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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Qualifications_Framework&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="National Qualifications Framework">National Qualifications Framework</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Formal system for describing qualifications</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"NQF" redirects here. For the healthcare organization, see <a href="/wiki/National_Quality_Forum" title="National Quality Forum">National Quality Forum</a>.</div> <p> A <b>national qualifications framework</b> (<b>NQF</b>) is a formal system describing qualifications. 47 countries participating in the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a> are committed to producing a national qualifications framework. Other countries not part of this process also have national qualifications frameworks. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qualifications_framework">Qualifications framework</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_qualifications_framework&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Qualifications framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qualifications_framework" title="Qualifications framework">Qualifications framework</a></div> <p>A qualifications framework is a formalized structure in which <a href="/wiki/Learning_level_descriptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning level descriptors">learning level descriptors</a> and qualifications are used in order to understand learning outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows for the ability to develop, assess and improve quality education in a number of contexts. Qualifications frameworks are typically found at the national, regional, and international level. Therefore, a national qualifications framework is one type of qualifications framework.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_qualifications_framework&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Qualifications_Framework" title="Australian Qualifications Framework">Australian Qualifications Framework</a> is the national qualifications framework in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Barbados">Barbados</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_qualifications_framework&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Barbados"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>National/Caribbean Vocational Qualifications (N/CVQ) are awarded by the Technical and Vocational Education and Training Council (TVET).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> N/CVQs are work-related and competency-based. Training for the qualifications can be earned from the <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jackman_Prescod_Polytechnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Jackman Prescod Polytechnic">Samuel Jackman Prescod Polytechnic</a>, the Barbados Vocational Training Board,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the National Initiative for Service Excellence.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standards for the qualifications are drawn up by industry experts and qualifications are only awarded where the trainee can demonstrate the ability to meet these standards to certified assessors. There are five levels - level 1 (entry level occupations), level 2 (skilled occupations), level 3 (technical, skilled, and supervisory occupations), level 4 (technical specialist and middle management occupations), and level 5 (chartered, professional, and senior management occupations). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caribbean_region">Caribbean region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_qualifications_framework&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Caribbean region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">CARICOM Single Market and Economy</a></div> <p>Regional accreditation bodies are planned to assess qualifications for equivalency, complementary to the free movement of persons. To this end, the member states have concluded the Agreement on Accreditation for Education in Medical and other Health Professions. By this agreement, an authority (the Caribbean Accreditation Authority for Education in Medical and Other Health Professions) is established which will be responsible for accrediting doctors and other health care personnel throughout the CSME. The authority will be headquartered in Jamaica, which is one of among six states (Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Jamaica, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago) in which agreement is already in force. The Bahamas has also signed on to the agreement. </p><p>Region-wide accreditation has also been planned for vocational skills. Currently local training agencies award National Vocational Qualifications (NVQ)<sup id="cite_ref-Potential_and_preparation_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potential_and_preparation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or national Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) certification,<sup id="cite_ref-CANTA_helping_to_synchronise_Caribbean_training_standards_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CANTA_helping_to_synchronise_Caribbean_training_standards-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are not valid across Member States. However, in 2003, the Caribbean Association of National Agencies (CANTA) was formed as an umbrella organization of the various local training agencies including Trinidad and Tobago's National Training Agency, the Barbados TVET Council and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States TVET agency and the HEART Trust/NTA of Jamaica. Since 2005, the member organizations of CANTA have been working together to ensure a uniformed level of certified skilled labour under the Caricom Single Market and Economy (CSME) and CANTA itself has established a regional certification scheme that awards the Caribbean Vocational Qualification (CVQ),<sup id="cite_ref-CANTA_helping_to_synchronise_Caribbean_training_standards_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CANTA_helping_to_synchronise_Caribbean_training_standards-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is to replace NVQs and national TVET certifications.<sup id="cite_ref-Potential_and_preparation_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potential_and_preparation-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CVQ will be school-based and although based on the certification scheme of CANTA, will be awarded by the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) which will be collaborating with CANTA on the CVQ programme.<sup id="cite_ref-New_CXC_programme_in_2007_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_CXC_programme_in_2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the February 9–10, 2007 meeting of the Regional Coordinating Mechanism for Technical and Vocational Education and Training, officials discussed arrangements for the award of the CVQ which was approved by the Council for Human and Social Development (COHSOD) in October 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Officials_to_discuss_vocational_training_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Officials_to_discuss_vocational_training-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was expected that the CVQ programme may be in place by mid-2007, if all the requirements are met<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caricom_discusses_vocational_standards_for_free_movement_of_skills_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caricom_discusses_vocational_standards_for_free_movement_of_skills-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that provisions were being made for the holders of current NVQs to have them converted into the regionally accepted type (although no clear mandate is yet in place).<sup id="cite_ref-Caricom_discusses_vocational_standards_for_free_movement_of_skills_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caricom_discusses_vocational_standards_for_free_movement_of_skills-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This deadline was met and in October 2007, the CVQ programme was officially launched. The CVQ now facilitates the movement of artisans and other skilled persons in the CSME. This qualification will be accessible to persons already in the workforce as well as students in secondary schools across the Caribbean region. Those already in the work force will be required to attend designated centres for assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-CVQ_launched_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CVQ_launched-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CVQ is based on a competency-based approach to training, assessment and certification. Candidates are expected to demonstrate competence in attaining occupational standards developed by practitioners, industry experts and employers. Those standards when approved by CARICOM allow for portability across the Region. Currently, CVQs are planned to reflect a Qualification framework of five levels. These are: </p> <ul><li>Level 1: Directly Supervised/Entry –Level Worker</li> <li>Level 2: Supervised Skilled Worker</li> <li>Level 3: Independent or Autonomous Skilled Worker</li> <li>Level 4: Specialized or Supervisory Worker</li> <li>Level 5: Managerial and/or Professional Worker<sup id="cite_ref-CXC:_CVQ_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CXC:_CVQ-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>CVQs are awarded to those candidates who would have met the required standards in all of the prescribed units of study. Statements are issued in cases where candidates did not complete all the requirements for the award of CVQ. Schools that are suitably equipped currently offer Levels 1 & 2.<sup id="cite_ref-CXC:_CVQ_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CXC:_CVQ-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By March 2012 up to 2,263 CVQs had been awarded in the workforce across the region and 2,872 had been awarded in schools for a total of 5,135 CVQs awarded up to that time. The breakdown of the agency awarding the over 5,000 CVQs by March 2012 stood at 1,680 having been awarded by the CXC and 3,455 being awarded by the various National Training Agencies (with some being awarded in the workplace and some being awarded in secondary schools).<sup id="cite_ref-CVQ_Framework_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CVQ_Framework-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <ul><li>JIS website on the CSME</li> <li>SICE - Establishment of the CSME<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_qualifications_framework&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NQF_explanation_graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NQF_explanation_graph.svg/700px-NQF_explanation_graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NQF_explanation_graph.svg/1050px-NQF_explanation_graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NQF_explanation_graph.svg/1400px-NQF_explanation_graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>A graph mapping out the National Qualification Frameworks (NQF) and how they relate to different educational options within the South African educational system in 2017. NQFs are a key component of the South African higher education system since being implemented in 1995 and is administered by the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Qualifications_Authority" title="South African Qualifications Authority">South African Qualifications Authority</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_qualifications_framework&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_qualifications_frameworks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom">National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>The current national qualifications frameworks in the UK are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>: <i>Regulated Qualifications Framework</i> (RQF) for general and vocational qualifications regulated by <a href="/wiki/Ofqual" title="Ofqual">Ofqual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Curriculum,_Examinations_and_Assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Council for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment">Council for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment</a></i> (CCEA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>: <i>Credit and Qualifications Framework for Wales</i> (CQFW) for all qualifications.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Credit_and_Qualifications_Framework" title="Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework">Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework</a></i> (SCQF) for all qualifications.</li></ul> <p>The <i>Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications</i> of UK Degree Awarding Bodies (FHEQ) for qualifications awarded by bodies across the United Kingdom with degree-awarding powers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CQFW_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CQFW-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India">India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_qualifications_framework&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Education_Policy_2020" title="National Education Policy 2020">National Education Policy 2020</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skill_India" title="Skill India">Skill India</a></div> <p>India's <a href="/wiki/National_Skill_Development_Agency" title="National Skill Development Agency">National Skill Development Agency</a> (NSDA)'s <a href="/wiki/National_Skill_Development_Agency#NSQF" title="National Skill Development Agency">National Skills Qualification Framework</a> (NSQF), is a quality assurance framework which grades and recognises levels of skill based on the <a href="/wiki/Outcome-based_education" title="Outcome-based education">learning outcomes</a> acquired through both formal or informal means.<sup id="cite_ref-nsda1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsda1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nsda2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsda2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nuffic.nl/en/library/education-system-india.pdf">Indian Education System</a> recognises the following: RPL: Recognition of Prior Learning, NCWP: National Certificate for Work Preparation, NCC: National Competency Certificate </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The National Vocational Education Qualifications Framework (NVEQF)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"></th> <th>Case I</th> <th>Case II</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Level</th> <th>Certificate</th> <th>Equivalence</th> <th>Equivalence</th> <th>Certifying body </th></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>NCC 8</td> <td>Degree</td> <td>Doctorate </td> <td rowspan="3">University and sector skills council </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>NCC 7 </td> <td rowspan="2">PG Diploma </td> <td rowspan="2">Master's degree </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>NCC 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>NCC 5 </td> <td rowspan="2">Advanced Diploma </td> <td rowspan="3">Bachelor's degree </td> <td rowspan="2">Board of Technical Education and sector skills council, university and sector skills council </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>NCC 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>NCC 3 </td> <td rowspan="3">Diploma </td> <td rowspan="3">Board of Technical Education and sector skills council, school board and sector skills council, </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>NCC 2</td> <td>Grade XII </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>NCC 1</td> <td>Grade XI </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>NCWP 2</td> <td>Grade X</td> <td>Grade X </td> <td rowspan="2">School board and sector skills council </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>NCWP 1</td> <td>Grade IX</td> <td>Grade IX </td></tr> <tr> <td>RPL</td> <td>RPL 2</td> <td>Grade VIII</td> <td>Grade VIII </td> <td rowspan="2">NIOS/State Open Schools and SSC </td></tr> <tr> <td>RPL</td> <td>RPL 1</td> <td>Grade V</td> <td>Grade V </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ireland">Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_qualifications_framework&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Framework_of_Qualifications" title="National Framework of Qualifications">National Framework of Qualifications</a> is the framework used in Ireland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kenya">Kenya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_qualifications_framework&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2014 the Parliament of Kenya passed the Kenya National Qualifications Framework Act to establish a "national system for the articulation, classification, registration, quality assurance, and the monitoring and evaluation of national qualifications".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_qualifications_framework&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The New Zealand Qualifications Framework, administered by the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Qualifications_Authority" title="New Zealand Qualifications Authority">New Zealand Qualifications Authority</a>, covers qualifications in <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in New Zealand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_qualifications_framework&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Qualifications Framework of Pakistan<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> covers qualifications from pre-<a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary</a> to doctoral degrees in eight levels,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taking in academic and vocational education. Higher education, corresponding to levels five to eight, is covered by the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications of Pakistan, administered by the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Higher Education Commission (Pakistan)">Higher Education Commission of Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sources </p><p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=242887&set=0058D22B8C_1_128&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002428/242887e.pdf"><i>Level-setting and recognition of learning outcomes: The use of level descriptors in the twenty-first century</i></a>, 10, 12-13, Keevey, James; Chakroun, Borhene, UNESCO. UNESCO. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_qualifications_framework&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=Qualifications%20Framework">"Qualifications Framework"</a>. <i>UNESCO-UNEVOC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO-UNEVOC&rft.atitle=Qualifications+Framework&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unevoc.unesco.org%2Fgo.php%3Fq%3DQualifications%2520Framework&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+qualifications+framework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeevyChakroun2015" class="citation book cs1">Keevy, James; Chakroun, Borhene (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002428/242887e.pdf"><i>Level-setting and recognition of learning outcomes: The use of level descriptors in the twenty-first century</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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