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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="o3kcwjG4pN47MJgiiS95lQ74r2H4Bl6S8V7Y0gJdsxzFCkakh5wkJYQ3mDnJOvNB5MUYMqcTTDJAz6LV7oJfKg" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Crafting axes, producing meaning. Neolithic axe depositions in the northern Netherlands" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Karsten Wentink" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/231950/Crafting_axes_producing_meaning_Neolithic_axe_depositions_in_the_northern_Netherlands" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Crafting axes, producing meaning. Neolithic axe depositions in the northern Netherlands" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="This paper deals with Dutch flint axe depositions associated with the Middle Neolithic Funnelbeaker Culture (Trichterbecher Kultur – TRB). Large flint axes were acquired as finished products from southern Scandinavia and were deposited in specific," /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/177253/43990/35667186/s200_karsten.wentink.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/231950/Crafting_axes_producing_meaning_Neolithic_axe_depositions_in_the_northern_Netherlands" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Crafting axes, producing meaning. Neolithic axe depositions in the northern Netherlands" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="This paper deals with Dutch flint axe depositions associated with the Middle Neolithic Funnelbeaker Culture (Trichterbecher Kultur – TRB). Large flint axes were acquired as finished products from southern Scandinavia and were deposited in specific," /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/KarstenWentink" /> <meta name="description" content="This paper deals with Dutch flint axe depositions associated with the Middle Neolithic Funnelbeaker Culture (Trichterbecher Kultur – TRB). Large flint axes were acquired as finished products from southern Scandinavia and were deposited in specific," /> <title>(PDF) Crafting axes, producing meaning. Neolithic axe depositions in the northern Netherlands</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/231950/Crafting_axes_producing_meaning_Neolithic_axe_depositions_in_the_northern_Netherlands" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b092bf3a3df71cf13feee7c143e83a57eb6b94fb'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739842508000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739842508000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;This paper deals with Dutch flint axe depositions associated with the Middle Neolithic Funnelbeaker Culture (Trichterbecher Kultur – TRB). Large flint axes were acquired as finished products from southern Scandinavia and were deposited in specific, waterlogged places in the landscape. The application of new empirical research techniques has revealed unexpected patterns of use and treatment of these axes. Moreover, contextual analysis shows significant differences in terms of size and wear patterns compared with axes retrieved from megalithic tombs. The evidence strongly suggests that the observed differences may have been linked to completely different use-lives between the two classes of axes. Drawing on ethnographic analogy, it will be argued that the large flint axes deposited in natural places in the landscape became animated with special powers through the act of production. Given the highly ritualized treatment that accompanied their exchange, they must have played an important role in TRB cosmology. Keywords: Neolithic; selective deposition; craftsmanship; cosmology; megaliths\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Karsten Wentink","url":"https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/KarstenWentink"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2010-04-27","dateModified":"2014-05-25","headline":"Crafting axes, producing meaning. Neolithic axe depositions in the northern Netherlands","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/1789680/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Functional Analysis","Archaeology","Prehistoric Archaeology","Anthropology","Ethnography","Material Culture Studies","Landscape Archaeology","Anthropology Of Religion","Ritual","Gift Exchange","Culture","Funerary Archaeology","Neolithic Archaeology","Prehistoric religion and r ritual a","Religion and ritual in prehistory","Use Wear Analysis","Materiality (Anthropology)","Archaeological Theory","Archaeology of Ritual and Magic","Stone axes (Archaeology)","Funnel Beaker Culture","Megaliths (Archaeology)","Neolithic Europe","Residue and Use-Wear Analysis","Ritual theory and practice (Archaeology)","Memory and materiality","Craft Production (Anthropology)","Ancient Craftmanship (Archaeology)","Tradition","Marcel Mauss","Neolithic Axes","Stone Axe Manufacture","Burial Customs","TRB-Culture","Selective 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window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":231950,"created_at":"2010-04-27T16:52:45.030-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-13T17:55:19.854-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"This paper deals with Dutch flint axe depositions associated with the Middle Neolithic Funnelbeaker Culture (Trichterbecher Kultur – TRB). Large flint axes were acquired as finished products from southern Scandinavia and were deposited in specific, waterlogged places in the landscape. The application of new empirical research techniques has revealed unexpected patterns of use and treatment of these axes. Moreover, contextual analysis shows significant differences in terms of size and wear patterns compared with axes retrieved from megalithic tombs. The evidence strongly suggests that the observed differences may have been linked to completely different use-lives between the two classes of axes. Drawing on ethnographic analogy, it will be argued that the large flint axes deposited in natural places in the landscape became animated with special powers through the act of production. Given the highly ritualized treatment that accompanied their exchange, they must have played an important role in TRB cosmology.\n\nKeywords: Neolithic; selective deposition; craftsmanship; cosmology; megaliths","more_info":"Archaeological Dialogues (2008), 15 : 151-173 Cambridge University Press"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":105,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Crafting axes, producing meaning. Neolithic axe depositions in the northern Netherlands","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [177253]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":1789680,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Crafting axes, producing meaning. Neolithic axe depositions in the northern Netherlands”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/1789680/mini_magick20190427-21225-xxbdl4.png?1556390157" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Crafting axes, producing meaning. Neolithic axe depositions in the northern Netherlands</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="177253" href="https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/KarstenWentink"><img alt="Profile image of Karsten Wentink" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/177253/43990/35667186/s65_karsten.wentink.jpg" />Karsten Wentink</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">23 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 231950; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=231950"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This paper deals with Dutch flint axe depositions associated with the Middle Neolithic Funnelbeaker Culture (Trichterbecher Kultur – TRB). Large flint axes were acquired as finished products from southern Scandinavia and were deposited in specific, waterlogged places in the landscape. The application of new empirical research techniques has revealed unexpected patterns of use and treatment of these axes. Moreover, contextual analysis shows significant differences in terms of size and wear patterns compared with axes retrieved from megalithic tombs. The evidence strongly suggests that the observed differences may have been linked to completely different use-lives between the two classes of axes. Drawing on ethnographic analogy, it will be argued that the large flint axes deposited in natural places in the landscape became animated with special powers through the act of production. Given the highly ritualized treatment that accompanied their exchange, they must have played an important role in TRB cosmology. Keywords: Neolithic; selective deposition; craftsmanship; cosmology; megaliths</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":1789680,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/231950/Crafting_axes_producing_meaning_Neolithic_axe_depositions_in_the_northern_Netherlands"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":1789680,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/231950/Crafting_axes_producing_meaning_Neolithic_axe_depositions_in_the_northern_Netherlands"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Large flint axes were acquired as finished products from southern Scandinavia and were deposited in specific, waterlogged places in the landscape. The application of new empirical research techniques has revealed unexpected patterns of use and treatment of these axes. Moreover, contextual analysis shows significant differences in terms of size and wear patterns compared with axes retrieved from megalithic tombs. The evidence strongly suggests that the observed differences may have been linked to completely different use-lives between the two classes of axes. Drawing on ethnographic analogy, it will be argued that the large flint axes deposited in natural places in the landscape became animated with special powers through the act of production. Given the highly ritualized treatment that accompanied their exchange, they must have played an importan...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neolithic axe depositions in the northern Netherlands","attachmentId":80938152,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71705874/Neolithic_axe_depositions_in_the_northern_Netherlands","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71705874/Neolithic_axe_depositions_in_the_northern_Netherlands"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="6060380" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6060380/Wentink_K_A_L_van_Gijn_and_D_Fontijn_2011_Changing_contexts_changing_meanings_flint_axes_in_Middle_and_Late_Neolithic_communities_in_the_northern_Netherlands">Wentink, K., A.L. van Gijn & D. Fontijn (2011) Changing contexts, changing meanings: flint axes in Middle and Late Neolithic communities in the northern Netherlands. </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="498338" href="https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/AnnelouVanGijn">Annelou Van Gijn</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Wentink, K., A.L. van Gijn \u0026 D. Fontijn (2011) Changing contexts, changing meanings: flint axes in Middle and Late Neolithic communities in the northern Netherlands. ","attachmentId":32986305,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6060380/Wentink_K_A_L_van_Gijn_and_D_Fontijn_2011_Changing_contexts_changing_meanings_flint_axes_in_Middle_and_Late_Neolithic_communities_in_the_northern_Netherlands","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6060380/Wentink_K_A_L_van_Gijn_and_D_Fontijn_2011_Changing_contexts_changing_meanings_flint_axes_in_Middle_and_Late_Neolithic_communities_in_the_northern_Netherlands"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="125615448" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/125615448/Neolithic_axeheads_from_depositions_in_Middle_and_Northern_Europe_as_representations_of_additional_time_investment">Neolithic axeheads from depositions in Middle and Northern Europe as representations of additional time investment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="543005" href="https://fu-berlin.academia.edu/MichaelM%C3%BCller">Michael Müller</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The social value of prehistoric axes – new archaeological and archaeometric approaches, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Funnel Beaker Culture (TRB; 4100–2800 BC) is characterised by remarkable collective achievements, including megalithic graves, causewayed enclosures, and hoards. Among the depositions, apart from those containing amber beads, ceramic vessels, copper objects, or bones, those featuring flint axeheads are predominant. These axeheads are frequently between 20 to 50 cm in length and required the expertise of specialists and high-quality flint for their production. Archaeological experiments reveal that their manufacturing lasted several net-hours, possibly spread across multiple days, with the laborious grinding process alone consuming several dozens of hours. The cumulative time invested, encompassing resource acquisition, preparation by specialists in the form of experienced flint knappers, and hours of grinding, as well as their only very inadequately reconstructable utilization phase, eventually accumulates in these hoards. While the TRB represents the first fully Neolithic culture of Northern Europe, its distinctive phenomena are essentially an elaboration of those observed in the Early to Younger Neolithic groups of Central Europe (Müller 2023). During the Early Neolithic (5500– 4900 BC) and Middle Neolithic (4900–4400 BC) periods in that region, over-sized adze heads, shaft-hole axeheads, and axeheads of actinolite-hornblende schist (hereinafter referred to as AHS) were already being deposited, never to be retrieved. The bearers of the successive Younger Neolithic Michelsberg Culture (4400–3500 BC) deposited very large axeheads made from various materials, mostly jadeitite, eclogite and omphacitite (hereinafter referred to as Alpine rocks). The extraction and production of these axeheads, as seen later in the TRB, were highly elaborate. Furthermore, they were transported over long distances in exchange networks, modified regionally, and accumulated over an extended period. The presented Neolithic depositions can thus be interpreted as accumulations of invested time, considering both their manufacturing efforts and the biography of their objects.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neolithic axeheads from depositions in Middle and Northern Europe as representations of additional time investment","attachmentId":119625731,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125615448/Neolithic_axeheads_from_depositions_in_Middle_and_Northern_Europe_as_representations_of_additional_time_investment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/125615448/Neolithic_axeheads_from_depositions_in_Middle_and_Northern_Europe_as_representations_of_additional_time_investment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="114313625" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/114313625/How_to_finish_your_Neolithic_axe_Experimental_archaeology_and_optical_microscopy_a_study_of_grinding_and_polishing_traces_on_flint_axes_from_Vlaardingen_Culture_3400_2500_BCE_settlements">How to finish your Neolithic axe? Experimental archaeology and optical microscopy, a study of grinding and polishing traces on flint axes from Vlaardingen Culture (3400-2500 BCE) settlements</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8680057" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/LassevandenDikkenberg">Lasse van den Dikkenberg</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The ubiquitous flint axes of the Dutch Vlaardingen Culture (3400-2500 BCE) were not locally produced, but imported from flint mining areas in Belgium and Dutch Limburg. At present a systematic study of grinding and polishing traces on these axes is lacking. This study presents a series of experiments which created a suitable reference collection for studying grinding and polishing traces on these flint axes. Four archaeological case studies from the western Netherlands are selected to investigate the variability in production traces on axes and axe fragments between these sites and between different production centres. It can be observed that marked differences exist between the sites and that these are not related to a difference in terms of flint sources, from which the axes were imported. This study revealed hidden complexities in the flint exchange networks in this period. This raised new questions as to where the polishing of these axes took place.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"How to finish your Neolithic axe? Experimental archaeology and optical microscopy, a study of grinding and polishing traces on flint axes from Vlaardingen Culture (3400-2500 BCE) settlements","attachmentId":111044656,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114313625/How_to_finish_your_Neolithic_axe_Experimental_archaeology_and_optical_microscopy_a_study_of_grinding_and_polishing_traces_on_flint_axes_from_Vlaardingen_Culture_3400_2500_BCE_settlements","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/114313625/How_to_finish_your_Neolithic_axe_Experimental_archaeology_and_optical_microscopy_a_study_of_grinding_and_polishing_traces_on_flint_axes_from_Vlaardingen_Culture_3400_2500_BCE_settlements"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="100904640" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100904640/Recycling_Neolithic_Axes_An_Experiment_Re_using_Polished_Axes_as_a_Flint_Source_for_the_Creation_of_Small_Tools">Recycling Neolithic Axes: An Experiment Re-using Polished Axes as a Flint Source for the Creation of Small Tools</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8680057" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/LassevandenDikkenberg">Lasse van den Dikkenberg</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Lithic Technology, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In the western Netherlands Neolithic axes are hardly ever found in a complete state. Flint is scarce in this area and when these axes were exhausted, or when they broke during use, they were often re-used as flake cores. Vlaardingen Culture (3400-2500 BC) sites often yield large quantities of flakes and retouched tools made on polished axe fragments. Using an experimental approach, we tried to better understand the importance of recycling of these objects. For the experiments we reconstructed four so-called Buren axes. The experiments provided insights into the usefulness of broken axes as flake cores. It was also demonstrated that flakes struck from axes generally do not have a remnant of a polished surface, indicating that the importance of broken axes as flake cores has so far been underestimated. Furthermore, it was concluded that micro-debitage can successfully be studied to identify areas where broken axes were flaked.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Recycling Neolithic Axes: An Experiment Re-using Polished Axes as a Flint Source for the Creation of Small Tools","attachmentId":101593399,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100904640/Recycling_Neolithic_Axes_An_Experiment_Re_using_Polished_Axes_as_a_Flint_Source_for_the_Creation_of_Small_Tools","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100904640/Recycling_Neolithic_Axes_An_Experiment_Re_using_Polished_Axes_as_a_Flint_Source_for_the_Creation_of_Small_Tools"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="231952" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/231952/Ceci_Nest_Pas_Une_Hache_Neolithic_Depositions_in_the_Northern_Netherlands">Ceci N'est Pas Une Hache: Neolithic Depositions in the Northern Netherlands</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="177253" href="https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/KarstenWentink">Karsten Wentink</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">As early as the 19th century discoveries of groups of large axes puzzled those confronted with them. The fact that most were found in waterlogged places in particular formed the basis of speculation as to the nature of these objects. In this Research Master thesis, the character and significance of TRB flint axe depositions are explored. The first part of this thesis is mainly concerned with the question how selective deposition was structured. By means of metrical, spatial and functional analysis, patterns are explored that can shed light on the actions performed by people in the past. The second part of this thesis deals with the meaning and significance of TRB flint axe depositions. Why did people in the past do the things they did, how were these actions meaningful and important? Using sociological theory and ethnographic evidence an interpretation is presented based on the empirically observed patterns. Book can be bought at www.sidestone.com or www.oxbowbooks.com</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ceci N'est Pas Une Hache: Neolithic Depositions in the Northern Netherlands","attachmentId":931633,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/231952/Ceci_Nest_Pas_Une_Hache_Neolithic_Depositions_in_the_Northern_Netherlands","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/231952/Ceci_Nest_Pas_Une_Hache_Neolithic_Depositions_in_the_Northern_Netherlands"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="38378422" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38378422/Schultrich_2018_Flint_and_Bronze_in_Late_Neolithic_Schleswig_Holstein">Schultrich 2018, Flint and Bronze in Late Neolithic Schleswig-Holstein</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="19577518" href="https://uni-kiel.academia.edu/SebastianSchultrich">Sebastian Schultrich</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Flint and Bronze in Late Neolithic Schleswig-Holstein: Distribution, contexts and meanings, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper presents the first comprehensive compilation of Late Neolithic (c. 2350 – 1700 BC) metal artefacts found in modern-day Schleswig-Holstein. In addition, flint hoards and burials with flint daggers have been examined in order to investigate the meaning of certain objects which are considered to be connected with status. It has been demonstrated that the area of Schleswig-Holstein was of importance for Late Neolithic and Bronze Age exchange between central Europe and southern Scandinavia. It has also been argued that certain objects had different meanings depending on choice of material, shape, and context. For example, a bronze dagger is recognized as being essentially different than a flint dagger and, even within the objects class of flint daggers, different meanings and functions were present. Generally, metal objects were deposited in Late Neolithic southern Scandinavian and central European burials infrequently. However, in southwestern Schleswig-Holstein, burials are the predominant context in which early metal objects appear. Late Neolithic flint daggers and Younger Neolithic battle axes share this property. Whereas these objects appear in great numbers as single finds everywhere in the investigation area, their frequency in burial contexts varies greatly between sub-regions of Schleswig-Holstein. In the southwest, they are common components in graves; in the easternmost areas they are almost completely absent in burials. This bipolar situation is very clearly pronounced during the Late Neolithic period in Schleswig-Holstein. A closer look at northeastern Germany and Jutland suggests that similar differences existed in other regions as well, although less conspicuously. The similar distribution patterns of metal artefacts, flint daggers and battle axes furthermore demonstrate that geographically distinctive treatments of Late Neolithic status artefacts can be traced back to the Younger Neolithic. Different land use strategies, moreover, were presumably already established in the Middle Neolithic. This indicates that these differences, which might be linked to distinctive perceptions of the collective and the individual sphere, seemingly derived from Middle Neolithic or even earlier traditions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Schultrich 2018, Flint and Bronze in Late Neolithic Schleswig-Holstein","attachmentId":58433302,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38378422/Schultrich_2018_Flint_and_Bronze_in_Late_Neolithic_Schleswig_Holstein","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38378422/Schultrich_2018_Flint_and_Bronze_in_Late_Neolithic_Schleswig_Holstein"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="86160981" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86160981/Hoards_from_the_Neolithic_to_the_Metal_Ages_Technical_and_codified_practices_Session_of_the_XIth_Annual_Meeting_of_the_European_Association_of_Archaeologists">Hoards from the Neolithic to the Metal Ages: Technical and codified practices. Session of the XIth Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1302667" href="https://culturecommunication-fr.academia.edu/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dicteQUILLIEC">Bénédicte QUILLIEC</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The aim of the present paper is to explore the nature of the Dutch Middle Neolithic flint axe depositions and interpret these on a cultural level. These axes associated with the Funnel Beaker Culture are often retrieved from waterlogged places either single or as part of multiple object hoards. By means of a metrical, micro-wear and spatial analysis it will be demonstrated that these objects are remnants of a highly structured phenomenon that was practiced throughout the research area. Samenvatting: Het doel van het huidige artikel is een overzicht te geven van de Nederlandse midden-neolithische deposities en deze te interpreteren op een cultureel niveau. Deze bijlen, welke toegeschreven worden aan de Trechterbeker cultuur, zijn vooral gevonden in moerassige plekken, zowel alleen of als onderdeel van een meervoudig depot. Door middel van een metrische-, gebruikssporen-, en ruimtelijk-analyse zal worden aangetoond dat deze objecten onderdeel uitmaken van een uiterst gestructureerd fenomeen dat ten uitvoer werd gebracht in het gehele onderzoeksgebied.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hoards from the Neolithic to the Metal Ages: Technical and codified practices. Session of the XIth Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists","attachmentId":90678758,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86160981/Hoards_from_the_Neolithic_to_the_Metal_Ages_Technical_and_codified_practices_Session_of_the_XIth_Annual_Meeting_of_the_European_Association_of_Archaeologists","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86160981/Hoards_from_the_Neolithic_to_the_Metal_Ages_Technical_and_codified_practices_Session_of_the_XIth_Annual_Meeting_of_the_European_Association_of_Archaeologists"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="17310103" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17310103/_2010_Neolithic_Axe_Quarries_and_Flint_Mines_Towards_an_Ethnography_of_Prehistoric_Extraction">(2010) Neolithic Axe Quarries and Flint Mines: Towards an Ethnography of Prehistoric Extraction.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3769741" href="https://newcastle-au.academia.edu/PeterTopping">Peter Topping</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper attempts to draw contrasts between the Neolithic flint mines and stone-axe quarry sites (traditionally referred to as axe 'factories' in the UK) to explore similarities and differences between these two forms of extraction. Both site types emerged around 4000 BC at the beginning of the Neolithic period and faded from use when the first metal objects were being introduced c. 2300 BC. Geologically, the axe 'factories' are located in the uplands of the north and west of the UK, whereas the flint mines are largely restricted to the relatively low-lying chalk of southern England with a further two sites on secondary gravels in Aberdeenshire in north-east Scotland (cf. Saville 2005). The paper will build upon previous discussions (Barber et alTopping and Lynott 2005) and review a number of pertinent themes: e.g. the role of ritualised journeys to stone and flint sources, locational preferences, the evidence for ritualised extraction, and the use-life and cultural role of artefacts of mined stone. It is hoped that the evidence presented here will move the debate forward towards a social contextualisation of extraction and explore the dichotomy and interplay between ritualised and functional procurement.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"(2010) Neolithic Axe Quarries and Flint Mines: Towards an Ethnography of Prehistoric Extraction.","attachmentId":39427992,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17310103/_2010_Neolithic_Axe_Quarries_and_Flint_Mines_Towards_an_Ethnography_of_Prehistoric_Extraction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17310103/_2010_Neolithic_Axe_Quarries_and_Flint_Mines_Towards_an_Ethnography_of_Prehistoric_Extraction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="963743" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/963743/Knowledge_Know_how_and_Raw_Material_The_Production_of_Late_Neolithic_Flint_Daggers_in_Scandinavia">Knowledge, Know-how and Raw Material-The Production of Late Neolithic Flint Daggers in Scandinavia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="670243" href="https://su-se.academia.edu/JanApel">Jan Apel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this paper, the craftsmanship of the Late Neolithic flint daggers in Scandianvia is investigated. The purpose of the investigation is to map the degree of skill invested in each production stage of the daggers and then relate the degree of craftsmanship to social factors. This is achieved by applying an operational-chain approach to the dagger production system, and by comparison with anthropologically and historically documented crafts in traditional societies. It is concluded that the daggers required knowledge of complicated recipes of action as well as a welldeveloped muscle memory that can only be acquired through practice. Thus, the craft is interpreted as demanding some form of an institutionalised apprenticeship system that could guarantee that it could be reproduced for at least 24 generations. It is further suggested that the flint dagger technology was consciously organised to keep the recipes of action of the technology exclusive to certain segments of the society.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Knowledge, Know-how and Raw Material-The Production of Late Neolithic Flint Daggers in Scandinavia","attachmentId":5892049,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/963743/Knowledge_Know_how_and_Raw_Material_The_Production_of_Late_Neolithic_Flint_Daggers_in_Scandinavia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/963743/Knowledge_Know_how_and_Raw_Material_The_Production_of_Late_Neolithic_Flint_Daggers_in_Scandinavia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":1789680,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":1789680,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_1789680" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="4916277" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4916277/From_Marginalisation_to_Specialisation_Scandinavian_Flint_Dagger_Production_During_the_Second_Wave_of_Neolithisation">From Marginalisation to Specialisation: Scandinavian Flint-Dagger Production During the Second Wave of Neolithisation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="670243" href="https://su-se.academia.edu/JanApel">Jan Apel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Knutsson, H. 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Uppsala.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"From Marginalisation to Specialisation: Scandinavian Flint-Dagger Production During the Second Wave of Neolithisation","attachmentId":32179875,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4916277/From_Marginalisation_to_Specialisation_Scandinavian_Flint_Dagger_Production_During_the_Second_Wave_of_Neolithisation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4916277/From_Marginalisation_to_Specialisation_Scandinavian_Flint_Dagger_Production_During_the_Second_Wave_of_Neolithisation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="78307788" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78307788/The_Ideological_Significance_of_Flint_for_Neolithic_and_Bronze_Age_Communities_in_the_Rhine_Meuse_Delta_of_The_Netherlands">The Ideological Significance of Flint for Neolithic and Bronze Age Communities in the Rhine/Meuse Delta of The Netherlands</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="498338" href="https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/AnnelouVanGijn">Annelou Van Gijn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Materialitas, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Ideological Significance of Flint for Neolithic and Bronze Age Communities in the Rhine/Meuse Delta of The Netherlands","attachmentId":85400907,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/78307788/The_Ideological_Significance_of_Flint_for_Neolithic_and_Bronze_Age_Communities_in_the_Rhine_Meuse_Delta_of_The_Netherlands","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/78307788/The_Ideological_Significance_of_Flint_for_Neolithic_and_Bronze_Age_Communities_in_the_Rhine_Meuse_Delta_of_The_Netherlands"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="42119155" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42119155/Ugly_but_pure_A_votive_deposit_of_as_cast_axes_from_Emmerhout_prov_Drenthe_The_Netherlands_">Ugly, but pure! A votive deposit of as-cast axes from Emmerhout (prov. Drenthe, The Netherlands)?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="558797" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BastiaanSteffens">Bastiaan Steffens</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="946613" href="https://rug.academia.edu/StijnArnoldussen">stijn arnoldussen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">LUNULA XXVIII, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ugly, but pure! A votive deposit of as-cast axes from Emmerhout (prov. Drenthe, The Netherlands)?","attachmentId":62252903,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/42119155/Ugly_but_pure_A_votive_deposit_of_as_cast_axes_from_Emmerhout_prov_Drenthe_The_Netherlands_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/42119155/Ugly_but_pure_A_votive_deposit_of_as_cast_axes_from_Emmerhout_prov_Drenthe_The_Netherlands_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="13596600" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title 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