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class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Memberships_and_honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memberships_and_honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Memberships and honorary degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memberships_and_honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Using_Hurwiczs_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_Hurwiczs_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Using Hurwiczs name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_Hurwiczs_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Economics_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Economics_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Nobel Economics Prize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Economics_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Important_work_by_Professor_Hurwicz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_work_by_Professor_Hurwicz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Important work by Professor Hurwicz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Important_work_by_Professor_Hurwicz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Leonid Hurwicz</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="ليونيد هورفيتش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليونيد هورفيتش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A7%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BF_%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Լէոնիտ Հարուիքս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լէոնիտ Հարուիքս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Qurvits" title="Leonid Qurvits – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Leonid Qurvits" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9A" title="লিওনিদ হারউইচ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিওনিদ হারউইচ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87" title="Леанід Гурвіч – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Леанід Гурвіч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%84_%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%82" title="Λεόνιτ Χούρβιτς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεόνιτ Χούρβιτς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86" title="لئونید هورویچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لئونید هورویچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%EB%8B%88%ED%8A%B8_%ED%9B%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%B9%84%EC%B9%98" title="레오니트 후르비치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레오니트 후르비치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A4_%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Լեոնիդ Հուրվիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեոնիդ Հուրվիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A5" title="ליאוניד הורביץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליאוניד הורביץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%93_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98" title="ლეონიდ ჰურვიჩი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლეონიდ ჰურვიჩი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Леонид Гурвич – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Леонид Гурвич" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonidas_Hurwicz" title="Leonidas Hurwicz – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leonidas Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon%C4%ABds_Hurvi%C4%8Ds" title="Leonīds Hurvičs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Leonīds Hurvičs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="ليونيد هورفيتش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليونيد هورفيتش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%84" title="レオニード・ハーヴィッツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レオニード・ハーヴィッツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DA%88_%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B2" title="لیونڈ ہروکز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیونڈ ہروکز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Гурвич, Леонид Абрамович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гурвич, Леонид Абрамович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Леонид Хурвич – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Леонид Хурвич" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="லியோனிடு ஹுர்விக்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லியோனிடு ஹுர்விக்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Леонид Гурвич – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Леонид Гурвич" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Leonid Hurwicz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Гурвич Леонід Соломонович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гурвич Леонід Соломонович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DA%88_%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B2" title="لیونڈ ہروکز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیونڈ ہروکز" 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.infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Leo Hurwicz</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonid_Hurwicz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Leonid_Hurwicz.jpg/220px-Leonid_Hurwicz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Leonid_Hurwicz.jpg/330px-Leonid_Hurwicz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Leonid_Hurwicz.jpg/440px-Leonid_Hurwicz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1759" data-file-height="1672" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/August_21" title="August 21">August 21</a>, <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia_(1914-1917).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 24, 2008<span style="display:none">(2008-06-24)</span> (aged 90)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">American</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (1990)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel memorial Prize</a> (2007)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leonid Hurwicz</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (August 21, 1917 – June 24, 2008) was an <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>. He won the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Economics">Nobel Prize in Economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hurwicz invented the <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economic</a> sciences of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Incentive_compatibility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incentive compatibility (not yet started)">incentive compatibility</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanism_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mechanism design (not yet started)">mechanism design</a>. International economy and <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> is studied using the ideas Professor Hurwicz had.<sup id="cite_ref-Lohr_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lohr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hurwicz worked as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regents_Professor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regents Professor (not yet started)">Regents Professor</a> of Economics (head teacher of economics) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>. Professor Hurwicz believed that <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a> is very important.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurwicz shared the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel prize">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> with <a href="/wiki/Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Eric Maskin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Roger Myerson</a> for their work on ways mechanism design.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohlin_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohlin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Personal life" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Personal life"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professor Hurwicz was born in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> family a few months before the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>. His family is Polish and had lived in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Congress Kingdom (not yet started)">Congress Kingdom</a> (the part of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> then in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>) but they moved to Russia to escape <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Soon after Professor Hurwicz was born, the family returned to <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurwicz and his family were treated very badly by the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a> because they were <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MN-resolution_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MN-resolution-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a refugee again when <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> invaded Poland in <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a>. His parents and brother ran away to Russia where they were arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviets</a> and sent to <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a>. Hurwicz was forced to move to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, then to <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and finally in <a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a> he moved to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. His family joined him there after some time.<sup id="cite_ref-Clement_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clement-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horwath_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horwath-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hurwicz hired Evelyn Jensen to help him teach during the 1940s. She grew up on a <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> farm and was studying economics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>. Leonid and Evelyn got married in <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a><sup id="cite_ref-timeline_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later, lived on the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> parkway in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a>. They have four children called Sarah, Michael, Ruth and Maxim.<sup id="cite_ref-Clement_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clement-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has interests in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has researched for <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a> and is a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> department for trying to control the weather. When <a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a> ran for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/1968" title="1968">1968</a>), Hurwicz was a Minnesota <a href="/wiki/Delegate" title="Delegate">delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> Convention and a member of the Democratic Party Platform Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hurwicz died of <a href="/wiki/Renal_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal failure">renal failure</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> at the age of 90. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_early_work">Education and early work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Education and early work" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Education and early work"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professor Hurwiczs father wanted him to study law<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he did. In <a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</a> Hurwicz got a <a href="/wiki/Degree_(school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Degree (school)">degree</a> from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warsaw University (not yet started)">Warsaw University</a>. He enjoyed studying in economics class and went to the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Kaldor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Kaldor (not yet started)">Nicholas Kaldor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clement_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clement-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a> he moved to <a href="/wiki/Geneva_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva City">Geneva</a> where he studied at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graduate_Institute_of_International_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graduate Institute of International Studies (not yet started)">Graduate Institute of International Studies</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cowles-5yr_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowles-5yr-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and studied <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After moving to the United States he studied more economics at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor Hurwicz does not have a <a href="/wiki/Degree_(school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Degree (school)">degree</a> in economics but he won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel prize">Nobel prize</a> for economics in <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>. He said, "Whatever economics I learned, I learned by listening and learning."<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a> Hurwicz was helping <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a> to teach at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> and helping <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Lange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Lange (not yet started)">Oskar Lange</a> to teach at the University of Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology" title="Illinois Institute of Technology">Illinois Institute of Technology</a> during the war, Hurwicz taught electronics to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Army_Signal_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U.S. Army Signal Corps (not yet started)">U.S. Army Signal Corps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowles-1942_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowles-1942-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then from <a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a> to <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, he was a member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faculty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faculty (not yet started)">faculty</a> of the Institute of <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a> and taught <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> in the Department of Economics. His <a href="/wiki/Advisor" title="Advisor">advisors</a> in <a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a> were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Marschak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Marschak (not yet started)">Jacob Marschak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling Koopmans</a> of the University of Chicago,<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who now work for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowles_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cowles Foundation (not yet started)">Cowles Foundation</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teaching_and_studies">Teaching and studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Teaching and studies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Teaching and studies"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Minnesota-20051118.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/University_of_Minnesota-20051118.jpg/220px-University_of_Minnesota-20051118.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/University_of_Minnesota-20051118.jpg/330px-University_of_Minnesota-20051118.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/University_of_Minnesota-20051118.jpg/440px-University_of_Minnesota-20051118.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>In 1961 Hurwicz became chairman of the Statistics Department at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hurwicz received a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guggenheim_Fellowship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guggenheim Fellowship (not yet started)">Guggenheim Fellowship</a> for <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>–<a href="/wiki/1946" title="1946">1946</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowles-5yr_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowles-5yr-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946 he became a professor of economics at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iowa_State_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iowa State College (not yet started)">Iowa State College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From January 1942 until June 1946, he was a <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">researcher</a> for the Cowles Commission. He worked full-time for the Cowles Commission until October 1950 until January 1951, he was a visiting professor, teaching at classes that were taught before by Professor Koopman in the Department of Economics, and he was a very important professor there.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowles-5yr_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowles-5yr-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a research professor of economics and statistics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Consultant" title="Consultant">consultant</a> to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=RAND&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RAND (not yet started)">RAND Corporation</a> for the University of Chicago and a consultant to the <a href="/wiki/U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.">U.S.</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowles-1950-1951_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowles-1950-1951-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurwicz continued to be a consultant to the Cowles Commission until about 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LH-travel-world-map-2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/LH-travel-world-map-2007.jpg/220px-LH-travel-world-map-2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/LH-travel-world-map-2007.jpg/330px-LH-travel-world-map-2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/LH-travel-world-map-2007.jpg/440px-LH-travel-world-map-2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Hurwicz traveled the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> to teach and do research.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hurwicz was given a job by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Heller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Heller (not yet started)">Walter Heller</a><sup id="cite_ref-MN-resolution_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MN-resolution-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the University of Minnesota in 1951, where he became a professor of economics and mathematics in the School of Business Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowles-5yr_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowles-5yr-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of his work for the rest of his life was in Minnesota, but he studied and was a teacher elsewhere in the United States and Asia. In 1955 and again in 1958 Hurwicz was a visiting professor, and a fellow on the second visit, at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> and there in 1959 he published "Optimality and Informational Efficiency in Resource Allocation Processes" on making rules for buyers and sellers and governments share wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He taught at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangalore_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangalore University (not yet started)">Bangalore University</a> in 1965 and, during the 1980s, at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">Tokyo University</a>, People's University (now <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renmin_University_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renmin University of China (not yet started)">Renmin University of China</a>) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Indonesia (not yet started)">University of Indonesia</a>. In the United States he was a visiting professor at Harvard in 1969, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a> in 1976, at <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a> twice in 1988 and 1989, at the University of California, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Barbara">Santa Barbara</a> in 1998, the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> in 1999 and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> in 2002. He was a visiting Distinguished Professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Minnesota-20031209.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/University_of_Minnesota-20031209.jpg/220px-University_of_Minnesota-20031209.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/University_of_Minnesota-20031209.jpg/330px-University_of_Minnesota-20031209.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/University_of_Minnesota-20031209.jpg/440px-University_of_Minnesota-20031209.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Twin of Heller Hall, named for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Heller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Heller (not yet started)">Walter Heller</a>, Department of Economics, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>, West Bank</figcaption></figure> <p>In the University of Minnesota in 1961, Hurwicz became chairman of the Statistics Department, Regents Professor of Economics in 1969, and Curtis L. Carlson Regents Professor of Economics in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He taught subjects ranging from <a href="/wiki/Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory">theory</a> to <a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">welfare economics</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public economics (not yet started)">public economics</a>, rules for large companies and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathematical_economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathematical economics (not yet started)">mathematical economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MN-resolution_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MN-resolution-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he retired from full-time teaching in 1988,<sup id="cite_ref-Horwath_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horwath-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurwicz taught <a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" title="Graduate school">graduate school</a> as <a href="/wiki/Professor_Emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor Emeritus">Professor Emeritus</a> in the autumn of 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Horwath_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horwath-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007 his ongoing research was described by the University of Minnesota as "comparison and analysis of systems and techniques of economic organization, welfare economics, game-theoretic implementation of social choice goals, and modeling economic institutions."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor Hurwiczs published works in these fields date back to 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-cepa_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cepa-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor Hurwicz is known internationally for his good work researching economic theory, specially with rules for big businesses and governments using mathematical economics. In the 1950s, he worked with <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a> on non-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linear (not yet started)">linear</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming">programming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kenneth Arrow became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Economics prize in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurwicz helped <a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who won a Nobel prize in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-laureates_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laureates-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hurwiczs work was important to help show how large economic systems should be studied. Some of these systems are <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. Professor Hurwiczs ideas of how to share wealth are also very important.<sup id="cite_ref-Myerson_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myerson-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Incentive_compatibility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incentive compatibility (not yet started)">incentive compatibility</a> that Hurwicz developed changed the way many economists think about sharing in the future, explaining why centrally planned economies may fail and how rewards for certain people make a difference when making decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hurwicz is part of teams who edit several journals. He co-edited and contributed to two collections for <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: <i>Studies in Resource Allocation Processes</i> (1978, with <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a>) and <i>Social Goals and Social Organization</i> (1987, with David Schmeidler and Hugo Sonnenschein). His recent journals include "Economic Theory" (2003, with Thomas Marschak), "Review of Economic Design" (2001, with Stanley Reiter) and "Advances in Mathematical Economics" (2003, with Marcel K. Richter).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurwicz has taught works by Fisher-Schultz (1963), Richard T. Ely (1972), David Kinley (1989) and Colin Clark (1997).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2007)">source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Awards" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Awards"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memberships_and_honorary_degrees">Memberships and honorary degrees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Memberships and honorary degrees" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Memberships and honorary degrees"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hurwicz was voted to be a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellow</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Econometric_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Econometric Society (not yet started)">Econometric Society</a> in 1947 and in 1969 was the Econometric Societys president. Hurwicz was made part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1965. In 1974 he was made a part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> and in 1977 was made a Distinguished Fellow of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Economic_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Economic Association (not yet started)">American Economic Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clement_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clement-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurwicz was given a <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> in 1990 by President of the United States <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, for studying Behaviorial and Social Science, given to him for his new work on the theories of how to share wealth in modern <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Higgins_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higgins-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeline_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He served on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Economic Commission in 1948 and the United States <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_National_Research_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States National Research Council (not yet started)">National Research Council</a> in 1954. In 1964 he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> Commission on Weather Modification. He is a member of the American Academy of Independent Scholars (1979) and a Distinguished Scholar of the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> (1984).<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hurwicz has received six honorary doctorates (PhD), from <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a> (1980), the University of Chicago (1993), <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_University_of_Barcelona" title="Autonomous University of Barcelona">Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona</a> (1989), <a href="/wiki/Keio_University" title="Keio University">Keio University</a> (1993), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warsaw_School_of_Economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warsaw School of Economics (not yet started)">Warsaw School of Economics</a> (1994) and <a href="/wiki/Bielefeld_University" title="Bielefeld University">Universität Bielefeld</a> (2004).<sup id="cite_ref-Clement_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clement-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is an honorary visiting professor of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huazhong_University_of_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huazhong University of Science and Technology (not yet started)">Huazhong University of Science and Technology</a> School of Economics (1984).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Using_Hurwiczs_name">Using Hurwiczs name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Using Hurwiczs name" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Using Hurwiczs name"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some important things have been given Professor Hurwicz's name such as the <i><b>Hurwicz criterion</b></i>, an idea that Professor Hurwicz had in 1950, and is thought of as very important for economics. The Hurwicz Criterion is also called "under uncertainty".<sup id="cite_ref-Zappia-Basili_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zappia-Basili-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jaffray-Jeleva_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaffray-Jeleva-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Luce-Raiffa_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luce-Raiffa-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurwicz had the idea of putting <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Wald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Wald (not yet started)">Abraham Walds</a> work together with work done by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a> in <a href="/wiki/1812" title="1812">1812</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hurwicz Criterion tells people to think very carefully of what is good and what is bad before making decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaffray-Jeleva_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaffray-Jeleva-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different types of the Hurwicz Criterion have been thought of. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Jimmie_Savage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonard Jimmie Savage (not yet started)">Leonard Jimmie Savage</a> made some changes to the first Hurwiczs criterion in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-Zappia-Basili_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zappia-Basili-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four peoples work – Laplace, Wald, Hurwicz and Savage – that the Hurwicz Criterion has been based on was studied, corrected and used for over fifty years by many different people including John Milnor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=G._L._S._Shackle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. L. S. Shackle (not yet started)">G. L. S. Shackle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Zappia-Basili_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zappia-Basili-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg">Daniel Ellsberg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=R._Duncan_Luce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. Duncan Luce (not yet started)">R. Duncan Luce</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Raiffa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard Raiffa (not yet started)">Howard Raiffa</a>, but some people say the work was started by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bernoulli" title="Jacob Bernoulli">Jacob Bernoulli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><b>Leonid Hurwicz Distinguished <a href="/wiki/Lecture" title="Lecture">Lecture</a></b></i> is given to the Minnesota Economic Association. John Ledyard (2007), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Lucas, Jr.">Robert Lucas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Roger Myerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a>, James Quirk, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Stokey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nancy Stokey (not yet started)">Nancy Stokey</a> and Neil Wallace are some of the people who have given the lecture since it was thought to be important in 1992.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2007)">source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Economics_Prize">Nobel Economics Prize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Nobel Economics Prize" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Nobel Economics Prize"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2007, Hurwicz shared <i>The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel</i> with <a href="/wiki/Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Eric Maskin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Roger Myerson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> "for having laid the foundations of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanism_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mechanism design (not yet started)">mechanism design theory</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a telephone interview, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a> told Hurwicz and his wife that Hurwicz is the oldest person ever to win the Nobel Prize. Hurwicz said, "I hope that others who deserve it also got it." When he was asked what the most important part of mechanism design is, he said <a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">welfare economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three Nobel prize winners used <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a> work by mathematician <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash" class="mw-redirect" title="John Forbes Nash">John Forbes Nash</a>, to discover the best way to reach a good outcome, without forgetting individual people.<sup id="cite_ref-Tong_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tong-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mechanism design has been used as a guide for talks and taxation, voting and elections,<sup id="cite_ref-Ohlin_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohlin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to design auctions such as those for communications <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> elections and labor talks<sup id="cite_ref-Tong_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tong-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for pricing business stocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professor Hurwicz was not able to attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm because of his age,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurwicz received the prize in Minneapolis. Accompanied by Evelyn, his wife for sixty years, and his family, he was the most important guest at a meeting in the University of Minnesota with the university president <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Bruininks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Bruininks (not yet started)">Robert Bruininks</a>. After watching the Nobel Prize awards ceremony on television, Jonas Hafstrom, the Swedish ambassador to the United States, awarded the Economics Prize to Professor Hurwicz.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_work_by_Professor_Hurwicz">Important work by Professor Hurwicz</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Important work by Professor Hurwicz" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Important work by Professor Hurwicz"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHurwicz,_LeonidReiter,_Stanley2006" class="citation book cs1">Hurwicz, Leonid; Reiter, Stanley (22 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521836417"><i>Designing Economic Mechanisms</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/36418/frontmatter/9780521836418_frontmatter.pdf">Frontmatter</a> (PDF) via Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5218-3641-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-5218-3641-7"><bdi>0-5218-3641-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designing+Economic+Mechanisms&rft.pages=Frontmatter+%28PDF%29+via+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-05-22&rft.isbn=0-5218-3641-7&rft.au=Hurwicz%2C+Leonid&rft.au=Reiter%2C+Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcatalogue%2Fcatalogue.asp%3Fisbn%3D0521836417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLeonidHurwicz1995" class="citation journal cs1">LeonidHurwicz (May 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/092214259400038U">"What is the Coase Theorem?"</a>. <i>Japan and the World Economy</i>. <b>7</b>: 49–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0922-1425%2894%2900038-U">10.1016/0922-1425(94)00038-U</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+and+the+World+Economy&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Coase+Theorem%3F&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=49-74&rft.date=1995-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0922-1425%2894%2900038-U&rft.au=LeonidHurwicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2F092214259400038U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLeonid_Hurwicz1973" class="citation journal cs1">Leonid Hurwicz (May 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1817047">"The Design of Mechanisms for Resource Allocation"</a>. <i>The American Economic Review</i>. <b>63</b> (2): 1–30. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1817047">1817047</a> – via jstor.prg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Design+of+Mechanisms+for+Resource+Allocation&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=1973-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1817047%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Leonid+Hurwicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1817047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLeonid_Hurwicz1969" class="citation journal cs1">Leonid Hurwicz (May 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1823704">"On the Concept and Possibility of Informational Decentralization"</a>. <i>The American Economic Review</i>. <b>59</b> (2): 513–524. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1823704">1823704</a> – via jstor.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=On+the+Concept+and+Possibility+of+Informational+Decentralization&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=513-524&rft.date=1969-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1823704%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Leonid+Hurwicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1823704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLeonid_Hurwicz1945" class="citation journal cs1">Leonid Hurwicz (December 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1812602">"The Theory of Economic Behavior"</a>. <i>The American Economic Review</i>. <b>35</b> (5): 909–925. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1812602">1812602</a> – via jstor.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Theory+of+Economic+Behavior&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=909-925&rft.date=1945-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1812602%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Leonid+Hurwicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1812602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel Prize winners by country">List of Nobel Prize winners by country</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Leonid Hurwicz</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Леони́д Гу́рвич</span>)</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">NobelPrize.org, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2007/hurwicz-bibl.html">"Leonid Hurwicz"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since August 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup>; retrieved 2012-9-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lohr-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lohr_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLohr,_Steve2007" class="citation news cs1">Lohr, Steve (16 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/16/business/16nobel.html">"Three Share Nobel in Economics for Work on Social Mechanisms"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Three+Share+Nobel+in+Economics+for+Work+on+Social+Mechanisms&rft.date=2007-10-16&rft.au=Lohr%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F10%2F16%2Fbusiness%2F16nobel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn,_Harold_(introduction)1944" class="citation web cs1">Kuhn, Harold (introduction) (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016235049/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i7802.html">"Sample Chapter for von Neumann, John & Morgenstern, Oskar. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Commemorative Edition)"</a>. Princeton University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i7802.html">the original</a> on 2007-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sample+Chapter+for+von+Neumann%2C+John+%26+Morgenstern%2C+Oskar.+Theory+of+Games+and+Economic+Behavior+%28Commemorative+Edition%29&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1944&rft.au=Kuhn%2C+Harold+%28introduction%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fchapters%2Fi7802.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higgins-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_5-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_5-1">4.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_5-2">4.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins,_Charlotte2007" class="citation news cs1">Higgins, Charlotte (15 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7045067.stm">"Americans win Nobel for economics"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Americans+win+Nobel+for+economics&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft.au=Higgins%2C+Charlotte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F7045067.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ohlin-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ohlin_6-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ohlin_6-1">5.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFOhlin,_Pia2007" class="citation news cs1">Ohlin, Pia (15 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.news.yahoo.com/afp/20071015/tts-nobel-economy-1edafd1_3.html">"US trio wins Nobel Economics Prize"</a>. AFP via Yahoo! News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+trio+wins+Nobel+Economics+Prize&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft.au=Ohlin%2C+Pia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.news.yahoo.com%2Fafp%2F20071015%2Ftts-nobel-economy-1edafd1_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_7-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_7-1">6.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_7-2">6.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_7-3">6.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_7-4">6.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHughes,_Art2007" class="citation news cs1">Hughes, Art (15 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2007/10/15/nobelprofile/">"Leonid Hurwicz—commanding intellect, humble soul, Nobel Prize winner"</a>. Minnesota Public Radio<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Leonid+Hurwicz%E2%80%94commanding+intellect%2C+humble+soul%2C+Nobel+Prize+winner&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminnesota.publicradio.org%2Fdisplay%2Fweb%2F2007%2F10%2F15%2Fnobelprofile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MN-resolution-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MN-resolution_8-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MN-resolution_8-1">7.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MN-resolution_8-2">7.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econ.umn.edu/hurwicz/images/house_resolution_large_for_.jpg">"A house resolution honoring Professor Leo Hurwicz on his 90th birthday"</a>. Legislature of the State of Minnesota (image via University of Minnesota, umn.edu). 9 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+house+resolution+honoring+Professor+Leo+Hurwicz+on+his+90th+birthday&rft.pub=Legislature+of+the+State+of+Minnesota+%28image+via+University+of+Minnesota%2C+umn.edu%29&rft.date=2007-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econ.umn.edu%2Fhurwicz%2Fimages%2Fhouse_resolution_large_for_.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clement-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Clement_9-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Clement_9-1">8.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Clement_9-2">8.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Clement_9-3">8.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Clement_9-4">8.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFClement,_Douglas2006" class="citation journal cs1">Clement, Douglas (Fall 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econ.umn.edu/magazine/MinnesotaEconomics1106.pdf">"Intelligent Designer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Minnesota Economics</i>. Department of Economics, University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts: 6–9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Economics&rft.atitle=Intelligent+Designer&rft.ssn=fall&rft.pages=6-9&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Clement%2C+Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econ.umn.edu%2Fmagazine%2FMinnesotaEconomics1106.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horwath-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Horwath_10-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Horwath_10-1">9.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Horwath_10-2">9.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHorwath,_Justin2007" class="citation news cs1">Horwath, Justin (16 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mndaily.com/articles/2007/10/16/72163879">"U economics prof awarded Nobel Prize"</a>. <i>The Minnesota Daily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Minnesota+Daily&rft.atitle=U+economics+prof+awarded+Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2007-10-16&rft.au=Horwath%2C+Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mndaily.com%2Farticles%2F2007%2F10%2F16%2F72163879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeline-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-timeline_11-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-timeline_11-1">10.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-timeline_11-2">10.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-timeline_11-3">10.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-timeline_11-4">10.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-timeline_11-5">10.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-timeline_11-6">10.6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-timeline_11-7">10.7</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-timeline_11-8">10.8</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econ.umn.edu/hurwicz_timeline.pdf">"Perspectives on Leo Hurwicz, A Celebration of 90 Years (timeline)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Minnesota (econ.umn.edu). 14 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Leo+Hurwicz%2C+A+Celebration+of+90+Years+%28timeline%29&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+%28econ.umn.edu%29&rft.date=2007-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econ.umn.edu%2Fhurwicz_timeline.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cowles-5yr-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cowles-5yr_12-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cowles-5yr_12-1">11.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cowles-5yr_12-2">11.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cowles-5yr_12-3">11.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/reports/1942-46b.htm">"Five-Year Report, 1942–46, XII. Biographical and Bibliographic Notes"</a>. Cowles Foundation, Yale University. 1942–1946<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five-Year+Report%2C+1942%E2%80%9346%2C+XII.+Biographical+and+Bibliographic+Notes&rft.pub=Cowles+Foundation%2C+Yale+University&rft.date=1942%2F1946&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcowles.econ.yale.edu%2FP%2Freports%2F1942-46b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRansom,_Greg2007" class="citation web cs1">Ransom, Greg (15 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.mises.org/archives/007307.asp">"Hurwicz Took Part in the Mises Seminar"</a>. Mises.org Weblog, Ludwig von Mises Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hurwicz+Took+Part+in+the+Mises+Seminar&rft.pub=Mises.org+Weblog%2C+Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft.au=Ransom%2C+Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.mises.org%2Farchives%2F007307.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFChiacu,_Doina_(Reuters)2007" class="citation news cs1">Chiacu, Doina (Reuters) (15 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNewsAndPR/idUSN1533359220071015">"Russian-born U.S. economist oldest-ever Nobel winner"</a>. Reuters Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russian-born+U.S.+economist+oldest-ever+Nobel+winner&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft.au=Chiacu%2C+Doina+%28Reuters%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FcompanyNewsAndPR%2FidUSN1533359220071015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cowles-1942-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cowles-1942_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/reports/1942.htm">"Report for 1942"</a>. Cowles Foundation, Yale University. 1942<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+for+1942&rft.pub=Cowles+Foundation%2C+Yale+University&rft.date=1942&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcowles.econ.yale.edu%2FP%2Freports%2F1942.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simon-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Simon_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSimon,_Herbert_A.1998" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Herbert A. (28 September 1998) [1997]. <i>An Empirically-Based Microeconomics (Raffaele Mattioli Lectures)</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5216-2412-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-5216-2412-6"><bdi>0-5216-2412-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Empirically-Based+Microeconomics+%28Raffaele+Mattioli+Lectures%29&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-09-28&rft.isbn=0-5216-2412-6&rft.au=Simon%2C+Herbert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cowles-1950-1951-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cowles-1950-1951_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/reports/1950-51a.htm">"Report for 1950–1951"</a>. Cowles Foundation, Yale University. 1951<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+for+1950%E2%80%931951&rft.pub=Cowles+Foundation%2C+Yale+University&rft.date=1951&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcowles.econ.yale.edu%2FP%2Freports%2F1950-51a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/archive/people/directors/staff_yale.htm">"Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics: Staff Lists, 1955-Present"</a>. Yale University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cowles+Foundation+for+Research+in+Economics%3A+Staff+Lists%2C+1955-Present&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcowles.econ.yale.edu%2Farchive%2Fpeople%2Fdirectors%2Fstaff_yale.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.umn.edu/umnnews/news_details.php?release=071015_3575&page=UMNN">"University of Minnesota Professor Leonid Hurwicz wins Nobel Prize in economics"</a> (Press release). Regents of the University of Minnesota<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Minnesota+Professor+Leonid+Hurwicz+wins+Nobel+Prize+in+economics&rft.pub=Regents+of+the+University+of+Minnesota&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.umn.edu%2Fumnnews%2Fnews_details.php%3Frelease%3D071015_3575%26page%3DUMNN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cepa-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cepa_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017004558/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/hurwicz.htm">"Major Works of Leonid Hurwicz"</a>. <i>The history of Economic Thought</i>. cepa.newschool.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/hurwicz.htm">the original</a> on 2007-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+history+of+Economic+Thought&rft.atitle=Major+Works+of+Leonid+Hurwicz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcepa.newschool.edu%2Fhet%2Fprofiles%2Fhurwicz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAQ-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FAQ_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/contact/faq/index.html#laureates">"Nobel Laureates"</a>. <i>Frequently Asked Questions</i>. Nobelprize.org. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.atitle=Nobel+Laureates&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fcontact%2Ffaq%2Findex.html%23laureates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrison-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Morrison_22-0">21.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Morrison_22-1">21.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Morrison_22-2">21.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison,_Deanne2007" class="citation news cs1">Morrison, Deanne (15 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.umn.edu/umnnews/Feature_Stories/University_professor_wins_Nobel_Prize.html">"University professor wins Nobel Prize"</a>. UMN News, Regents of the University of Minnesota<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=University+professor+wins+Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft.au=Morrison%2C+Deanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.umn.edu%2Fumnnews%2FFeature_Stories%2FUniversity_professor_wins_Nobel_Prize.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laureates-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-laureates_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/index.html">"All Laureates in Economics"</a>. Nobelprize.org. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Laureates+in+Economics&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Feconomics%2Flaureates%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myerson-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Myerson_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMyerson2007" class="citation cs2">Myerson, Roger B. (2007-02-28), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.uchicago.edu/~rmyerson/research/hurwicz.pdf"><i>Fundamental Theory of Institutions: A Lecture in Honor of Leo Hurwicz</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, University of Chicago, p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-15</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Theory+of+Institutions%3A+A+Lecture+in+Honor+of+Leo+Hurwicz&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2007-02-28&rft.aulast=Myerson&rft.aufirst=Roger+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.uchicago.edu%2F~rmyerson%2Fresearch%2Fhurwicz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span>. Hurwicz Lecture originally presented at the North American meetings of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Econometric_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Econometric Society (not yet started)">Econometric Society</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> on <a href="/w/index.php?title=2006-06-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2006-06-22 (not yet started)">2006-06-22</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHurwicz,_LeonidReiter,_Stanley2006" class="citation book cs1">Hurwicz, Leonid; Reiter, Stanley (22 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521836417"><i>Designing Economic Mechanisms</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/36418/frontmatter/9780521836418_frontmatter.pdf">Frontmatter</a> (PDF) via Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5218-3641-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-5218-3641-7"><bdi>0-5218-3641-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designing+Economic+Mechanisms&rft.pages=Frontmatter+%28PDF%29+via+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-05-22&rft.isbn=0-5218-3641-7&rft.au=Hurwicz%2C+Leonid&rft.au=Reiter%2C+Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcatalogue%2Fcatalogue.asp%3Fisbn%3D0521836417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808111556/http://eco.hust.edu.cn/English/06.html">"Academic Exchange with Foreign Institutions"</a>. Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Economics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eco.hust.edu.cn/English/06.html">the original</a> on 2007-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academic+Exchange+with+Foreign+Institutions&rft.pub=Huazhong+University+of+Science+and+Technology+School+of+Economics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feco.hust.edu.cn%2FEnglish%2F06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zappia-Basili-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zappia-Basili_27-0">26.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zappia-Basili_27-1">26.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zappia-Basili_27-2">26.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFZappia,_CarloBasili,_Marcello2005" class="citation journal cs1">Zappia, Carlo; Basili, Marcello (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100827203522/http://www.econ-pol.unisi.it/dipartimento/it/node/288">"Shackle versus Savage: non-probabilistic alternatives to subjective probability theory in the 1950s"</a>. <i>Quaderni</i> (452). Università degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento di Economia Politica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econ-pol.unisi.it/dipartimento/it/node/288">the original</a> on 2010-08-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaderni&rft.atitle=Shackle+versus+Savage%3A+non-probabilistic+alternatives+to+subjective+probability+theory+in+the+1950s&rft.issue=452&rft.date=2005-05&rft.au=Zappia%2C+Carlo&rft.au=Basili%2C+Marcello&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econ-pol.unisi.it%2Fdipartimento%2Fit%2Fnode%2F288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffray-Jeleva-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jaffray-Jeleva_28-0">27.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jaffray-Jeleva_28-1">27.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFJaffray,_Jean-YvesJeleva,_Meglena2007" class="citation web cs1">Jaffray, Jean-Yves; Jeleva, Meglena (July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sipta.org/isipta07/proceedings/papers/s045.pdf">"Information Processing under Imprecise Risk with the Hurwicz criterion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Symposium on Imprecise Probability: Theories and Applications (conference proceedings via sipta.org)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+Processing+under+Imprecise+Risk+with+the+Hurwicz+criterion&rft.pub=International+Symposium+on+Imprecise+Probability%3A+Theories+and+Applications+%28conference+proceedings+via+sipta.org%29&rft.date=2007-07&rft.au=Jaffray%2C+Jean-Yves&rft.au=Jeleva%2C+Meglena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipta.org%2Fisipta07%2Fproceedings%2Fpapers%2Fs045.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luce-Raiffa-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Luce-Raiffa_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLuce,_R._DuncanRaiffa,_Howard1989" class="citation book cs1">Luce, R. Duncan; Raiffa, Howard (1989) [1957]. <i>Games and Decisions: Introduction and Critical Survey</i>. Dover Publications via Amazon Reader, Look Inside. pp. xvii +304-305 per Ellsberg p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4866-5943-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-4866-5943-7"><bdi>0-4866-5943-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Games+and+Decisions%3A+Introduction+and+Critical+Survey&rft.pages=xvii+%2B304-305+per+Ellsberg+p.+180&rft.pub=Dover+Publications+via+Amazon+Reader%2C+Look+Inside&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-4866-5943-7&rft.au=Luce%2C+R.+Duncan&rft.au=Raiffa%2C+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Milnor credits Hurwicz with this idea. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFStraffin,_Philip_D.1996" class="citation book cs1">Straffin, Philip D. (5 September 1996). <i>Game Theory and Strategy (New Mathematical Library)</i>. The Mathematical Association of America via Amazon Reader Search Inside. pp. 58–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8838-5637-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8838-5637-9"><bdi>0-8838-5637-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Game+Theory+and+Strategy+%28New+Mathematical+Library%29&rft.pages=58-59&rft.pub=The+Mathematical+Association+of+America+via+Amazon+Reader+Search+Inside&rft.date=1996-09-05&rft.isbn=0-8838-5637-9&rft.au=Straffin%2C+Philip+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFEllsberg,_Daniel2001" class="citation book cs1">Ellsberg, Daniel (2001). <i>Risk, Ambiguity And Decision (Studies in Philosophy)</i>. New York, N.Y.: Garland Publishing via Amazon Reader, Search Inside. pp. xxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-4022-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-4022-2"><bdi>0-8153-4022-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Risk%2C+Ambiguity+And+Decision+%28Studies+in+Philosophy%29&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=xxii&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing+via+Amazon+Reader%2C+Search+Inside&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8153-4022-2&rft.au=Ellsberg%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kramer-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kramer_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKramer,_Edna_Ernestine1982" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Edna Ernestine (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LLEZQC74gVcC&pg=PA290"><i>The Nature and Growth of Modern Mathematics</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6910-2372-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-6910-2372-7"><bdi>0-6910-2372-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+and+Growth+of+Modern+Mathematics&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-6910-2372-7&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Edna+Ernestine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLLEZQC74gVcC%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2007/press.html">"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2007"</a> (Press release). Nobel Foundation. 15 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sveriges+Riksbank+Prize+in+Economic+Sciences+in+Memory+of+Alfred+Nobel+2007&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Feconomics%2Flaureates%2F2007%2Fpress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2007/hurwicz-interview.html">"Leonid Hurwicz - Interviews"</a>. Nobel Foundation (nobelprize.org). 15 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leonid+Hurwicz+-+Interviews&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation+%28nobelprize.org%29&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Feconomics%2Flaureates%2F2007%2Fhurwicz-interview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tong-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tong_35-0">34.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tong_35-1">34.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFTong,_Vinnie_(Associated_Press)2007" class="citation news cs1">Tong, Vinnie (Associated Press) (15 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017043133/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/10/15/ap4221523.html">"U.S. Trio Wins Nobel Economics Prize"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/10/15/ap4221523.html">the original</a> on 2007-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=U.S.+Trio+Wins+Nobel+Economics+Prize&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft.au=Tong%2C+Vinnie+%28Associated+Press%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Ffeeds%2Fap%2F2007%2F10%2F15%2Fap4221523.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomberg-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBergman,_JonasKennedy,_Simon2007" class="citation news cs1">Bergman, Jonas; Kennedy, Simon (15 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aGZTnlcWfQDY">"Hurwicz, Maskin and Myerson Win Nobel Economics Prize"</a>. Bloomberg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hurwicz%2C+Maskin+and+Myerson+Win+Nobel+Economics+Prize&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft.au=Bergman%2C+Jonas&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3DaGZTnlcWfQDY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020130656/http://russiatoday.ru/features/news/15749">"Russian-born Nobel Prize winner lives in nursing home"</a>. <i>Russia Today</i>. TV-Novosti. 19 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russiatoday.ru/features/news/15749">the original</a> on 2007-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russia+Today&rft.atitle=Russian-born+Nobel+Prize+winner+lives+in+nursing+home&rft.date=2007-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russiatoday.ru%2Ffeatures%2Fnews%2F15749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh,_Paul2007" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Paul (2007-12-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211180343/http://www.startribune.com/local/12303571.html">"U professor to receive his Nobel Prize today"</a>. <i>Minneapolis Star-Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/local/12303571.html">the original</a> on 2007-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minneapolis+Star-Tribune&rft.atitle=U+professor+to+receive+his+Nobel+Prize+today&rft.date=2007-12-10&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Flocal%2F12303571.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFArt_Hughes2007" class="citation news cs1">Art Hughes (2007-12-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2007/12/10/nobel_hurwicz/">"Minnesota's newest Nobel Laureate receives his prize"</a>. Minnesota Public Radio<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Minnesota%27s+newest+Nobel+Laureate+receives+his+prize&rft.date=2007-12-10&rft.au=Art+Hughes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminnesota.publicradio.org%2Fdisplay%2Fweb%2F2007%2F12%2F10%2Fnobel_hurwicz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econ.umn.edu/hurwicz/">"Perspectives on Leo Hurwicz (conference program and photos)"</a>. University of Minnesota (econ.umn.edu). 14 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Leo+Hurwicz+%28conference+program+and+photos%29&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+%28econ.umn.edu%29&rft.date=2007-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econ.umn.edu%2Fhurwicz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFClement,_Douglas2006" class="citation journal cs1">Clement, Douglas (Fall 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econ.umn.edu/magazine/MinnesotaEconomics1106.pdf">"Intelligent Designer (cover story)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Minnesota Economics</i>. Department of Economics, University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts: 6–9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Economics&rft.atitle=Intelligent+Designer+%28cover+story%29&rft.ssn=fall&rft.pages=6-9&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Clement%2C+Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econ.umn.edu%2Fmagazine%2FMinnesotaEconomics1106.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9988840">"Intelligent design"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 18 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Intelligent+design&rft.date=2007-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Ffinance%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D9988840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCho,_Adrian2007" class="citation news cs1">Cho, Adrian (15 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018025053/http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2007/1015/1">"The Economics Nobel: Giving Adam Smith a Helping Hand"</a>. <i>ScienceNOW Daily News</i>. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2007/1015/1">the original</a> on 2007-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ScienceNOW+Daily+News&rft.atitle=The+Economics+Nobel%3A+Giving+Adam+Smith+a+Helping+Hand&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft.au=Cho%2C+Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsciencenow.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F2007%2F1015%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFFonseca,_Gonçalo_L." class="citation web cs1">Fonseca, Gonçalo L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017004558/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/hurwicz.htm">"Major Works of Leonid Hurwicz, in Leonid Hurwicz, 1917-"</a>. History of Economic Thought Website, The New School (newschool.edu). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/hurwicz.htm">the original</a> on 2007-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+Works+of+Leonid+Hurwicz%2C+in+Leonid+Hurwicz%2C+1917-&rft.pub=History+of+Economic+Thought+Website%2C+The+New+School+%28newschool.edu%29&rft.au=Fonseca%2C+Gon%C3%A7alo+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcepa.newschool.edu%2Fhet%2Fprofiles%2Fhurwicz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFTabarrok2007" class="citation web cs1">Tabarrok, Alex (2007-10-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reason.com/news/show/122998.html">"What is Mechanism Design? Explaining the research that won the 2007 Nobel Prize in Economics"</a>. <i>Reasononline news</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reason_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reason Magazine (not yet started)">Reason Magazine</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reasononline+news&rft.atitle=What+is+Mechanism+Design%3F+Explaining+the+research+that+won+the+2007+Nobel+Prize+in+Economics.&rft.date=2007-10-16&rft.aulast=Tabarrok&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reason.com%2Fnews%2Fshow%2F122998.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ALeonid+Hurwicz" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_economics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in economics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_economics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in economics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nobel_Prize_in_economics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winners_of_the_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics">Winners</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1969–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1969</span> <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Ragnar Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1970</span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1971</span> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1972</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Richard_Hicks" title="John Richard Hicks">John Richard Hicks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1973</span> <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1974</span> <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1975</span> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kantorovich" title="Leonid Kantorovich">Leonid Kantorovich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling Koopmans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1976</span> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1977</span> <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Bertil Ohlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James Meade</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1978</span> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1979</span> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore Schultz</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis">Arthur Lewis</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1980</span> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence Klein</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1981</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1982</span> <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1983</span> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1984</span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stone" title="Richard Stone">Richard Stone</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1985</span> <a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1986</span> <a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1987</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert Solow</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1988</span> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Maurice Allais</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1989</span> <a href="/wiki/Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Trygve Haavelmo</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1990</span> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Markowitz" title="Harry Markowitz">Harry Markowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Merton_Miller" title="Merton Miller">Merton Miller</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_F._Sharpe" title="William F. Sharpe">William F. Sharpe</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1991</span> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1992</span> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1993</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert Fogel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass North</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1994</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Harsanyi" title="John Harsanyi">John Harsanyi</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr." title="John Forbes Nash Jr.">John Forbes Nash Jr.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Reinhard Selten</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1995</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert Lucas Jr.</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1996</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Mirrlees" title="James Mirrlees">James Mirrlees</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1997</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Merton" title="Robert C. Merton">Robert C. Merton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Myron_Scholes" title="Myron Scholes">Myron Scholes</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1998</span> <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1999</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mundell" title="Robert Mundell">Robert Mundell</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2000</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James Heckman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">2001</span> <a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George Akerlof</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence">Michael Spence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2002</span> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vernon_L._Smith" title="Vernon L. Smith">Vernon L. Smith</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2003</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Engle" title="Robert F. Engle">Robert F. Engle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clive_Granger" title="Clive Granger">Clive Granger</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2004</span> <a href="/wiki/Finn_E._Kydland" title="Finn E. Kydland">Finn E. Kydland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2005</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aumann" title="Robert Aumann">Robert Aumann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas Schelling</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2006</span> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund Phelps</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2007</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leonid Hurwicz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Eric Maskin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Roger Myerson</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2008</span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2009</span> <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2010</span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Diamond">Peter A. Diamond</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dale_T._Mortensen" title="Dale T. Mortensen">Dale T. Mortensen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Pissarides" title="Christopher A. Pissarides">Christopher A. Pissarides</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2011</span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher A. Sims</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2012</span> <a href="/wiki/Alvin_E._Roth" title="Alvin E. Roth">Alvin E. Roth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Lloyd S. Shapley</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2013</span> <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Fama" title="Eugene Fama">Eugene Fama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lars_Peter_Hansen" title="Lars Peter Hansen">Lars Peter Hansen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2014</span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2015</span> <a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2016</span> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hart_(economist)" title="Oliver Hart (economist)">Oliver Hart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Holmstr%C3%B6m" title="Bengt Holmström">Bengt Holmström</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2017</span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard Thaler</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2018</span> <a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Romer" title="Paul Romer">Paul Romer</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2019</span> <a href="/wiki/Abhijit_Banerjee" title="Abhijit Banerjee">Abhijit Banerjee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer">Michael Kremer</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2020</span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Milgrom" title="Paul Milgrom">Paul Milgrom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Wilson" title="Robert B. Wilson">Robert B. Wilson</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2021</span> <a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> / <a href="/wiki/Guido_Imbens" title="Guido Imbens">Guido Imbens</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Angrist" title="Joshua Angrist">Joshua Angrist</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2022</span> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Diamond" title="Douglas Diamond">Douglas Diamond</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Dybvig" title="Philip H. Dybvig">Philip H. Dybvig</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2023</span> <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2024</span> <a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_Johnson_(economist)" title="Simon Johnson (economist)">Simon Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_A._Robinson" title="James A. Robinson">James A. 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