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meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Struktur" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Struktur" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Struktur" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Penahan_beban" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penahan_beban"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Penahan beban</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penahan_beban-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biologis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biologis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biologis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biologis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kimia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musikal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musikal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Musikal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musikal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sosial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sosial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sosial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sosial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perangkat_lunak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perangkat_lunak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Perangkat lunak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perangkat_lunak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Logis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lebih_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bacaan lebih lanjut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Struktur</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 54 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84" title="هيكل – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيكل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="قلدة – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="قلدة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estructura" title="Estructura – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estructura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktur" title="Struktur – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Struktur" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B4" title="قورولوش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قورولوش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Структура – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Структура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%A8" title="গঠন – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গঠন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framm" title="Framm – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Framm" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estructura" title="Estructura – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estructura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%95" title="پێکھاتە – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێکھاتە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktura" title="Struktura – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Struktura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orden_(struktur)" title="Orden (struktur) – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Orden (struktur)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktur" title="Struktur – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Struktur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure" title="Structure – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Structure" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturo" title="Strukturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Strukturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estructura" title="Estructura – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estructura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktuur" title="Struktuur – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Struktuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitura" title="Egitura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egitura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87" title="سازه – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سازه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מבנה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מבנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="संरचना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संरचना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktura" title="Struktura – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Struktura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84_(%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Կառուցվածք (փիլիսոփայություն) – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կառուցվածք (փիլիսոփայություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formger%C3%B0" title="Formgerð – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Formgerð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E9%80%A0" title="構造 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="構造" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="სტრუქტურა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტრუქტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Құрылым – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құрылым" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ರಚನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಚನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0" title="구조 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%BC" title="Түзүм – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түзүм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukt%C5%ABra" title="Struktūra – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Struktūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Структура – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Структура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="संरचना – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="संरचना" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuur" title="Structuur – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Structuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktur" title="Struktur – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Struktur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਬਣਤਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਣਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktura" title="Struktura – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Struktura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%DA%9A%D8%AA" title="جوړښت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جوړښت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrutura" title="Estrutura – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estrutura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawa" title="Pawa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pawa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Тутул – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тутул" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktura" title="Struktura – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Struktura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure" title="Structure – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Structure" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0trukt%C3%BAra_(usporiadanie_ent%C3%ADt)" title="Štruktúra (usporiadanie entít) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štruktúra (usporiadanie entít)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimiro" title="Chimiro – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chimiro" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Структура – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Структура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="கட்டமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்டமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yap%C4%B1" title="Yapı – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yapı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="ساخت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ساخت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzilma" title="Tuzilma – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tuzilma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A5u_tr%C3%BAc" title="Cấu trúc – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cấu trúc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="סטרוקטור – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סטרוקטור" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="结构 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="结构" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="結構 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="結構" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6671777#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Struktur" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Struktur" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > 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href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Struktur"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Struktur" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Struktur" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&oldid=26342179" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Struktur&id=26342179&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStruktur"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStruktur"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Struktur"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Struktur&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Structure" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6671777" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur_(disambiguasi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Struktur (disambiguasi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Struktur (disambiguasi)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:DNA_simple2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/DNA_simple2.svg/220px-DNA_simple2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/DNA_simple2.svg/330px-DNA_simple2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/DNA_simple2.svg/440px-DNA_simple2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Struktur molekul <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> sangat berperan penting bagi fungsinya.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Struktur</b> adalah pengaturan dan pengorganisasian unsur-unsur yang saling terkait dalam suatu objek material atau <a href="/wiki/Sistem" title="Sistem">sistem</a>, atau objek atau sistem yang terorganisasi.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Struktur material meliputi benda-benda buatan manusia, seperti <a href="/wiki/Bangunan" title="Bangunan">bangunan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mesin" title="Mesin">mesin</a>; dan benda-benda alami, seperti <a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisme">organisme biologis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bahan_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahan kimia">bahan kimia</a>. Struktur abstrak mencakup <a href="/wiki/Struktur_data" title="Struktur data">struktur data</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Ilmu_komputer" title="Ilmu komputer">ilmu komputer</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bentuk_musik" title="Bentuk musik">bentuk musik</a>. Jenis struktur terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Hierarki" title="Hierarki">hierarki</a> (rangkai hubungan satu-ke-banyak), jaringan yang menampilkan banyak-ke-banyak <a href="/wiki/Tautan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tautan">tautan</a>, atau kisi yang menampilkan koneksi antar komponen yang bertetangga dalam ruang. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penahan_beban">Penahan beban</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Penahan beban" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penahan beban"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:S%C3%A1mi_storehouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/S%C3%A1mi_storehouse.jpg/220px-S%C3%A1mi_storehouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/S%C3%A1mi_storehouse.jpg/330px-S%C3%A1mi_storehouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/S%C3%A1mi_storehouse.jpg/440px-S%C3%A1mi_storehouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sebuah struktur penyimpanan makanan tradisional milik <a href="/wiki/Suku_Sami" class="mw-redirect" title="Suku Sami">suku Sami</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Vo%C3%BBte_de_l%27%C3%A9glise_Saint-S%C3%A9verin_%C3%A0_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vo%C3%BBte_de_l%27%C3%A9glise_Saint-S%C3%A9verin_%C3%A0_Paris.jpg/220px-Vo%C3%BBte_de_l%27%C3%A9glise_Saint-S%C3%A9verin_%C3%A0_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vo%C3%BBte_de_l%27%C3%A9glise_Saint-S%C3%A9verin_%C3%A0_Paris.jpg/330px-Vo%C3%BBte_de_l%27%C3%A9glise_Saint-S%C3%A9verin_%C3%A0_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vo%C3%BBte_de_l%27%C3%A9glise_Saint-S%C3%A9verin_%C3%A0_Paris.jpg/440px-Vo%C3%BBte_de_l%27%C3%A9glise_Saint-S%C3%A9verin_%C3%A0_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1825" data-file-height="2855" /></a><figcaption>Kubah bergaris silang quadripartit gotik dari gereja <a href="/wiki/Saint-S%C3%A9verin" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Séverin">Saint-Séverin</a> di Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>Bangunan, <a href="/wiki/Pesawat_terbang" title="Pesawat terbang">pesawat terbang</a>, kerangka, anthill, bendungan berang-berang, dan kubah garam adalah contoh struktur penahan beban. Hasil <a href="/wiki/Konstruksi" title="Konstruksi">konstruksi</a> dibagi menjadi <a href="/wiki/Bangunan" title="Bangunan">bangunan</a> dan struktur non-bangunan, serta membentuk <a href="/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur">infrastruktur</a> bagi masyarakat. Struktur yang dibangun secara luas dibagi dengan berbagai pendekatan dan standar desain, yaitu ke dalam kategori struktur bangunan, <a href="/wiki/Rekayasa_arsitektur" title="Rekayasa arsitektur">rekayasa arsitektur</a>, struktur teknik sipil, dan struktur mekanis. </p><p>Efek beban pada struktur fisik ditentukan melalui <a href="/wiki/Analisis_struktural" class="mw-redirect" title="Analisis struktural">analisis struktural</a>, yang merupakan salah satu tugas dari <a href="/wiki/Teknik_struktur" title="Teknik struktur">teknik struktural</a>. Elemen struktural dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai satu dimensi (tali, penyangga, balok, lengkungan), dua dimensi (membran, pelat, lempengan, kerang, kubah), atau tiga dimensi (massa padat).<sup id="cite_ref-Carpinter_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpinter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:2</sup></span> Elemen terakhir (tiga dimensi) adalah pilihan utama yang tersedia untuk struktur awal seperti <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a>. Dalam analisis ini, elemen satu dimensi memiliki dimensi yang jauh lebih besar dari elemen lainnya, sehingga dimensi lainnya dapat diabaikan dalam perhitungan; Namun, rasio dimensi yang lebih kecil dan komposisi dapat menentukan kekakuan lentur dan <a href="/wiki/Kekuatan_tekan" title="Kekuatan tekan">kekuatan tekan</a> elemen. Elemen dua dimensi dengan dimensi ketiga yang tipis memiliki sedikit dari keduanya, tetapi dapat menahan traksi biaksial.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpinter_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpinter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:2–3</sup></span> </p><p>Elemen-elemen struktur digabungkan dalam sistem struktural. Mayoritas struktur pemikul beban sehari-hari adalah struktur bagian aktif seperti rangka, yang terutama terdiri dari struktur satu dimensi (tekukan). Jenis lain adalah struktur vektor-aktif seperti <a href="/wiki/Rangka_atap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangka atap">rangka atap</a>, struktur permukaan aktif seperti cangkang dan pelat terlipat, struktur bentuk-aktif seperti kabel atau struktur membran, dan struktur hibrida.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:134–136</sup></span> </p><p>Struktur biologis penahan beban seperti tulang, gigi, cangkang, dan tendon memperoleh kekuatannya dari hierarki struktur bertingkat yang menggunakan biomineral dan <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, yang di bagian bawahnya terdapat <a href="/wiki/Kolagen" title="Kolagen">fibril kolagen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:519-525</sup></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biologis">Biologis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Biologis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Biologis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Organisasi_biologis" title="Organisasi biologis">organisasi biologis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:TriosePhosphateIsomerase_Ribbon_pastel_photo_mat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/TriosePhosphateIsomerase_Ribbon_pastel_photo_mat.png/220px-TriosePhosphateIsomerase_Ribbon_pastel_photo_mat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/TriosePhosphateIsomerase_Ribbon_pastel_photo_mat.png/330px-TriosePhosphateIsomerase_Ribbon_pastel_photo_mat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/TriosePhosphateIsomerase_Ribbon_pastel_photo_mat.png/440px-TriosePhosphateIsomerase_Ribbon_pastel_photo_mat.png 2x" data-file-width="2980" data-file-height="2264" /></a><figcaption>Pita skematis dari struktur 3D protein <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triosephosphate_isomerase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triosephosphate isomerase (halaman belum tersedia)">triosephosphate isomerase</a>. Spiral coklat adalah heliks α dan panah hijau adalah helai β, komponen lembaran berlipat β.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologi</a>, struktur ada di setiap tingkatan organisasi, mulai secara hierarkis dari <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a> hingga <a href="/wiki/Sel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sel">seluler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaringan" title="Jaringan">jaringan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ" class="mw-disambig" title="Organ">organ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisme">organisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Populasi">populasi</a>, dan tingkat <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">ekosistem</a>. Biasanya, struktur level yang lebih tinggi terdiri dari banyak salinan dari struktur level yang lebih rendah. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biologi_struktural" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologi struktural">Biologi struktural</a> berkaitan dengan struktur biomolekul <a href="/wiki/Makromolekul" title="Makromolekul">makromolekul</a>, terutama <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asam_nukleat" title="Asam nukleat">asam nukleat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fungsi molekul-molekul ini ditentukan oleh bentuk dan komposisi mereka, dan strukturnya memiliki berbagai tingkatan. <a href="/wiki/Struktur_protein" title="Struktur protein">Struktur protein</a> memiliki hierarki empat tingkat. Struktur utama adalah urutan <a href="/wiki/Asam_amino" title="Asam amino">asam amino</a> yang menyusunnya. Struktur ini tersusun dari tulang punggung <a href="/wiki/Peptida" title="Peptida">peptida</a> yang terdiri dari urutan berulang nitrogen dan dua atom karbon. Struktur sekunder terdiri dari pola berulang yang ditentukan oleh <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_hidrogen" title="Ikatan hidrogen">ikatan hidrogen</a>. Dua tipe dasar adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-helix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α-helix (halaman belum tersedia)">α-helix</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-lipit_sheet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Β-lipit sheet (halaman belum tersedia)">β-lipit sheet</a>. Struktur tersier adalah bengkok bolak-balik dari rantai polipeptida, dan struktur kuaterner adalah cara unit tersier berkumpul dan berinteraksi.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:41-44</sup></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kimia">Kimia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Kimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kimia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Struktur_kimia" title="Struktur kimia">struktur kimia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Dopamin_-_Dopamine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dopamin_-_Dopamine.svg/220px-Dopamin_-_Dopamine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dopamin_-_Dopamine.svg/330px-Dopamin_-_Dopamine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dopamin_-_Dopamine.svg/440px-Dopamin_-_Dopamine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="97" /></a><figcaption>Formula kerangka untuk <a href="/wiki/Dopamin" title="Dopamin">dopamin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Struktur kimia mengacu pada geometri molekul dan struktur elektronik. Struktur ini dapat diwakili oleh berbagai diagram yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Rumus_struktur" title="Rumus struktur">rumus struktur</a>. <a href="/wiki/Struktur_Lewis" title="Struktur Lewis">Struktur Lewis</a> menggunakan notasi titik untuk mewakili <a href="/wiki/Elektron_valensi" title="Elektron valensi">elektron valensi</a> untuk atom; elektron-elektron inilah yang menentukan peran atom dalam reaksi kimia.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:71–72</sup></span> Ikatan antaratom dapat diwakili oleh garis dengan satu garis untuk setiap pasangan elektron yang dibagikan. Dalam versi sederhana dari <a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">diagram</a> itu, yang disebut rumus kerangka, hanya ikatan karbon-karbon dan gugus fungsi yang diperlihatkan.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:391</sup></span> </p><p>Atom dalam kristal memiliki <a href="/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal">struktur</a> yang melibatkan pengulangan unit dasar yang disebut sel satuan. Atom-atom dapat dimodelkan sebagai titik pada <a href="/wiki/Kisi_Bravais" title="Kisi Bravais">kisi</a>, dan seseorang dapat mengeksplorasi efek operasi <a href="/wiki/Simetri" title="Simetri">simetri</a> yang mencakup rotasi tentang suatu titik, refleksi tentang bidang simetri, dan <a href="/wiki/Translasi_(geometri)" title="Translasi (geometri)">translasi</a> (pergerakan semua titik dengan jumlah yang sama). Setiap kristal memiliki grup hingga, yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Grup_ruang" title="Grup ruang">grup ruang</a>, dari operasi yang memetakannya sendiri; di mana ada 230 grup ruang yang memungkinkan.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashcroft_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashcroft-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:125–126</sup></span> Menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_Neumann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum Neumann (halaman belum tersedia)">hukum Neumann</a>, simetri kristal menentukan sifat fisik yang dimilikinya, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Piezoelektrik" title="Piezoelektrik">piezoelektrik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Feromagnetisme" title="Feromagnetisme">feromagnetisme</a>, yang dapat dimiliki kristal.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:34–36, 91–92, 168–169</sup></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musikal">Musikal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Musikal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Musikal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Bentuk_musik" title="Bentuk musik">bentuk musik</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:ChopinOp28no6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/ChopinOp28no6.png/220px-ChopinOp28no6.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/ChopinOp28no6.png/330px-ChopinOp28no6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/ChopinOp28no6.png/440px-ChopinOp28no6.png 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>Sebuah motif dari Prelude oleh <a href="/wiki/Chopin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopin">Chopin</a>, Op. 28 no.6, balok 1–3</figcaption></figure> <p>Sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Analisis_numerik" title="Analisis numerik">analisis numerik</a> melibatkan identifikasi dan interpretasi struktur karya musik. Struktur ini dapat ditemukan pada tingkat bagian dari suatu karya, seluruh karya, atau sekelompok karya musik.<sup id="cite_ref-analysis_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-analysis-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elemen-elemen musik seperti <a href="/wiki/Tinggi_nada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinggi nada">pitch</a>, durasi, dan <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a> bergabung menjadi elemen-elemen kecil seperti motif dan frasa, dan ini pada gilirannya bergabung dalam struktur yang lebih besar. Tidak semua musik (misalnya, <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>) memiliki organisasi hierarkis, tetapi hierarki memudahkan pendengar untuk memahami dan mengingat musik.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:80</sup></span> </p><p>Dalam analogi dengan terminologi <a href="/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik">linguistik</a>, motif dan frasa dapat digabungkan untuk membuat ide musik yang lengkap seperti kalimat dan frasa.<sup id="cite_ref-sentence_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sentence-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-phrase_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phrase-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bentuk yang lebih besar dikenal sebagai periode. Salah satu bentuk yang banyak digunakan antara tahun 1600 dan 1900 memiliki dua frasa, anteseden dan konsekuen, dengan setengah irama di tengah dan irama penuh pada bagian akhir memberikan tanda baca.<sup id="cite_ref-Stein_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:38–39</sup></span> Pada skala yang lebih besar adalah bentuk gerakan tunggal, seperti bentuk sonata dan <a href="/wiki/Kontrapung" title="Kontrapung">bentuk kontrapuntal</a>, dan bentuk multi-gerakan seperti <a href="/wiki/Simfoni" title="Simfoni">simfoni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sosial">Sosial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Sosial" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sosial"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Struktur_sosial" title="Struktur sosial">struktur sosial</a></div> <p>Struktur sosial adalah pola hubungan. Struktur ini juga adalah <a href="/wiki/Organisasi" title="Organisasi">organisasi</a> sosial individu dalam berbagai situasi kehidupan. Struktur sosial dapat diaplikasikan kepada orang-orang dalam cara masyarakat sebagai suatu sistem yang diorganisir oleh pola hubungan yang khas. Ini dikenal sebagai organisasi sosial kelompok.<sup id="cite_ref-Lopez_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lopez-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:3</sup></span> Para sosiolog telah mempelajari perubahan struktur kelompok-kelompok ini. <a href="/wiki/Struktur_dan_agen" title="Struktur dan agen">Struktur dan agen</a> adalah dua teori yang dihadapkan tentang perilaku manusia. Perdebatan seputar pengaruh struktur dan agen pada pemikiran manusia adalah salah satu isu sentral dalam sosiologi. Dalam konteks ini, agen merujuk pada kapasitas manusia individu untuk bertindak secara independen dan membuat pilihan bebas. Struktur di sini mengacu pada faktor-faktor seperti <a href="/wiki/Kelas_sosial" title="Kelas sosial">kelas sosial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agama" title="Agama">agama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Etnis">etnis</a>, adat istiadat, dan lain-lain yang kelihatannya membatasi atau memengaruhi peluang individu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data">Data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Data" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Data"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Struktur_data" title="Struktur data">struktur data</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Singly-linked-list.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Singly-linked-list.svg/220px-Singly-linked-list.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Singly-linked-list.svg/330px-Singly-linked-list.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Singly-linked-list.svg/440px-Singly-linked-list.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="41" /></a><figcaption>Dalam daftar yang ditautkan sendiri, setiap elemen memiliki nilai data dan pointer ke elemen berikutnya.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Ilmu_komputer" title="Ilmu komputer">ilmu komputer</a>, struktur data adalah cara mengatur informasi dalam <a href="/wiki/Komputer" title="Komputer">komputer</a> sehingga dapat digunakan secara efisien.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Struktur data dibangun dari dua tipe dasar: <a href="/wiki/Larik" title="Larik">Larik</a> memiliki indeks yang dapat digunakan untuk akses langsung ke item data apa pun, tetapi tergantung pada <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_pemrograman" title="Bahasa pemrograman">bahasa pemrograman</a> yang digunakan, ukurannya harus ditentukan ketika diinisialisasi. Daftar tertaut dapat ditata ulang, tumbuh atau menyusut, tetapi elemen-elemennya harus diakses dengan pointer yang menghubungkan mereka bersama dalam urutan tertentu.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:156</sup></span> Dari jumlah ini sejumlah struktur data lain dapat dibuat seperti <a href="/wiki/Stack_(struktur_data)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stack (struktur data)">stack</a>, queu, <a href="/wiki/Pohon_(struktur_data)" title="Pohon (struktur data)">pohon</a>, dan tabel hash.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:229–339</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam memecahkan masalah, struktur data umumnya merupakan bagian integral dari <a href="/wiki/Algoritme" class="mw-redirect" title="Algoritme">algoritme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Skiena_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skiena-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:5, 366–392</sup></span> Dalam gaya pemrograman modern, algoritme dan struktur data dirangkum bersama dalam <a href="/wiki/Tipe_data" title="Tipe data">tipe data</a> <a href="/wiki/Tipe_data_abstrak" title="Tipe data abstrak">abstrak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Skiena_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skiena-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:ix</sup></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perangkat_lunak">Perangkat lunak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Perangkat lunak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perangkat lunak"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_perangkat_lunak" title="Arsitektur perangkat lunak">arsitektur perangkat lunak</a></div> <p>Dalam arsitektur perangkat lunak, struktur perangkat lunak adalah cara di mana hal ini dipartisi menjadi komponen yang saling terkait. Masalah struktural utama adalah meminimalkan ketergantungan antara komponen-komponen ini. Hal ini memungkinkan untuk mengubah satu komponen tanpa memerlukan perubahan lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:3</sup></span> Struktur ini dapat direpresentasikan dalam diagram seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diagram_Struktur_Kontrol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diagram Struktur Kontrol (halaman belum tersedia)">Diagram Struktur Kontrol</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diagram_Nassi-Shneiderman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diagram Nassi-Shneiderman (halaman belum tersedia)">diagram Nassi-Shneiderman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:38–47</sup></span> Elemen struktural mencerminkan persyaratan aplikasi: misalnya, jika suatu sistem memerlukan toleransi kesalahan yang tinggi, maka diperlukan struktur yang berlebihan sehingga jika komponen gagal, komponen itu memiliki cadangan.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:46–47</sup></span> Redundansi tinggi adalah bagian penting dari desain beberapa sistem di <a href="/wiki/Pesawat_ulang-alik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesawat ulang-alik">pesawat ulang-alik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Logis">Logis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Logis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Logis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sebagai cabang <a href="/wiki/Filsafat" title="Filsafat">filsafat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">logika</a> berkaitan dengan membedakan argumen yang baik dari argumen yang buruk. Perhatian utama adalah dengan struktur argumen.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Argumen terdiri dari satu atau lebih premis dari mana kesimpulan disimpulkan.<sup id="cite_ref-Kemerling_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemerling-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Langkah-langkah dalam kesimpulan ini dapat diekspresikan secara formal dan strukturnya dianalisis. Dua tipe dasar inferensi adalah <a href="/wiki/Metode_deduksi" title="Metode deduksi">deduksi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pembuktian_melalui_induksi" title="Pembuktian melalui induksi">induksi</a>. Dalam deduksi yang valid, kesimpulan harus mengikuti dari premis, terlepas dari apakah itu benar atau tidak. Pengurangan yang tidak valid berisi beberapa kesalahan dalam analisis. Argumen induktif mengklaim bahwa jika premis-premis itu benar, kesimpulannya mungkin.<sup id="cite_ref-Kemerling_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemerling-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologi_struktur" title="Geologi struktur">Geologi struktur</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OED-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/191895?rskey=pTgPk1&result=1">"structure, n."</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-Online)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=structure%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F191895%3Frskey%3DpTgPk1%26amp%3Bresult%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carpinter-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carpinter_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carpinter_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Carpinteri, Alberto (2002). <i>Structural Mechanics: A unified approach</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780203474952" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780203474952">9780203474952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structural+Mechanics%3A+A+unified+approach&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780203474952&rft.aulast=Carpinteri&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Knippers, Jan; Cremers, Jan; Gabler, Markus; Lienhard, Julian (2011). <i>Construction manual for polymers + membranes : materials, semi-finished products, form-finding design</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-terjemahan Inggris dari bahasa Jerman). 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(1 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025673">"On optimal hierarchy of load-bearing biological materials"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>278</b> (1705). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2010.1093">10.1098/rspb.2010.1093</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025673">3025673</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20810437">20810437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=On+optimal+hierarchy+of+load-bearing+biological+materials&rft.volume=278&rft.issue=1705&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3025673&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20810437&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2010.1093&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Y.-W.&rft.au=Gao%2C+H.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3025673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Banaszak, Leonard J. (2000). <i>Foundations of Structural Biology</i>. Burlington language=en: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780080521848" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780080521848">9780080521848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Structural+Biology&rft.place=Burlington+language%3Den&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780080521848&rft.aulast=Banaszak&rft.aufirst=Leonard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanpa pipa (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Tanpa_pipa" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanpa pipa">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Purves, William K.; Sadava, David E.; Orians, Gordon H.; H. Craig, Heller (2003). <i>Life, the science of biology</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-7). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780716798569" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780716798569">9780716798569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life%2C+the+science+of+biology&rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Mass.&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780716798569&rft.aulast=Purves&rft.aufirst=William+K.&rft.au=Sadava%2C+David+E.&rft.au=Orians%2C+Gordon+H.&rft.au=H.+Craig%2C+Heller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">DeKock, Roger L.; Gray, Harry B. (1989). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780935702613"><i>Chemical structure and bonding</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)"><img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span> (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-2). Mill Valley, Calif.: University Science Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780935702613" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780935702613">9780935702613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+structure+and+bonding&rft.place=Mill+Valley%2C+Calif.&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=University+Science+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780935702613&rft.aulast=DeKock&rft.aufirst=Roger+L.&rft.au=Gray%2C+Harry+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780935702613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hill, Graham C.; Holman, John S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryinconte00unse"><i>Chemistry in context</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-5). Walton-on-Thames: Nelson. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780174482765" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780174482765">9780174482765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+in+context&rft.place=Walton-on-Thames&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Nelson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780174482765&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Graham+C.&rft.au=Holman%2C+John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistryinconte00unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashcroft-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ashcroft_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ashcroft, Neil W.; Mermin, N. David (1977). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/solidstatephysic00ashc"><i>Solid state physics</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)"><img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span> (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-27. repr.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780030839931" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780030839931">9780030839931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solid+state+physics&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=27.+repr.&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780030839931&rft.aulast=Ashcroft&rft.aufirst=Neil+W.&rft.au=Mermin%2C+N.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsolidstatephysic00ashc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Newnham, Robert E. (2005). <i>Properties of materials anisotropy, symmetry, structure</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780191523403" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780191523403">9780191523403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Properties+of+materials+anisotropy%2C+symmetry%2C+structure&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780191523403&rft.aulast=Newnham&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-analysis-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-analysis_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Bent, Ian D.; Pople, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com.prox.lib.ncsu.edu/subscriber/article/grove/music/41862">"Analysis"</a>. <i>Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Analysis&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online.+Oxford+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Bent&rft.aufirst=Ian+D.&rft.au=Pople%2C+Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com.prox.lib.ncsu.edu%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2Fgrove%2Fmusic%2F41862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyer_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyer_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Meyer, Leonard B. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/explainingmusice0000meye_i6z5"><i>Explaining music : essays and explorations</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Berkeley: Univ. of California Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780520022164" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780520022164">9780520022164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explaining+music+%3A+essays+and+explorations.&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=Univ.+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780520022164&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Leonard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexplainingmusice0000meye_i6z5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sentence-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sentence_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com.prox.lib.ncsu.edu/subscriber/article/grove/music/25423">"Sentence"</a>. <i>Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sentence&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online.+Oxford+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com.prox.lib.ncsu.edu%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2Fgrove%2Fmusic%2F25423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phrase-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-phrase_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com.prox.lib.ncsu.edu/subscriber/article/grove/music/21599">"Phrase"</a>. <i>Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phrase&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online.+Oxford+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com.prox.lib.ncsu.edu%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2Fgrove%2Fmusic%2F21599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stein_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Stein, Leon (1979). <i>Anthology of Musical Forms: Structure & Style (Expanded Edition): The Study and Analysis of Musical Forms</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Alfred Music. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781457400940" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781457400940">9781457400940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthology+of+Musical+Forms%3A+Structure+%26+Style+%28Expanded+Edition%29%3A+The+Study+and+Analysis+of+Musical+Forms&rft.pub=Alfred+Music&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9781457400940&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lopez-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lopez_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lopez, J.; Scott, J. (2000). <i>Social Structure</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780335204960" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780335204960">9780335204960</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43708597">43708597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Structure&rft.place=Buckingham+and+Philadelphia&rft.pub=Open+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43708597&rft.isbn=9780335204960&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Scott%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Black, Paul E. (15 Desember 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xlinux.nist.gov/dads/HTML/datastructur.html">"data structure"</a>. Dalam Pieterse, Vreda; Black, Paul E. <i>Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-Online). <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=data+structure&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Algorithms+and+Data+Structures&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft.date=2004-12-15&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxlinux.nist.gov%2Fdads%2FHTML%2Fdatastructur.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sedgewick, Robert; Wayne, Kevin (2011). <i>Algorithms</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-4). Addison-Wesley Professional. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780132762564" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780132762564">9780132762564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algorithms&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780132762564&rft.aulast=Sedgewick&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Wayne%2C+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cormen, Thomas H.; Leiserson, Charles E.; Rivest, Ronald L.; Stein, Clifford (2009). "Data structures". <i>Introduction to algorithms</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-3). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0262033848" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0262033848">978-0262033848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Data+structures&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+algorithms&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0262033848&rft.aulast=Cormen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft.au=Leiserson%2C+Charles+E.&rft.au=Rivest%2C+Ronald+L.&rft.au=Stein%2C+Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mehta, Dinesh P. (2005). "Basic structures". Dalam Mehta, Dinesh P.; Sahni, Sartaj. <i>Handbook of data structures and applications</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Boca Raton, Fla.: Chapman & Hall/CRC Computer and Information Science Series. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781420035179" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781420035179">9781420035179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Basic+structures&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+data+structures+and+applications&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Fla.&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall%2FCRC+Computer+and+Information+Science+Series&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781420035179&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Dinesh+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skiena-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skiena_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skiena_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Skiena, Steven S. (2008). "Data structures". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/algorithmdesignm0000skie"><i>The algorithm design manual</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-2). London: Springer. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781848000704" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781848000704">9781848000704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Data+structures&rft.btitle=The+algorithm+design+manual&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781848000704&rft.aulast=Skiena&rft.aufirst=Steven+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falgorithmdesignm0000skie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gorton, Ian (2011). <i>Essential software architecture</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-2). Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9783642191763" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9783642191763">9783642191763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+software+architecture&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9783642191763&rft.aulast=Gorton&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Diehl, Stephan (2007). <i>Software visualization : visualizing the structure, behaviour, and evolution of software ; with 5 tables</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3540465041" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3540465041">978-3540465041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+visualization+%3A+visualizing+the+structure%2C+behaviour%2C+and+evolution+of+software+%3B+with+5+tables&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3540465041&rft.aulast=Diehl&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bernardi, Simona; Merseguer, José; Petriu, Dorina Corina (2013). <i>Model-Driven Dependability Assessment of Software Systems</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9783642395123" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9783642395123">9783642395123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Model-Driven+Dependability+Assessment+of+Software+Systems&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9783642395123&rft.aulast=Bernardi&rft.aufirst=Simona&rft.au=Merseguer%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Petriu%2C+Dorina+Corina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/computers/Ch4-4.html">"Computers in the Space Shuttle Avionics System"</a>. <i>Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computers+in+Spaceflight%3A+The+NASA+Experience&rft.atitle=Computers+in+the+Space+Shuttle+Avionics+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fcomputers%2FCh4-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophy.lander.edu/logic/structure.html">"The Structure of Arguments"</a>. <i>Philosophy 103: Introduction to Logic</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). philosophy.lander.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+103%3A+Introduction+to+Logic&rft.atitle=The+Structure+of+Arguments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilosophy.lander.edu%2Flogic%2Fstructure.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemerling-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kemerling_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kemerling_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kemerling, Garth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophypages.com/lg/e01.htm">"Arguments and Inference"</a>. <i>The Philosophy Pages</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philosophy+Pages&rft.atitle=Arguments+and+Inference&rft.aulast=Kemerling&rft.aufirst=Garth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philosophypages.com%2Flg%2Fe01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lebih_lanjut">Bacaan lebih lanjut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Carpi, A.; Brebbia, C.A. (2010). <i>Design & nature V : comparing design in nature with science and engineering</i>. Southampton: WIT. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781845644543" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781845644543">9781845644543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+%26+nature+V+%3A+comparing+design+in+nature+with+science+and+engineering&rft.place=Southampton&rft.pub=WIT&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781845644543&rft.aulast=Carpi&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Brebbia%2C+C.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Pullan, Wendy (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structureinscien0000unse"><i>Structure</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-78258-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-78258-9">0-521-78258-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structure&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-78258-9&rft.aulast=Pullan&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstructureinscien0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Rottenberg, Annette T.; Winchell, Donna Haisty (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structureofargum0000rott"><i>The structure of argument</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-7th). Boston: Bedford/St. Martins. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780312650698" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780312650698">9780312650698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+structure+of+argument&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780312650698&rft.aulast=Rottenberg&rft.aufirst=Annette+T.&rft.au=Winchell%2C+Donna+Haisty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstructureofargum0000rott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Schlesinger, Izchak M.; Keren-Portnoy, Tamar; Parush, Tamar (2001). <i>The structure of arguments</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Amsterdam: J. Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9789027223593" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9789027223593">9789027223593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+structure+of+arguments&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=J.+Benjamins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789027223593&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Izchak+M.&rft.au=Keren-Portnoy%2C+Tamar&rft.au=Parush%2C+Tamar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web">Wüthrich, Christian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214729/http://philosophyfaculty.ucsd.edu/faculty/wuthrich/teaching/2010_246/246Syllabus_2010.pdf">"Structure in philosophy, mathematics and physics (Phil 246, Spring 2010)"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (dalam bahasa Inggris). University of California San Diego. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophyfaculty.ucsd.edu/faculty/wuthrich/teaching/2010_246/246Syllabus_2010.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 22 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Structure+in+philosophy%2C+mathematics+and+physics+%28Phil+246%2C+Spring+2010%29&rft.pub=University+of+California+San+Diego&rft.aulast=W%C3%BCthrich&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilosophyfaculty.ucsd.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fwuthrich%2Fteaching%2F2010_246%2F246Syllabus_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AStruktur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> (silabus dan daftar bacaan)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Struktur&oldid=26342179">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Struktur&oldid=26342179</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Struktur" title="Kategori:Struktur">Struktur</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sistem" title="Kategori:Sistem">Sistem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bangunan_dan_struktur" title="Kategori:Bangunan dan struktur">Bangunan dan struktur</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Inggris_(en)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Tanpa_pipa" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanpa pipa">Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanpa pipa</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 24 September 2024, pukul 18.41.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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