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class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Review of The Genetic Selection (GS) Principle</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1042229" href="https://lifeorigin.academia.edu/DavidAbel"><img alt="Profile image of David L Abel" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1042229/381920/464480/s65_dr._david_l..abel.jpg" />David L Abel</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":70317114,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/53503222/Review_of_The_Genetic_Selection_GS_Principle"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":70317114,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/53503222/Review_of_The_Genetic_Selection_GS_Principle"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="70317114" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/53503222/Review_of_The_Genetic_Selection_GS_Principle" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="1203645" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1203645/Abel_D_L_2009_The_Genetic_Selection_GS_Principle_Frontiers_in_Bioscience_14_January_1_2959_2969">Abel, D.L., 2009, The Genetic Selection (GS) Principle, Frontiers in Bioscience, 14, (January 1) 2959-2969</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1042229" href="https://lifeorigin.academia.edu/DavidAbel">David L Abel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The GS (Genetic Selection) Principle states that biological selection must occur at the nucleotide-sequencing molecular-genetic level of 3'5' phosphodiester bond formation. After-the-fact differential survival and reproduction of already-living phenotypic organisms (ordinary natural selection) does not explain polynucleotide prescription and coding. All life depends upon literal genetic algorithms. Even epigenetic and "genomic" factors such as regulation by DNA methylation, histone proteins and microRNAs are ultimately instructed by prior linear digital programming. Biological control requires selection of particular configurable switch-settings to achieve potential function. This occurs largely at the level of nucleotide selection, prior to the realization of any integrated biofunction. Each selection of a nucleotide corresponds to the setting of two formal binary logic gates. The setting of these switches only later determines folding and binding function through minimum-free-energy sinks. These sinks are determined by the primary structure of both the protein itself and the independently prescribed sequencing of chaperones. The GS Principle distinguishes selection of existing function (natural selection) from selection for potential function (formal selection at decision nodes, logic gates and configurable switch-settings).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Abel, D.L., 2009, The Genetic Selection (GS) Principle, Frontiers in Bioscience, 14, (January 1) 2959-2969","attachmentId":36856071,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1203645/Abel_D_L_2009_The_Genetic_Selection_GS_Principle_Frontiers_in_Bioscience_14_January_1_2959_2969","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1203645/Abel_D_L_2009_The_Genetic_Selection_GS_Principle_Frontiers_in_Bioscience_14_January_1_2959_2969"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="1203938" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1203938/Abel_D_L_2011_The_Genetic_Selection_GS_Principle_In_The_First_Gene_The_Birth_of_Programming_Messaging_and_Formal_Control_Abel_D_L_Ed_LongView_Press_Academic_New_York_N_Y_pp_161_188">Abel, D.L., 2011, The Genetic Selection (GS) Principle. In The First Gene: The Birth of Programming, Messaging and Formal Control, Abel, D. L., Ed. LongView Press--Academic: New York, N.Y., pp 161-188.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1042229" href="https://lifeorigin.academia.edu/DavidAbel">David L Abel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The GS (Genetic Selection) Principle states that biological selection must occur at the nucleotide-sequencing molecular-genetic level of 3'5' phosphodiester bond formation. After-the-fact differential survival and reproduction of already-programmed, already-living phenotypic organisms (natural selection) does not explain polynucleotide sequence prescription and coding. All life forms depend upon exceedingly-optimized genetic algorithms. Biological control requires selection of particular physicodynamically indeterminate configurable switch settings to achieve potential function. This occurs largely at the level of nucleotide selection, prior to the realization of any isolated or integrated biofunction. Each selection of a nucleotide corresponds to a quater-nary (four-way) switch setting. Formal logic gates must be set initially that will only later determine folding and binding function through minimum Gibbs-free-energy sinks. The fittest living organisms cannot be favored until they are first programmed and computed. The GS Principle distinguishes selection of existing function (undirected natural selection) from selection for potential function (formal selection at decision nodes, logic gates and configurable switch-settings).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Abel, D.L., 2011, The Genetic Selection (GS) Principle. In The First Gene: The Birth of Programming, Messaging and Formal Control, Abel, D. L., Ed. LongView Press--Academic: New York, N.Y., pp 161-188.","attachmentId":54698462,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1203938/Abel_D_L_2011_The_Genetic_Selection_GS_Principle_In_The_First_Gene_The_Birth_of_Programming_Messaging_and_Formal_Control_Abel_D_L_Ed_LongView_Press_Academic_New_York_N_Y_pp_161_188","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1203938/Abel_D_L_2011_The_Genetic_Selection_GS_Principle_In_The_First_Gene_The_Birth_of_Programming_Messaging_and_Formal_Control_Abel_D_L_Ed_LongView_Press_Academic_New_York_N_Y_pp_161_188"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="11759370" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11759370/The_Genetic_Selection_GS_Principle_Scirus_Sci_Topic_Page">The Genetic Selection (GS) Principle - Scirus Sci-Topic Page</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1042229" href="https://lifeorigin.academia.edu/DavidAbel">David L Abel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Genetic Selection (GS) Principle states that selection must occur at the molecular/genetic level, not just at the fittest phenotypic/organismic level, to produce and explain life. In other words, selection for potential biofunction must occur upon formation of the rigid 3’5’ phosphodiester bonds in DNA and RNA sequences. This is the point at which functional linear digital polynucleotide syntax is prescribed. The selection of each nucleotide out of a phase space of four options constitutes the setting of a quaternary (four-way) configurable switch. The syntax of specific configurable-switch settings in nucleic acid primary structure prescribes and controls all known life.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Genetic Selection (GS) Principle - Scirus Sci-Topic Page","attachmentId":37183973,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11759370/The_Genetic_Selection_GS_Principle_Scirus_Sci_Topic_Page","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11759370/The_Genetic_Selection_GS_Principle_Scirus_Sci_Topic_Page"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="9963237" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9963237/The_GS_Genetic_Selection_Principle">The GS (Genetic Selection) Principle</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1042229" href="https://lifeorigin.academia.edu/DavidAbel">David L Abel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT 2. INTRODUCTION 3. WHERE SELECTION MUST OCCUR 4. THE REQUIREMENTS OF SELECTION 5. THE INSTANTIATION OF FORMALISM INTO PHYSICALTY 6. THE GS (GENETIC SELECTION) PRINCIPLE 7. THE CAPABILITIES OF NATURAL SELECTION 8. THE LIMITS OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 9. THE GENETIC CODE IS CONCEPTUALLY IDEAL. 10. PERSPECTIVE 11. REFERENCES 1. ABSTRACT: The GS (Genetic Selection) Principle states that biological selection must occur at the nucleotide-sequencing molecular-genetic level of 3'5' phosphodiester bond formation. After-the-fact differential survival and reproduction of already-living phenotypic organisms (ordinary natural selection) does not explain polynucleotide prescription and coding. All life depends upon literal genetic algorithms. Even epigenetic and “genomic” factors such as regulation by DNA methylation, histone proteins and microRNAs are ultimately instructed by prior linear digital programming. Biological control requires selection of particular configurable switch-settings to achieve potential function. This occurs largely at the level of nucleotide selection, prior to the realization of any isolated or integrated biofunction. Each selection of a nucleotide corresponds to pushing a quaternary (four-way) switch knob in one of four possible directions. Formal logic gates must be set that will only later determine folding and binding function through minimum-free-energy sinks. These sinks are determined by the primary structure of both the protein itself and the independently prescribed sequencing of chaperones. Living organisms arise only from computational halting. Fittest living organisms cannot be favored until they are first computed. The GS Principle distinguishes selection of existing function (natural selection) from selection for potential function (formal selection at decision nodes, logic gates and configurable switch-settings).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The GS (Genetic Selection) Principle","attachmentId":36110038,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9963237/The_GS_Genetic_Selection_Principle","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9963237/The_GS_Genetic_Selection_Principle"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="12371308" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12371308/Dual_selection_of_a_genetic_switch_by_a_single_selection_marker">Dual selection of a genetic switch by a single selection marker</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31096387" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YokoNomura">Yoko Nomura</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Bio Systems</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Forward engineering of synthetic genetic circuits in living cells is expected to deliver various applications in biotechnology and medicine and to provide valuable insights into the design principles of natural gene networks. However, lack of biochemical data and complexity of biological environment complicate rational design of such circuits based on quantitative simulation. Previously, we have shown that directed evolution can complement our weakness in designing genetic circuits by screening or selecting functional circuits from a large pool of nonfunctional ones. Here we describe a dual selection strategy that allows selection of both ON and OFF states of genetic circuits using tetA as a single selection marker. We also describe a successful demonstration of a genetic switch selection from a 2000-fold excess background of nonfunctional switches in three rounds of iterative selection. The dual selection system is more robust than the previously reported selection system employing...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dual selection of a genetic switch by a single selection marker","attachmentId":46218716,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12371308/Dual_selection_of_a_genetic_switch_by_a_single_selection_marker","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12371308/Dual_selection_of_a_genetic_switch_by_a_single_selection_marker"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/52855316/Genetic_algorithms_in_molecular_recognition_and_design">Genetic algorithms in molecular recognition and design</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41973045" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WillettJohn">Peter Willett</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Trends in Biotechnology, 1995</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Genetic algorithms in molecular recognition and design","attachmentId":69917808,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52855316/Genetic_algorithms_in_molecular_recognition_and_design","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span 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