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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_Approaches_to_Zoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Main Approaches to Zoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_Approaches_to_Zoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use-based_zoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use-based_zoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Use-based zoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-based_zoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Single-use_zoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-use_zoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1.1 Single-use zoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-use_zoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixed-use_zoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed-use_zoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1.2 Mixed-use zoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed-use_zoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Form-based_zoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form-based_zoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Form-based zoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form-based_zoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_zoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_zoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Performance zoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_zoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incentive_zoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incentive_zoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Incentive zoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incentive_zoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_Provisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_Provisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Additional Provisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_Provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Smart_zoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smart_zoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Smart zoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smart_zoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floating_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floating_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Floating zones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floating_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cluster_zoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cluster_zoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Cluster zoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cluster_zoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planned_unit_development_(PUD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_unit_development_(PUD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Planned unit development (PUD) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_unit_development_(PUD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pattern_zoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pattern_zoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Pattern zoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pattern_zoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_zoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_zoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.6 Hybrid zoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_zoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inclusionary_zoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inclusionary_zoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.7 Inclusionary zoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inclusionary_zoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overlay_zoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overlay_zoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.8 Overlay zoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overlay_zoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transferable_development_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transferable_development_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.9 Transferable development rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transferable_development_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spot_zoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spot_zoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.10 Spot zoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spot_zoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conditional_zoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditional_zoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.11 Conditional zoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditional_zoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contract_zoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contract_zoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.12 Contract zoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contract_zoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiscal_zoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiscal_zoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.13 Fiscal zoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiscal_zoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness_and_Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness_and_Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Effectiveness and Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness_and_Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 By country </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle By country subsection </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Singapore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10.1 Scale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_in_use_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_in_use_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10.2 Types in use in the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_in_use_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Single-use_zoning_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-use_zoning_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10.3 Single-use zoning in the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-use_zoning_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_problems_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_problems_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10.4 Social problems in the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_problems_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Zoning</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82" title="التقسيم إلى مناطق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التقسيم إلى مناطق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonificaci%C3%B3n" title="Zonificación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Zonificación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8" title="অঞ্চলবিভাজন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অঞ্চলবিভাজন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonificaci%C3%B3" title="Zonificació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zonificació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detailplaneering" title="Detailplaneering – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Detailplaneering" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonificaci%C3%B3n" title="Zonificación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zonificación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonifikazio" title="Zonifikazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zonifikazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="پهنه‌بندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پهنه‌بندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonage_(urbanisme)" title="Zonage (urbanisme) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zonage (urbanisme)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonificaci%C3%B3n" title="Zonificación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Zonificación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%A9%EB%8F%84%EC%A7%80%EC%97%AD" title="용도지역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="용도지역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="क्षेत्रीकरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्षेत्रीकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemintakatan" title="Pemintakatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemintakatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonizzazione" title="Zonizzazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zonizzazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_(%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D)" title="איזור (תכנון ערים) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איזור (תכנון ערים)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Урбанистичко зонирање – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Урбанистичко зонирање" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengezonan" title="Pengezonan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengezonan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BE%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0_(%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB)" title="ゾーニング (都市計画) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゾーニング (都市計画)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miejscowy_plan_zagospodarowania_przestrzennego" title="Miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoneamento" title="Zoneamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zoneamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Градостроительное зонирование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Градостроительное зонирование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zoning" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoniranje" title="Zoniranje – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Zoniranje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaavoitus" title="Kaavoitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaavoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Government policy allowing certain uses of land in different places</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the land-use planning practice. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Zoning_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Zoning (disambiguation)">Zoning (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">Building codes</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GUP_Skopje_2002_mal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GUP_Skopje_2002_mal.jpg/300px-GUP_Skopje_2002_mal.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GUP_Skopje_2002_mal.jpg/450px-GUP_Skopje_2002_mal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GUP_Skopje_2002_mal.jpg/600px-GUP_Skopje_2002_mal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>The Zoning Scheme of the General Spatial Plan for the <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">City of Skopje</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>. Different urban zoning areas are represented by different colours.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>, zoning is a method in which a <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipality</a> or other tier of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> divides land into "zones", each of which has a set of regulations for new development that differs from other zones. Zones may be defined for a single use (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Residential_area" title="Residential area">residential</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">industrial</a>), they may combine several compatible activities by use, or in the case of form-based zoning, the differing regulations may govern the density, size and shape of allowed buildings whatever their use. The planning rules for each zone determine whether planning permission for a given development may be granted. Zoning may specify a variety of outright and conditional uses of land. It may indicate the size and dimensions of <a href="/wiki/Land_lot" title="Land lot">lots</a> that land may be <a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">subdivided</a> into, or the form and scale of buildings. These guidelines are set in order to guide urban growth and development.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Zoning is the most common regulatory urban planning method used by local governments in developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Exceptions include the <a href="/wiki/Town_and_country_planning_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Town and country planning in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">City of Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> Most zoning systems have a procedure for granting <a href="/wiki/Variance_(land_use)" title="Variance (land use)">variances</a> (exceptions to the zoning rules), usually because of some perceived hardship caused by the particular nature of the property in question. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The origins of zoning districts can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The ancient walled city was the predecessor for classifying and regulating land, based on use. Outside the city walls were the undesirable functions, which were usually based on noise and smell. The space between the walls is where unsanitary and dangerous activities occurred such as butchering, waste disposal, and brick-firing. Within the walls were civic and religious places, and where the majority of people lived.<a href="#cite_note-Hirt_2014-8">[8]</a> Beyond distinguishing between urban and non-urban land, most ancient cities further classified land types and uses inside their walls. This was practiced in many regions of the world – for example, in China during the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou Dynasty</a> (1046 – 256 BC), in India during the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Era</a> (1500 – 500 BC), and in the military camps that spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (31 BC – 476 AD). Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, cultural and socio-economic shifts led to the rapid increase in the enforcement and invention of urban regulations.<a href="#cite_note-Hirt_2014-8">[8]</a> The shifts were informed by a new scientific rationality, the advent of mass production and complex manufacturing, and the subsequent onset of urbanisation. Industry leaving the home reshaped modern cities. The definition of home was tied to the definition of economy, which caused a much greater mixing of uses within the residential quarters of cities.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Separation between uses is a feature of many <a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">planned cities</a> designed before the advent of zoning. A notable example is <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, whose city centre, along with the suburb of <a href="/wiki/North_Adelaide" title="North Adelaide">North Adelaide</a>, is surrounded on all sides by a park, the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Park_Lands" title="Adelaide Park Lands">Adelaide Park Lands</a>. The park was designed by <a href="/wiki/William_Light" title="William Light">Colonel William Light</a> in 1836 in order to physically separate the city centre from its suburbs. Low density residential areas surround the park, providing a pleasant walk between work in the city within and the family homes outside. <a href="/wiki/Sir_Ebenezer_Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Ebenezer Howard">Sir Ebenezer Howard</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">garden city movement</a>, cited Adelaide as an example of how green open space could be used to prevent cities from expanding beyond their boundaries and coalescing.<a href="#cite_note-Howard1902-10">[10]</a>: 94  His design for an ideal city, published in his 1902 book <a href="/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrow" title="Garden Cities of To-morrow">Garden Cities of To-morrow</a>, envisaged separate concentric rings of public buildings, parks, retail space, residential areas and industrial areas, all surrounded by open space and farmland. All retail activity was to be conducted within a single glass-roofed building, an early concept for the modern <a href="/wiki/Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">shopping centre</a> inspired by <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">the Crystal Palace</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Howard1902-10">[10]</a>: 4  However, these planned or ideal cities were static designs embodied in a single <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_planning" title="Comprehensive planning">masterplan</a>. What was lacking was a regulatory mechanism to allow the city to develop over time, setting guidelines to developers and private citizens over what could be built where. The first modern zoning systems were applied in the <a href="/wiki/Zoning_in_the_United_States" title="Zoning in the United States">United States</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> zoning ordinances of 1904<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> <a href="/wiki/1916_Zoning_Resolution" title="1916 Zoning Resolution">1916 Zoning Resolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dunlap2-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> There are a great variety of zoning types, some of which focus on regulating building form and the relation of buildings to the street with mixed uses, known as form-based, others with separating land uses, known as use-based, or a combination thereof. Use-based zoning systems can comprise single-use zones, mixed-use zones - where a compatible group of uses are allowed to co-exist - or a combination of both single and mixed-use zones in one system. The main approaches include use-based, form-based, performance and incentive zoning.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-15">[15]</a> There are also several additional zoning provisions used in combination with the main approaches. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_Approaches_to_Zoning">Main Approaches to Zoning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Main Approaches to Zoning">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use-based_zoning">Use-based zoning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use-based zoning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Functional_zoning" title="Functional zoning">Functional zoning</a></div> Use-based or <a href="/wiki/Functional_zoning" title="Functional zoning">functional zoning</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-15">[15]</a> systems can comprise single-use zones, mixed-use zones—where a compatible group of uses are allowed to co-exist —or a combination of both single- and mixed-use zones in one system.<a href="#cite_note-:16-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Single-use_zoning">Single-use zoning</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Single-use zoning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Single-family_zoning" title="Single-family zoning">Single-family zoning</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_View_Chatswood_to_Sydney_CBD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Aerial_View_Chatswood_to_Sydney_CBD.jpg/330px-Aerial_View_Chatswood_to_Sydney_CBD.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Aerial_View_Chatswood_to_Sydney_CBD.jpg/495px-Aerial_View_Chatswood_to_Sydney_CBD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Aerial_View_Chatswood_to_Sydney_CBD.jpg/660px-Aerial_View_Chatswood_to_Sydney_CBD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Chatswood,_New_South_Wales" title="Chatswood, New South Wales">Chatswood</a>, Australia, looking towards <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>. The boundaries between low density residential, commercial and industrial zones are clearly visible.</figcaption></figure> The primary purpose of single-use zoning is to geographically separate uses that are thought to be incompatible. In practice, zoning is also used to prevent new development from interfering with existing uses and/or to preserve the character of a community. Single-use zoning is where only one kind of use is allowed per zone, or district. It is also known as exclusionary zoning<a href="#cite_note-Hirt_2014-8">[8]</a>: 65  or, in the United States, as <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_zoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Euclidean zoning">Euclidean zoning</a> because of a court case in <a href="/wiki/Euclid,_Ohio" title="Euclid, Ohio">Euclid, Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Village_of_Euclid,_Ohio_v._Ambler_Realty_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co.">Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_272" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 272">272</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/272/365/">365</a> (1926), which established its constitutionality.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> It has been the dominant system of zoning in North America, especially the <a href="/wiki/Zoning_in_the_United_States" title="Zoning in the United States">United States</a>, since its first implementation.<a href="#cite_note-Hirt_2014-8">[8]</a>: 61–63  Commonly defined single-use districts include: residential, commercial, and industrial.<a href="#cite_note-:15-18">[18]</a> Each category can have a number of sub-categories, for example, within the commercial category there may be separate districts for small retail, large retail, office use, lodging and others, while industrial may be subdivided into heavy manufacturing, light assembly and warehouse uses.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Special districts may also be created for purposes like public facilities, recreational amenities, and green space.<a href="#cite_note-:15-18">[18]</a> The application of single-use zoning has led to the distinctive form of many cities in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, in which a very dense <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">urban core</a>, often containing <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscrapers</a>, is surrounded by low density residential <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburbs</a>, characterised by large <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">gardens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">leafy streets</a>. Some metropolitan areas such as <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> have several such cores. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mixed-use_zoning">Mixed-use zoning</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mixed-use zoning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></div> Mixed-use zoning combines residential, commercial, office, and public uses into a single space.<a href="#cite_note-:16-16">[16]</a> Mixed-use zoning can be vertical, within a single building, or horizontal, involving multiple buildings.<a href="#cite_note-:16-16">[16]</a> Planning and community activist <a href="/wiki/Jane_Jacobs" title="Jane Jacobs">Jane Jacobs</a> wrote extensively on the connections between the separation of uses and the failure of <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> projects in New York City. She advocated dense <a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">mixed-use developments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walkability" title="Walkability">walkable streets</a>. In contrast to villages and towns, in which many residents know one another, and low-density outer suburbs that attract few visitors, cities and inner city areas have the problem of maintaining order between strangers.<a href="#cite_note-Jacobs1961-20">[20]</a>: 26, 39–44  This order is maintained when, throughout the day and evening, there are sufficient people present with <a href="/wiki/Natural_surveillance" title="Natural surveillance">eyes on the street</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Jacobs1961-20">[20]</a>: 45-65  This can be accomplished in successful urban districts that have a great diversity of uses, creating interest and attracting visitors. <a href="#cite_note-Jacobs1961-20">[20]</a>: 155-190  Jacobs' writings, along with increasing concerns about urban sprawl, are often credited with inspiring the <a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a> movement. To accommodate the New Urbanist vision of walkable communities combining <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">cafés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office" title="Office">offices</a> and residential development in a single area, mixed-use zones have been created within some zoning systems. These still use the basic regulatory mechanisms of zoning, excluding incompatible uses such as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sewage_farm" title="Sewage farm">sewage farms</a>, while allowing compatible uses such as residential, commercial and retail activities so that people can live, work and socialise within a compact geographic area.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The mixing of land uses is common throughout the world. Mixed-use zoning has particular relevance in the United States, where it is proposed as a remedy to the problems caused by widespread single-use zoning.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Form-based_zoning">Form-based zoning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Form-based zoning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Form-based_code" title="Form-based code">Form-based code</a></div> Form-based or intensity<a href="#cite_note-:14-15">[15]</a> zoning regulates not the type of land use, but the form that land use may take.<a href="#cite_note-:26-23">[23]</a> For instance, form-based zoning in a dense area may insist on low setbacks, high density, and pedestrian accessibility. <a href="/wiki/Form-based_code" title="Form-based code">Form-based codes</a> (FBCs) are designed to directly respond to the physical structure of a community in order to create more walkable and adaptable environments.<a href="#cite_note-:27-24">[24]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eiffel_Tower_from_the_Tour_Montparnasse_3,_Paris_May_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Eiffel_Tower_from_the_Tour_Montparnasse_3%2C_Paris_May_2014.jpg/220px-Eiffel_Tower_from_the_Tour_Montparnasse_3%2C_Paris_May_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Eiffel_Tower_from_the_Tour_Montparnasse_3%2C_Paris_May_2014.jpg/330px-Eiffel_Tower_from_the_Tour_Montparnasse_3%2C_Paris_May_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Eiffel_Tower_from_the_Tour_Montparnasse_3%2C_Paris_May_2014.jpg/440px-Eiffel_Tower_from_the_Tour_Montparnasse_3%2C_Paris_May_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3990" data-file-height="2827" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, looking toward the high density district of <a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a></figcaption></figure> Form-based zoning codes have five main elements: a regulating plan, public standards, building standards, and precise definitions of technical terms.<a href="#cite_note-:26-23">[23]</a> Form-based codes recognize the interrelated nature of all components of land-use planning—zoning, subdivision, and public works—and integrate them to define districts based on the community's desired character and intensity of development.<a href="#cite_note-:27-24">[24]</a> The French planning system is mostly form-based; zones in French cities generally allow many types of uses.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> has used its zoning system to concentrate high-density office buildings in the district of <a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a> rather than allow heritage buildings across the city to be demolished to make way for them, as is often the case in London or New York.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The construction of the <a href="/wiki/Tour_Montparnasse" title="Tour Montparnasse">Montparnasse Tower</a> in 1973 led to an outcry. As a result, two years after its completion the construction of buildings over seven storeys high in the city centre was banned.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Performance_zoning">Performance zoning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Performance zoning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Performance-based_building_design" title="Performance-based building design">Performance-based building design</a></div> Performance zoning, also known as flexible or impact zoning<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> or effects-based planning, was first advocated by Lane Kendig in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> It uses performance-based or goal-oriented criteria to establish review parameters for proposed development projects.<a href="#cite_note-Hirt_2014-8">[8]</a>: 77  Performance zoning may use a menu of compliance options where a property developer can earn points or credits for limiting environmental impacts, including affordable housing units, or providing public amenities. In addition to the menu and points system, there may be additional discretionary criteria included in the review process.<a href="#cite_note-:3-30">[30]</a> Performance zoning may be applied only to a specific type of development, such as housing, and may be combined with a system of use-based districts.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Performance zoning is flexible, logical, and transparent while offering a form of accountability.<a href="#cite_note-:3-30">[30]</a> These qualities are in contrast with the seemingly arbitrary nature of use-based zoning. Performance zoning can also fairly balance a region's environmental and housing needs across local jurisdictions.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Performance zoning balances principles of markets and private property rights with environmental protection goals.<a href="#cite_note-:3-30">[30]</a> However, performance zoning can be extremely difficult to implement due to the complexity of preparing an impact study for each project,<a href="#cite_note-Hirt_2014-8">[8]</a>: 77  and can require the supervising authority to exercise a lot of discretion.<a href="#cite_note-:3-30">[30]</a> Performance zoning has not been adopted widely in the US.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Incentive_zoning">Incentive zoning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Incentive zoning">edit</a>]</div> Incentive zoning allows property developers to develop land more intensively, such as with greater density or taller buildings, in exchange for providing some public benefits, such as environmental amenities or affordable housing units.<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> The public benefits most often incentivised by US cities are "mixed-use development, open space conservation, walkability, affordable housing, and public parks."<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> Incentive zoning allows for a high degree of flexibility, but may be complex to administer. The more a proposed development takes advantage of incentive criteria, the more closely it has to be reviewed on a discretionary basis. The initial creation of the incentive structure in order to best serve planning priorities also may be challenging and often requires extensive ongoing revision to maintain balance between incentive magnitude and value given to developers.<a href="#cite_note-:82-35">[35]</a> Incentive zoning may be most effective in communities with well-established standards and where demand for both land and for specific amenities is high. However, hidden costs may still offset its benefits.<a href="#cite_note-:7-34">[34]</a> Incentive zoning has also been criticized for increasing traffic, reducing natural light, and offering developers larger rewards than those reaped by the public.<a href="#cite_note-:82-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_Provisions">Additional Provisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Additional Provisions">edit</a>]</div> Additional zoning provisions exist that are not their own distinct types of zoning but seek to improve existing varieties through the incorporation of flexible practices and other elements such as <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communication technologies</a> (ICTs).<a href="#cite_note-:9-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Smart_zoning">Smart zoning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Smart zoning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smart_city" title="Smart city">Smart city</a></div>Smart zoning is a broad term that consists of several alternatives to use-based zoning that incorporate information and communication technologies.<a href="#cite_note-:92-37">[37]</a> There are a number of different techniques to accomplish smart zoning. Floating zones, cluster zoning, and planned unit developments (PUDs) are possible—even as the conventional use-based code exists<a href="#cite_note-Hirt_2014-8">[8]</a>—or the conventional code may be completely replaced by a smart performance or form-based code, as the city of Miami did in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-:6-38">[38]</a> The incorporation of ICTs to measure metrics such as <a href="/wiki/Walkability" title="Walkability">walkability</a>, and the flexibility and adaptability that smart zoning can provide, have been cited as advantages of smart zoning over "non-smart" performance or form-based codes.<a href="#cite_note-:92-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Floating_zones">Floating zones</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Floating zones">edit</a>]</div> Floating zones describe a zoning district's characteristics and codify requirements for its establishment, but its location remains unspecified until conditions exist to implement that type of zoning district.<a href="#cite_note-:7-34">[34]</a> When the criteria for implementation of a floating zone are met, the floating zone ceases "to float" and its location is established by a zoning amendment.<a href="#cite_note-:7-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cluster_zoning">Cluster zoning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cluster zoning">edit</a>]</div> Cluster zoning permits residential uses to be clustered more closely together than normally allowed, thereby leaving substantial land area to be devoted to open space.<a href="#cite_note-:10-39">[39]</a> Cluster zoning has been favored for its preservation of open space and reduction in construction and utility costs via consolidation,<a href="#cite_note-:10-39">[39]</a> although existing residents may often disapprove due to a reduction in lot sizes.<a href="#cite_note-:11-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Planned_unit_development_(PUD)">Planned unit development (PUD)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Planned unit development (PUD)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Planned_unit_development" title="Planned unit development">Planned unit development</a></div> The term planned unit development (PUD) can refer either to the regulatory process or to the development itself.<a href="#cite_note-:17-41">[41]</a> A PUD groups multiple compatible land uses within a single unified development.<a href="#cite_note-:17-41">[41]</a> A PUD can be residential, mixed-use, or a larger master-planned community.<a href="#cite_note-:18-42">[42]</a> Rather than being governed by standard zoning ordinances, the developer negotiates terms with the local government.<a href="#cite_note-:18-42">[42]</a> At best, a PUD provides flexibility to create convenient ways for residents to access commercial and other amenities.<a href="#cite_note-:18-42">[42]</a> In the US, residents of a PUD have an ongoing role in management of the development through a <a href="/wiki/Homeowner_association" title="Homeowner association">homeowner's association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pattern_zoning">Pattern zoning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pattern zoning">edit</a>]</div> Pattern zoning is a zoning technique in which a municipality provides licensed, pre-approved building designs, typically with an expedited permitting process.<a href="#cite_note-:2-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Pattern zoning is used to reduce barriers to housing development, create more affordable housing, reduce burdens on permit-review staff, and create quality housing designs within a certain neighborhood or jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-:2-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Pattern zoning may also be used to promote certain building types such as <a href="/wiki/Missing_middle_housing" title="Missing middle housing">missing middle housing</a> and affordable small-scale commercial properties.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In some cases, a municipality purchases design patterns and constructs the properties themselves while in other cases the municipality offers the patterns for private development.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hybrid_zoning">Hybrid zoning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hybrid zoning">edit</a>]</div> A hybrid zoning code combines two or more approaches, often use-based and form-based zoning.<a href="#cite_note-:24-55">[55]</a> Hybrid zoning can be used to introduce form and design considerations into an existing community's zoning without completely rewriting the zoning ordinance.<a href="#cite_note-:24-55">[55]</a> Composite zoning is a particular type of hybrid zoning that combines use, form, and site design components: <ul><li>the use component establishes how land can be used within a district, as in use-based or functional zoning;</li> <li>the form (also known as architectural) component sets standards for building design, such as height and facades;</li> <li>the site design component specifies how buildings are situated on the site, such as setbacks and open space.<a href="#cite_note-:25-56">[56]</a></li></ul> An advantage of composite zoning is the ability to create flexible zoning districts for smoother transitions between adjacent properties with different uses.<a href="#cite_note-:25-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inclusionary_zoning">Inclusionary zoning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Inclusionary zoning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inclusionary_zoning" title="Inclusionary zoning">Inclusionary zoning</a></div> Inclusionary zoning refers to policies to increase the number of housing units within a development that are affordable to low and middle-income households. These policies can be mandatory as part of performance zoning<a href="#cite_note-:3-30">[30]</a> or based on voluntary incentives,<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> such as allowing greater density of development.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overlay_zoning">Overlay zoning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Overlay zoning">edit</a>]</div> An overlay zone is a zoning district that overlaps one or more zoning districts to address a particular concern or feature of that area, such as wetlands, historic buildings or <a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">transit-oriented development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Overlay zoning has the advantage of providing targeted regulation to address a specific issue, such as a natural hazard, without having to significantly rewrite an existing zoning ordinance.<a href="#cite_note-:22-59">[59]</a> However, development of overlay zoning regulation often requires significant technical expertise.<a href="#cite_note-:22-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transferable_development_rights">Transferable development rights</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Transferable development rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transferable_development_rights" title="Transferable development rights">Transferable development rights</a></div> Transferable development rights, also known as transfer of development credits and transferable development units,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> are based on the concept that with land ownership comes the right of use of land, or <a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">land development</a>. These land-based development rights can, in some jurisdictions, be used, unused, sold, or otherwise transferred by the owner of a parcel.<a href="#cite_note-:23-61">[61]</a> These are typically used to transfer development rights from rural areas (sending sites) to urban areas (receiving sites) with more demand and infrastructure to support development.<a href="#cite_note-:23-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spot_zoning">Spot zoning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Spot zoning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spot_zoning" title="Spot zoning">Spot zoning</a></div> Spot zoning is a controversial practice in which a small part of a larger zoning district is rezoned in a way that is not consistent with the community's broader planning process.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> While a jurisdiction can rezone even a single parcel of land in some cases, spot zoning is often disallowed when the change would conflict with the policies and objectives of existing land-use plans.<a href="#cite_note-:28-63">[63]</a> Other factors that may be considered in these cases are the size of the parcel, the zoning categories involved, how adjacent properties are zoned and used, and expected benefits and harms to the landowner, neighbors, and community.<a href="#cite_note-:28-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conditional_zoning">Conditional zoning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Conditional zoning">edit</a>]</div> Conditional zoning is a legislative process in which site-specific standards and conditions become part of the zoning ordinance at the request of the property owner.<a href="#cite_note-:19-64">[64]</a> The conditions may be more or less restrictive than the standard zoning.<a href="#cite_note-:19-64">[64]</a> Conditional zoning can be considered <a href="/wiki/Spot_zoning" title="Spot zoning">spot zoning</a> and can be challenged on those grounds.<a href="#cite_note-:19-64">[64]</a> Conditional zoning should not be confused with conditional-use permits (also called <a href="/wiki/Special-use_permit" title="Special-use permit">special-use permits</a>), a quasi-judicial process that enables land uses that, because of their special nature, may be suitable only in certain locations, or when arranged or operated in a particular manner.<a href="#cite_note-:20-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-64">[64]</a> Uses which might be disallowed under current zoning, such as a school or a community center, can be permitted via conditional-use permits.<a href="#cite_note-:20-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contract_zoning">Contract zoning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Contract zoning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Contract_zoning" title="Contract zoning">Contract zoning</a></div>Contract zoning is a controversial practice in which there is a bilateral agreement between a property owner and a local government to rezone a property in exchange for a commitment from the developer.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> It typically involves loosening restrictions on how the property can be used.<a href="#cite_note-:21-67">[67]</a> Contract zoning is controversial and sometimes prohibited because it deviates from the broader planning process and has been considered an illegal bargaining away of the government's police powers to enforce zoning.<a href="#cite_note-:21-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiscal_zoning">Fiscal zoning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fiscal zoning">edit</a>]</div> Fiscal zoning is a controversial practice in which local governments use land use regulation, including zoning, to encourage land uses that generate high tax revenue and exclude uses that place a high demand on public services.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness_and_Criticism">Effectiveness and Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Effectiveness and Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Zoning" title="Special:EditPage/Zoning">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Environmental activists argue that putting everyday uses out of walking distance of each other leads to an increase in traffic, since people have to own cars in order to live a normal life where their basic human needs are met, and get in their cars and drive to meet their needs throughout the day. Single-use zoning and <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> have also been criticized as making work–family balance more difficult to achieve, as greater distances need to be covered in order to integrate the different life domains.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> These issues are especially acute in the United States, with its high level of <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_car_use" title="Economics of car use">car usage</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> combined with insufficient or poorly maintained <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit" title="Urban rail transit">urban rail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Some economists<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> claim that zoning laws work against economic efficiency, reduce responsiveness to consumer demands and hinder development in a free economy, as poor zoning restrictions hinder the more efficient usage of a given area. Even without zoning restrictions, a landfill, for example, would likely gravitate to cheaper land and not a residential area. Single-use zoning laws can get in the way of creative developments like mixed-use buildings and can even stop harmless activities like yard sales.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source</a>] The Houston example of non-zoning or private zoning with no restriction on particular land use but with other development code<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> shows a combination of private and public planning.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Other critics of zoning argue that zoning laws are a disincentive to provide housing which results in an increase in housing costs and a decrease in productive economic output.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> For example, A 2017 study showed that if all states deregulated their zoning laws only halfway to the level of Texas, a state known for low zoning regulations, their GDP would increase by 12 percent due to more productive workers and opportunity.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Furthermore, critics note that it impedes the ability of those that wish to provide charitable housing from doing so. For example, in 2022, Gloversville's Free Methodist Church in New York wished to provide 40 beds for the homeless population in -4 degree weather and were inhibited from doing so.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a> is a challenge for zoning.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Some have argued that zoning laws increase <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Empirical effectiveness estimates show some zoning approaches can contribute to <a href="/wiki/Housing_crisis" title="Housing crisis">housing crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: By country">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Zoning" title="Special:EditPage/Zoning">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Zoning%22">"Zoning"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Zoning%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Zoning%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Zoning%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Zoning%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Zoning%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (May 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">the English-speaking world</a> and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Zoning" title="Talk:Zoning">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate. (May 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Australia" title="Urban planning in Australia">Urban planning in Australia</a></div> The legal framework for land use zoning in Australia is established by <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and Territories</a>, hence each State or Territory has different zoning rules. Land use zones are generally defined at <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia">local government level</a>, and most often called Planning Schemes. In reality, however in all cases the state governments have an absolute ability to overrule the local decision-making. There are administrative appeal processes such as <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Civil_and_Administrative_Tribunal" title="Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal">VCAT</a> to challenge decisions. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>State / Territory </th> <th>Planning framework </th> <th>Land use regulation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/ni/2008-27/20110415-47623/default.asp">Territory Plan 2008</a> </td> <td>Land Use Policy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a> </td> <td>Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 </td> <td>Local Environmental Plans (LEP) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">NT</a> </td> <td>Planning Act </td> <td>Planning Scheme </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">QLD</a> </td> <td>Sustainable Planning Act 2009 repealed. Planning Act 2016 </td> <td>Planning Schemes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">SA</a> </td> <td>Development Act 1993 </td> <td>Development Plan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">TAS</a> </td> <td>Land Use Planning and Approvals Act 1993 </td> <td>Planning Schemes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">VIC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Planning_and_Environment_Act_1987" title="Planning and Environment Act 1987">Planning and Environment Act 1987</a> </td> <td>Planning Schemes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">WA</a> </td> <td>Planning and Development Act 2005 </td> <td>Planning Schemes </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Statutory planning</a>, otherwise known as town planning, development control or development management, refers to the part of the planning process that is concerned with the regulation and management of changes to land use and development.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Planning and zoning have a great political dimension, with governments often criticized for favouring developers; also <a href="/wiki/Nimbyism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbyism">nimbyism</a> is very prevalent. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> In Canada, land-use control is a provincial responsibility deriving from the constitutional authority over property and civil rights. This authority had been granted to the provinces under the <a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Acts" title="British North America Acts">British North America Acts</a> of 1867 and was carried forward in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a>. The zoning power relates to real property, or land and the improvements constructed thereon that become part of the land itself (in Québec, immeubles). The provinces empowered the municipalities and regions to control the use of land within their boundaries, letting the municipalities establish their own zoning by-laws. There are provisions for control of land use in unorganized areas of the provinces. Provincial tribunals are the ultimate authority for appeals and reviews. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> In France, the Code of Urbanism or <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_de_l%27urbanisme_(France)" class="extiw" title="fr:Code de l'urbanisme (France)">Code de l’urbanisme</a> (called the Town Planning Code), a national law, guides regional and local planning and outlines procedures for obtaining building permits. Unlike England where planners must use their discretion to allow use or building type changes, private development in France is permitted as long as the developer follows the legally-binding regulations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> Zoning districts are classified into twelve use zones.<a href="#cite_note-mlit:1-83">[83]</a> Each zone determines a building's shape and permitted uses. A building's shape is controlled by zonal restrictions on allowable <a href="/wiki/Floor_area_ratio" title="Floor area ratio">floor area ratio</a> and height (in absolute terms and in relation with adjacent buildings and roads).<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> These controls are intended to allow adequate light and ventilation between buildings and on roads.<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> Instead of single-use zoning, zones are defined by the "most intense" use permitted. Uses of lesser intensity are permitted in zones where higher intensity uses are permitted but higher intensity uses are not allowed in lower intensity zones.<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Category </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Category 1 Exclusively Low-Rise Residential Zone </td> <td>Designated for low-rise residential buildings. Permitted uses within these buildings include small shops, offices and elementary and high schools. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Category 2 Exclusively Low-Rise Residential Zone </td> <td>Designated for low-rise residential buildings with above permitted uses as well as shop buildings with floor area up to 150 m2. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Category 1 Medium and High-rise oriented Residential Zone </td> <td>Designated for medium to high-rise residential buildings with hospitals, university buildings and shop buildings with floor areas up to 500 m2 also permitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Category 2 Medium and High-rise oriented Residential zone </td> <td>Same as Category 1 Medium and High-rise oriented Residential zone, except shops and office buildings up to 1,500 m2 are permitted </td></tr> <tr> <td>Category 1 residential zone </td> <td>Designated for residential with other permitted buildings including shops, offices and hotel buildings with floor areas up to 3,000 m2 and auto repair shops up to 50 m2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Category 2 residential zone: </td> <td>Same as Category 1 residential zone, except karaoke boxes are permitted and there are no longer building size restrictions in this zone. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quasi-residential zone </td> <td>Designated primarily residential with introduction of vehicle-related road facilities. Same permitted uses as Category 2 residential zone with addition of theatres, restaurants, stores and other entertainment facilities with more than 10,000 m2 of floor area and warehouses. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neighbourhood commercial zone </td> <td>Designated for neighbourhood-based daily shopping activities. Same permitted uses as Quasi-residential zone with addition of auto-repair shops with areas up to 300 m2. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Commercial zone </td> <td>Designated for banks, cinemas and department stores. Same permitted uses as Neighbourhood commercial zone with addition of public bathhouses </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quasi-industrial </td> <td>Designated for light industrial and service facilities. Same permitted uses as Commercial zone with addition of factories with some possible danger of environmental degradation. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Industrial zone </td> <td>Designated for factories. Residences and shopping can be constructed but schools, hospitals and hotels are impermissible </td></tr> <tr> <td>Exclusively industrial </td> <td>Designated for factories. All non-factory uses are impermissible. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991" title="Resource Management Act 1991">Resource Management Act 1991</a></div> New Zealand's planning system is grounded in effects-based Performance Zoning under the Resource Management Act. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> Zoning and land use planning in the Philippines is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Human_Settlements_and_Urban_Development" title="Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development">Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development</a> (DHSUD) and previously by the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB), which lays out national zoning guidelines and regulations, and oversees the preparation and implementation of comprehensive land use plans (CLUPs) and zoning ordinances by city and municipal governments under their mandate in the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Code_of_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government Code of 1991">Local Government Code of 1991</a> (Republic Act No. 7160). The present zoning scheme used in the Philippines is detailed in the HLURB's Model Zoning Ordinance published in 2014, which outlines 26 basic zone types based on primary usage and building regulations (as defined in the National Building Code), and also includes <a href="/wiki/Public_domain_(land)" title="Public domain (land)">public domain</a> and water bodies within the municipality's jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-CLUP_3-84">[84]</a> Local governments may also add overlays identifying special use zones such as areas prone to <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral land">ancestral lands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">indigenous peoples</a> (IPs), heritage zones, <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> areas, <a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">transit-oriented developments</a> (TODs), and scenic corridors. Residential and commercial zones are further subdivided into subclasses defined by density, commercial zones also allow for residential uses, and industrial zones are subdivided by their intensity and the environmental impact of the uses allowed.<a href="#cite_note-CLUP_3-84">[84]</a> Regulations on residential, commercial, and industrial zones may differ between municipalities, so one municipality may permit 4-storey buildings on medium-density residential zones, while another may only permit 2-storey buildings.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Forest </td> <td>Forested areas, subdivided into protection forests and productions forests. Protection forests includes forest reserves, <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Philippines" title="List of national parks of the Philippines">national parks</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Philippines" title="List of protected areas of the Philippines">protected areas</a>, military reserves and civil reserves, and forested urban buffer zones. Production forest includes forestry lands, special use zones, and grazing lands. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Agriculture </td> <td>Land intended for agricultural activities, including land cultivation, tree growing, livestock, poultry, fisheries and aquaculture. Subdivided into protection agriculture (agriculture protection zones as designated by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_(Philippines)" title="Department of Agriculture (Philippines)">Department of Agriculture</a>) and production agriculture </td></tr> <tr> <td>Agro-industrial </td> <td>Intended for integrated farms and processing of harvested crops. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Municipal waters </td> <td>All water bodies under the jurisdiction of the municipality, as defined in the Fisheries Code (Republic Act 8550), excluding areas designated as protected areas by the national government. Subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Marine_sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine sanctuary">fishery refuge and sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreshore" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreshore">foreshore</a> land, <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a>, lakes, aquaculture zones, commercial fishing zones, municipal fishing zones, and <a href="/wiki/Sea_lane" title="Sea lane">sea lanes</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mineral land </td> <td>Lands intended for mining. Subdivided into mineral reservations, small-scale mining zones and <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarries</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>General residential </td> <td>Intended principally for housing. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Residential-1 (R-1) </td> <td>Intended for low-rise, low-density, single-family housing, such as single-detached homes, <a href="/wiki/Duplex_(building)" title="Duplex (building)">duplex</a> houses, and <a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">subdivisions</a>. Also permitted are home occupations and businesses, <a href="/wiki/Sari-sari_stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Sari-sari stores">sari-sari stores</a>, home-based <a href="/wiki/Cottage_industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottage industries">cottage industries</a>, local recreational facilities, nurseries and daycares, elementary schools, tutors, places of worship, <a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">barangay</a> halls, and local health centers. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of 10 meters (33 ft). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Residential-2 (R-2) </td> <td>Intended for low-rise, medium-density, multi-family dwellings. Buildings can be up to five stories and a height of 15 meters (49 ft). All uses in R-1 zones, apartments, <a href="/wiki/Boarding_house" title="Boarding house">boarding houses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dormitory" title="Dormitory">dormitories</a>, high schools, technical schools, museums, and libraries permitted. Subdivided into basic R-2 and maximum R-2, with the former having a limit of three stories and 10 meters (33 ft). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Residential-3 (R-3) </td> <td>Intended for low- to medium-rise, medium- to high-density, multi-family dwellings. Buildings can be up to twelve stories and a height of 36 meters (118 ft) All uses in R-1 and R-2 zones, residential <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(living_space)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condominium (living space)">condominiums</a>, and commercial accommodation (hotels, pension houses, hotel apartments, except motels), and parking buildings permitted. Subdivided into basic R-3 and maximum R-3, with the former having a height limit of three stories and 10 meters (33 ft). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Residential-4 (R-4) </td> <td>Intended for <a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">townhouses</a>. Buildings can be up to three stories and a height of 10 meters (33 ft) All uses in R-1 and R-2 zones permitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Residential-5 (R-5) </td> <td>Intended for medium- to high-rise, high-density, and multi-family dwellings such as high-rise residential condominiums. Buildings can be up to 18 stories and a height of 54 meters (177 ft). All uses in R-1 through R-4 zones permitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Socialised housing </td> <td>Intended for areas designated for <a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">socialised housing</a> projects undertaken by the Philippine government or the private sector to house underprivileged citizens and the homeless. Allowed uses defined in Batas Pambansa No. 220. </td></tr> <tr> <td>General commercial </td> <td>Intended for businesses, trade and services. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Commercial-1 (C-1) </td> <td>Intended for low-density, neighborhood-scale businesses. All uses in R-1 zones also permitted. Buildings can be up to 3 stories and a height of 10 meters (33 ft). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Commercial-2 (C-2) </td> <td>Intended for medium- to high-density business activity complementing or supplementing the city or municipality's <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">central business district</a> (CBD). All uses in R-1, R-2, and C-1 zones allowed, with the addition of wholesale stores, <a href="/wiki/Palengke" title="Palengke">public markets</a>, malls, supermarkets, <a href="/wiki/Call_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Call center">call centres</a>, broadcasting and film studios, <a href="/wiki/Car_dealerships" class="mw-redirect" title="Car dealerships">car dealerships</a>, automotive-related services, scrap dealers, hardware stores, construction-related businesses, garden stores, signmakers, welders, furniture makers, commercial condominiums, <a href="/wiki/Lechon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lechon">lechon</a> stores, <a href="/wiki/Chicharon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicharon">chicharon</a> factories, and <a href="/wiki/Motel" title="Motel">motels</a>. Buildings can be up to 6 stories and a height of 18 meters (59 ft). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Commercial-3 (C-3) </td> <td>High-density commercial area forming a city or municipality's CBD. All uses in R-3, R-4, R-5, C-1 and C-2 zones allowed, with the addition of regional shopping malls. Buildings can be up to 60 stories and a height of 180 meters (590 ft). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Industrial-1 (I-1) </td> <td>Intended for light manufacturing or production activities that are non-polluting. Some allowed uses are <a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">dried fish</a> production, biscuit factories, boat, <a href="/wiki/Pump_boat" title="Pump boat">pump boat</a>/motor banca and small watercraft manufacturing, printing presses, most electronics factories, medical equipment manufacturing, wooden furniture manufacturing, garments factories, water pumping station, sewage or wastewater treatment plants, and warehouses for non-polluting and non-hazardous products. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of 15 meters (49 ft). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Industrial-2 (I-2) </td> <td>Intended for medium-intensity manufacturing or production activities that are polluting. Some permitted uses are canning plants, rice or corn mills, animal feed mills medicine and pharmaceutical manufacturers, metal and plastic furniture manufacturers, glass factories garments and textile factories, rice mills, flour mills, cigar and cigarette factories, vehicle manufacturers, shipyards, hangars, warehouses for polluting and hazardous products, paint stores, and large slaughterhouses. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of 21 meters (69 ft). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Industrial-3 (I-3) </td> <td>Intended for high-intensity manufacturing or production activities that are usually highly polluting and extremely hazardous. Some permitted uses include meat processing plants (except those for ham, bacon, sausages and chicharon) soft drink factories, sugar mills, paper mills, cement factories, chemical plants, steel plants, textile factories, canned fish factories, <a href="/wiki/Bagoong" title="Bagoong">bagoong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">patis</a> factories, oil depots, terminals and refineries, warehouses for highly polluting and hazardous products, and power plants. Areas can have parks or playgrounds. Buildings can be up to a height of 27 meters (89 ft). </td></tr> <tr> <td>General institutional </td> <td>Intended primarily for government or civic centers, police and fire stations, government buildings, higher education institutions (college, universities, vocational, technical or trade schools), learning facilities (libraries, training centres), scientific, cultural and academic centres, convention centres, hospitals and medical centres, places of worship, seminaries or convents, and embassies/consulates. Buildings can be up to a height of 15 meters (49 ft). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Special institutional </td> <td>Intended primarily for social welfare institutions (orphanages, Boys/Girls Town, <a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">homes for the aged</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Rehabilitation center">rehabilitation centres</a>, military installations, prisons and other correctional institutions, <a href="/wiki/Leprosarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Leprosarium">leprosaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">mental health asylums</a>. Buildings can be up to a height of 15 meters (49 ft). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parks and recreation </td> <td>Intended for parks and recreational facilities like playgrounds, resort complexes, sports facilities, memorials/shrines and open spaces serving as <a href="/wiki/Buffer_zone" title="Buffer zone">buffer zones</a> or <a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easements</a>. Buildings can be up to a height of 15 meters (49 ft). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cemetery/memorial park </td> <td>Area intended for cemeteries or memorial parks, including columbaria, crematoria, and ossuaries. Buildings can be up to a height of 15 meters (49 ft), and site subject to DHUSD regulations. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Buffer/greenbelt </td> <td>Yard, parks or open spaces intended to serve as a buffer zone or <a href="/wiki/Greenbelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenbelt">greenbelt</a> between conflicting land use zones. Allowed uses are parks and related structures, plant nurseries, agriculture, silviculture and horticulture. No permanent structures are permitted, and any buildings can be only up to a height of 6 meters (20 ft). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Utilities, transportation and services </td> <td>Area designated for use by functional buildings and structures used for utilities, transportation, and other public services. Permitted uses include bus terminals and train stations, ports, airports, power plants, landfills and waste management facilities, weather and climate management stations, telecommunications facilities, and large complexes for other public services. Buildings can be up to a height of 15 meters (49 ft). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tourism </td> <td>Areas dedicated for tourism activity. Allowed uses include <a href="/wiki/Agritourism" title="Agritourism">agritourism</a>, resort areas, <a href="/wiki/Theme_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme park">theme parks</a>, heritage/historical sites, tourist accommodation, souvenir shops, and outdoor sports grounds. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Singapore">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Singapore" title="Urban planning in Singapore">Urban planning in Singapore</a></div> The framework for governing land uses in Singapore is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Urban_Redevelopment_Authority" title="Urban Redevelopment Authority">Urban Redevelopment Authority</a> (URA) through the Master Plan.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The Master Plan is a statutory document divided into two sections: the plans and the Written Statement. The plans show the land use zoning allowed across Singapore, while the Written Statement provides a written explanation of the zones available and their allowed uses. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> There are <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glensburg.com/za/faq/rezoning-a-property-in-south-africa/#5-zoning-categories-in-south-africa">five (5) zoning categories in South Africa</a>; residential, business, industrial, agricultural, and open space zoning.<a href="#cite_note-GTP-SA:3-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> These five categories are further classified into subcategories. The zoning categories are governed by the Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act enacted in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> To change a land use from one zone to another requires a process of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glensburg.com/za/faq/rezoning-a-property-in-south-africa/">rezoning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_control_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Development control in the United Kingdom">Development control in the United Kingdom</a></div> The United Kingdom does not use zoning as a technique for controlling land use. British land use control began its modern phase after the <a href="/wiki/Town_and_Country_Planning_Act_1947" title="Town and Country Planning Act 1947">Town and Country Planning Act of 1947</a>. Rather than dividing municipal maps into land use zones, English planning law places all development under the control of local and regional governments, effectively abolishing the ability to develop land by-right. However, existing development allows land use by-right as long as the use does not constitute a change in the type of land use. A property owner must apply to change land use type of any existing building, and such changes must be consistent with the local and regional land use plans. Development control or planning control is the element of the United Kingdom's system of <a href="/wiki/Town_and_country_planning_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Town and country planning in the United Kingdom">town and country planning</a> through which <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">local government</a> regulates <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> and new building. There are 421 <a href="/wiki/Local_Planning_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Planning Authority">Local Planning Authorities</a> (LPAs) in the United Kingdom. Generally they are the local <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom#Modern_borough_status" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough</a> or <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England#Types" title="Districts of England">district council</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</a>. They each use a discretionary "plan-led system" whereby <a href="/wiki/Development_plan" title="Development plan">development plans</a> are formed and the public consulted. Subsequent development requires <a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">planning permission</a>, which will be granted or refused with reference to the development plan as a material consideration.<a href="#cite_note-hirt-90">[90]</a> The plan does not provide specific guidance on what type of buildings will be allowed in a given location, rather it provides general principles for development and goals for the management of urban change. Because planning committees (made up of directly elected local councillors) or in some cases planning officers themselves (via delegated decisions) have discretion on each application for development or change of use made, the system is considered a 'discretionary' one. Planning applications can differ greatly in scale, from <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airports</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_town" class="mw-redirect" title="New town">new towns</a> to minor modifications to individual houses. In order to prevent local authorities from being overwhelmed by high volumes of small-scale applications from individual householders, a separate system of <a href="/wiki/Permitted_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Permitted development">permitted development</a> has been introduced. Permitted development rules are largely form-based, but in the absence of zoning, are applied at the national level. Examples include allowing a two-storey extension up to three metres at the rear of a property, extensions up to 50% of the original width at each side, and certain types of outbuildings in the garden, provided that no more than 50% of the land area is built over.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> These are appropriately sized for a typical three bedroom <a href="/wiki/Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">semi-detached</a> property, but must be applied across a wide variety of housing types, from <a href="/wiki/Two-up_two-down" title="Two-up two-down">small terraces</a>, to larger <a href="/wiki/Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">detached properties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor houses</a>. In August 2020, the UK Government published a consultation document called Planning for the Future.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The proposals hinted at a move toward zoning, with areas given a Growth, Renewal or Protected designation, with the possibility of "sub-areas within each category", although the document did not elaborate on what the details of these might have been. Nothing was done with these proposals and following the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024 general election</a> there are no plans for the UK to adopt zoning within its planning system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zoning_in_the_United_States" title="Zoning in the United States">Zoning in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TallaLandUse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/TallaLandUse.jpg/280px-TallaLandUse.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/TallaLandUse.jpg/420px-TallaLandUse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/TallaLandUse.jpg/560px-TallaLandUse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>Zoning scheme of the center of <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee, Florida</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> Under the <a href="/wiki/Police_power_(United_States_constitutional_law)" title="Police power (United States constitutional law)">police power</a> rights, state governments may exercise over private <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real property</a>. With this power, special laws and regulations have long been made restricting the places where particular types of business can be carried on. In 1904, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> established the nation's first land-use restrictions for a portion of the city.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/1916_Zoning_Resolution" title="1916 Zoning Resolution">first zoning regulations</a> to apply city-wide in 1916. The constitutionality of zoning ordinances was upheld by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> in the 1926 case <a href="/wiki/Village_of_Euclid,_Ohio_v._Ambler_Realty_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co.">Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co.</a> Among large populated cities in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> is unique in having no zoning <a href="/wiki/Local_ordinance" title="Local ordinance">ordinances</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Rather, land use is regulated by other means.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scale">Scale</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Scale">edit</a>]</div> Early zoning practices were subtle and often debated. Some claim the practices started in the 1920s<a href="#cite_note-Rothwell2010-97">[97]</a> while others suggest the birth of zoning occurred in New York in 1916.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Both of these examples for the start of zoning, however, were urban cases. Zoning becomes an increasing legal force as it continues to expand in its geographical range through its introduction in other urban centres and use in larger political and geographical boundaries. Regional zoning was the next step in increased geographical size of areas under zoning laws.<a href="#cite_note-Whitnall-99">[99]</a> A major difference between urban zoning and regional zoning was that "regional areas consequently seldom bear direct relationship to arbitrary political boundaries".<a href="#cite_note-Whitnall-99">[99]</a> This form of zoning also included rural areas which was counter-intuitive to the theory that zoning was a result of population density.<a href="#cite_note-Whitnall-99">[99]</a> Finally, zoning also expanded again but back to a political boundary again with state zoning.<a href="#cite_note-Whitnall-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Types_in_use_in_the_United_States">Types in use in the United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Types in use in the United States">edit</a>]</div> Use-based zoning, especially single-use zoning, is by far the most common type of zoning in the US, where it is known as Euclidean zoning, after Euclid, Ohio's role in a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case, <a href="/wiki/Village_of_Euclid_v._Ambler_Realty_Co." title="Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co.">Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co.</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Single-use_zoning_in_the_United_States">Single-use zoning in the United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Single-use zoning in the United States">edit</a>]</div> Single-use zoning takes two forms, flat and hierarchical, also known as cumulative or pyramidal.<a href="#cite_note-Hirt_2014-8">[8]</a>: 61–63 <a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Under flat zoning, each district is strictly designated for one use. In a simple hierarchical zoning system, districts are organized with residential (the most sensitive and least disruptive category) at the top, followed by commercial and industrial. Residential and commercial buildings are allowed in industrial zones and residential buildings are allowed in commercial zones.<a href="#cite_note-Hirt_2014-8">[8]</a>: 61–63  More complex hierarchical systems account for multiple levels within categories, such as multiple types of residential buildings in multifamily residential districts.<a href="#cite_note-Hirt_2014-8">[8]</a>: 130  Hierarchical zoning generally fell out of favor in the United States in the mid-twentieth century, with flat zoning becoming more popular, although many municipalities still incorporate some degree of hierarchy in their zoning ordinances.<a href="#cite_note-Hirt_2014-8">[8]</a>: 65  Single-use zoning is used by many municipalities due to its ease of implementation (one set of explicit, prescriptive rules), long-established legal precedent, and familiarity to planners and design professionals. Single-use zoning has been criticized, however, for its lack of flexibility. Separation of uses can contribute to <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>, loss of open space, heavy infrastructure costs, and <a href="/wiki/Automobile_dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile dependency">automobile dependency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hirt_2014-8">[8]</a>: 266–275  In particular, <a href="/wiki/Single-family_zoning" title="Single-family zoning">single-family zoning</a>, residential districts where only single-family homes can be built, has been widely criticized as a cause of sprawl and racial segregation.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_problems_in_the_United_States">Social problems in the United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Social problems in the United States">edit</a>]</div> The United States suffers from greater levels of <a href="/wiki/Deurbanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Deurbanization">deurbanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">urban decay</a> than other developed countries,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and additional problems such as <a href="/wiki/Urban_prairie" title="Urban prairie">urban prairies</a> that do not occur elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Jonathan Rothwell has argued that zoning encourages <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rothwell-106">[106]</a> He claims a strong relationship exists between an area's allowance of building housing at higher density and racial integration between blacks and whites in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Rothwell-106">[106]</a> The relationship between segregation and density is explained by Rothwell and Massey as the restrictive density zoning producing higher housing prices in white areas and limiting opportunities for people with modest incomes to leave segregated areas.<a href="#cite_note-Rothwell-106">[106]</a> Between 1980 and 2000, <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a> occurred faster in areas that did not have strict density regulations than those that did.<a href="#cite_note-Rothwell-106">[106]</a> Rothwell and Massey suggest homeowners and business interests are the two key players in density regulations that emerge from a political economy.<a href="#cite_note-Rothwell-106">[106]</a> They propose that in older states where rural jurisdictions are primarily composed of homeowners, it is the narrow interests of homeowners to block development because tax rates are lower in rural areas, and taxation is more likely to fall on the median homeowner. Business interests are unable to counteract the homeowners' interests in rural areas because business interests are weaker and business ownership is rarely controlled by people living outside the community. This translates into rural communities that have a tendency to resist development by using density regulations to make business opportunities less attractive. Density zoning regulations in the U.S increase <a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Residential segregation in the United States">residential segregation</a> in metropolitan areas by reducing the availability of affordable housing in some jurisdictions; other zoning regulations like school infrastructure regulations and growth controls are also variables associated with higher segregation. With more permissive zoning regulations there are lower levels of segregation; desegregation is higher in places with more liberal regulations on zoning, allowing the residents to integrate racially.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Metropolitan areas that allowed higher density development moved rapidly toward racial integration than their counterparts with strict density limitations. The greater the allowable density, the lower the level of racial segregation.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Zoning laws that limit the construction of new housing (like <a href="/wiki/Single-family_zoning" title="Single-family zoning">single-family zoning</a>) are associated with reduced affordability and are a major factor in <a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Residential segregation in the United States">residential segregation in the United States</a> by income and race.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_centre" title="Activity centre">Activity centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_protection_zoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural protection zoning">Agricultural protection zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekistics" title="Ekistics">Ekistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusionary_zoning" title="Exclusionary zoning">Exclusionary zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenceline_community" title="Fenceline community">Fenceline community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form-based_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Form-based codes">Form-based codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenspace_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Greenspace (disambiguation)">Greenspace (disambiguation)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">Open space reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_open_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban open space">Urban open space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusionary_zoning" title="Inclusionary zoning">Inclusionary zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locally_unwanted_land_use" title="Locally unwanted land use">Locally unwanted land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_use_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed use development">Mixed use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="New urbanism">New urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-conforming_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-conforming use">Non-conforming use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">Planning permission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_power_(United_States_constitutional_law)" title="Police power (United States constitutional law)">Police power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Intelligent_Urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Intelligent Urbanism">Principles of Intelligent Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_sensitivity" title="Reverse sensitivity">Reverse sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-use_zoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-use zoning">Single-use zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spot_zoning" title="Spot zoning">Spot zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory planning">Statutory planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">Subdivision (land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic" title="Traffic">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variance_(land_use)" title="Variance (land use)">Variance (land use)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoning district">Zoning district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning_in_the_United_States" title="Zoning in the United States">Zoning in the United States</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Urban Stormwater Management in the United States. National Academy of Sciences. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Stormwater+Management+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoning" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge2014" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, Gerald (2014). Planning Canadian Communities. Toronto: Thomson. pp. 388–390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-17-650982-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-17-650982-8"><bdi>978-0-17-650982-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+Canadian+Communities&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=388-390&rft.pub=Thomson&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-17-650982-8&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoning" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 784. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415862875" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415862875"><bdi>978-0415862875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.pages=784&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0415862875&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoning" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> E.g., Lefcoe, George, "The Regulation of Superstores: The Legality of Zoning Ordinances Emerging from the Skirmishes between Wal-Mart and the United Food and Commercial Workers Union" (April 2005). USC Law, Legal Studies Research Paper No. 05-12; and USC Law and Economics Research Paper No. 05-12. Available at <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=712801">712801</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> (in German) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmvbs.de/">BMVBS - Startseite</a>. Bmvbs.de. Retrieved on 2013-07-19. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinder.rice.edu/urbanedge/2020/01/09/no-zoning-in-Houston-there-are-workarounds/">"Houston Doesn't have zoning, but there are workarounds"</a>. Rice Kinder Institute for Urban Research. 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Houston+Doesn%27t+have+zoning%2C+but+there+are+workarounds&rft.pub=Rice+Kinder+Institute+for+Urban+Research&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinder.rice.edu%2Furbanedge%2F2020%2F01%2F09%2Fno-zoning-in-Houston-there-are-workarounds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoning" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Cornelius Steckner: Baurecht und Bauordnung. Architektur, Staatsmedizin und Umwelt bei Vitruv, in: Heiner Knell, Burkhardt Wesenberg (Hrsg.), Vitruv – Kolloquium 1982, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt 1984, S. 259–277. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hirt_2014-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hirt_2014_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hirt_2014_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hirt_2014_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hirt_2014_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hirt_2014_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hirt_2014_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hirt_2014_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hirt_2014_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hirt_2014_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hirt_2014_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hirt_2014_8-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hirt_2014_8-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirt2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Hirt" title="Sonia Hirt">Hirt, Sonia A.</a> (2014). Zoned in the USA: The Origins and Implications of American Land-Use Regulation. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5305-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5305-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-5305-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/879527609">879527609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoned+in+the+USA%3A+The+Origins+and+Implications+of+American+Land-Use+Regulation&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F879527609&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-5305-2&rft.aulast=Hirt&rft.aufirst=Sonia+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoning" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArendt1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt, Hannah</a> (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humancondition0000aren">The Human Condition</a>. 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"Do we know regulatory barriers when we see them? An exploration using zoning and development indicators". Housing Policy Debate. 18 (4): 711–749. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10511482.2007.9521619">10.1080/10511482.2007.9521619</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154878958">154878958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Housing+Policy+Debate&rft.atitle=Do+we+know+regulatory+barriers+when+we+see+them%3F+An+exploration+using+zoning+and+development+indicators&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=711-749&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10511482.2007.9521619&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154878958%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Knaap&rft.aufirst=Gerrit-Jan&rft.au=Meck%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Moore%2C+Terry&rft.au=Parker%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoning" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardeSong2022" class="citation journal cs1">Garde, Ajay; Song, Qi (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/14842783">"Housing Affordability Crisis and Inequities of Land Use Change: Insights From Cities in the Southern California Region"</a>. Journal of the American Planning Association. 88 (1): 67–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01944363.2021.1911673">10.1080/01944363.2021.1911673</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237827933">237827933</a>. <q>Researchers, national and state leaders, and professional and community interest groups argue that regulatory barriers contribute to housing shortages, emphasize that the strictness of land use regulation is correlated with high housing prices, and recommend zoning reform to address the problem</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Planning+Association&rft.atitle=Housing+Affordability+Crisis+and+Inequities+of+Land+Use+Change%3A+Insights+From+Cities+in+the+Southern+California+Region&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-82&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01944363.2021.1911673&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237827933%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Garde&rft.aufirst=Ajay&rft.au=Song%2C+Qi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.com%2Farticles%2Fjournal_contribution%2F14842783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoning" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Taylor, George Town Planning for Australia (Studies in International Planning History), Routledge, 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138372580" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138372580">978-1138372580</a>.</li> <li>Gurran, N., Gallent, N. and Chiu, R.L.H. Politics, Planning and Housing Supply in Australia, England and Hong Kong (Routledge Research in Planning and Urban Design), Routledge, 2016.</li> <li>Bassett, E.M. The master plan, with a discussion of the theory of community land planning legislation. New York: Russell Sage foundation, 1938.</li> <li>Bassett, E. M. Zoning. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1940</li> <li>Hirt, Sonia. Zoned in the USA: The Origins and Implications of American Land-Use Regulation (Cornell University Press, 2014) 245 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=43221">online review</a></li> <li>Stephani, Carl J. and Marilyn C. ZONING 101, originally published in 1993 by the National League of Cities, now available in a Third Edition, 2012.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoning&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoningpoint.com/">ZoningPoint</a> – A searchable database of zoning maps and zoning codes for every county and municipality in the United States.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210023058/http://www.crenex.com/zoningmaps">Crenex – Zoning Maps</a> – Links to zoning maps and planning commissions of 50 most populous cities in the US.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/zoning/background.page">New York City Department of City Planning – Zoning History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canr.msu.edu/planning/index">Michigan State University Extension Planning & Zoning information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715063537/http://web1.msue.msu.edu/wexford/LU/index.html">Schindler's Land Use Page (Michigan State University Extension Land Use Team)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140617223349/http://www.faulkandfoster.com/services/real-estate-zoning-compliance/">Zoning Compliance and Zoning Certification - Analysis and Reporting</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landpolicy.msu.edu/">Land Policy Institute at Michigan State University</a></li> <li>By Bradley C. Karkkainen (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091110024044/http://www.law.fsu.edu/journals/landuse/Vol101/karkkain.html">Zoning: A Reply To The Critics</a>, Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">Mortgage loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_derivative" title="Real estate derivative">Real estate derivative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_economics" title="Real estate economics">Real estate economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate bubble">Real estate bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_valuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate valuation">Real estate valuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remortgage" title="Remortgage">Remortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rental_value" title="Rental value">Rental value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_appraisal" title="Real estate appraisal">Appraiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyer_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyer agent">Buyer agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyer_broker" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyer broker">Buyer broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Surveyor" title="Chartered Surveyor">Chartered Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_buyer_agent" title="Exclusive buyer agent">Exclusive buyer agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_banking" title="Land banking">Land banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">Landlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_company" title="Moving company">Moving company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_manager" title="Property manager">Property manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_agent" title="Real estate agent">Real estate broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_investment_club" title="Real estate investment club">Real estate investment club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust" title="Real estate investment trust">Real estate investment trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_property_administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Real property administrator">Real property administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">Tenant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Real_estate_companies" title="Category:Real estate companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">Eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtering_(housing)" title="Filtering (housing)">Filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_real_estate_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate real estate education">Graduate real estate education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Green belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Real_estate_indices" title="Category:Real estate indices">Indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Real_estate_industry_trade_groups" title="Category:Real estate industry trade groups">Industry trade groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_real_estate_investment_firms" title="List of real estate investment firms">Investment firms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_banking" title="Land banking">Land banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_in_real_estate" title="Category:Businesspeople in real estate">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_cycle" title="Property cycle">Property cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_trends" title="Real estate trends">Real estate trends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_real_estate_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate real estate programs">Undergraduate real estate programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_housing_markets_by_real_estate_prices" class="mw-redirect" title="List of housing markets by real estate prices">List of housing markets by real estate prices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Real_estate" title="Category:Real estate">Category</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Realty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Realty">Commons</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_real_estate_articles" title="Index of real estate articles">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Construction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Construction_overview" title="Template:Construction overview"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Construction_overview" title="Template talk:Construction overview"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Construction_overview" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Construction overview"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Construction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_construction" title="Home construction">Home construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">Underground construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_construction" title="History of construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_structural_engineering" title="History of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_architecture" title="Timeline of architecture">Timeline of architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_engineer" title="Building engineer">Building engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_estimator" title="Building estimator">Building estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_officials" title="Building officials">Building officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Building_Surveyor" title="Chartered Building Surveyor">Chartered Building Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">Civil engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_estimator" title="Civil estimator">Civil estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_works" title="Clerk of works">Clerk of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_manager" title="Project manager">Project manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantity_surveyor" title="Quantity surveyor">Quantity surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_manager" title="Site manager">Site manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineer" title="Structural engineer">Structural engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(construction)" title="Superintendent (construction)">Superintendent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trades workers (<a href="/wiki/List_of_construction_trades" title="List of construction trades">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banksman" title="Banksman">Banksman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boilermaker" title="Boilermaker">Boilermaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricklayer" title="Bricklayer">Bricklayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_finisher" title="Concrete finisher">Concrete finisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_foreman" title="Construction foreman">Construction foreman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_worker" title="Construction worker">Construction worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">Electrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazier" title="Glazier">Glazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironworker" title="Ironworker">Ironworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwright" title="Millwright">Millwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasterer" title="Plasterer">Plasterer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roofer" title="Roofer">Roofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_fixer" title="Steel fixer">Steel fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welder" title="Welder">Welder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Constructors" title="American Institute of Constructors">American Institute of Constructors</a> (AIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> (ASCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos_Testing_and_Consultancy_Association" title="Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association">Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association</a> (ATAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_General_Contractors_of_America" title="Associated General Contractors of America">Associated General Contractors of America</a> (AGC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Contractors" title="Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors">Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors</a> (APHC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build_UK" title="Build UK">Build UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_History_Society" title="Construction History Society">Construction History Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Civil_Engineering_Surveyors" title="Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors">Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors</a> (CICES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Engineering" title="Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering">Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering</a> (CIPHE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Engineering_Contractors_Association" title="Civil Engineering Contractors Association">Civil Engineering Contractors Association</a> (CECA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concrete_Society" title="The Concrete Society">The Concrete Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Management_Association_of_America" title="Construction Management Association of America">Construction Management Association of America</a> (CMAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Specifications_Institute" title="Construction Specifications Institute">Construction Specifications Institute</a> (CSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDIC" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDIC">FIDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Builders_Federation" title="Home Builders Federation">Home Builders Federation</a> (HBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_Association" title="Lighting Association">Lighting Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Home_Builders" title="National Association of Home Builders">National Association of Home Builders</a> (NAHB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Women_in_Construction" title="National Association of Women in Construction">National Association of Women in Construction</a> (NAWIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a> (NFPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Kitchen_%26_Bath_Association" title="National Kitchen & Bath Association">National Kitchen & Bath Association</a> (NKBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Railroad_Construction_and_Maintenance_Association" title="National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association">National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association</a> (NRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Tile_Contractors_Association" title="National Tile Contractors Association">National Tile Contractors Association</a> (NTCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Tie_Association" title="Railway Tie Association">Railway Tie Association</a> (RTA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors" title="Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors">Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors</a> (RICS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Building_Federation" title="Scottish Building Federation">Scottish Building Federation</a> (SBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Construction_Arbitrators" title="Society of Construction Arbitrators">Society of Construction Arbitrators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Japan" title="Construction industry of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Romania" title="Construction industry of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Construction industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">Building code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_site_safety" title="Construction site safety">Site safety</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architectural_styles" title="List of architectural styles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_architecture" title="Indigenous architecture">Indigenous architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_construction_methods" title="List of construction methods">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthbag_construction" title="Earthbag construction">Earthbag construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_methods_of_construction" title="Modern methods of construction">Modern methods of construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocrete_construction" title="Monocrete construction">Monocrete construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_forming" title="Slip forming">Slip forming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Building material</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_building_materials" title="List of building materials">List of building materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork_(building_material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millwork (building material)">Millwork</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_bidding" title="Construction bidding">Construction bidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_delay" title="Construction delay">Construction delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_equipment_theft" title="Construction equipment theft">Construction equipment theft</a></li> <li>Construction loan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DFMA" title="DFMA">DfMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">Heavy equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_buildings_and_structures" title="Lists of buildings and structures">Lists of buildings and structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest buildings and structures">List of tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaproject" title="Megaproject">Megaproject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megastructure" title="Megastructure">Megastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasterwork" title="Plasterwork">Plasterwork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damp_(structural)" title="Damp (structural)">Damp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damp_proofing" title="Damp proofing">Proofing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parge_coat" title="Parge coat">Parge coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roughcast" title="Roughcast">Roughcast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harling_(wall_finish)" title="Harling (wall finish)">Harling</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Sustainability in construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_building" title="Unfinished building">Unfinished building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" 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