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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Introduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorizing_Functional_Groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorizing_Functional_Groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Memorizing Functional Groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Memorizing_Functional_Groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Memorizing Functional Groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Memorizing_Functional_Groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Functional_groups_containing_..." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functional_groups_containing_..."> <div 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class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organic_Chemistry/Overview_of_Functional_Groups&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organic_Chemistry/Overview_of_Functional_Groups&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Introduction"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of known organic compounds is quite large. In fact, there are many times more organic compounds known than all the other (inorganic) compounds discovered so far, about 7 million organic compounds in total. Fortunately, organic chemicals consist of a relatively few similar parts, combined in different ways, that allow us to predict how a compound we have never seen before may react, by comparing how other molecules containing the same types of parts are known to react. </p><p>These parts of organic molecules are called <b>functional groups</b>. The identification of functional groups and the ability to predict reactivity based on functional group properties is one of the cornerstones of organic chemistry. </p><p>Functional groups are <b>specific atoms, ions, or groups of atoms</b> having consistent properties. A functional group makes up part of a larger molecule. </p><p>For example, <b>-OH</b>, the hydroxyl group that characterizes alcohols, is an oxygen with a hydrogen attached. It could be found on any number of different molecules. </p><p>Just as elements have distinctive properties, functional groups have <b>characteristic chemistries</b>. An <b>-OH</b> group on one molecule will tend to react similarly, although perhaps not identically, to an <b>-OH</b> on another molecule. </p><p><b>Organic reactions usually take place at the functional group</b>, so learning about the reactivities of functional groups will prepare you to understand many other things about organic chemistry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorizing_Functional_Groups">Memorizing Functional Groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organic_Chemistry/Overview_of_Functional_Groups&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Memorizing Functional Groups" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organic_Chemistry/Overview_of_Functional_Groups&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Memorizing Functional Groups"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Don't assume that you can simply skim over the functional groups and move on. As you proceed through the text, the writing will be in terms of functional groups. It will be assumed that the student is familiar with most of the ones in the tables below. It's simply impossible to discuss chemistry without knowing the "lingo". It's like trying to learn French without first learning the meaning of some of the words. </p><p>One of the easiest ways to learn functional groups is by making flash cards. Get a pack of index cards and write the name of the functional group on one side, and draw its chemical representation on the other. </p><p>For now, a list of the most important ones you should know is provided here. Your initial set of cards should include, at the very least: Alkene, Alkyne, Alkyl halide (or Haloalkane), Alcohol, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic Acid, Acyl Chloride (or Acid Chloride), Ester, Ether, Amine, Sulfide, and Thiol. After you've learned all these, add a couple more cards and learn those. Then add a few more and learn those. Every functional group below is eventually discussed at one point or another in the book. But the above list will give you what you need to continue on. </p><p>And don't just look at the cards. Say and write the names and draw the structures. To test yourself, try going through your cards and looking at the names and then drawing their structure on a sheet of paper. Then try going through and looking at the structures and naming them. Writing is a good technique to help you memorize, because it is more active than simply reading. Once you have the minimal list above memorized backwards and forwards, you're ready to move on. But don't stop learning the groups. If you choose to move on without learning the "lingo", then you're not going to understand the language of the chapters to come. Again, using the French analogy, it's like trying to ignore learning the vocabulary and then picking up a novel in French and expecting to be able to read it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functional_groups_containing_...">Functional groups containing ...</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organic_Chemistry/Overview_of_Functional_Groups&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Functional groups containing ..." class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organic_Chemistry/Overview_of_Functional_Groups&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Functional groups containing ..."><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a> <b>functional groups</b> are submolecular structural motifs, characterized by specific elemental composition and connectivity, that confer reactivity upon the molecule that contains them. </p><p>Common functional groups include: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="background: #ffffff; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sr No. </th> <th>Chemical class </th> <th>Group </th> <th>Formula </th> <th>Graphical Formula </th> <th>Prefix </th> <th>Suffix </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#A" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Acyl halide</a></td> <td>Haloformyl </td> <td>RCOX </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acyl-halide-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Acyl halide"><img alt="Acyl halide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Acyl-halide-skeletal.png/75px-Acyl-halide-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Acyl-halide-skeletal.png/113px-Acyl-halide-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Acyl-halide-skeletal.png/150px-Acyl-halide-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="881" /></a></span> </td> <td>haloformyl-</td> <td>-oyl halide </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acetyl-chloride.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Acetyl chloride"><img alt="Acetyl chloride" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Acetyl-chloride.png/75px-Acetyl-chloride.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Acetyl-chloride.png/113px-Acetyl-chloride.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Acetyl-chloride.png/150px-Acetyl-chloride.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="668" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl_chloride" class="extiw" title="w:Acetyl chloride">Acetyl chloride</a><br /><i>(Ethanoyl chloride)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#A" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Alcohol</a></td> <td>Hydroxyl </td> <td>OH </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcohol-(general)-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hydroxyl"><img alt="Hydroxyl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Alcohol-%28general%29-skeletal.png/75px-Alcohol-%28general%29-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Alcohol-%28general%29-skeletal.png/113px-Alcohol-%28general%29-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Alcohol-%28general%29-skeletal.png/150px-Alcohol-%28general%29-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1433" data-file-height="1099" /></a></span> </td> <td>hydroxy-</td> <td>-ol </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Methanol-2D.png" class="mw-file-description" title="methanol"><img alt="methanol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Methanol-2D.png/90px-Methanol-2D.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Methanol-2D.png/135px-Methanol-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Methanol-2D.png/180px-Methanol-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="938" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol" class="extiw" title="w:Methanol">Methanol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#A" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Aldehyde</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#A" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Aldehyde</a> </td> <td>RCHO </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skeletal_formula_of_an_aldehyde_group.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aldehyde"><img alt="Aldehyde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Skeletal_formula_of_an_aldehyde_group.svg/75px-Skeletal_formula_of_an_aldehyde_group.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Skeletal_formula_of_an_aldehyde_group.svg/113px-Skeletal_formula_of_an_aldehyde_group.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Skeletal_formula_of_an_aldehyde_group.svg/150px-Skeletal_formula_of_an_aldehyde_group.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td>oxo-</td> <td>-al </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acetaldehyde-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="acetaldehyde"><img alt="acetaldehyde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Acetaldehyde-skeletal.png/75px-Acetaldehyde-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Acetaldehyde-skeletal.png/113px-Acetaldehyde-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Acetaldehyde-skeletal.png/150px-Acetaldehyde-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="741" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaldehyde" class="extiw" title="w:Acetaldehyde">:Acetaldehyde</a><br /><i>(Ethanal)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#A" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Alkane</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkyl (does not exist)">Alkyl</a> </td> <td>RH<sub>n</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alkyl-(general)-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alkyl"><img alt="Alkyl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Alkyl-%28general%29-skeletal.svg/75px-Alkyl-%28general%29-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Alkyl-%28general%29-skeletal.svg/113px-Alkyl-%28general%29-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Alkyl-%28general%29-skeletal.svg/150px-Alkyl-%28general%29-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="471" /></a></span> </td> <td>alkyl-</td> <td>-ane </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Methane-2D-stereo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="methane"><img alt="methane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Methane-2D-stereo.svg/75px-Methane-2D-stereo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Methane-2D-stereo.svg/113px-Methane-2D-stereo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Methane-2D-stereo.svg/150px-Methane-2D-stereo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="528" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane" class="extiw" title="w:Methane">Methane</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#A" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Alkene</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#A" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Alkenyl</a> </td> <td>R<sub>2</sub>C=CR<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alkene-2D-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alkene"><img alt="Alkene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Alkene-2D-skeletal.svg/75px-Alkene-2D-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Alkene-2D-skeletal.svg/113px-Alkene-2D-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Alkene-2D-skeletal.svg/150px-Alkene-2D-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="81" data-file-height="71" /></a></span> </td> <td>alkenyl-</td> <td>-ene </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethene-2D-flat.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ethylene"><img alt="ethylene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ethene-2D-flat.png/75px-Ethene-2D-flat.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ethene-2D-flat.png/113px-Ethene-2D-flat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ethene-2D-flat.png/150px-Ethene-2D-flat.png 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="971" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene" class="extiw" title="w:Ethylene">Ethylene</a><br /><i>(Ethene)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#A" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Alkyne</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#A" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Alkynyl</a> </td> <td>RC≡CR' </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alkyne_general.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alkyne"><img alt="Alkyne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Alkyne_general.svg/100px-Alkyne_general.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Alkyne_general.svg/150px-Alkyne_general.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Alkyne_general.svg/200px-Alkyne_general.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="142" /></a></span> </td> <td>alkynyl-</td> <td>-yne </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acetylene-2D.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="acetylene"><img alt="acetylene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Acetylene-2D.svg/100px-Acetylene-2D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Acetylene-2D.svg/150px-Acetylene-2D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Acetylene-2D.svg/200px-Acetylene-2D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="88" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylene" class="extiw" title="w:Acetylene">Acetylene</a><br /><i>(Ethyne)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#A" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Amide</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carboxamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carboxamide (does not exist)">Carboxamide</a> </td> <td>RCONR<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amide-(tertiary)-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Amide"><img alt="Amide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Amide-%28tertiary%29-skeletal.png/75px-Amide-%28tertiary%29-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Amide-%28tertiary%29-skeletal.png/113px-Amide-%28tertiary%29-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Amide-%28tertiary%29-skeletal.png/150px-Amide-%28tertiary%29-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1045" /></a></span> </td> <td>carboxamido-</td> <td>-amide </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acetamide_skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="acetamide"><img alt="acetamide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Acetamide_skeletal.svg/75px-Acetamide_skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Acetamide_skeletal.svg/113px-Acetamide_skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Acetamide_skeletal.svg/150px-Acetamide_skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="394" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetamide" class="extiw" title="w:Acetamide">Acetamide</a><br /><i>(Ethanamide)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">8 </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#A" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Amines</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#A" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Primary amine</a> </td> <td>RNH<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1%C2%B0-amino-group.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Primary amine"><img alt="Primary amine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/1%C2%B0-amino-group.png/75px-1%C2%B0-amino-group.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/1%C2%B0-amino-group.png/113px-1%C2%B0-amino-group.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/1%C2%B0-amino-group.png/150px-1%C2%B0-amino-group.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> </td> <td>amino-</td> <td>-amine </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Methylamine-2D.png" class="mw-file-description" title="methylamine"><img alt="methylamine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Methylamine-2D.png/75px-Methylamine-2D.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Methylamine-2D.png/113px-Methylamine-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Methylamine-2D.png/150px-Methylamine-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="846" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine" class="extiw" title="w:Methylamine">Methylamine</a><br /><i>(Methanamine)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#A" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Secondary amine</a> </td> <td>R<sub>2</sub>NH </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amine-(secondary).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Secondary amine"><img alt="Secondary amine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Amine-%28secondary%29.png/75px-Amine-%28secondary%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Amine-%28secondary%29.png/113px-Amine-%28secondary%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Amine-%28secondary%29.png/150px-Amine-%28secondary%29.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="809" /></a></span> </td> <td>amino-</td> <td>-amine </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dimethylamine-2D.png" class="mw-file-description" title="dimethylamine"><img alt="dimethylamine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dimethylamine-2D.png/75px-Dimethylamine-2D.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dimethylamine-2D.png/113px-Dimethylamine-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dimethylamine-2D.png/150px-Dimethylamine-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="714" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylamine" class="extiw" title="w:Dimethylamine">Dimethylamine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#A" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Tertiary amine</a> </td> <td>R<sub>3</sub>N </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amine-(tertiary).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tertiary amine"><img alt="Tertiary amine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Amine-%28tertiary%29.png/75px-Amine-%28tertiary%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Amine-%28tertiary%29.png/113px-Amine-%28tertiary%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Amine-%28tertiary%29.png/150px-Amine-%28tertiary%29.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="809" /></a></span> </td> <td>amino-</td> <td>-amine </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trimethylamine_chemical_structure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="trimethylamine"><img alt="trimethylamine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Trimethylamine_chemical_structure.png/75px-Trimethylamine_chemical_structure.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Trimethylamine_chemical_structure.png/113px-Trimethylamine_chemical_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Trimethylamine_chemical_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="121" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylamine" class="extiw" title="w:Trimethylamine">Trimethylamine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaternary_ammonium_cation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quaternary ammonium cation (does not exist)">4° ammonium ion</a> </td> <td>R<sub>4</sub>N<sup>+</sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quaternary-ammonium-cation.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quaternary ammonium cation"><img alt="Quaternary ammonium cation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Quaternary-ammonium-cation.svg/75px-Quaternary-ammonium-cation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Quaternary-ammonium-cation.svg/113px-Quaternary-ammonium-cation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Quaternary-ammonium-cation.svg/150px-Quaternary-ammonium-cation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="178" /></a></span> </td> <td>ammonio-</td> <td>-ammonium </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Choline-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Choline"><img alt="Choline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Choline-skeletal.svg/75px-Choline-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Choline-skeletal.svg/113px-Choline-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Choline-skeletal.svg/150px-Choline-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="554" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline" class="extiw" title="w:Choline">Choline</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#A" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Azo compound</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azo_compound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azo compound (does not exist)">Azo<br />(Diimide)</a> </td> <td>RN<sub>2</sub>R' </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Azo-group.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Azo.pngl"><img alt="Azo.pngl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Azo-group.png/75px-Azo-group.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Azo-group.png/113px-Azo-group.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Azo-group.png/150px-Azo-group.png 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="809" /></a></span> </td> <td>azo-</td> <td>-diazene </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Methyl-orange-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Methyl orange"><img alt="Methyl orange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Methyl-orange-skeletal.png/150px-Methyl-orange-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Methyl-orange-skeletal.png/225px-Methyl-orange-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Methyl-orange-skeletal.png/300px-Methyl-orange-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="393" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_orange" class="extiw" title="w:Methyl orange">Methyl orange</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#T" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Toluene derivative</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#B" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Benzyl</a> </td> <td>RCH<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub><br />RBn </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benzyl-group.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Benzyl"><img alt="Benzyl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Benzyl-group.svg/75px-Benzyl-group.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Benzyl-group.svg/113px-Benzyl-group.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Benzyl-group.svg/150px-Benzyl-group.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="295" /></a></span> </td> <td>benzyl- </td> <td>1-(<i>substituent</i>)toluene </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benzyl-bromide-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Benzyl bromide"><img alt="Benzyl bromide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Benzyl-bromide-skeletal.svg/75px-Benzyl-bromide-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Benzyl-bromide-skeletal.svg/113px-Benzyl-bromide-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Benzyl-bromide-skeletal.svg/150px-Benzyl-bromide-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="129" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzyl_bromide" class="extiw" title="w:Benzyl bromide">Benzyl bromide</a><br /><i>(1-Bromotoluene)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#C" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Carbonate</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate_ester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbonate ester (does not exist)">Carbonate ester</a> </td> <td>ROCOOR </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbonate-group-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carbonate"><img alt="Carbonate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carbonate-group-skeletal.svg/75px-Carbonate-group-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carbonate-group-skeletal.svg/113px-Carbonate-group-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carbonate-group-skeletal.svg/150px-Carbonate-group-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>alkyl <b>carbonate</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#C" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Carboxylate</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carboxylate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carboxylate (does not exist)">Carboxylate</a></td> <td>RCOO<sup>−</sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carboxylate-resonance-hybrid.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Carboxylate"><img alt="Carboxylate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Carboxylate-resonance-hybrid.png/75px-Carboxylate-resonance-hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Carboxylate-resonance-hybrid.png/113px-Carboxylate-resonance-hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Carboxylate-resonance-hybrid.png/150px-Carboxylate-resonance-hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="742" /></a></span><br /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carboxylate-canonical-forms.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Carboxylate"><img alt="Carboxylate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Carboxylate-canonical-forms.png/75px-Carboxylate-canonical-forms.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Carboxylate-canonical-forms.png/113px-Carboxylate-canonical-forms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Carboxylate-canonical-forms.png/150px-Carboxylate-canonical-forms.png 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="760" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>carboxy-</td> <td>-oate </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodium-acetate-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sodium acetate"><img alt="Sodium acetate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sodium-acetate-2D-skeletal.png/75px-Sodium-acetate-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sodium-acetate-2D-skeletal.png/113px-Sodium-acetate-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sodium-acetate-2D-skeletal.png/150px-Sodium-acetate-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="662" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_acetate" class="extiw" title="w:Sodium acetate">Sodium acetate</a><br /><i>(Sodium ethanoate)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#C" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Carboxylic acid</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carboxyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carboxyl (does not exist)">Carboxyl</a></td> <td>RCOOH </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carboxylic-acid-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carboxylic acid"><img alt="Carboxylic acid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Carboxylic-acid-skeletal.svg/75px-Carboxylic-acid-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Carboxylic-acid-skeletal.svg/113px-Carboxylic-acid-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Carboxylic-acid-skeletal.svg/150px-Carboxylic-acid-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="743" /></a></span> </td> <td>carboxy-</td> <td>-oic acid </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acetic-acid-2D-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Acetic acid"><img alt="Acetic acid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Acetic-acid-2D-skeletal.svg/75px-Acetic-acid-2D-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Acetic-acid-2D-skeletal.svg/113px-Acetic-acid-2D-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Acetic-acid-2D-skeletal.svg/150px-Acetic-acid-2D-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="391" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid" class="extiw" title="w:Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a><br /><i>(Ethanoic acid)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">14 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#C" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Cyanates</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanate (does not exist)">Cyanate</a></td> <td>ROCN </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyanate-group.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cyanate"><img alt="Cyanate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Cyanate-group.png/75px-Cyanate-group.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Cyanate-group.png/113px-Cyanate-group.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Cyanate-group.png/150px-Cyanate-group.png 2x" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> </td> <td>cyanato- </td> <td>alkyl <b>cyanate</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#C" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Thiocyanate</a></td> <td>RSCN </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thiocyanate-group.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Thiocyanate"><img alt="Thiocyanate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Thiocyanate-group.png/75px-Thiocyanate-group.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Thiocyanate-group.png/113px-Thiocyanate-group.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Thiocyanate-group.png/150px-Thiocyanate-group.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> </td> <td>thiocyanato- </td> <td>alkyl <b>thiocyanate</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#C" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Ether</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ether (does not exist)">Ether</a> </td> <td>ROR' </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ether-(general).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ether"><img alt="Ether" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ether-%28general%29.png/75px-Ether-%28general%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ether-%28general%29.png/113px-Ether-%28general%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ether-%28general%29.png/150px-Ether-%28general%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="877" /></a></span> </td> <td>alkoxy- </td> <td>alkyl alkyl <b>ether</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diethyl_ether_chemical_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diethyl ether"><img alt="Diethyl ether" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Diethyl_ether_chemical_structure.svg/75px-Diethyl_ether_chemical_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Diethyl_ether_chemical_structure.svg/113px-Diethyl_ether_chemical_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Diethyl_ether_chemical_structure.svg/150px-Diethyl_ether_chemical_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="17" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_ether" class="extiw" title="w:Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a><br /><i>(Ethoxyethane)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#E" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Ester</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ester (does not exist)">Ester</a> </td> <td>RCOOR' </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ester-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ester"><img alt="Ester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ester-skeletal.png/75px-Ester-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ester-skeletal.png/113px-Ester-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ester-skeletal.png/150px-Ester-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="744" /></a></span> </td> <td></td> <td>-oate </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethyl_butyrate.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ethyl butyrate"><img alt="Ethyl butyrate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ethyl_butyrate.png/75px-Ethyl_butyrate.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ethyl_butyrate.png/113px-Ethyl_butyrate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ethyl_butyrate.png/150px-Ethyl_butyrate.png 2x" data-file-width="1673" data-file-height="698" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_butyrate" class="extiw" title="w:Ethyl butyrate">Ethyl butyrate</a><br /><i>(Ethyl butanoate)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#H" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Haloalkane</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halogen (does not exist)">Halo</a> </td> <td>RX </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Halide-group.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Halide group"><img alt="Halide group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Halide-group.svg/75px-Halide-group.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Halide-group.svg/113px-Halide-group.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Halide-group.svg/150px-Halide-group.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> </td> <td>halo-</td> <td>alkyl <b>halide</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chloroethane-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chloroethane"><img alt="Chloroethane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chloroethane-skeletal.png/75px-Chloroethane-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chloroethane-skeletal.png/113px-Chloroethane-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chloroethane-skeletal.png/150px-Chloroethane-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="304" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroethane" class="extiw" title="w:Chloroethane">Chloroethane</a><br /><i>(Ethyl chloride)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td>Hydroperoxide (see <a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#O" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">organic peroxide</a>) </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organic_peroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organic peroxide (does not exist)">Hydroperoxy</a> </td> <td>ROOH </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydroperoxide-group-2D.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hydroperoxy"><img alt="Hydroperoxy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hydroperoxide-group-2D.png/75px-Hydroperoxide-group-2D.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hydroperoxide-group-2D.png/113px-Hydroperoxide-group-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hydroperoxide-group-2D.png/150px-Hydroperoxide-group-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="636" /></a></span> </td> <td>hydroperoxy- </td> <td>alkyl <b>hydroperoxide</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Methyl-ethyl-ketone-peroxide-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide"><img alt="Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Methyl-ethyl-ketone-peroxide-2D-skeletal.png/75px-Methyl-ethyl-ketone-peroxide-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Methyl-ethyl-ketone-peroxide-2D-skeletal.png/113px-Methyl-ethyl-ketone-peroxide-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Methyl-ethyl-ketone-peroxide-2D-skeletal.png/150px-Methyl-ethyl-ketone-peroxide-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="578" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_ethyl_ketone_peroxide" class="extiw" title="w:Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide">Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">19 </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#I" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Imine</a> </td> <td>Primary ketimine </td> <td>RC(=NH)R' </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imine-(primary)-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imine"><img alt="Imine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Imine-%28primary%29-skeletal.svg/75px-Imine-%28primary%29-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Imine-%28primary%29-skeletal.svg/113px-Imine-%28primary%29-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Imine-%28primary%29-skeletal.svg/150px-Imine-%28primary%29-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="560" /></a></span> </td> <td>imino-</td> <td>-imine </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Secondary ketimine </td> <td>RC(=NR<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>)R<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imine-(secondary)-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imine"><img alt="Imine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Imine-%28secondary%29-skeletal.svg/75px-Imine-%28secondary%29-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Imine-%28secondary%29-skeletal.svg/113px-Imine-%28secondary%29-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Imine-%28secondary%29-skeletal.svg/150px-Imine-%28secondary%29-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="533" /></a></span> </td> <td>imino-</td> <td>-imine </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Primary aldimine </td> <td>RC(=NH)H </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldimine-(primary)-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imine"><img alt="Imine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Aldimine-%28primary%29-skeletal.svg/75px-Aldimine-%28primary%29-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Aldimine-%28primary%29-skeletal.svg/113px-Aldimine-%28primary%29-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Aldimine-%28primary%29-skeletal.svg/150px-Aldimine-%28primary%29-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="596" /></a></span> </td> <td>imino-</td> <td>-imine </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Secondary aldimine </td> <td>RC(=NR')H </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldimine-(secondary)-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imine"><img alt="Imine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aldimine-%28secondary%29-skeletal.svg/75px-Aldimine-%28secondary%29-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aldimine-%28secondary%29-skeletal.svg/113px-Aldimine-%28secondary%29-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aldimine-%28secondary%29-skeletal.svg/150px-Aldimine-%28secondary%29-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="560" /></a></span> </td> <td>imino-</td> <td>-imine </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#I" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Isocyanide</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanide (does not exist)">Isocyanide</a> </td> <td>RNC </td> <td> </td> <td>isocyano- </td> <td>alkyl <b>isocyanide</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">21 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#I" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Isocyanates</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isocyanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Isocyanate">Isocyanate</a></td> <td>RNCO </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isocyanate-group.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Isocyanate"><img alt="Isocyanate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Isocyanate-group.svg/75px-Isocyanate-group.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Isocyanate-group.svg/113px-Isocyanate-group.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Isocyanate-group.svg/150px-Isocyanate-group.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="261" /></a></span> </td> <td>isocyanato- </td> <td>alkyl <b>isocyanate</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#I" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Isothiocyanate</a></td> <td>RNCS </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isothiocyanate-group.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Isothiocyanate"><img alt="Isothiocyanate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Isothiocyanate-group.png/75px-Isothiocyanate-group.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Isothiocyanate-group.png/113px-Isothiocyanate-group.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Isothiocyanate-group.png/150px-Isothiocyanate-group.png 2x" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> </td> <td>isothiocyanato- </td> <td>alkyl <b>isothiocyanate</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allyl-isothiocyanate-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Allyl isothiocyanat"><img alt="Allyl isothiocyanat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Allyl-isothiocyanate-2D-skeletal.png/75px-Allyl-isothiocyanate-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Allyl-isothiocyanate-2D-skeletal.png/113px-Allyl-isothiocyanate-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Allyl-isothiocyanate-2D-skeletal.png/150px-Allyl-isothiocyanate-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="422" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanate" class="extiw" title="w:Allyl isothiocyanate">Allyl isothiocyanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#K" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Ketone</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ketone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketone">Ketone</a> </td> <td>RCOR' </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ketone-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ketone"><img alt="Ketone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ketone-skeletal.png/75px-Ketone-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ketone-skeletal.png/113px-Ketone-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ketone-skeletal.png/150px-Ketone-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="742" /></a></span> </td> <td>keto-, oxo-</td> <td>-one </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Butanone-structure-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Butanone"><img alt="Butanone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Butanone-structure-skeletal.png/75px-Butanone-structure-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Butanone-structure-skeletal.png/113px-Butanone-structure-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Butanone-structure-skeletal.png/150px-Butanone-structure-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="770" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_ethyl_ketone" class="extiw" title="w:Methyl ethyl ketone">Methyl ethyl ketone</a><br /><i>(Butanone)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#N" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Nitrile</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrile (does not exist)">Nitrile</a> </td> <td>RCN </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitril_(vzorec).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nitrile"><img alt="Nitrile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nitril_%28vzorec%29.svg/75px-Nitril_%28vzorec%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nitril_%28vzorec%29.svg/113px-Nitril_%28vzorec%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nitril_%28vzorec%29.svg/150px-Nitril_%28vzorec%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="29" /></a></span> </td> <td>cyano-</td> <td> <p>alkane<b>nitrile</b><br /> alkyl <b>cyanide</b> </p> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benzonitrile_structure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Benzonitrile"><img alt="Benzonitrile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Benzonitrile_structure.png/75px-Benzonitrile_structure.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Benzonitrile_structure.png/113px-Benzonitrile_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Benzonitrile_structure.png/150px-Benzonitrile_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1155" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzonitrile" class="extiw" title="w:Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a><br /><i>(Phenyl cyanide)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#N" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Nitro compound</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitro_functional_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitro functional group (does not exist)">Nitro</a> </td> <td>RNO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitro-group.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nitro"><img alt="Nitro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nitro-group.png/75px-Nitro-group.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nitro-group.png/113px-Nitro-group.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nitro-group.png/150px-Nitro-group.png 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="814" /></a></span> </td> <td>nitro-</td> <td>  </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitromethane2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nitromethane"><img alt="Nitromethane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nitromethane2.png/75px-Nitromethane2.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nitromethane2.png/113px-Nitromethane2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nitromethane2.png/150px-Nitromethane2.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="567" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitromethane" class="extiw" title="w:Nitromethane">Nitromethane</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#N" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Nitroso compound</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroso (does not exist)">Nitroso</a></td> <td>RNO </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitroso-compound-2D.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nitroso"><img alt="Nitroso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nitroso-compound-2D.png/75px-Nitroso-compound-2D.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nitroso-compound-2D.png/113px-Nitroso-compound-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nitroso-compound-2D.png/150px-Nitroso-compound-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="482" /></a></span> </td> <td>nitroso-</td> <td>  </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrosobenzene.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nitrosobenzene"><img alt="Nitrosobenzene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nitrosobenzene.png/75px-Nitrosobenzene.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nitrosobenzene.png/113px-Nitrosobenzene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nitrosobenzene.png/150px-Nitrosobenzene.png 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="759" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosobenzene" class="extiw" title="w:Nitrosobenzene">Nitrosobenzene</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#P" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Peroxide</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organic_peroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organic peroxide (does not exist)">Peroxy</a> </td> <td>ROOR </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peroxy-group.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Peroxy"><img alt="Peroxy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Peroxy-group.png/75px-Peroxy-group.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Peroxy-group.png/113px-Peroxy-group.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Peroxy-group.png/150px-Peroxy-group.png 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="809" /></a></span> </td> <td>peroxy- </td> <td>alkyl <b>peroxide</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Di-tert-butyl_peroxide.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Di-tert-butyl peroxide"><img alt="Di-tert-butyl peroxide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Di-tert-butyl_peroxide.svg/75px-Di-tert-butyl_peroxide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Di-tert-butyl_peroxide.svg/113px-Di-tert-butyl_peroxide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Di-tert-butyl_peroxide.svg/150px-Di-tert-butyl_peroxide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="180" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di-tert-butyl_peroxide" class="extiw" title="w:Di-tert-butyl peroxide">Di-tert-butyl peroxide</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#B" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Benzene derivative</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phenyl (does not exist)">Phenyl</a> </td> <td>RC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phenyl-group.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Phenyl"><img alt="Phenyl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Phenyl-group.png/75px-Phenyl-group.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Phenyl-group.png/113px-Phenyl-group.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Phenyl-group.png/150px-Phenyl-group.png 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="688" /></a></span> </td> <td>phenyl-</td> <td>-benzene </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumene-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cumene"><img alt="Cumene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cumene-skeletal.svg/75px-Cumene-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cumene-skeletal.svg/113px-Cumene-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cumene-skeletal.svg/150px-Cumene-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="953" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumene" class="extiw" title="w:Cumene">Cumene</a><br /><i>(2-phenylpropane)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#P" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Phosphine</a></td> <td>Phosphino </td> <td>R<sub>3</sub>P </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphine-general.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A tertiary phosphine"><img alt="A tertiary phosphine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Phosphine-general.svg/75px-Phosphine-general.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Phosphine-general.svg/113px-Phosphine-general.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Phosphine-general.svg/150px-Phosphine-general.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="317" /></a></span> </td> <td>phosphino-</td> <td>-phosphane </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Methylpropylphosphane-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Methylpropylphosphane"><img alt="Methylpropylphosphane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Methylpropylphosphane-skeletal.svg/75px-Methylpropylphosphane-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Methylpropylphosphane-skeletal.svg/113px-Methylpropylphosphane-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Methylpropylphosphane-skeletal.svg/150px-Methylpropylphosphane-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="139" /></a></span><br />Methylpropylphosphane </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#P" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Phosphodiester</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphate (does not exist)">Phosphate</a> </td> <td>HOPO(OR)<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphodiester-group.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Phosphodiester"><img alt="Phosphodiester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Phosphodiester-group.png/75px-Phosphodiester-group.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Phosphodiester-group.png/113px-Phosphodiester-group.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Phosphodiester-group.png/150px-Phosphodiester-group.png 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="892" /></a></span> </td> <td>phosphoric acid di(<i>substituent</i>) ester </td> <td>di(<i>substituent</i>) hydrogenphosphate </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" class="extiw" title="w:DNA">DNA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#P" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Phosphonic acid</a></td> <td>Phosphono </td> <td>RP(=O)(OH)<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphonic-acid-generic.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Phosphono group"><img alt="Phosphono group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Phosphonic-acid-generic.png/75px-Phosphonic-acid-generic.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Phosphonic-acid-generic.png/113px-Phosphonic-acid-generic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Phosphonic-acid-generic.png/150px-Phosphonic-acid-generic.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="949" /></a></span> </td> <td>phosphono- </td> <td><i>substituent</i> phosphonic acid </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benzylphosphonic-acid-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Benzylphosphonic acid"><img alt="Benzylphosphonic acid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Benzylphosphonic-acid-2D-skeletal.png/75px-Benzylphosphonic-acid-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Benzylphosphonic-acid-2D-skeletal.png/113px-Benzylphosphonic-acid-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Benzylphosphonic-acid-2D-skeletal.png/150px-Benzylphosphonic-acid-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="615" /></a></span><br />Benzylphosphonic acid </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#P" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Phosphate</a></td> <td>Phosphate </td> <td>ROP(=O)(OH)<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphate-group.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Phosphate group"><img alt="Phosphate group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phosphate-group.png/75px-Phosphate-group.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phosphate-group.png/113px-Phosphate-group.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phosphate-group.png/150px-Phosphate-group.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="786" /></a></span> </td> <td>phospho-</td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G3P-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate"><img alt="Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/G3P-2D-skeletal.png/75px-G3P-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/G3P-2D-skeletal.png/113px-G3P-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/G3P-2D-skeletal.png/150px-G3P-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="603" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate" class="extiw" title="w:Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate">Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>32 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#P" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Pyridine derivative</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyridine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyridine (does not exist)">Pyridyl</a> </td> <td>RC<sub>5</sub>H<sub>4</sub>N </td> <td> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4-pyridyl.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="4-pyridyl group"><img alt="4-pyridyl group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/4-pyridyl.svg/75px-4-pyridyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/4-pyridyl.svg/113px-4-pyridyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/4-pyridyl.svg/150px-4-pyridyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="355" /></a></span><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3-pyridyl.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="3-pyridyl group"><img alt="3-pyridyl group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/3-pyridyl.svg/75px-3-pyridyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/3-pyridyl.svg/113px-3-pyridyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/3-pyridyl.svg/150px-3-pyridyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="390" /></a></span><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2-pyridyl.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="2-pyridyl group"><img alt="2-pyridyl group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/2-pyridyl.svg/75px-2-pyridyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/2-pyridyl.svg/113px-2-pyridyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/2-pyridyl.svg/150px-2-pyridyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="390" /></a></span><br /> </p> </td> <td> <p>4-pyridyl<br />(pyridin-4-yl)<br /><br /> 3-pyridyl<br />(pyridin-3-yl)<br /><br /> 2-pyridyl<br />(pyridin-2-yl) </p> </td> <td>-pyridine </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicotine_skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicotine"><img alt="Nicotine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nicotine_skeletal.svg/75px-Nicotine_skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nicotine_skeletal.svg/113px-Nicotine_skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nicotine_skeletal.svg/150px-Nicotine_skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="270" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine" class="extiw" title="w:Nicotine">Nicotine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>33 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#S" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Sulfide</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>RSR' </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulfide-group-2D.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sulfide group"><img alt="Sulfide group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sulfide-group-2D.png/75px-Sulfide-group-2D.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sulfide-group-2D.png/113px-Sulfide-group-2D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sulfide-group-2D.png/150px-Sulfide-group-2D.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="482" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>di(<i>substituent</i>) sulfide </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dimethylsulfide.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dimethyl sulfide"><img alt="Dimethyl sulfide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dimethylsulfide.png/75px-Dimethylsulfide.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dimethylsulfide.png/113px-Dimethylsulfide.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dimethylsulfide.png/150px-Dimethylsulfide.png 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="82" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide" class="extiw" title="w:Dimethyl sulfide">Dimethyl sulfide</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>34 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#S" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Sulfone</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfone (does not exist)">Sulfonyl</a> </td> <td>RSO<sub>2</sub>R' </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulfone.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sulfonyl group"><img alt="Sulfonyl group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sulfone.png/75px-Sulfone.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sulfone.png/113px-Sulfone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sulfone.png/150px-Sulfone.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="701" /></a></span> </td> <td>sulfonyl- </td> <td>di(<i>substituent</i>) sulfone </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DMSO2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dimethyl sulfone"><img alt="Dimethyl sulfone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/DMSO2.svg/75px-DMSO2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/DMSO2.svg/113px-DMSO2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/DMSO2.svg/150px-DMSO2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="294" /></a></span><br />Dimethyl sulfone<br /><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylsulfonylmethane" class="extiw" title="w:Methylsulfonylmethane">Methylsulfonylmethane</a>)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>35 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#S" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Sulfonic acid</a></td> <td>Sulfo </td> <td>RSO<sub>3</sub>H </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulfonic-acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sulfonyl group"><img alt="Sulfonyl group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sulfonic-acid.svg/75px-Sulfonic-acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sulfonic-acid.svg/113px-Sulfonic-acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sulfonic-acid.svg/150px-Sulfonic-acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="379" /></a></span> </td> <td>sulfo- </td> <td><i>substituent</i> <b>sulfonic acid</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benzenesulfonic-acid-2D-skeletal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Benzenesulfonic acid"><img alt="Benzenesulfonic acid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Benzenesulfonic-acid-2D-skeletal.png/75px-Benzenesulfonic-acid-2D-skeletal.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Benzenesulfonic-acid-2D-skeletal.png/113px-Benzenesulfonic-acid-2D-skeletal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Benzenesulfonic-acid-2D-skeletal.png/150px-Benzenesulfonic-acid-2D-skeletal.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="855" /></a></span><br />Benzenesulfonic acid </td></tr> <tr> <td>36 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#S" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Sulfoxide</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfoxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfoxide (does not exist)">Sulfinyl</a> </td> <td>RSOR' </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulfoxide.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sulfinyl group"><img alt="Sulfinyl group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sulfoxide.png/75px-Sulfoxide.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sulfoxide.png/113px-Sulfoxide.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sulfoxide.png/150px-Sulfoxide.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="741" /></a></span> </td> <td>sulfinyl- </td> <td>di(<i>substituent</i>) <b>sulfoxide</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diphenyl-sulfoxide.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Diphenyl sulfoxide"><img alt="Diphenyl sulfoxide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Diphenyl-sulfoxide.png/75px-Diphenyl-sulfoxide.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Diphenyl-sulfoxide.png/113px-Diphenyl-sulfoxide.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Diphenyl-sulfoxide.png/150px-Diphenyl-sulfoxide.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1188" /></a></span><br />Diphenyl sulfoxide </td></tr> <tr> <td>37 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Glossary#T" title="Organic Chemistry/Glossary">Thiol</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiol (does not exist)">Sulfhydryl</a> </td> <td>RSH </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thiol-group.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sulfhydryl"><img alt="Sulfhydryl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Thiol-group.png/75px-Thiol-group.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Thiol-group.png/113px-Thiol-group.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Thiol-group.png/150px-Thiol-group.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="586" /></a></span> </td> <td>mercapto-, sulfanyl- </td> <td>-thiol </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethanethiol-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ethanethiol"><img alt="Ethanethiol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ethanethiol-skeletal.svg/75px-Ethanethiol-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ethanethiol-skeletal.svg/113px-Ethanethiol-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ethanethiol-skeletal.svg/150px-Ethanethiol-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanethiol" class="extiw" title="w:Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a><br /><i>(Ethyl mercaptan)</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Note: The table above is adapted from the Functional Groups table on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_groups" class="extiw" title="w:Functional groups">Wikipedia.</a></i> </p><p><br /> Combining the names of functional groups with the names of the parent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkanes" class="extiw" title="w:Alkanes">alkanes</a> generates a powerful <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/systematic_name" class="extiw" title="w:systematic name">systematic nomenclature</a> for naming <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/organic_compound" class="extiw" title="w:organic compound">organic compounds</a>. </p><p>The non-hydrogen atoms of functional groups are always associated with each by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/covalent_bond" class="extiw" title="w:covalent bond">covalent bonds</a>, as well as with the rest of the molecule. When the group of atoms is associated with the rest of the molecule primarily by ionic forces, the group is referred to more properly as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/polyatomic_ion" class="extiw" title="w:polyatomic ion">polyatomic ion</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/complex_ion" class="extiw" title="w:complex ion">complex ion</a>. And all of these are called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/radical" class="extiw" title="w:radical">radicals</a>, by a meaning of the term <i>radical</i> that predates the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/free_radical" class="extiw" title="w:free radical">free radical</a>. </p><p>The first carbon after the carbon that attaches to the functional group is called the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alpha_carbon" class="extiw" title="w:alpha carbon">alpha carbon</a>. </p><p>Alcohol containing two hydroxyl groups are called glycols. They have both common names and IUPAC names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mnemonics_for_Functional_Groups">Mnemonics for Functional Groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organic_Chemistry/Overview_of_Functional_Groups&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mnemonics for Functional Groups" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organic_Chemistry/Overview_of_Functional_Groups&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Mnemonics for Functional Groups"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are possible mnemonics for the common functional groups. </p><p><b>Vowels</b>: Remember the vowels "A", "E", and "Y" for Alkane, Alkene, and Alkyne. Alkanes have only single covalent bonds. Alkenes have at least one double bond. Alkynes have at least one triple bond. The letters "I", "O", and "U" are not used. Furthermore, "O" and "U" would result in awkward pronunciations. </p><p><b>Alcohol</b>: Look for the "C-O-H" in "Alcohol." </p><p><b>Ether</b>: Ethers were anesthetics used in the 1800s. Dr. Kellogg also lived at the same time. Corn Flakes are made by Kellogg's. A rooster or cock (C-O-C) is the cornflake mascot. Or, think there is a C on "either" side of the O. </p><p><b>Amine</b>: Remember the "N" stands for nitrogen. </p><p><b>Aldehyde</b>: This sounds like "Adelaide," the Australian city. Australia is at the end of the Asian islands, and aldehydes are at the end of the hydrocarbon chain. The "Y" indicates a C=O double bond. </p><p><b>Ketone</b>: Imagine the diagonal strokes of "K" forming the C=O double bond. <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ketone_Functional_Group_Mnemonic_K.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Ketone_Functional_Group_Mnemonic_K.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="41" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="41" /></a></span> </p><p><b>Carboxylic Acid</b>: "Box" stands for boxed wine or C-O-H, alcohol. The "Y" indicates a C=O double bond. </p><p><b>Ester</b>: This sounds like "Estelle" George Costanza's mother in the TV show <u>Seinfeld</u>. George's nickname was Koko or Coco. So think of O=C-O-C. </p><p><b>Amide</b>: Amine with a "D". D for double. </p></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Organic_Chemistry/Overview_of_Functional_Groups&oldid=4431051">https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Organic_Chemistry/Overview_of_Functional_Groups&oldid=4431051</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Book:Organic_Chemistry" title="Category:Book:Organic Chemistry">Book:Organic Chemistry</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 September 2024, at 12:55.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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