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href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="പുതിയ ഒരു ലേഖനം തുടങ്ങുവാൻ"><span>ലേഖനം തുടങ്ങുക</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="വിക്കിയിലെ സമീപകാലമാറ്റങ്ങൾ [r]" accesskey="r"><span>സമീപകാല മാറ്റങ്ങൾ</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="പദ്ധതി താളിനെക്കുറിച്ച്, താങ്കൾക്കെന്തൊക്കെ ചെയ്യാം, കാര്യങ്ങൾ എവിടെനിന്ന് കണ്ടെത്താം"><span>സാമൂഹികകവാടം</span></a></li><li id="n-portal-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82"><span>കവാടം</span></a></li><li id="n-panchayat-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ആറു ഗ്രാമസഭകളുള്ള വിക്കിപീഡിയ ചർച്ചാവേദി"><span>പഞ്ചായത്ത്</span></a></li><li id="n-Embassy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:Embassy"><span>Embassy</span></a></li><li id="n-അപ്‌ലോഡ്‌" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D"><span>അപ്‌ലോഡ്‌</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation-sb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation-sb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> വഴികാട്ടി </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="സഹായം ലഭ്യമായ ഇടം"><span>സഹായം</span></a></li><li id="n-sandbox-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF"><span>എഴുത്തുകളരി</span></a></li><li id="n-styleguide-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82"><span>ശൈലീപുസ്തകം</span></a></li><li id="n-policies-and-gl-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82"><span>നയങ്ങളും മാർഗ്ഗരേഖകളും</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-communication-sb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-communication-sb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ആശയവിനിമയം </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-livechat-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%90.%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF."><span>തത്സമയ സംവാദം</span></a></li><li id="n-maillist-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D"><span>മെയിലിങ് ലിസ്റ്റ്</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="വിക്കിപീഡിയ" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ml.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="<small>വിക്കിപീഡിയ, ഒരു സ്വതന്ത്ര വിജ്ഞാനകോശം</small>" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ml.svg" width="119" height="12" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>തിരയൂ</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക" aria-label="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക" autocapitalize="sentences" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="പ്രത്യേകം:അന്വേഷണം"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">തിരയൂ</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ദൃശ്യരൂപം"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ദൃശ്യരൂപം" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ദൃശ്യരൂപം</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ml.wikipedia.org&uselang=ml" class=""><span>ധനസമാഹരണം</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD&returnto=%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="നിർബന്ധമില്ലെങ്കിലും, താങ്കൾ ഒരു അംഗത്വമെടുക്കണമെന്നും പ്രവേശിക്കണമെന്നും താത്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു" class=""><span>അംഗത്വമെടുക്കുക</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82&returnto=%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ലോഗിൻ ചെയ്യുവാൻ താല്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു; പക്ഷേ നിർബന്ധമല്ല [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>പ്രവേശിക്കുക</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="കൂടുതൽ ഐച്ഛികങ്ങൾ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ml.wikipedia.org&uselang=ml"><span>ധനസമാഹരണം</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD&returnto=%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="നിർബന്ധമില്ലെങ്കിലും, താങ്കൾ ഒരു അംഗത്വമെടുക്കണമെന്നും പ്രവേശിക്കണമെന്നും താത്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>അംഗത്വമെടുക്കുക</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#അധിക_വായനക്ക്"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>അധിക വായനക്ക്</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-അധിക_വായനക്ക്-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-പുറം_കണ്ണികൾ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#പുറം_കണ്ണികൾ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>പുറം കണ്ണികൾ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-പുറം_കണ്ണികൾ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="ഉള്ളടക്കം" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 ഭാഷകൾ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – അരഗോണീസ്" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="അരഗോണീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="إيبوليت تين – അറബിക്" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيبوليت تين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="അറബിക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ايبوليت تين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايبوليت تين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%86" title="ایپولیت تن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایپولیت تن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – കറ്റാലാൻ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="കറ്റാലാൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – ചെക്ക്" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ചെക്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – വെൽഷ്" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="വെൽഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – ഡാനിഷ്" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ഡാനിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – ജർമ്മൻ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ജർമ്മൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – എസ്‌പരാന്റോ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="എസ്‌പരാന്റോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – സ്‌പാനിഷ്" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="സ്‌പാനിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyppolyte-Adolphe_Taine" title="Hyppolyte-Adolphe Taine – ബാസ്‌ക്" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hyppolyte-Adolphe Taine" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ബാസ്‌ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%86" title="ایپولیت تن – പേർഷ്യൻ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایپولیت تن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="പേർഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – ഫിന്നിഷ്" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ഫിന്നിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – ഫ്രഞ്ച്" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ഫ്രഞ്ച്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – പശ്ചിമ ഫ്രിഷിയൻ" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="പശ്ചിമ ഫ്രിഷിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – ഐറിഷ്" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ഐറിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – ഗലീഷ്യൻ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ഗലീഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98_%D7%98%D7%9F" title="איפוליט טן – ഹീബ്രു" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איפוליט טן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ഹീബ്രു" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – ഹംഗേറിയൻ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ഹംഗേറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BF_%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Հիպոլիտ Տեն – അർമേനിയൻ" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիպոլիտ Տեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="അർമേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – ഇന്തോനേഷ്യൻ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ഇന്തോനേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – ഇറ്റാലിയൻ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ഇറ്റാലിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8C" title="イポリット・テーヌ – ജാപ്പനീസ്" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イポリット・テーヌ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ജാപ്പനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹಿಪ್ಪೋಲೈಟ್ ಟೇನ್ – കന്നഡ" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಪ್ಪೋಲೈಟ್ ಟೇನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="കന്നഡ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8_%ED%85%90" title="이폴리트 텐 – കൊറിയൻ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이폴리트 텐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="കൊറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolytus_Taine" title="Hippolytus Taine – ലാറ്റിൻ" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hippolytus Taine" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ലാറ്റിൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipolits_T%C4%93ns" title="Ipolits Tēns – ലാറ്റ്വിയൻ" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ipolits Tēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ലാറ്റ്വിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Иполит Тен – മാസിഡോണിയൻ" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Иполит Тен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="മാസിഡോണിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – ഡച്ച്" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ഡച്ച്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – നോർവീജിയൻ ബുക്‌മൽ" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="നോർവീജിയൻ ബുക്‌മൽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8" title="ਇਪੋਲਾਈਤ ਤੇਨ – പഞ്ചാബി" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਪੋਲਾਈਤ ਤੇਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="പഞ്ചാബി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – പോളിഷ്" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="പോളിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%BC_%D9%BC%DB%90%D9%86" title="هيپولايټ ټېن – പഷ്‌തോ" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هيپولايټ ټېن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="പഷ്‌തോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – പോർച്ചുഗീസ്" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="പോർച്ചുഗീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – റൊമാനിയൻ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="റൊമാനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Тэн, Ипполит – റഷ്യൻ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тэн, Ипполит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="റഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – സെർബോ-ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="സെർബോ-ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyppolite_Taine" title="Hyppolite Taine – സ്ലോവാക്" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hyppolite Taine" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="സ്ലോവാക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – സ്ലോവേനിയൻ" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="സ്ലോവേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Иполит Тен – സെർബിയൻ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иполит Тен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="സെർബിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – സ്വീഡിഷ്" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="സ്വീഡിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine – ടർക്കിഷ്" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hippolyte Taine" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ടർക്കിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Іпполіт Тен – ഉക്രേനിയൻ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іпполіт Тен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ഉക്രേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E7%BA%B3" title="伊波利特·阿道夫·泰纳 – ചൈനീസ്" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊波利特·阿道夫·泰纳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ചൈനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B4%8D" title="泰納 – കാന്റണീസ്" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="泰納" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="കാന്റണീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q297726#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="അന്തർഭാഷാ കണ്ണികൾ തിരുത്തുക" class="wbc-editpage">കണ്ണികൾ തിരുത്തുക</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="നാമമേഖലകൾ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ഈ താളിലേക്കു കണ്ണിയാൽ ബന്ധിപ്പിക്കപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്ന എല്ലാ വിക്കി താളുകളുടേയും പട്ടിക. [j]" accesskey="j"><span>ഈ താളിലേക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികൾ</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" rel="nofollow" title="താളുകളിലെ പുതിയ മാറ്റങ്ങൾ [k]" accesskey="k"><span>അനുബന്ധ മാറ്റങ്ങൾ</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/വിക്കിപീഡിയ:അപ്‌ലോഡ്" title="പ്രമാണങ്ങൾ അപ്‌ലോഡ് ചെയ്യുവാൻ [u]" accesskey="u"><span>അപ്‌ലോഡ്‌</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">ഹിപ്പോളൈറ്റ് ടെയിൻ</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:Hippolyte_taine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Hippolyte Taine by Léon Bonnat."><img alt="Portrait of Hippolyte Taine by Léon Bonnat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Hippolyte_taine.jpg/220px-Hippolyte_taine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Hippolyte_taine.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait of Hippolyte Taine by <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9on_Bonnat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Léon Bonnat (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Léon Bonnat</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">ജനനം</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Hippolyte Adolphe Taine<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1828-04-21</span>)</span>ഏപ്രിൽ 21, 1828<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vouziers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vouziers (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Vouziers</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">മരണം</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">മാർച്ച് 5, 1893<span style="display:none">(1893-03-05)</span> (പ്രായം 64)<br /><a href="/wiki/Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">ദേശീയത</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_people" class="mw-redirect" title="French people">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">പഠിച്ച വിദ്യാലയം</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="École Normale Supérieure (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">École Normale Supérieure</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">കയ്യൊപ്പ്</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:Signature_of_Hippolyte_Taine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Signature_of_Hippolyte_Taine.jpg/160px-Signature_of_Hippolyte_Taine.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Signature_of_Hippolyte_Taine.jpg/240px-Signature_of_Hippolyte_Taine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Signature_of_Hippolyte_Taine.jpg/320px-Signature_of_Hippolyte_Taine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>ഒരു ഫ്രഞ്ച് നിരൂപകനും ചരിത്രകാരനുമായിരുന്നു <b>ഹിപ്പോലൈറ്റ് അഡോൾഫ് ടെയിൻ</b> (18 ഏപ്രിൽ 1828 - മാർച്ച് 5, 1893). ഫ്രഞ്ച് പ്രകൃതിവാദത്തിൽ മുഖ്യ സൈദ്ധാന്തിക സ്വാധീനം, സാമൂഹ്യശാസ്ത്ര പോസിറ്റീവിസത്തിന്റെ പ്രധാന വക്താവ്, ചരിത്രപരമായ വിമർശനത്തിന്റെ ആദ്യ പരിശീലകരിൽ ഒരാൾ എന്നിവയായിരുന്നു അദ്ദേഹം. ഒരു വിമർശനാത്മക പ്രസ്ഥാനമെന്ന നിലയിൽ സാഹിത്യ ചരിത്രവാദം അദ്ദേഹത്തിൽ നിന്നാണ് ഉത്ഭവിച്ചതെന്ന് പറയപ്പെടുന്നു.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ജീവിതരേഖ"><span id=".E0.B4.9C.E0.B5.80.E0.B4.B5.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.A4.E0.B4.B0.E0.B5.87.E0.B4.96"></span>ജീവിതരേഖ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB&action=edit&section=1" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: ജീവിതരേഖ"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ഫ്രെഞ്ച് നിരൂപകനും ചരിത്രകാരനും തത്ത്വചിന്തകനും. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫ്രാൻസ്">ഫ്രാൻസിലെ</a> വൗസിയേഴ്സിൽ 1828-ൽ ജനിച്ചു. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="പാരീസ്">പാരീസിൽ</a> വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം പൂർത്തിയാക്കിയശേഷം നിരൂപണരംഗത്തേക്കു തിരിഞ്ഞു. ആ നിലയിൽ പേരെടുത്ത ശേഷം തത്ത്വചിന്താസരണിയിലേക്ക് കൂടി ശ്രദ്ധപതിപ്പിച്ചു. പ്രത്യക്ഷവാദ തത്ത്വചിന്താപദ്ധതി (Positivism) ആയിരുന്നു ഇദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ ഇഷ്ടപ്പെട്ട മേഖല. ധാർമികഗുണങ്ങളെയും കലാപരമായ മേന്മയെയും ശാസ്ത്രീയപദസമുച്ചയത്തിന്റെ സഹായത്തോടെ വർണിക്കുന്നവയാണ് ഇദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ ഈ വിഭാഗത്തിൽപ്പെട്ട കൃതികൾ. സമകാലിക ഫ്രാൻസിന്റെ ഉദ്ഭവം എന്ന് അർഥം വരുന്ന ലെ ഒറിജിനെസ് ദെ ല ഫ്രാൻസ് കന്റെംപൊറെയ്ൻ (Les Origines de la France Contemporaine, 1875-'94) ആണ് പ്രകൃഷ്ടകൃതിയായി അംഗീകരിക്കപ്പെട്ടിട്ടുള്ളത്. ഫ്രെഞ്ച് വിപ്ലവകാരികളും വിപ്ലവത്തിന്റെ ഉദ്ദേശ്യലക്ഷ്യങ്ങളും ഈ കൃതിയിൽ രൂക്ഷമായ ഭാഷയിൽ ചോദ്യം ചെയ്യപ്പെടുന്നുണ്ട്. 1893-ൽ ഹിപ്പോളൈറ്റ് ടെയിൻ അന്തരിച്ചു. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="കൃതികൾ"><span id=".E0.B4.95.E0.B5.83.E0.B4.A4.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.BE"></span>കൃതികൾ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB&action=edit&section=2" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: കൃതികൾ"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="പുരസ്കാരങ്ങൾ"><span id=".E0.B4.AA.E0.B5.81.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.B8.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.95.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.99.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.99.E0.B5.BE"></span>പുരസ്കാരങ്ങൾ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB&action=edit&section=3" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: പുരസ്കാരങ്ങൾ"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="അവലംബം"><span id=".E0.B4.85.E0.B4.B5.E0.B4.B2.E0.B4.82.E0.B4.AC.E0.B4.82"></span>അവലംബം</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB&action=edit&section=4" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: അവലംബം"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, R. Gordon (1974). "Literature and the Historian", <i>American Quarterly</i>, Vol. 26, No. 2, 143.</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="അധിക_വായനക്ക്"><span id=".E0.B4.85.E0.B4.A7.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.95_.E0.B4.B5.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.AF.E0.B4.A8.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.8D"></span>അധിക വായനക്ക്</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB&action=edit&section=5" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: അധിക വായനക്ക്"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="പുറം_കണ്ണികൾ"><span id=".E0.B4.AA.E0.B5.81.E0.B4.B1.E0.B4.82_.E0.B4.95.E0.B4.A3.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A3.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.BE"></span>പുറം കണ്ണികൾ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB&action=edit&section=6" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: പുറം കണ്ണികൾ"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="border:1px solid;"><table><tbody><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:Heckert_GNU_white.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Heckert_GNU_white.svg/50px-Heckert_GNU_white.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Heckert_GNU_white.svg/75px-Heckert_GNU_white.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Heckert_GNU_white.svg/100px-Heckert_GNU_white.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="523" /></a></span></td><td><b>കടപ്പാട്:</b> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="കേരള സർക്കാർ">കേരള സർക്കാർ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="ഗ്നൂ സ്വതന്ത്ര പ്രസിദ്ധീകരണാനുമതി">ഗ്നൂ സ്വതന്ത്ര പ്രസിദ്ധീകരണാനുമതി</a> പ്രകാരം ഓൺലൈനിൽ പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിച്ച <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sarva.kerala.gov.in/">മലയാളം സർ‌വ്വവിജ്ഞാനകോശത്തിലെ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web-edition.sarvavijnanakosam.gov.in/index.php?title=%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB">ഹിപ്പോളൈറ്റ് ടെയിൻ</a> എന്ന ലേഖനത്തിന്റെ ഉള്ളടക്കം ഈ ലേഖനത്തിൽ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നുണ്ട്. വിക്കിപീഡിയയിലേക്ക് പകർത്തിയതിന് ശേഷം പ്രസ്തുത ഉള്ളടക്കത്തിന് സാരമായ മാറ്റങ്ങൾ വന്നിട്ടുണ്ടാകാം.</td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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