encompasses those who died in battles with the Romans, during intra-Jewish civil strife, and in massacres perpetrated by gentiles in mixed cities. Additionally, victims succumbed to famine and epidemics, particularly in Jerusalem during its long siege. About another tenth of the Jewish population in Judaea was captured by the Romans, and their fate was often tragic, with many enduring harsh treatment, execution, or forced labor. Strong young men were compelled to serve as <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiators</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">stadiums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">circuses</a> across the empire, while others were sent to <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Rome" title="Prostitution in ancient Rome">brothels</a> or <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">sold as slaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vespasian settled 800 Roman veterans in <a href="/wiki/Motza" title="Motza">Motza</a>, which became a Roman settlement known as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Qalunya" title="Qalunya">Colonia Amosa</a></i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Colonia Emmaus</i></span>. He strengthened Roman control over the province by giving Caesarea colony status and <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Neapolis</a> city status, and by garrisoning <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis">Legio X Fretensis</a> in Jerusalem permanently.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the heavy losses and the destruction of the Temple, Jewish life continued to thrive in Judea.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiffman_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiffman-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, continuing dissatisfaction with Roman rule eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> of 132–136, which appears to have resulted in the destruction and depopulation of Judea proper.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jerusalem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem-Burnt-House-434.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jerusalem-Burnt-House-434.jpg/220px-Jerusalem-Burnt-House-434.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jerusalem-Burnt-House-434.jpg/330px-Jerusalem-Burnt-House-434.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jerusalem-Burnt-House-434.jpg/440px-Jerusalem-Burnt-House-434.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Archaeological findings in Jerusalem's '<a href="/wiki/Burnt_House" title="Burnt House">Burnt House</a>': Remains of a spear and the forearm bones of a 25-year-old woman found in the ruins of an exquisite priestly mansion destroyed by fire, 70 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>According to historical sources and archaeological evidence, Jerusalem was completely destroyed during the war. Josephus claims that 1,100,000 people were killed during the siege of Jerusalem, 97,000 were captured and enslaved, and many others fled to areas around the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. A significant portion of the deaths was from illnesses and hunger brought about by the Romans. "A pestilential destruction upon them, and soon afterward such a famine, as destroyed them more suddenly."<sup id="cite_ref-Wars_6.9.3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wars_6.9.3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, when describing the siege of Jerusalem, reports "We have heard that the total number of the besieged of every age and both sexes was six hundred thousand.<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] Both men and women showed the same determination; and if they were to be <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">forced to change their home</a>, they feared life more than death",<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which indicates that the besieged believed that those who survived the siege would be displaced.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seth_Schwartz" title="Seth Schwartz">Seth Schwartz</a> writes that it is unlikely that many Jews survived in Jerusalem or the surrounding area. Many of the Jewish rebels were scattered or sold into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He refutes Josephus' estimates of a death toll of 1.1<span class="nowrap"> </span>million as implausible. According to his calculations, the total population of Judea at that time was around 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>million, with approximately half being Jews. Moreover, he points out that sizeable Jewish communities continued to exist in the region even after the war, including in Judea, despite the severe damages incurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Schwartz, the reported figure of 97,000 captives taken during the war is much more reliable. This would suggest that a sizeable segment of the population was either driven out of the country or, at the very least, displaced.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_consequences">Social consequences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Social consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The social ramifications of the war were profound, leading to the complete disappearance or loss of status of entire social strata. The most impacted were the classes closely associated with Jerusalem and the Temple. The aristocratic oligarchy, consisting of the families of the <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priesthood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">their affiliates</a>, who wielded significant political, social, and economic influence and amassed great wealth, suffered a total collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conventional understanding posits that the <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, whose settlement at <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a> was destroyed during the war, and the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, who were primarily composed of members from the Jerusalem aristocracy, might have ceased to exist after the revolt. Nevertheless, there are no direct sources explicitly confirming their disappearance, and hints in later <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">patristic literature</a> suggest the possibility of continued Jewish sectarianism, including Sadducee and Essene-related groups, in the following centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_consequences">Economic consequences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economic consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The revolt affected Judaea's economic and social environment, as well as, to a lesser extent, the Jewish world at large. With the influx of pilgrims and wealth from the Roman and Parthian Empires, which concentrated vast wealth in Jerusalem, the Second Temple had developed into a massive economy by the first century, but the destruction of the city and the temple brought this to an end. Additionally, according to Josephus and other scholars, the Romans confiscated and auctioned off all Jewish land or all land held by Jews who had participated in the insurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i> article on the Hebrew Alphabet states: "Not until the revolts against Nero and against <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> did the Jews return to the use of the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">old Hebrew script</a> on their coins, which they did from motives similar to those which had governed them two or three centuries previously; both times, it is true, only for a brief period."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_developments">Religious developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religious developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The destruction of the Temple marked a turning point in Judaism. In the absence of the Temple, Judaism responded by more devoted observance to the commandments of the Torah, and by making the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> the center of Jewish life.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen297_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen297-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synagogues, which were present before the revolt, acquired prominence and replaced the Temple as a major meeting place for Jews, and <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> took the place of high priests as the Jewish community's leaders. The rabbis filled the void of Jewish leadership in the aftermath of the Great Revolt and, through their literature and teachings, helped Judaism adapt in the absence of the Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen297_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen297-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the rabbis' dominance after 70, the era is sometimes known as the "rabbinic period".<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen297_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen297-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic sources</a>, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yohanan_ben_Zakkai" title="Yohanan ben Zakkai">Yohanan ben Zakkai</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ribaz</i></span>), a prominent Pharisaic sage, was smuggled out of besieged Jerusalem in a coffin by his students. After predicting Vespasian's rise to the throne, he sought and obtained permission from the future emperor to establish a rabbinic center in Yavne. While the specific details of Ben Zakkai's escape remain difficult to corroborate, the story bears some similarities to Josephus' account of his own escape and predictions, even though inconsistencies exist. Nonetheless, the writings of Josephus confirm the escape of several dignitaries from Jerusalem during the siege, making it plausible that Ben Zakkai was among them.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the leadership of Ribaz, Yavne emerged as a prominent rabbinic center where various enactments were issued to reshape Jewish life and adapt it to post-destruction reality. This allowed the development of an organized and authoritative system of rabbinic scholarship, which became the basis for the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> as the dominant form of Judaism in the centuries that followed. In keeping with Pharisaic beliefs, the Rabbinic approach emphasized the role of the <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">oral tradition</a> as a supplement to the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">written Torah</a>, resulting in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> (redacted in the early 3rd century) and later <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> as primary sources of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a> and religious guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one theory, now largely discarded, a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jamnia" title="Council of Jamnia">council at Yavneh</a> also finalized the canon of the Hebrew Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The religious reaction to the destruction was also evident through changes in <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Halakhah" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakhah">halakhah</a></i></span> (Jewish law), <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">midrashim</i></span>, and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Apocalypse_of_Baruch" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch">Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch</a>, all of which mention the agony of the temple's destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiffman_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiffman-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sestertius_-_Vespasiano_-_Iudaea_Capta-RIC_0424.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sestertius_-_Vespasiano_-_Iudaea_Capta-RIC_0424.jpg/220px-Sestertius_-_Vespasiano_-_Iudaea_Capta-RIC_0424.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sestertius_-_Vespasiano_-_Iudaea_Capta-RIC_0424.jpg/330px-Sestertius_-_Vespasiano_-_Iudaea_Capta-RIC_0424.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sestertius_-_Vespasiano_-_Iudaea_Capta-RIC_0424.jpg/440px-Sestertius_-_Vespasiano_-_Iudaea_Capta-RIC_0424.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>An ancient Roman coin. The inscription reads <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">IVDEA CAPTA</i></span>. The coins inscribed <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Judaea_Capta_coinage" title="Judaea Capta coinage">Ivdaea Capta</a></i></span> ('Judea Captured') were issued throughout the Empire to demonstrate the futility of possible future rebellions. Judea was represented by a crying woman.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titus_Augustus_Denarius.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Titus_Augustus_Denarius.png/220px-Titus_Augustus_Denarius.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Titus_Augustus_Denarius.png/330px-Titus_Augustus_Denarius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Titus_Augustus_Denarius.png/440px-Titus_Augustus_Denarius.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Roman <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> depicting Titus, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 79</span>. The reverse commemorates his <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Judaean wars</a>, representing a Jewish captive kneeling in front of a trophy of arms.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scholars contend that the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a> utilized its victory over the Jews to establish legitimacy for its claim to rule the empire. A triumph was held in Rome to celebrate the fall of Jerusalem, and two <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arches</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Via_Sacra" title="Via Sacra">Via Sacra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus_(Circus_Maximus)" title="Arch of Titus (Circus Maximus)">Arch of Titus</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a>) were built.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Flavian dynasty also launched an extensive series of coins titled <a href="/wiki/Judaea_Capta_coinage" title="Judaea Capta coinage">Judaea Capta</a> to celebrate the victory.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Life of Apollonius of Tyana">Life of Apollonius</a></i>, Titus refused to accept a wreath of victory offered by the groups neighboring Judaea, on the grounds that he had only been the instrument of divine wrath.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fall of Jerusalem, Titus "funded expensive spectacles and used Jewish captives as a display of their own destruction" in southern Syria and greater Judaea. According to Nathanael Andrade, these events served to unify the ethnically and culturally diverse populations of Greek cities, while simultaneously marginalizing Jews, who were perceived as a threat to the Greek way of life, marked by its temples and figurative art. Additionally, these spectacles led Greeks to view the Romans as their defenders against Jewish uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_wars">Further wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Great Revolt of Judea marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a>, which radically changed the eastern Mediterranean and had a crucial impact on the development of the Roman Empire and the Jews. Despite the defeat of the Great Revolt, tensions continued to build in the region. With the Parthian threat from the East, major Jewish communities throughout the eastern Mediterranean revolted in 117 CE. The revolt, known as the <a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a> in 115—which took place mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">diaspora</a> (in Cyprus, Egypt, Mesopotamia and only marginally in Judea)—while poorly-organized, was extremely violent and took two years for the Roman armies to subdue. Although only the final chapter of the Kitos War was fought in Judea, the revolt is considered part of the Jewish–Roman Wars. The immense number of casualties during the Kitos War depopulated Cyrenaica and Cyprus and also reduced Jewish and Greco-Roman populations in the region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (December 2013)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The third and final conflict in the Jewish–Roman Wars erupted in Judea, known as the Bar Kokhba revolt in 132, concentrating in Judea province and led by <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a>. Although Bar Kokhba was initially successful against Roman forces and established a short-lived state, the eventual Roman effort defeated Bar Kokhba's rebels. The result was a level of destruction and death that has been described as a genocide of the Jews, a ban on Judaism, and the renaming of the province from Judea to <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>, with many Jews being sold into slavery or fleeing to other areas around the Mediterranean. Although <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian's</a> death in 137 eased restrictions and persecution of the Jews, the Jewish population of Judea had been greatly reduced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main account of the revolt comes from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> of Josephus, a former Jewish commander of Galilee, who, after capture by the Romans after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yodfat" title="Siege of Yodfat">Siege of Yodfat</a>, attempted to end the rebellion by negotiating with the Judeans on Titus's behalf. Josephus and Titus became close friends, and later Josephus was granted <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman citizen">Roman citizenship</a> and a pension. He never returned to his homeland after the fall of Jerusalem, living in Rome as a historian under the patronage of Vespasian and Titus. Other accounts of the revolts, though not as accurate as Josephus, come from the <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a></i> of Tacitus, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars" title="The Twelve Caesars">The Twelve Caesars</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Strategemata" title="Strategemata">Strategemata</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a>. </p><p>A <i>History of the Jewish War</i> was written by Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Justus_of_Tiberias" title="Justus of Tiberias">Justus of Tiberias</a>, but it has been lost and survives only in quotes by Josephus,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was apparently very critical towards <i>The Jewish War</i> of Josephus, prompting a harsh response from him in his autobiography.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another account of the revolt comes from a 4th-century chronicle written in Latin by an anonymous author, erroneously thought to be <a href="/wiki/Hegesippus_(chronicler)" title="Hegesippus (chronicler)">Hegesippus</a> in the past and thus commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Hegesippus" title="Pseudo-Hegesippus">Pseudo-Hegesippus</a>. However, such work is usually seen as nothing more than a rewriting of <i>The Jewish War</i> of Josephus with blatant anti-Jewish and pro-Christian alterations, and is therefore dismissed as unreliable by scholars.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Jewish and Samaritan revolts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus</a>, 352</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_revolts" title="Samaritan revolts">Samaritan revolts</a>, 484–572</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Jewish revolt against Heraclius</a>, 614-617/625</li></ul> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish_Revolt_coinage" title="First Jewish Revolt coinage">First Jewish Revolt coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">History of the Jews in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">History of the Jews in the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_problem" title="Josephus problem">Josephus problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_Near_East" title="List of conflicts in the Near East">List of conflicts in the Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_civil_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jewish civil wars">List of Jewish civil wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Religious persecution in the Roman Empire">Religious persecution in the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicaricon_(Jewish_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicaricon (Jewish law)">Sicaricon (Jewish law)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wars_6.9.3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wars_6.9.3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wars_6.9.3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=6&chapter=9&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=3&up.x=&up.y=&text=wars&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>BJ</i></a>. 6.9.3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJ&rft.pages=6.9.3&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D6%26chapter%3D9%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D3%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Dwars%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span>,<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+BJ+6.9.3">BJ6.9.3</a>,<span class="nowrap"> </span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2012" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_White_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew White (historian) (page does not exist)">White, Matthew</a> (2012), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Big_Book_of_Horrible_Things" title="The Great Big Book of Horrible Things">The Great Big Book of Horrible Things</a></i>, Norton, p. 52</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Big+Book+of+Horrible+Things&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/romestat.htm">"Atrocity statistics from the Roman Era"</a>. <i>Necrometrics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Necrometrics&rft.atitle=Atrocity+statistics+from+the+Roman+Era&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnecrometrics.com%2Fromestat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant2017-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grant2017_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2017" class="citation book cs1">Grant, R. G. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZNADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85"><i>1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History</i></a>. Book Sales. pp. 85–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7858-3553-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7858-3553-0"><bdi>978-0-7858-3553-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1001+Battles+That+Changed+the+Course+of+History&rft.pages=85-&rft.pub=Book+Sales&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7858-3553-0&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ZNADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFשטרן1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">שטרן, מנחם (1984). <bdi lang="he">ההיסטוריה של ארץ ישראל: התקופה הרומית-ביזנטית – שלטון רומי מהכיבוש ועד מלחמת בן כוסבה (63 לפני הספירה – 135 לספירה)</bdi> (in Hebrew). בית הוצאה כתר – ירושלים; יד יצחק בן צבי. p. 297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%94%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5+%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%3A+%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA+%E2%80%93+%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99+%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9+%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%93+%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%94+%2863+%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94+%E2%80%93+135+%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94%29&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%94+%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%A8+%E2%80%93+%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D%3B+%D7%99%D7%93+%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9F&rft.aufirst=%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%9D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=2&chapter=8&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=11&up.x=&up.y=&text=wars&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>BJ</i></a>. 2.8.11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJ&rft.pages=2.8.11&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D2%26chapter%3D8%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D11%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Dwars%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=2&chapter=13&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=7&up.x=&up.y=&text=wars&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>BJ</i></a>. 2.13.7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJ&rft.pages=2.13.7&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D2%26chapter%3D13%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D7%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Dwars%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=2&chapter=14&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=4&up.x=&up.y=&text=wars&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>BJ</i></a>. 2.14.4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJ&rft.pages=2.14.4&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D2%26chapter%3D14%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D4%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Dwars%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=2&chapter=14&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=5&up.x=&up.y=&text=wars&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>BJ</i></a>. 2.14.5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJ&rft.pages=2.14.5&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D2%26chapter%3D14%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D5%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Dwars%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <i>De Bello Judaico</i> (<a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Wars of the Jews">Wars of the Jews</a>), book iv, chapter i, § 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shaye_J._D._Cohen" title="Shaye J. D. Cohen">Cohen, Shaye</a>. "Roman Domination: The Jewish Revolt and the Destruction of the Second Temple". In Hershel Shanks (ed.). <i>Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple</i>. Prentice Hall, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archeology_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Archeology Society">Biblical Archeology Society</a>. p. 269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roman+Domination%3A+The+Jewish+Revolt+and+the+Destruction+of+the+Second+Temple&rft.btitle=Ancient+Israel%3A+From+Abraham+to+the+Roman+Destruction+of+the+Temple&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall%2C+Biblical+Archeology+Society&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span> Edition: not specified. First edition: 1988. The 3rd edition (2011) is online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancient-israel-abraham-to-romans-ed.-hershel-shanks/page/n1/mode/1up">archive.org</a> - subscription needed (accessed 12 June 2024).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen273-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen273_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen273_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen, Shaye. p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen286-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen286_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen286_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen286_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen286_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen286_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen286_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen286_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen, Shaye. p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.H. Ben-Sasson, <i>A History of the Jewish People</i>, pp. 247–248: "Consequently, the province of Judea may be regarded as a satellite of Syria, though, in view of the measure of independence left to its governor in domestic affairs, it would be wrong to say that in the Julio-Claudian era Judea was legally part of the province of Syria."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>Flaccus</i> III.8, IV.21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>Flaccus</i> V.26–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>Flaccus</i> V.29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UrmanFlesher1998-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UrmanFlesher1998_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_UrmanPaul_Virgil_McCracken_Flesher1998" class="citation book cs1">Dan Urman; Paul Virgil McCracken Flesher (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HQyxvmYV-50C&pg=PA219"><i>Ancient Synagogues: Historical Analysis and Archaeological Discovery</i></a>. Brill. pp. 219–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11254-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11254-5"><bdi>90-04-11254-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Synagogues%3A+Historical+Analysis+and+Archaeological+Discovery&rft.pages=219-&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-04-11254-5&rft.au=Dan+Urman&rft.au=Paul+Virgil+McCracken+Flesher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHQyxvmYV-50C%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>Flaccus</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Flaccus_VI" class="extiw" title="s:Flaccus VI">VI.43</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchürerMillar2014-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SchürerMillar2014_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmil_SchürerFergus_MillarGeza_Vermes2014" class="citation book cs1">Emil Schürer; Fergus Millar; Geza Vermes (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oG5jAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA390"><i>The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ</i></a>. A&C Black. pp. 390–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-5827-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-5827-5"><bdi>978-1-4725-5827-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Jewish+People+in+the+Age+of+Jesus+Christ&rft.pages=390-&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-5827-5&rft.au=Emil+Sch%C3%BCrer&rft.au=Fergus+Millar&rft.au=Geza+Vermes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoG5jAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexandria.)2003-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alexandria.)2003_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilo_(of_Alexandria)2003" class="citation book cs1">Philo (of Alexandria) (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PQu2usF-cEYC&pg=PA134"><i>Philo's Flaccus: The First Pogrom</i></a>. Brill. pp. 134–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13118-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13118-3"><bdi>90-04-13118-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philo%27s+Flaccus%3A+The+First+Pogrom&rft.pages=134-&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-04-13118-3&rft.au=Philo+%28of+Alexandria%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPQu2usF-cEYC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>Flaccus</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Flaccus#VII" class="extiw" title="s:Flaccus">VII.45</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>Flaccus</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Flaccus#XXI" class="extiw" title="s:Flaccus">XXI.185</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jos_AJ_18.7.2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jos_AJ_18.7.2_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=18&chapter=7&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=2&up.x=&up.y=&text=anti&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>AJ</i></a>. 18.7.2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AJ&rft.pages=18.7.2&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D18%26chapter%3D7%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D2%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Danti%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span>,<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+AJ+18.7.2">AJ18.7.2</a>,<span class="nowrap"> </span>..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AJ_18.8.1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AJ_18.8.1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AJ_18.8.1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AJ_18.8.1_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=18&chapter=8&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=1&up.x=&up.y=&text=anti&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>AJ</i></a>. 18.8.1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AJ&rft.pages=18.8.1&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D18%26chapter%3D8%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D1%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Danti%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span>,<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+AJ+18.8.1">AJ18.8.1</a>,<span class="nowrap"> </span>..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philo-gaius-30-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-philo-gaius-30_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-philo-gaius-30_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>On the Embassy to Gaius</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Embassy_to_Gaius#XXX" class="extiw" title="s:On the Embassy to Gaius">XXX.201</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philo-gaius-statue-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-philo-gaius-statue_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>On the Embassy to Gaius</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Embassy_to_Gaius#XXX" class="extiw" title="s:On the Embassy to Gaius">XXX.203</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>On the Embassy to Gaius</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Embassy_to_Gaius#XXXI" class="extiw" title="s:On the Embassy to Gaius">XXXI.213</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Mason_(biblical_scholar)" title="Steve Mason (biblical scholar)">Steve Mason</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themarginaliareview.com/why-josephus-matters/">'Why Josephus Matters'</a>, in <i>Marginalia</i> 3 December 2021:'the common image of Judeans long struggling under oppressive imperial rule is hard to sustain. In Josephus' view, Jerusalem had until then been the happiest of all cities under Roman.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaye Cohen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cojs.org/shaye_cohen-_-roman_domination-_the_jewish_revolt_and_the_destruction_of_the_second_temple-_part_v/">writes</a> that.'This act was not significantly worse than the depredations and misdeeds of previous procurators, and the riot it provoked was not significantly worse than the riots that had erupted during the tenures of previous procurators. This riot, however, was the first act of a war, because it came at the end of a period of almost 20 years of unrelieved tension and lawlessness. When Florus brutally suppressed the riot, the people responded with even greater intensity, with the result that Florus had to flee the city.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=2&chapter=14&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=5&up.x=&up.y=&text=wars&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>BJ</i></a>. 2.14.5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJ&rft.pages=2.14.5&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D2%26chapter%3D14%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D5%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Dwars%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span>,<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=1J.+BJ+2.14.5">BJ2.14.5</a>,<span class="nowrap"> </span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=2&chapter=8&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=11&up.x=&up.y=&text=wars&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>BJ</i></a>. 2.8.11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJ&rft.pages=2.8.11&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D2%26chapter%3D8%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D11%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Dwars%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=2&chapter=13&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=7&up.x=&up.y=&text=wars&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>BJ</i></a>. 2.13.7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJ&rft.pages=2.13.7&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D2%26chapter%3D13%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D7%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Dwars%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=2&chapter=14&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=4&up.x=&up.y=&text=wars&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>BJ</i></a>. 2.14.4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJ&rft.pages=2.14.4&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D2%26chapter%3D14%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D4%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Dwars%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=2&chapter=14&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=5&up.x=&up.y=&text=wars&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>BJ</i></a>. 2.14.5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJ&rft.pages=2.14.5&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D2%26chapter%3D14%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D5%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Dwars%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span>..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wars_2.14.6-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wars_2.14.6_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=2&chapter=14&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=6&up.x=&up.y=&text=wars&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>BJ</i></a>. 2.14.6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJ&rft.pages=2.14.6&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D2%26chapter%3D14%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D6%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Dwars%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wars_2.14.9-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wars_2.14.9_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=2&chapter=14&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=9&up.x=&up.y=&text=wars&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>BJ</i></a>. 2.14.9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJ&rft.pages=2.14.9&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D2%26chapter%3D14%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D9%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Dwars%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodman2008-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goodman2008_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman,_Martin2008" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Martin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fNQPAEErNy8C"><i>Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations</i></a>. Vintage Books. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-72613-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-72613-2"><bdi>978-0-375-72613-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+Jerusalem%3A+The+Clash+of+Ancient+Civilizations&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-375-72613-2&rft.au=Goodman%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfNQPAEErNy8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <i>Church History</i> 3, 5, 3; Epiphanius, <i>Panarion</i> 29,7,7–8; 30, 2, 7; <i>On Weights and Measures</i> 15. See: Craig Koester, "The Origin and Significance of the Flight to Pella Tradition", <i>Catholic Biblical Quarterly</i> 51 (1989), pp. 90–106; P. H. R. van Houwelingen, "Fleeing forward: The departure of Christians from Jerusalem to Pella", <i>Westminster Theological Journal</i> 65 (2003); Jonathan Bourgel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4909339/THE_JEWISH_CHRISTIANS_MOVE_FROM_JERUSALEM_AS_A_PRAGMATIC_CHOICE">"The Jewish Christians' Move from Jerusalem as a pragmatic choice"</a>, in: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Jaff%C3%A9" title="Dan Jaffé">Dan Jaffé</a> (ed), <i>Studies in Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity</i>, (Leyden: Brill, 2010), pp. 107–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bennett, Julian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41545245">"Two New Centurions of the "Legio IV Scythica"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Latomus</i>. <b>66</b> (2). Société d'Études Latines de Bruxelles: 404–413. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41545245">41545245</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latomus&rft.atitle=Two+New+Centurions+of+the+%22Legio+IV+Scythica%22&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=404-413&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41545245%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41545245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benzion45-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benzion45_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benzion45_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benzion45_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benzion45_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Zion, S. <i>A Roadmap to the Heavens: An Anthropological Study of Hegemony Among Priests</i>. p45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rocca S. 2008. The Forts of Judea 168 BCE – CE 73. Osprey, Wellingborough, pp. 37–39, 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroshi1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magen_Broshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magen Broshi (page does not exist)">Broshi, Magen</a> (1 October 1979). "The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period". <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>236</b> (236): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1356664">10.2307/1356664</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-097X">0003-097X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356664">1356664</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12338473">12338473</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24341643">24341643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=The+Population+of+Western+Palestine+in+the+Roman-Byzantine+Period&rft.volume=236&rft.issue=236&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=1979-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24341643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1356664&rft.issn=0003-097X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1356664%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12338473&rft.aulast=Broshi&rft.aufirst=Magen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByatt1973" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Byatt" title="Anthony Byatt">Byatt, Anthony</a> (1 January 1973). 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The Center for Online Judaic Studies. 31 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112191143/http://cojs.org/silver_shekel_from_the_first_jewish_revolt-_66-70_ce/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silver+Shekel+from+the+First+Jewish+Revolt%2C+66%E2%80%9370+CE&rft.pub=The+Center+for+Online+Judaic+Studies&rft.date=2008-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcojs.org%2Fsilver_shekel_from_the_first_jewish_revolt-_66-70_ce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malkin-hohlfelder-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-malkin-hohlfelder_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalkin,_IradHohlfelder,_Robert_L.1988" class="citation book cs1">Malkin, Irad; Hohlfelder, Robert L. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CZt8xkmEwVwC&q=jewish+pirates&pg=PA81"><i>Mediterranean Cities: Historical Perspectives</i></a>. Routledge. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3353-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3353-4"><bdi>978-0-7146-3353-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+Cities%3A+Historical+Perspectives&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-3353-4&rft.au=Malkin%2C+Irad&rft.au=Hohlfelder%2C+Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCZt8xkmEwVwC%26q%3Djewish%2Bpirates%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-War_3.9.2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-War_3.9.2_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pace.webhosting.rug.nl/york/york/showText?book=3&chapter=9&textChunk=whistonSection&chunkId=2&up.x=&up.y=&text=wars&version=&direction=&tab=&layout=english"><i>BJ</i></a>. 3.9.2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJ&rft.pages=3.9.2&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpace.webhosting.rug.nl%2Fyork%2Fyork%2FshowText%3Fbook%3D3%26chapter%3D9%26textChunk%3DwhistonSection%26chunkId%3D2%26up.x%3D%26up.y%3D%26text%3Dwars%26version%3D%26direction%3D%26tab%3D%26layout%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span>,<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=J.+BJ+3.9.2">BJ3.9.2</a>,<span class="nowrap"> </span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Jews,_God,_and_History" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Dimont" title="Max Dimont">Dimont, Max</a> (June 2004) [1962 for first ed.]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xVYbf5SyHlsC&q=%22Jews%2C%20God%20and%20History%22%20by%20Max%20I.%20Dimont&pg=PA97">"The Sealed Coffin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xVYbf5SyHlsC&q=%22Jews%2C%20God%20and%20History%22%20by%20Max%20I.%20Dimont&pg=PA101"><i>Jews, God, and History</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Signet Classic. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-451-62866-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-451-62866-7"><bdi>0-451-62866-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2009</span>. <q>To make sure that no food or water supply would reach the city from the outside, Titus completely sealed off Jerusalem from the rest of the world with a wall of earth as high as the stone wall around Jerusalem itself. Anyone not a Roman soldier caught anywhere in this vast dry moat was crucified on the top of the earthen wall in sight of the Jews of the city. It was not uncommon for as many as five hundred people a day to be so executed. The air was redolent with the stench of rotting flesh and rent by the cries and agony of the crucified. But the Jews held out for still another year, the fourth year of the war, to the discomfiture of Titus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sealed+Coffin&rft.btitle=Jews%2C+God%2C+and+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=101&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Signet+Classic&rft.date=2004-06&rft.isbn=0-451-62866-7&rft.aulast=Dimont&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxVYbf5SyHlsC%26q%3D%2522Jews%252C%2520God%2520and%2520History%2522%2520by%2520Max%2520I.%2520Dimont%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Works_of_Cornelius_Tacitus" class="citation book cs1">Tacitus, Cornelius (1844) [1844]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=atpPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA497">"Book 5"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=atpPAAAAYAAJ&q=jerusalem&pg=PA504"><i>The works of Cornelius Tacitus: with an essay on his life and genius, notes, supplements</i></a>. Philadelphia: Thomas Wardle. p. 504<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+5&rft.btitle=The+works+of+Cornelius+Tacitus%3A+with+an+essay+on+his+life+and+genius%2C+notes%2C+supplements&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=504&rft.pub=Thomas+Wardle&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Tacitus&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DatpPAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wettstein, Howard: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6u90DckCgo4C&pg=PA31">Diasporas and Exiles: Varieties of Jewish Identity</a>, p. 31 (2002). University of California Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041109232033/http://www.inrometoday.it/phototour/romanforum/titusarch/index.htm">"Titus' Arch, Emperor Titus' Triumphal Arch in the Roman Forum - Rome Italy"</a>. 9 November 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inrometoday.it/phototour/romanforum/titusarch/index.htm">the original</a> on 9 November 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Titus%27+Arch%2C+Emperor+Titus%27+Triumphal+Arch+in+the+Roman+Forum+-+Rome+Italy&rft.date=2004-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inrometoday.it%2Fphototour%2Fromanforum%2Ftitusarch%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Civan, Julian: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OclHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">Abraham's Knife: The Mythology of the Deicide in Anti-Semitism</a>, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tropper, A. <i>Rewriting ancient Jewish history: the history of the Jews in Roman times and the new historical method</i>: p. 92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HigFDAAAQBAJ&dq=jardes+forest&pg=PA92">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerr1984" class="citation book cs1">Herr, Moshe David (1984). Shtern, Menahem (ed.). <i>The History of Eretz Israel: The Roman Byzantine period: the Roman period from the conquest to the Ben Kozba War (63 B.C.E-135 C.E.)</i>. Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. p. 288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Eretz+Israel%3A+The+Roman+Byzantine+period%3A+the+Roman+period+from+the+conquest+to+the+Ben+Kozba+War+%2863+B.C.E-135+C.E.%29&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Yad+Izhak+Ben-Zvi&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Herr&rft.aufirst=Moshe+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Kooten, G. H. (2011). The Jewish War and the Roman Civil War of 68–69 CE: Jewish, Pagan, and Christian Perspectives. In <i>The Jewish Revolt against Rome</i> (pp. 419–450). Brill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, the Jewish War, Book VI, 418:558</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelayche2001" class="citation book cs1">Belayche, Nicole (2001). "Jews and Polytheistic Semitic Traditions". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49385579"><i>Iudaea-Palaestina: the pagan cults in Roman Palestine (second to fourth century)</i></a>. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 82–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-147153-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-147153-9"><bdi>3-16-147153-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49385579">49385579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jews+and+Polytheistic+Semitic+Traditions&rft.btitle=Iudaea-Palaestina%3A+the+pagan+cults+in+Roman+Palestine+%28second+to+fourth+century%29&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=82-84&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49385579&rft.isbn=3-16-147153-9&rft.aulast=Belayche&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F49385579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schiffman-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schiffman_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schiffman_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman1991" class="citation book cs1">Schiffman, Lawerence (1991). <i>"Revolt and Restoration," in From Text to Tradition</i>. Ktav Pub. House. pp. 161–162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Revolt+and+Restoration%2C%22+in+From+Text+to+Tradition&rft.pages=161-162&rft.pub=Ktav+Pub.+House&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Lawerence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2014" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Seth (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863044259"><i>The ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad</i></a>. Cambridge. pp. 85–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04127-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04127-1"><bdi>978-1-107-04127-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/863044259">863044259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ancient+Jews+from+Alexander+to+Muhammad&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=85-86&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F863044259&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04127-1&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F863044259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, <i>Histories</i>, Book V, Chapter XIII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schwartz, Seth (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjtWLZhhMoYC">"Political, social and economic life in the land of Israel"</a>. In Davies, William David; Finkelstein, Louis; Katz, Steven T. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521772488" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521772488"><bdi>978-0521772488</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political%2C+social+and+economic+life+in+the+land+of+Israel&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism%3A+Volume+4%2C+The+Late+Roman-Rabbinic+Period&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0521772488&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBjtWLZhhMoYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Goodman_(historian)" title="Martin Goodman (historian)">Goodman, M.</a> (1994). "Sadducees and Essenes after 70 CE". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789047410614/Bej.9789004153097.i-275_014.xml"><i>Judaism in the Roman World</i></a>. Brill. pp. 153–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004153097.i-275.38">10.1163/ej.9789004153097.i-275.38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-1061-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-1061-4"><bdi>978-90-474-1061-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sadducees+and+Essenes+after+70+CE&rft.btitle=Judaism+in+the+Roman+World&rft.pages=153-162&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004153097.i-275.38&rft.isbn=978-90-474-1061-4&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789047410614%2FBej.9789004153097.i-275_014.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1308&letter=A&search=old%20Hebrew%20script">Alphabet, the Hebrew</a>. Coins, and Bibliography 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen297-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen297_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen297_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen297_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen, Shaye. p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen, Shaye. p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurtnerStuckenbruck2020" class="citation book cs1">Gurtner, Daniel M.; Stuckenbruck, Loren T., eds. (2020). <i>T&T Clark Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism</i>. Vol. 2. T&T Clark. pp. 694–695, 834–836. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66144-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66144-9"><bdi>978-0-567-66144-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%26T+Clark+Encyclopedia+of+Second+Temple+Judaism&rft.pages=694-695%2C+834-836&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-567-66144-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. M. McDonald & J. A. Sanders (eds.), <i>The Canon Debate</i>, Peabody (Mass.), Hendrickson Publishers, 2002, chapter 9: "Jamnia Revisited" by Jack P. Lewis, pp. 146–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattegay,_Lubrich2018" class="citation book cs1">Battegay, Lubrich, Caspar, Naomi (2018). <i>Jewish Switzerland: 50 Objects Tell Their Stories</i>. Basel: Christoph Merian. pp. 18–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-85616-847-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-85616-847-6"><bdi>978-3-85616-847-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Switzerland%3A+50+Objects+Tell+Their+Stories&rft.place=Basel&rft.pages=18-21&rft.pub=Christoph+Merian&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-85616-847-6&rft.aulast=Battegay%2C+Lubrich&rft.aufirst=Caspar%2C+Naomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclean_Rogers2021" class="citation book cs1">Maclean Rogers, Guy (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1294393934"><i>For the Freedom of Zion: The Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66–74 CE</i></a>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 3–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26256-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26256-8"><bdi>978-0-300-26256-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1294393934">1294393934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Freedom+of+Zion%3A+The+Great+Revolt+of+Jews+against+Romans%2C+66%E2%80%9374+CE&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=3-5&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1294393934&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26256-8&rft.aulast=Maclean+Rogers&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1294393934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ya'akov Meshorer, <i>A Treasury of Jewish Coins</i> (2001, Jerusalem), p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a>, <i>Vita Apollonii</i>, 6.2.9.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2013" class="citation book cs1">Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/syrian-identity-in-the-grecoroman-world/8B66EF5D1CDAF92B8E453B2281E7D88A"><i>Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World</i></a>. Greek Culture in the Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511997808">10.1017/cbo9780511997808</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01205-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01205-9"><bdi>978-1-107-01205-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syrian+Identity+in+the+Greco-Roman+World&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Greek+Culture+in+the+Roman+World&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511997808&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01205-9&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Nathanael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fsyrian-identity-in-the-grecoroman-world%2F8B66EF5D1CDAF92B8E453B2281E7D88A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Jewish%E2%80%93Roman+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Flavius_Josephus" title="The Life of Flavius Josephus">The Life of Flavius Josephus</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Church History</a></i>, Book 10, Chapter 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Viris_Illustribus_(Jerome)" title="De Viris Illustribus (Jerome)">De viris illustribus</a></i>, Chapter 14</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Berlin, Andrea, and J. Andrew Overman, eds. 2002. <i>The First Jewish Revolt: Archaeology, History, and Ideology.</i> New York: Routledge.</li> <li>Goodman, Martin. 1987. <i>The Ruling Class of Judaea: The Origins of the Jewish Revolt against Rome A.D. 66–70.</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</li> <li>Popović, Mladen. 2011. <i>The Jewish Revolt Against Rome: Interdisciplinary Perspectives.</i> Leiden: Brill.</li> <li>Price, Jonathan J. 1992. <i>Jerusalem under Siege: The Collapse of the Jewish State, 66–70 AD.</i> Brill's Series in Jewish Studies 3. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.</li> <li>Rajak, Tessa. 1983. <i>Josephus: The Historian and His Society.</i> London: Duckworth.</li> <li>Reeder, Caryn A. 2015. "Gender, War, and Josephus." <i>Journal for the Study of Judaism</i> 46, no. 1: 65–85.</li> <li>———. 2017. "Wartime Rape, the Romans, and the First Jewish Revolt." <i>Journal for the Study of Judaism</i> 48, no. 3: 363–85.</li> <li>Spilsbury, Paul. 2003. "Flavius Josephus on the Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire." <i>The Journal of Theological Studies</i> 54, no. 1: 1–24.</li> <li>Tuval, Michael. 2013. <i>From Jerusalem Priest to Roman Jew: On Josephus and the Paradigms of Ancient Judaism.</i> Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The War of the Jews">The War of the Jews</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media 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class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><b>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)">Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas uprising (6 CE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_riots_(38)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian riots (38)">Alexandrian riots (38)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_and_Simon_uprising" title="Jacob and Simon uprising">Jacob and Simon uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scene from "The destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem", painting by Francesco Hayez"><img alt="Scene from "The destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem", painting by Francesco Hayez" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg/150px-Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg/225px-Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg/300px-Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2452" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military engagements<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early engagements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_riots_of_66" title="Jerusalem riots of 66">Jerusalem riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_riot_(66)" title="Alexandria riot (66)">Alexandria riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gallus' campaign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sepphoris_(66)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sepphoris (66)">1st Sepphoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Jaffa_(66)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Jaffa (66)">1st Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geva" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Geva">Geva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Beth–Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillage_of_Ein_Gedi" title="Pillage of Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">Galilee campaign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sepphoris_(67)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sepphoris (67)">2nd Sepphoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arrab" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Arrab">Gabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yodfat" title="Siege of Yodfat">Yodfat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taricheae" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Taricheae">Tarichaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gamla" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gamla">Gamla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_(67)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mount Tabor (67)">Mount Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gush_Halav" title="Siege of Gush Halav">Gischala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judea coast and highlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zealot_Temple_siege" title="Zealot Temple siege">Zealot Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Last strongholds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Herodium_(71)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Herodium (71)">Herodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Machaerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Machaerus">Machaerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jardes_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jardes Forest">Jardes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Masada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belligerents and leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gessius_Florus" title="Gessius Florus">Gessius Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cestius_Gallus_(governor_of_Syria)" title="Gaius Cestius Gallus (governor of Syria)">Cestius Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Lucilius_Bassus" title="Sextus Lucilius Bassus">Lucilius Bassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Flavius_Silva" title="Lucius Flavius Silva">Flavius Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Herod Agrippa II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judean_provisional_government" title="Judean provisional government">Provisional government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ananus_ben_Ananus" title="Ananus ben Ananus">Ananus ben Ananus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Gurion" title="Joseph ben Gurion">Joseph ben Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Gamla" title="Joshua ben Gamla">Joshua ben Gamla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Hanania" title="Eleazar ben Hanania">Eleazar ben Hanania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_the_Perean" title="Niger the Perean">Niger the Perean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peasantry faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Giora" title="Simon bar Giora">Simon bar Giora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gischala" title="John of Gischala">John of Gischala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Simon" title="Eleazar ben Simon">Eleazar ben Simon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_ben_Yehuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Menahem ben Yehuda">Menahem ben Yehuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Ya%27ir" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleazar ben Ya'ir">Eleazar ben Ya'ir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism#Emergence_of_Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Emergence of Rabbinic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yohanan_ben_Zakkai" title="Yohanan ben Zakkai">Yohanan ben Zakkai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Judaicus" title="Fiscus Judaicus">Fiscus Judaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicaricon" title="Sicaricon">Sicaricon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">History of the Jews in the Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Commemoration" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commemoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus_(Circus_Maximus)" title="Arch of Titus (Circus Maximus)">Arch at Circus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaea_Capta_coinage" title="Judaea Capta coinage">Judaea Capta coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Peace,_Rome" title="Temple of Peace, Rome">Temple of Peace, Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_House" title="Burnt House">Burnt House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Quarter" title="Herodian Quarter">Herodian Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinth_Canal" title="Corinth Canal">Corinth Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish_Revolt_coinage" title="First Jewish Revolt coinage">First Jewish Revolt coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Destruction" title="Legend of Destruction">Legend of Destruction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(poem)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (poem)">Siege of Jerusalem (poem)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dovekeepers_(novel)" title="The Dovekeepers (novel)">The Dovekeepers</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Dovekeepers" title="The Dovekeepers">TV adaptation</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masada_(miniseries)" title="Masada (miniseries)">Masada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Pella" title="Flight to Pella">Flight to Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_problem" title="Josephus problem">Josephus problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">Temple menorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="Category:First Jewish–Roman War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:First Jewish-Roman War"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Towns_and_fortresses_destroyed_during_the_First_Jewish–Roman_War_by_region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #C0A0F0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Towns_depopulated_during_the_First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="Template:Towns depopulated during the First Jewish–Roman War"><abbr title="View this 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipatris#History" title="Antipatris">Aphek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Nattif" title="Bayt Nattif">Bayt Lettif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bir_ed-Duwali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bir ed-Duwali (page does not exist)">Bir ed-Duwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caphethra" class="mw-redirect" title="Caphethra">Caphethra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi_(archaeological_site)" title="Ein Gedi (archaeological site)">Ein Gedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasa_(Judaea)" title="Gerasa (Judaea)">Gerasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydda" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydda">Lydda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0A0F0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Perea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beth-nimrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth-nimrah">Beth-nimrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livias" title="Livias">Livias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machaerus" title="Machaerus">Machaerus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0A0F0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bersabe" title="Bersabe">Bersabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabul" title="Cabul">Cabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arraba,_Israel" title="Arraba, Israel">Gabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jish" title="Jish">Gush Halav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamnith" title="Jamnith">Jamnith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yafa_an-Naseriyye" title="Yafa an-Naseriyye">Japha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodfat" title="Yodfat">Jodapatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selamin" title="Selamin">Selamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarichaea" title="Tarichaea">Tarichaea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magdala" title="Magdala">Magdala</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0A0F0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Golan" title="Golan">Golan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamla" title="Gamla">Gamla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0A0F0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrium" title="Alexandrium">Alexandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamna_(Samaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamna (Samaria)">Thamna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Tibnah" title="Khirbet Tibnah">Khirbet Tibnah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narbata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narbata (page does not exist)">Narbata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_history" title="Template:Jewish history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_history" title="Template talk:Jewish history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Jewish history in Israel/Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_comparisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Jewish population comparisons">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_military_history" title="Jewish military history">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions and exoduses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Captivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Captivity">Assyrian Captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">Judah's revolts against Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Babylonian Yehud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Second_Temple_period" title="Timeline of the Second Temple period">Timeline of the Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judaea">Roman Judaea</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars and revolts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judean_Civil_War" title="Judean Civil War">Judean Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman Wars">Jewish-Roman Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Battle of Beth Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">Galilee campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Siege of Masada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carthage" title="History of the Jews in Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Mesopotamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia" title="Talmudic academies in Babylonia">Talmudic academies in Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Revolt against Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Revolt against Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mohammedan Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qurayza" title="Siege of Banu Qurayza">Siege of Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Siege of Banu Qaynuqa">Siege of Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Nadir" title="Invasion of Banu Nadir">Invasion of Banu Nadir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">Under Muslim rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Sephardic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kairouan" title="History of the Jews in Kairouan">Kairouan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades" title="History of the Jews and the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion of Jews from Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Jewish)" title="Disabilities (Jewish)">Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israeli history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Yishuv" class="mw-redirect" title="New Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:JH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:JH">WP:Jewish history</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202578#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit 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