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mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Timbuktu rootpage-Timbuktu skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Pumunta sa nilalaman</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Pangunahing pagpipilian" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pangunahing pagpipilian" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Pangunahing pagpipilian </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pangunahing pagpipilian</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">itago</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Maglibot </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" title="Puntahan ang unang pahina [z]" accesskey="z">Unang pahina</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tingnan_ang_buod" title="Mga gabay sa pagbabasa ng laktaw-laktaw sa Wikipedia">Mga nilalaman</a></li><li id="n-Napiling-nilalaman" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mga_napiling_artikulo">Napiling nilalaman</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Alin_man" title="Magpalabas ng kahit-anong artikulo [x]" accesskey="x">Alinmang artikulo</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patungkol">Patungkol sa Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kasalukuyang_pangyayari" title="Hanapin ang mga impormasyon tungkol sa mga kamakailang kaganapan">Mga kaganapan</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Natatanging_mga_pahina">Natatanging pahina</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Pakikihalubilo" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Pakikihalubilo" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pakikihalubilo </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Puntahan_ng_pamayanan" title="Tungkol sa proyekto, ano ang maari mong gawin, at kung saan maari maghanap ng mga bagay">Pamayanan</a></li><li id="n-Kapihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kapihan">Kapihan</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_huling_binago" title="Tala ng mga huling pagbabago sa wiki. [r]" accesskey="r">Mga huling binago</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Makipag-ugnayan_sa_amin" title="Paano makokontak ang Wikipedia">Makipag-ugnayan</a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tulong" title="Ang lugar para maghanap ng tulong sa Wikipedia.">Tulong</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ang Malayang Ensiklopedya" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-tl.svg" width="119" height="13" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Maghanap" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Hanapin </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" aria-label="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Natatangi:Maghanap"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Hanapin</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itsura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itsura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Itsura </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl" class="">Donasyon</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Timbuktu" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito" class="">Gumawa ng account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Timbuktu" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Mag-login</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Marami pang pagpipilian" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Mga pansariling kagamitan </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl">Donasyon</a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Contribute"> Mag-ambag</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Timbuktu" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito"> Gumawa ng account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Timbuktu" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o"> Mag-login</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mga pahina para sa naka-logout na mga patnugot o editor <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maligayang_pagdating!" aria-label="Alamin pa ang tungkol sa pagpapatnugot">alamin pa</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Usapan_ko" title="Usapang tungkol sa mga pagbabagong ginawa sa ip address na ito [n]" accesskey="n">Usapan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Mga nilalaman" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mga nilalaman</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">itago</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Simula</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Toponomiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponomiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Toponomiya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponomiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistorya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistorya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Prehistorya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistorya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kasaysayan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasaysayan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Kasaysayan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kasaysayan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heograpiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heograpiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Heograpiya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heograpiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Klima </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Ekonomiya </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekonomiya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Ekonomiya </button> <ul id="toc-Ekonomiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pangangalakal_ng_asin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pangangalakal_ng_asin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Pangangalakal ng asin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pangangalakal_ng_asin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agrikultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agrikultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Agrikultura </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agrikultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turismo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turismo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Turismo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turismo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mga_atake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_atake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Mga atake </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_atake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_maagang_salaysay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_maagang_salaysay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Mga maagang salaysay </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mga_maagang_salaysay-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Mga maagang salaysay </button> <ul id="toc-Mga_maagang_salaysay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leo_Africanus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leo_Africanus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Leo Africanus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leo_Africanus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shabeni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shabeni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Shabeni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shabeni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sining_at_kultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sining_at_kultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sining at kultura </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sining_at_kultura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Sining at kultura </button> <ul id="toc-Sining_at_kultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mga_pagdiriwang_pang-kultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_pagdiriwang_pang-kultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Mga pagdiriwang pang-kultura </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_pagdiriwang_pang-kultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pandaigdigang_Pamanang_Pook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandaigdigang_Pamanang_Pook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Pandaigdigang Pamanang Pook </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pandaigdigang_Pamanang_Pook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paglusob_ng_mga_pundamentalistang_Muslim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paglusob_ng_mga_pundamentalistang_Muslim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Paglusob ng mga pundamentalistang Muslim </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paglusob_ng_mga_pundamentalistang_Muslim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edukasyon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edukasyon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Edukasyon </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Edukasyon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Edukasyon </button> <ul id="toc-Edukasyon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sentro_ng_kaalaman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sentro_ng_kaalaman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Sentro ng kaalaman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sentro_ng_kaalaman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_manuskrito_at_mga_aklatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_manuskrito_at_mga_aklatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Mga manuskrito at mga aklatan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_manuskrito_at_mga_aklatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Wika </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suludkayarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suludkayarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Suludkayarian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suludkayarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sa_kalinangang_tanyag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sa_kalinangang_tanyag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sa kalinangang tanyag </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sa_kalinangang_tanyag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magkakambal_na_bayan_–_magkakapatid_na_lungsod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magkakambal_na_bayan_–_magkakapatid_na_lungsod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Magkakambal na bayan – magkakapatid na lungsod </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magkakambal_na_bayan_–_magkakapatid_na_lungsod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tingnan_din" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tingnan_din"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Tingnan din </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tingnan_din-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_tala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_tala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Mga tala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_tala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_sanggunian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_sanggunian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Mga sanggunian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_sanggunian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karagdagang_pagbabasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karagdagang_pagbabasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Karagdagang pagbabasa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karagdagang_pagbabasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_kawing_panlabas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_kawing_panlabas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Mga kawing panlabas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_kawing_panlabas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mga nilalaman" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Talaan ng mga Nilalaman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Timbuktu</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pumunta sa isang artikulo na nakasulat sa ibang wika. Mayroon ito sa 108 (na) wika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" > 108 wika </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timboektoe" title="Timboektoe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Timboektoe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbukt%C3%BA" title="Timbuktú – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Timbuktú" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88" title="تمبكتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تمبكتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88" title="تمبكتو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تمبكتو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombuct%C3%BA" title="Tombuctú – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tombuctú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuktu" title="Tumbuktu – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tumbuktu" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88" title="تیمبوکتو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تیمبوکتو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Тамбукту – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тамбукту" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Тимбукту – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тимбукту" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouktou" title="Tombouktou – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tombouktou" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuctu" title="Timbuctu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Timbuctu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou" title="Tombouctou – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tombouctou" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Τιμπουκτού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τιμπουκτού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktuo" title="Timbuktuo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Timbuktuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombuct%C3%BA" title="Tombuctú – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tombuctú" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88" title="تیمبوکتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیمبوکتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mfantse</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou" title="Tombouctou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tombouctou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu_(Steed)" title="Timbuktu (Steed) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Timbuktu (Steed)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timb%C3%BBkt%C3%BB" title="Timbûktû – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Timbûktû" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbeact%C3%BA" title="Timbeactú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Timbeactú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiombuctu" title="Tiombuctu – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tiombuctu" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou" title="Tombouctou – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tombouctou" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%81" title="ટિમ્બક્ટુ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ટિમ્બક્ટુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95" title="טימבוקטו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טימבוקטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82" title="टिम्बकटू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टिम्बकटू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timb%C3%BAkt%C3%BA" title="Timbúktú – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Timbúktú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuct%C3%B9" title="Timbuctù – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Timbuctù" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5" title="トンブクトゥ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トンブクトゥ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3" title="ტომბუქტუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტომბუქტუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Buktu" title="Tin Buktu – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tin Buktu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Томбукту – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Томбукту" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81" title="ಟಿಂಬಕ್ಟು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟಿಂಬಕ್ಟು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%80%EB%B6%81%ED%88%AC" title="팀북투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팀북투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombutum" title="Tombutum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tombutum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timboektoe" title="Timboektoe – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Timboektoe" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombuktu" title="Tombuktu – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tombuktu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="तिमबुक्तु – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तिमबुक्तु" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Тимбукту – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Тимбукту" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou" title="Tombouctou – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tombouctou" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82" title="റ്റിംബക്റ്റൂ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റ്റിംബക്റ്റൂ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Moore</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82" title="टिंबक्टू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टिंबक्टू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="तिमबुक्तु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तिमबुक्तु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timboektoe_(stad)" title="Timboektoe (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Timboektoe (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timboct%C3%B3" title="Timboctó – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Timboctó" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82" title="ਤਿੰਬਕਤੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਿੰਬਕਤੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%85%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%B9%D9%88" title="ٹمبکٹو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹمبکٹو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombuctu" title="Tombuctu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tombuctu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou" title="Tombouctou – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tombouctou" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Томбукту – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Томбукту" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuct%C3%B9" title="Timbuctù – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Timbuctù" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%85%D8%A8%DA%AA%D9%BD%D9%88" title="ٽمبڪٽو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽمبڪٽو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu_(mesto)" title="Timbuktu (mesto) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Timbuktu (mesto)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Тимбукту – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тимбукту" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="திம்பக்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திம்பக்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9" title="ทิมบักตู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทิมบักตู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu_na_%C9%94kyer%C9%9Bwee" title="Timbuktu na ɔkyerɛwee – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Timbuktu na ɔkyerɛwee" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Тімбукту – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тімбукту" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%85%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%B9%D9%88" title="ٹمبکٹو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹمبکٹو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombuktu" title="Tombuktu – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tombuktu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E5%9B%BE" title="廷巴克图 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="廷巴克图" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95" title="טימבוקטו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טימבוקטו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Timbuktu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93" title="ⵜⵉⵏⴱⵓⴽⵜⵓ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵉⵏⴱⵓⴽⵜⵓ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%B8%83%E5%9B%BE" title="通布图 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="通布图" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%B8%83%E5%9C%96" title="通布圖 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="通布圖" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou" title="Tombouctou – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tombouctou" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%80%91%E5%9C%96" title="湯瀑圖 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="湯瀑圖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9427#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Baguhin ang link sa ibang wika" class="wbc-editpage">baguhin ang mga link</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Tingnan ang nilalaman [c]" accesskey="c">Artikulo</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Usapan:Timbuktu" rel="discussion" title="Usapan tungkol sa nilalaman nito [t]" accesskey="t">Usapan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ibahin ang baryante o variant ng wika" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tagalog </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Mga tingin"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Timbuktu">Basahin</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit" title="Baguhin ito [v]" accesskey="v">Baguhin</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit" title="Baguhin ang kodigong batayan ng pahinang ito [e]" accesskey="e">Baguhin ang wikitext</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=history" title="Nakaraang pagbabago sa pahinang ito [h]" accesskey="h">Tingnan ang kasaysayan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mga kagamitan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Mga kagamitan </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mga kagamitan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">itago</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mga aksyon </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Timbuktu">Basahin</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit" title="Baguhin ito [v]" accesskey="v">Baguhin</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit" title="Baguhin ang kodigong batayan ng pahinang ito [e]" accesskey="e">Baguhin ang wikitext</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=history">Tingnan ang kasaysayan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pangkalahatan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Ano_ang_nakakawing_dito/Timbuktu" title="Talaan ng mga pahinang wiking nakaturo rito. [j]" accesskey="j">Mga nakaturo rito</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Nakakawing_ng_kamakailang_pagbabago/Timbuktu" rel="nofollow" title="Mga huling binago sa mga kaugnay na pahina mula sa pahinang ito [k]" accesskey="k">Kaugnay na pagbabago</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=tl" title="Magkarga ng mga larawan o iba pang midya [u]" accesskey="u">Mag-upload ng file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&oldid=2131468" title="Ibigay ang palagiang kawing para sa kasalukuyang bersyon ng pahinang ito">Permanenteng link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=info" title="More information about this page">Impormasyon ng pahina</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Sipiin&page=Timbuktu&id=2131468&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Impormasyon sa pagsangguni sa pahinang ito">Sumangguni</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTimbuktu">Kumuha ng pinaikling URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTimbuktu">I-download ang QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> I-print/I-export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Aklat&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Timbuktu">Lumikha ng isang aklat</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Timbuktu&action=show-download-screen">I-download bilang PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&printable=yes" title="Ipakita ang bersyon ng pahinang itong madaling maililimbag [p]" accesskey="p">Bersyong mapi-print</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sa iba pang proyekto </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9427" title="Link sa nakakonektang item sa repositoryo ng datos [g]" accesskey="g">Item na Wikidata</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itsura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itsura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">itago</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Mula sa Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tl" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1971697">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:23em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:1.25em; white-space:nowrap"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Timbuktu</div> <div class="nickname" style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;">Tinbuktu (ⵜⵉⵏⴱⵓⴽⵜⵓ) / Tombouctou</div> <div class="nickname" style="font-size:78%;display:inline;">Timbuctoo</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#cddeff; font-weight:bold;"><div class="category">Lungsod</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Transkripsyong  </th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koyra_Chiini_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koyra Chiini language (hindi pa naisusulat)">Koyra Chiini</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Tumbutu</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Timbuktu_Mosque_Sankore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madrasang Sankore sa Timbuktu"><img alt="Madrasang Sankore sa Timbuktu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Timbuktu_Mosque_Sankore.jpg/250px-Timbuktu_Mosque_Sankore.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Timbuktu_Mosque_Sankore.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><div style="padding:0.4em 0 0 0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sankore_Madrasah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sankore Madrasah (hindi pa naisusulat)">Madrasang Sankore</a> sa Timbuktu</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mapang nagpapakita ng pangunahing trans-Saharang rutang karaban sirka 1400. Ipinapakita rin ang Imperyong Ghana (hanggang sa ika-13 siglo) at ika-13 – ika-15 siglong Imperyong Mali. Tandaan ang kanlurang ruta na bumabagtas mula sa Djenné sa pamamagitan ng Timbuktu patungo sa Sijilmassa. Kasalukuyang Niger sa dilaw."><img alt="Mapang nagpapakita ng pangunahing trans-Saharang rutang karaban sirka 1400. Ipinapakita rin ang Imperyong Ghana (hanggang sa ika-13 siglo) at ika-13 – ika-15 siglong Imperyong Mali. Tandaan ang kanlurang ruta na bumabagtas mula sa Djenné sa pamamagitan ng Timbuktu patungo sa Sijilmassa. Kasalukuyang Niger sa dilaw." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG/250px-Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG/375px-Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG/500px-Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="326" /></a><div style="padding:0.3em 0 0 0;">Mapang nagpapakita ng pangunahing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Sahara_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-Sahara trade (hindi pa naisusulat)">trans-Saharang rutang karaban</a> sirka 1400. Ipinapakita rin ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperyong_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperyong Ghana (hindi pa naisusulat)">Imperyong Ghana</a> (hanggang sa ika-13 siglo) at ika-13 – ika-15 siglong <a href="/wiki/Imperyong_Mali" title="Imperyong Mali">Imperyong Mali</a>. Tandaan ang kanlurang ruta na bumabagtas mula sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Djenn%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djenné (hindi pa naisusulat)">Djenné</a> sa pamamagitan ng Timbuktu patungo sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sijilmassa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sijilmassa (hindi pa naisusulat)">Sijilmassa</a>. Kasalukuyang <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> sa dilaw.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bansa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mali" class="mw-disambig" title="Mali">Mali</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rehiyon</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tombouctou_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tombouctou Region (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tombouctou Region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cercle</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu_Cercle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timbuktu Cercle (hindi pa naisusulat)">Timbuktu Cercle</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">Ika-5 siglo BK</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Pamahalaan<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Alkalde</th><td class="infobox-data">Hallé Ousmane</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Taas<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">261 m (856 tal)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Populasyon<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"> (2009)<a href="#cite_note-population-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Kabuuan</th><td class="infobox-data">54,453</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Köppen climate classification (hindi pa naisusulat)">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desert_climate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desert climate (hindi pa naisusulat)">BWh</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1971697"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #FFE153; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandaigdigang_Pamanang_Pook" title="Pandaigdigang Pamanang Pook">Pandaigdigang Pamanang Pook ng UNESCO</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Pamantayan</th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: ii, iv, v</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Sanggunian</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/119">119</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1988 (ika-12 sesyon)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Nanganganib</th><td class="infobox-data">1990-2005; 2012-kasalukuyan</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Ang Timbuktu (<a href="/wiki/Mga_wikang_Berber" title="Mga wikang Berber">Mga wikang Berber</a>: ⵜⵏⴱⴾⵜⵓ, ⵜⵉⵏⴱⵓⴽⵜⵓ; <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Pranses" title="Wikang Pranses">Pranses</a>: Tombouctou; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikang_Koyra_Chiini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikang Koyra Chiini (hindi pa naisusulat)">Koyra Chiini</a>: Tumbutu) ay isang sinaunang lungsod sa <a href="/wiki/Mali_(bansa)" title="Mali (bansa)">Mali</a>, na nakatayo sa 20 kilometro (12 milya) hilaga ng <a href="/wiki/Ilog_Niger" title="Ilog Niger">Ilog Niger</a>. Ang bayang ito ay kabisera ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timbuktu Region (hindi pa naisusulat)">Rehiyon ng Timbuktu</a>, isa sa walong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regions_of_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regions of Mali (hindi pa naisusulat)">administratibong rehiyon ng Mali</a>. Ito ay may populasyon na 54,453 sa senso noong 2009. Nagsimula bilang isang pana-panahon na paninirahan, ang Timbuktu ay naging permanenteng paninirahan sa maagang ika-12 siglo. Pagkatapos ng paglilipat ng mga <a href="/wiki/Ruta_ng_kalakalan" title="Ruta ng kalakalan">ruta ng kalakalan</a>, lumago ang Timbuktu mula sa kalakalan sa asin, ginto, garing at mga alipin. Naging bahagi ito ng <a href="/wiki/Imperyong_Mali" title="Imperyong Mali">Imperyong Mali</a> noong unang bahagi ng ika-14 siglo. Sa unang kalahati ng ika-15 siglo, sandaling sinakop ng mga tribung <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuareg people (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tuareg</a> ang lungsod hanggang nilupig ng lumalawak na <a href="/wiki/Imperyong_Songhai" title="Imperyong Songhai">Imperyong Songhai</a> ang lungsod noong 1468. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tondibi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Tondibi (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tinalo</a> ng isang hukbong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saadi_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saadi dynasty (hindi pa naisusulat)">Morokano</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tondibi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Tondibi (hindi pa naisusulat)">ang Songhai noong 1591</a> at pinangalan ang Timbuktu, sa halip na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao (hindi pa naisusulat)">Gao</a> bilang kanilang kabisera. Nagtatag ang mga manlulupig ng bagong naghaharing uri, ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arma_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arma people (hindi pa naisusulat)">Arma</a>, na pagkatapos ng 1612 ay naging halos malaya mula sa Moroko. Gayunpaman, natapos na ang ginintuang edad ng lungsod, na kung saan isang sentro ng kaalaman at kultura ito ng Imperyo ng Mali, pumasok ito sa mahabang panahon ng paghina. Pinamamahalaan ang iba't ibang mga tribo hanggang <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Sudan (hindi pa naisusulat)">sinakop ito ng mga Pranses noong 1893</a>, isang sitwasyon na tumagal hanggang naging bahagi ito ng kasalukuyang <a href="/wiki/Mali_(bansa)" title="Mali (bansa)">Republika ng Mali</a> noong 1960. Sa kasalukuyan, mahirap ang Timbuktu at nagdudusa ito sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desertification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desertification (hindi pa naisusulat)">desertipikasyon</a>. Sa kanyang Ginintuang Edad, ang mararaming mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_scholar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic scholar (hindi pa naisusulat)">iskolar ng Islam</a> at malalawak na kalakalan ng bayan ay naging sanhi ng mahalagang kalakalan sa aklat: kapiling ang mga kampus ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sankore_Madrasah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sankore Madrasah (hindi pa naisusulat)">Madrasang Sankore</a>, isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madrasa (hindi pa naisusulat)">Islamikong unibersidad</a>, itinatag ang Timbuktu bilang isang sentro ng mga iskolar sa Aprika. Inilarawan ng maraming tanyag na makasaysayang manunulat, tulad ni Shabeni at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Africanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Africanus (hindi pa naisusulat)">Leo Africanus</a> ang Timbuktu. Dahil sa mga kwentong ito, lumakas ang mga haka-haka sa Europa, kung saan umiba ang reputasyon ng lungsod mula sa pagiging napakamayaman papunta sa pagiging mahiwaga. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponomiya">Toponomiya</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Toponomiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Toponomiya">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Caillie_1830_Timbuktu_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Caillie_1830_Timbuktu_view.jpg/220px-Caillie_1830_Timbuktu_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Caillie_1830_Timbuktu_view.jpg/330px-Caillie_1830_Timbuktu_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Caillie_1830_Timbuktu_view.jpg/440px-Caillie_1830_Timbuktu_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption> Timbuktu naghararap sa kanluran, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Cailli%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Caillié (hindi pa naisusulat)">René Caillié</a> (1830) </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Barth_1858_Timbuktu_from_terrace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Barth_1858_Timbuktu_from_terrace.jpg/220px-Barth_1858_Timbuktu_from_terrace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Barth_1858_Timbuktu_from_terrace.jpg/330px-Barth_1858_Timbuktu_from_terrace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Barth_1858_Timbuktu_from_terrace.jpg/440px-Barth_1858_Timbuktu_from_terrace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3263" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption> Tanawin ng Timbuktu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Barth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Barth (hindi pa naisusulat)">Heinrich Barth</a> (1858) </figcaption></figure> Sa paglipas ng mga siglo, nagkaiba-iba ang pagbabaybay ng Timbuktu: mula sa Tenbuch sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_Atlas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catalan Atlas (hindi pa naisusulat)">Atlas Catalano</a> (1375), papunta sa Thambet mula sa manlalakbay na si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Malfante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Malfante (hindi pa naisusulat)">Antonio Malfante</a>, na ginamit sa isang liham na isinulat niya noong 1447 at pinagtibay din ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvise_Cadamosto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alvise Cadamosto (hindi pa naisusulat)">Alvise Cadamosto</a> sa kanyang Voyages of Cadamosto, papunta sa Timbúktu ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Barth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Barth (hindi pa naisusulat)">Heinrich Barth</a> at Timbu'ktu. Madalas lumilitaw ang Pranses na pagbabaybay sa internasyonal na sanggunian bilang "Tombouctou". Bukod sa kanyang pagbabaybay, bukas pa rin sa talakayan ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toponymy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toponymy (hindi pa naisusulat)">toponomiya</a> ng Timbuktu.<a href="#cite_note-Pelizzo-2">[2]</a> Inilarawan ang hindi bababa sa apat na posibleng pinagmulan ng pangalan ng Timbuktu: <ul><li>Pinagmulang Songhai: naniwala si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Africanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Africanus (hindi pa naisusulat)">Leo Africanus</a> at Heinrich Barth na nagmula ang pangalan mula sa dalawang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhay_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Songhay languages (hindi pa naisusulat)">salitang Songhai</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Pelizzo-2">[2]</a> Isininulat ni Leo Africanus na pinangalanan ang Kaharian ng Tombuto mula sa isang bayan na kapangalan, na itinatag noong 1213 o 1214 ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mansa_(title)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mansa (title) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mansa</a> <a href="/wiki/Suleyman" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Suleyman">Suleyman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeo_Africanus1896[httpsarchiveorgstreamhistoryanddescr02porygoogpagen140mode1up_824_Vol._3]-3">[3]</a> Binubuo ang salita mismo ng dalawang bahagi: tin (pader) at butu (Pader ng Butu). Hindi ipinaliwanag ni Africanus ang kahulugan ng Butu.<a href="#cite_note-Pelizzo-2">[2]</a> Sinulat ni Heinrich Barth: "Ganoon ang itinawag sa bayan, sapagkat ito ay orihinal na binuo sa isang guwang o lukab sa mga burol ng buhangin. Ang Tùmbutu ay nangangahulugang butas o sinapupunan sa wikang Songhai: kung ito ay isang Temáshight ( <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikang_Tamasheq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikang Tamasheq (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tamasheq</a>) na salita, Tinbuktu dapat ang pagsulat. Karaniwang binibigyang-kahulugan ang pangalan ng mga Europeo pati na rin ng Buktu (ang katumbas na salita sa <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Persyano" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikang Persyano">Persyano</a> ay bâkhtàr باختر = kung saan lumulubog ang araw, Kanluran), ngunit walang kinalaman ang tin sa well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarth1857[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidl74ZAAAAYAAJvqwellpgPA284vonepageqffalse_284_footnote_Vol._3]-4">[4]</a></li> <li>Pinagmulang Berber: Nagmumungkahi ang Malyanong mananalaysay na si Sekene Cissoko ng iba't ibang etimolohiya: nagbigay ang mga Tuareg na tagapagtatag ng lungsod ng isang <a href="/wiki/Mga_wikang_Berber" title="Mga wikang Berber">pangalang Berber</a> sa siyudad, isang salita na binubuo ng dalawang bahagi: tim, ang pambabaeng anyo ng In (lugar ng) at bouctou, isang maliit na burol ng buhangin. Dahil dito, nangangahulugang ang Timbuktu na "lugar na napapalibutan ng maliliit na burol ng buhangin".<a href="#cite_note-cissoko-5">[5]</a></li> <li>Naglahad si Abd al-Sadi ng ikatlong paliwanag sa kanyang ika-17 na siglo na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarikh_al-Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarikh al-Sudan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tarikh al-Sudan</a>: "Ginawa itong isang depot ng mga Tuareg para sa kanilang mga gamit at mga probisyon, at naging isang sangang daan ito para sa mga manlalakbay na parating at papunta. Ang nag-aasikaso sa kanilang pag-aari ay babaeng alipin na tinawag nilang Tinbuktu, na nangangahulugan sa kanilang wika na [ang may isang] 'bukol'. Ang pinagpalang lugar kung saan siya nagkampo ay ipinangalanan sa kanya."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick200329-6">[6]</a></li> <li>Ibinahagi ng Pranses na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental studies (hindi pa naisusulat)">dalubhasa sa Silangan</a> na si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Basset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Basset (hindi pa naisusulat)">René Basset</a> ng isa pang teorya: ang pangalan ay nagmumula sa ugat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zenaga_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zenaga language (hindi pa naisusulat)">Zenaga</a> na bkt, na nangangahulugang "upang maging malayo" o "nakatago", at ang pambabaeng pananong na katagang lata. Maaaring tumutukoy ang kahulugang "nakatago" sa lokasyon ng lungsod sa isang bahagyang guwang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick200329_note_4-7">[7]</a></li></ul> Nakasalalay ang katumpakan ng mga teoryang ito sa pagkakakilanlan ng mga orihinal na tagapagtatag ng lungsod: kamakailan lamang noong 2000, hindi natagpuan ng mga <a href="/wiki/Arkeolohiya" title="Arkeolohiya">pananaliksik-arkeolohikal</a> ang mga labing pinepetsa mula sa ika-11/ika-12 siglo sa loob ng mga limitasyon ng modernong lunsod na nagpapahirap sa paghuhukay ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desertification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desertification (hindi pa naisusulat)">mga metro ng buhangin</a> na naglibing sa labi sa nakalipas na mga siglo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsoll20029-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsoll2004-9">[9]</a> Nang walang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consensus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consensus (hindi pa naisusulat)">pinagkaisahan</a>, nananatiling hindi maliwanag ang etimolohiya ng Timbuktu. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistorya">Prehistorya</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Prehistorya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Prehistorya">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Tulad ng iba pang mga mahalagang medyebal na bayan sa Kanlurang Aprika tulad ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Djenn%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djenné (hindi pa naisusulat)">Djenné</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenn%C3%A9-Jeno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenné-Jeno (hindi pa naisusulat)">Jenné-Jeno</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao (hindi pa naisusulat)">Gao</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dia,_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dia, Mali (hindi pa naisusulat)">Dia</a>, nadiskubre ang mga paninirahan mula sa <a href="/wiki/Panahon_ng_Bakal" class="mw-redirect" title="Panahon ng Bakal">Panahon ng Bakal</a> malapit sa Timbuktu na nauna ang tradisyonal na petsang pagtatatag ng bayan. Kahit na hinadlang ng akumulasyon ng makakapal na buhangin ang arkeolohikong paghuhukay sa bayan mismo,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsoll2002-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsoll2004-9">[9]</a> umiimpis ang ilan sa mga nakapalibot na paysahe at naglalantad ng mga piraso ng palayukan sa ibabaw. Nagpakilala ang isang pagsisiyasat sa lugar nina Susan at Roderick McIntosh noong 1984 sa ilang mga lugar ng Panahong Bakal sa kahabaan ng el-Ahmar, isang sistemang wadi na nasa ilang kilometro sa silangan ng modernong bayan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntoshMcIntosh1986-11">[11]</a> Hinukay ang isang Panahong Bakal na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_(archaeology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell (archaeology) (hindi pa naisusulat)">tell</a> complex na natagpuan 9 kilometrong (6 milya) timog-silangan ng Timbuktu malapit sa Wadi el-Ahmar noong pagitan ng 2008 at 2010 ng mga arkeologo mula sa <a href="/wiki/Pamantasang_Yale" title="Pamantasang Yale">Pamantasang Yale</a> at ng Mission Culturelle de Tombouctou. Nagpapahiwatig ang mga resulta na unang inookupahan ang lugar sa panahon ng ika-5 siglo BK, lumago sa buong ikalawang kalahati ng ika-1 milyeno PK at sa huli ay bumagsak sa mga huli ng ika-10 o unang bahagi ng ika-11 siglo PK.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark2010-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark2011-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kasaysayan">Kasaysayan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kasaysayan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Kasaysayan">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Naging isang rehiyonal na sentro ng kalakalan ang Timbuktu noong mga <a href="/wiki/Panahong_medyebal" class="mw-redirect" title="Panahong medyebal">panahong medyebal</a>, kung saan nagkasalubong ang mga karaban upang makipagpalitan ng asin mula sa Ilang Sahara para sa ginto, garing, at mga alipin mula sa <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>, na maaaring naabutan sa pamamagitan ng malapit na Ilog Niger. Dumami ang populasyon (populasyon noong 2018: 32,460) mula sa 10,000 sa ika-13 siglo hanggang sa halos 50,000 sa ika-16 na siglo pagkatapos ng pagtatayo ng isang pangunahing unibersidad ng Islam, na umakit sa mga iskolar mula sa buong mundong Muslim. Noong siglong 1600, ang isang kombinasyon ng pagpurga ng isang monarkang inakusahan ang mga iskolar ng "pagtataksil" at paghina sa pangangalakal na dulot ng mas mataas na kumpetisyon mula sa mga bagong mga ruta sa paglayag sa Atlantiko ay naging sanhi ng dalisdis ng lungsod. Hindi dumating ang unang Europeong umabot sa Timbuktu, si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Gordon_Laing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Gordon Laing (hindi pa naisusulat)">Alexander Gordon Laing</a>, hanggang 1826, at noong dekada 1890 lamang isinama nang pormal ang Timbuktu sa kolonyang Pranses ng Mali. Ngayon, nananatili pa rin ang lungsod, ngunit hindi ganoong mahalaga sa heopolitikal na aspeto tulad ng dati. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heograpiya">Heograpiya</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Heograpiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Heograpiya">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Ang Timbuktu ay matatagpuan sa timog gilid ng <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> 15 kilometro (9 milya) sa hilaga ng pangunahing kanal ng Ilog Niger. Napapalibutan ang bayan ng burol ng buhangin at tinatakpan ang mga kalye ng buhangin. Ang daungan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabara,_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabara, Mali (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kabara</a> ay 8 kilometro (5 milya) mula sa timog ng bayan at konektado sa isang braso ng ilog sa pamamagitan ng isang kanal na 3 kilometro (2 milya). Lubhang nabanlikan ang kanal ngunit noong 2007 dinagrahan ito bilang bahagi ng isang proyektong pinondohan ng Libyano.<a href="#cite_note-retour-14">[14]</a> Ang taunang baha ng Ilog Niger ay bunga ng mabigat na pag-uulan sa mga pinanggaling ng mga ilog Niger at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bani_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bani River (hindi pa naisusulat)">Bani</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Ginea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginea">Ginea</a> at sa hilagang <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>. Inaabot ang tugatog ng dami ng ulan sa mga lugar na ito sa Agosto ngunit nangangailangan ng oras ang tubig-baha upang makapasa sa sistema ng ilog at sa pamamagitan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inner_Niger_Delta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inner Niger Delta (hindi pa naisusulat)">Panloob na Delta ng Niger</a>. Sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koulikoro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koulikoro (hindi pa naisusulat)">Koulikoro</a>, 60 kilometro (37 milya) ilawod mula sa <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a>, inaabot ang taluktok ng baha sa Setyembre,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> habang sa Timbuktu mas tumatagal ang baha at karaniwan ay umaabot sa rurok sa katapusan ng Disyembre.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Dati, mas malawak ang lugar na lubog sa tubig ng ilog at sa mga taon na may mataas na pag-ulan, umaabot ang tubig-baha sa kanluran ng labas ng Timbuktu mismo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacquard1900[httpgallicabnffrark12148bpt6k103743pf19image_12]-17">[17]</a> Ipinapakita ang isang maliit na sapa sa kanluran ng bayan sa mga mapa na inilathala ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Barth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Barth (hindi pa naisusulat)">Heinrich Barth</a> noong 1857<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarth1857[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidl74ZAAAAYAAJvqwellpgPA284vonepageqffalse_324]-18">[18]</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Dubois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Félix Dubois (hindi pa naisusulat)">Félix Dubois</a> noong 1896.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubois1896[httpsarchiveorgstreamtimbuctoomysteri00duborichpage196mode1up_196]-19">[19]</a> Sa kalagitnaan ng 1917 at 1921, sa panahong kolonyal, ipinanghukay ng Pranses ang mga alipin sa paggawa ng makitid na kanal na nag-uugnay sa Timbuktu at Kabara.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Sa paglipas ng mga sumusunod na dekada, nabanlikan ito at napuno ng buhangin, ngunit noong 2007 bilang bahagi ng proyekto ng pagdraga, muling hinukay ang kanal upang maging konektado muli sa Kabara ang Timbuktu kapag bumaha ang Ilog Niger.<a href="#cite_note-retour-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-lancement-21">[21]</a> Ipinangako ng Malyanong gobyerno na matutugunan ang mga problema sa disenyo ng kanal dahil kulang sa kasalukuyan ang mga tulay at pinapahirapan ang pagpunta sa tubig ng matarik at di-matatag na pampang.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Maaari lamang gumana ang Kabara bilang isang daungan mula Disyembre hanggang Enero kung puno sa baha ang ilog. Kapag mas mababa ang lebel ng tubig, dumadaong ang mga bangka sa Korioumé na nakaugnay sa Timbuktu sa pamamagitan ng 18 kilometrong (11 milyang) kalsadang aspaltado. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klima">Klima</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Klima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Klima">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Nagtatampok ang Timbuktu ng isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_desert_climate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hot desert climate (hindi pa naisusulat)">mainit na klimang disyerto</a> ayon sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Köppen Climate Classification (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pag-uuri ng Klima ng Köppen</a>. Napakainit ang panahon at tuyo halos buong taon. Mas mataas ang antas ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diurnal_temperature_variation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diurnal temperature variation (hindi pa naisusulat)">pagkakaiba-iba ng temperaturang diurnal</a> sa taglamig kaysa sa tag-init. Lumalampas sa 40 °C (104 °F) ang karaniwang pinakamataas na temperaturang pang-araw-araw sa mga pinakamainit na buwan ng taon – Abril, Mayo at Hunyo. Nagaganap ang pinakamababang temperatura sa panahon ng taglamig ng <a href="/wiki/Hilagang_Emisperyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilagang Emisperyo">Hilagang emisperyo</a> – Disyembre, Enero at Pebrero. Gayunpaman, hindi bumaba ang karaniwang pinakamataas na temperatura sa 30 °C (86 °F). Nailalarawan ang mga buwan ng taglamig na ito bilang isang tuyo at maalikabok na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_wind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade wind (hindi pa naisusulat)">hanging kalakalan</a> mula sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibesti_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibesti Region (hindi pa naisusulat)">Rehiyong Tibesti</a> ng Sahara patungong timog sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gulf of Guinea (hindi pa naisusulat)">Gulpo ng Ginea</a>: kung saan kumuha ang mga ito ng tinga ng alikabok habang dumadaan, hinahadlang ng mga hanging ito ang kakayahang makakita na pinangalang '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harmattan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harmattan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Harmattan</a> Haze'.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Bukod pa rito, kapag nananatili sa lunsod ang alikabok, umiipon ang buhangin at nagkakaroon ng desertipikasyon.<a href="#cite_note-benjaminsen-24">[24]</a> <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:90%; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height: 1.2em; margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Datos ng klima para sa Timbuktu (1950–2000, mga kaduluhan 1897–kasalukuyan) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Buwan </th> <th scope="col">Ene </th> <th scope="col">Peb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Abr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Hun </th> <th scope="col">Hul </th> <th scope="col">Ago </th> <th scope="col">Set </th> <th scope="col">Okt </th> <th scope="col">Nob </th> <th scope="col">Dis </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Taon </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Sukdulang taas °S (°P) </th> <td style="background: #FD0000; color:#FFFFFF;">41.6 (106.9) </td> <td style="background: #E30000; color:#FFFFFF;">43.5 (110.3) </td> <td style="background: #BF0000; color:#FFFFFF;">46.1 (115) </td> <td style="background: #990000; color:#FFFFFF;">48.9 (120) </td> <td style="background: #970000; color:#FFFFFF;">49.0 (120.2) </td> <td style="background: #970000; color:#FFFFFF;">49.0 (120.2) </td> <td style="background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF;">46.0 (114.8) </td> <td style="background: #BA0000; color:#FFFFFF;">46.5 (115.7) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF;">45.0 (113) </td> <td style="background: #A50000; color:#FFFFFF;">48.0 (118.4) </td> <td style="background: #F10000; color:#FFFFFF;">42.5 (108.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;">40.0 (104) </td> <td style="background: #970000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium">49.0 (120.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Katamtamang taas °S (°P) </th> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;">30.0 (86) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;">33.2 (91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;">36.6 (97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;">40.0 (104) </td> <td style="background: #F50000; color:#FFFFFF;">42.2 (108) </td> <td style="background: #FD0000; color:#FFFFFF;">41.6 (106.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1400; color:#FFFFFF;">38.5 (101.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000;">36.5 (97.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;">38.3 (100.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1000; color:#FFFFFF;">39.1 (102.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;">35.2 (95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;">30.4 (86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">36.8 (98.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Katamtamang baba °S (°P) </th> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;">22.5 (72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;">26.0 (78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;">27.3 (81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;">25.8 (78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;">24.8 (76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;">24.8 (76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;">22.7 (72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;">13.5 (56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">21.0 (69.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Sukdulang baba °S (°P) </th> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;">1.7 (35.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;">17.4 (63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;">20.0 (68) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;">18.9 (66) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;">3.5 (38.3) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">1.7 (35.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Katamtamang pag-ulan mm (pulgada) </th> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;">0.6 (0.024) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;">0.1 (0.004) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;">0.1 (0.004) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;">1.0 (0.039) </td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;">4.0 (0.157) </td> <td style="background: #E5FFE5; color:#000000;">16.4 (0.646) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;">53.5 (2.106) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;">73.6 (2.898) </td> <td style="background: #D1FFD1; color:#000000;">29.4 (1.157) </td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;">3.8 (0.15) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;">0.1 (0.004) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;">0.2 (0.008) </td> <td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">182.8 (7.197) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Araw ng katamtamang pag-ulan (≥ 0.1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;">3.2 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">25.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Buwanang tamtaman ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagal_ng_sikat_ng_araw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tagal ng sikat ng araw (hindi pa naisusulat)">sikat ng araw</a> </th> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;">263.9 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;">249.6 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;">269.9 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;">254.6 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;">275.3 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;">234.7 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;">248.6 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;">255.3 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;">248.9 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;">273.0 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;">274.0 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;">258.7 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">3,106.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Sanggunian #1: <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Meteorological_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Meteorological Organization (hindi pa naisusulat)">World Meteorological Organization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> NOAA (sun 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-26">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%;">Sanggunian #2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<a href="#cite_note-meteoclimat-27">[27]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomiya">Ekonomiya</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Ekonomiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Ekonomiya">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pangangalakal_ng_asin">Pangangalakal ng asin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pangangalakal ng asin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Pangangalakal ng asin">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg/220px-Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg/330px-Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg/440px-Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Karabang asin ng Azalai, kalagitnaan ng Disyembre 1985.</figcaption></figure> Nakasalalay ang kayamanan at pag-iral ng Timbuktu sa posisyon nito bilang katimugang dulo ng isang mahalagang trans-Saharanong ruta ng kalakalan; sa kasalukuyan, ang tanging mga kalakal na karaniwang indinadaan sa disyerto ay mga tilad ng asing bato na dinala mula sa sentrong minahan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taoudenni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taoudenni (hindi pa naisusulat)">Taoudenni</a> sa kalagitnaang Sahara 664 kilometro (413 milya) hilaga ng Timbuktu. Hanggang sa ikalawang kalahati ng ika-20 siglo karamihan ng mga tilad ay idinala sa pamamagitan ng mga malalaking karaban ng asin o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azalai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azalai (hindi pa naisusulat)">azalai</a>, na umaalis ng Timbuktu sa unang bahagi ng Nobyembre at ang iba pa sa mga katapusan ng Marso.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiner195368_n27-28">[28]</a> Umabot ng tatlong linggo ang mga karaban ng ilang libong mga kamelyo sa bawat daan, na nagdadala ng pagkain sa mga minero at nagbabalik na may apat o lima na 30 kilogramong (66 Ib) tilad ng asin sa bawat kamelyo. Halos kontrolado ang transportasyon ng asin ng mga taong pagala-gala sa ilang ng tribong Berabich (o Barabish) na nagsasalita ng Arabe.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Bagaman walang mga kalsada, kadalasang inihahatid mula sa Taoudenni ang mga tilad ng asin sa pamamagitan ng trak.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Mula sa Timbuktu inihahatid ang asin sa pamamagitan ng bangka patungo sa ibang mga bayan ng Mali. Sa kalagitnaan ng ika-12 at ika-14 na siglo, lumaki ang populasyon ng Timbuktu dahil sa pag-agos ng mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuareg people (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tuareg</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fula_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fula people (hindi pa naisusulat)">Fulani</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Songhai people (hindi pa naisusulat)">Songhai</a> na naghahanap ng kalakalan, seguridad, o edukasyon. Noong 1300, naging 10,000 ang populasyon at tumaas nang tumaas ito hanggang sa inabutan nito ang halos 50,000 sa siglong 1500.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agrikultura">Agrikultura</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Agrikultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Agrikultura">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Hindi sapat ang pag-ulan sa rehiyon ng Timbuktu para sa agrikulturang nakadepende sa ulan at samakatuwid iniiriga ang mga pananim gamit ang tubig mula sa Ilog Niger. Bigas ang pangunahing pananim. Ayon sa kaugalian, itinatanim ang Aprikanong bigas na lumulutang (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oryza_glaberrima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oryza glaberrima (hindi pa naisusulat)">Oryza glaberrima</a>) sa mga rehiyon na malapit sa ilog na nababaha sa panahon ng taunang baha. Naihahasik ang buto sa simula ng tag-ulan (Hunyo-Hulyo) upang nasa 30 hanggang 40 sentimentro (12 hanggang 16 na pulgada) na ang mga halaman kapag dumating ang tubig mula sa baha.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Lumalaki ang mga halaman hanggang 3 metro (9.8 feet) habang tumataas ang antas ng tubig. Ipinang-ani ng bigas ang kanue sa Disyembre. Alanganin ang pamamaraan at mababa ang mga ani ngunit may kalamangan ang paraan sa liit na kinakailangang puhunan. Nakadepende ang matagumpay na pananim sa dami at oras ng pag-ulan sa tag-ulan at sa taas ng baha. Sa limitadong saklaw maaaring kontrolin ang pagdating ng tubig sa baha ng pagtatayo ng mga maliliit na dike na gawa sa putik na nagiging lubog habang tumataas ang antas ng tubig. Kahit na nilinang pa rin ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oryza_glaberrima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oryza glaberrima (hindi pa naisusulat)">oryza glaberrima</a> sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu_Cercle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timbuktu Cercle (hindi pa naisusulat)">Timbuktu Cercle</a>, itinatanim ngayon ang karamihan ng bigas sa tatlong malalaking lugar na medyo irigado na patimog ng bayan: Daye (392 ha), Koriomé (550 ha) at Hamadja (623 ha).<a href="#cite_note-schema-33">[33]</a> Iniigib ang tubig mula sa ilog gamit ang sampung malalaking <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archimedes%27_screw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archimedes' screw (hindi pa naisusulat)">tornilyong Archimedes</a> na kinabit noong dekada 1990. Pinapatakbo ang mga irigado na lugar bilang mga <a href="/wiki/Kooperatiba" title="Kooperatiba">kooperatiba</a> na may humigit-kumulang na 2,100 pamilya na nagsasaka ng maliliit na kapirasong lupa.<a href="#cite_note-USAIDcircle-34">[34]</a> Kinakain ang halos lahat ng bigas na ginawa ng mga pamilya mismo. Medyo mababa pa rin ang mga ani at hinihikayat ang mga magsasaka na baguhin ang kanilang mga kasanayan sa agrikultura.<a href="#cite_note-styger-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turismo">Turismo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Turismo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Turismo">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Binibisitahan ang Timbuktu ng karamihan ng mga turista sa gitna ng Nobyembre at Pebrero kung kailan mas mababa ang temperatura ng hangin. Noong dekada 1980, naglaan ng tuluyan para sa konting turista ang dalawang maliit na hotel: Hotel Bouctou at Hotel Azalaï.<a href="#cite_note-desherence-36">[36]</a> Sa paglipas ng mga sumusunod na dekada tumaas ang mga numero ng turista kaya noong 2006 may pitong maliliit na hotel at bahay-panuluyan.<a href="#cite_note-schema-33">[33]</a> Nakinabang ang bayan sa kita mula sa CFA 5000 na buwis sa turista,<a href="#cite_note-schema-33">[33]</a> pamamagitan ng pagbebenta ng mga gamlang at sa pamamagitan ng pagtatrabaho para sa mga gabay. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mga_atake">Mga atake</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga atake" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Mga atake">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Simula noong 2008, nagsimulang dumukot ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qaeda_Organization_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb (hindi pa naisusulat)">Samahang Al-Qaeda sa Islamikong Magreb</a> ng mga grupo ng mga turista sa rehiyong Sahel.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Noong Enero 2009, apat na mga turista ang dinukot malapit sa hangganan ng Mali at Niger matapos silang dumalo sa kultural na pagdiriwang sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anderamboukan%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anderamboukané (hindi pa naisusulat)">Anderamboukane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Pinatay ang isa sa mga turista.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Bilang resulta nito at iba't iba pang mga insidente, nagsimulang magpayo ang ilang mga estado kabilang ang Pransya,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Bretanya <a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> at ang US,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> sa kanilang mga mamamayan na iwasan ang paglalakbay malayo sa Bamako. Bumaba bigla ang bilang ng mga turista na bumibisita sa Timbuktu mula sa 6000 sa 2009 hanggang naging 492 lamang sa unang apat na buwan ng 2011.<a href="#cite_note-desherence-36">[36]</a> Dahil sa mga kinatatakutan sa seguridad, inilipat ng gobyernong Mali ang 2010 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Festival_au_D%C3%A9sert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Festival au Désert (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pista sa Ilang</a> mula sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Essakane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Essakane (hindi pa naisusulat)">Essakane</a> papunta sa labas ng Timbuktu.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Noong Nobyembre 2011, sinalakay ng mga mamamaril ang mga turista na naninirahan sa isang otel sa Timbuktu, kung saan pinatay ang isa sa kanila at dinukot ang iba pang tatlo.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Ito ang unang insidente ng terorista sa Timbuktu mismo. Noong Abril 1, 2012, isang araw pagkatapos ng pagbihag ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao (hindi pa naisusulat)">Gao</a>, nabihag ang Timbuktu mula sa militar ng Mali ng mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_Tuareg_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 Tuareg rebellion (hindi pa naisusulat)">rebeldeng Tuareg</a> ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (hindi pa naisusulat)">MNLA</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ansar_Dine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ansar Dine (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ansar Dine</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Citation needed">kailangan ng sanggunian</a>] Pagkalipas ng limang araw, idineklara ng MNLA ang rehiyon na magkahiwalay sa Mali bilang bansa ng <a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Citation needed">kailangan ng sanggunian</a>] Hindi kinikilala ang ipinahayag na pampulitikang entidad ng anumang mga rehiyonal na nasyon o ng internasyonal na komunidad at bumagsak ito pagkatapos ng tatlong buwan sa Hulyo 12.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Citation needed">kailangan ng sanggunian</a>] Noong Enero 28, 2013, nagsimulang bawian ang Timbuktu ng mga kawal ng gobyerno ng Pransya at Mali mula sa mga rebeldeng Islamista.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Binawi ng puwersa ng 1,000 Pransyang sundalo na may kasamang 200 sundalong taga-Mali ang Timbuktu nang walang labanan. Tumakas na ang mga grupo ng Islamista sa hilaga nang ilang araw bago nito, habang sinunog ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Baba_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed Baba Institute (hindi pa naisusulat)">Suriang Ahmed Baba</a>, na nagtataglay ng maraming mahahalagang manuskrito. Pinondohan ng Timog Aprika ang gusaling nagtaglay ng Suriang Ahmed Baba, at nagtaglay ng 30,000 manuskrito. IIniulat ng BBC World Service radio news noong ika-29 ng Enero 2013 na inalis ang humigit-kumulang 28,000 ng mga manuskrito para sa kaligtasan mula sa lugar bago ang pag-atake ng mga grupong Islamista, at hindi alam ang kinaroroonan ng mga 2,000 manuskrito.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Nilayon ito upang maging mapagkukunan para sa pananaliksik sa Islam.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Noong 30 Marso 2013, <a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Battle_of_Timbuktu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Battle of Timbuktu (hindi pa naisusulat)">sumalingit</a> ang mga rebeldeng jihadista sa Timbuktu siyam na araw bago ang isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Timbuktu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Timbuktu (hindi pa naisusulat)">pagbombang pagpapatiwakal</a> sa isang tsekpoint ng hukbong Mali sa internasyonal na paliparan na nagpatay sa isang kawal. Tumagal ang pakikipaglaban hanggang Abril 1, nang tulungan ng mga Pransyang eroplano ang mga pwersang lupa ng Mali sa paghahabol ng mga natitirang rebelde sa sentro ng lungsod. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_maagang_salaysay">Mga maagang salaysay</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga maagang salaysay" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Mga maagang salaysay">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Tumulong ang mga kwento ng katangi-tanging kayamanan ng Timbuktu sa paggalaw ng Europang paggalugad sa kanlurang baybayin ng Aprika. Kabilang sa mga pinakasikat na paglalarawan ng Timbuktu ay ang mga paglalarawan ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Africanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Africanus (hindi pa naisusulat)">Leo Africanus</a> at Shabeni. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leo_Africanus">Leo Africanus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Leo Africanus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Leo Africanus">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Marahil na ang pinakasikat sa mga salaysay na nakasulat tungkol sa Timbuktu ay ang ginawa ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Africanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Africanus (hindi pa naisusulat)">Leo Africanus</a>. Ipinanganak bilang si El Hasan ben Muhammed el-Wazzan-ez-Zayyati sa <a href="/wiki/Lungsod_ng_Granada" title="Lungsod ng Granada">Granada</a> noong 1485, kabilang ang kanyang pamilya sa libu-libong Muslim na pinalayas ni Haring Ferdinand at Reyna Isabella matapos ang kanilang muling <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granada_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granada War (hindi pa naisusulat)">pagsakop ng Espanya</a> noong 1492. Nanirahan sila sa <a href="/wiki/Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Morocco">Moroko</a>, kung saan nag-aral siya sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fes (hindi pa naisusulat)">Fes</a> at sinamahan ang kanyang tiyuhin sa diplomatikong misyon sa buong <a href="/wiki/Hilagang_Aprika" title="Hilagang Aprika">Hilagang Aprika</a>. Sa mga paglalakbay na ito, binisita niya ang Timbuktu. Bilang isang kabataang lalaki, nahuli siya ng mga pirata at ipinakilala bilang isang napakatalisik na alipin kay <a href="/wiki/Papa_Leo_X" title="Papa Leo X">Papa Leo X</a>, na nagpalaya sa kanya, <a href="/wiki/Bautismo" title="Bautismo">bininyagan</a> siya sa ilalim ng pangalang "Johannis Leo de Medici", at inatasan siya na magsulat, sa Italyano, isang detalyadong pagsuri ng Aprika. Nagbigay ang kayang mga salaysay ng karamihan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_exploration_of_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European exploration of Africa (hindi pa naisusulat)">kaalaman ng mga taga-Europa tungkol sa kontinente</a> sa ilan ng mga sumunod na siglo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeo_Africanus1896-50">[50]</a> Naglalarawan ng Timbuktu nang nasa taas ang <a href="/wiki/Imperyong_Songhai" title="Imperyong Songhai">Imperyong Songhai</a>, kinabibilangan sa Ingles na edisyon ng kanyang aklat ang paglalarawang: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2106284">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The rich king of Tombuto hath many plates and sceptres of gold, some whereof weigh 1300 pounds. ... He hath always 3000 horsemen ... (and) a great store of doctors, judges, priests, and other learned men, that are bountifully maintained at the king's cost and charges. [Mayroong mararaming gintong plato at setro ang mayamang hari ng Tombuto, iilan ay may timbang na 1300 libra. ...Palagi siyang mayroong 3000 na mangagabayo ... (at) labis na reserba ng doktor, hukom, pari, at iba pang dalubhasang tao, na saganang pinapanatili sa gastos at gulgol ng hari.]<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Africanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Africanus (hindi pa naisusulat)">Leo Africanus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Description_of_Africa_(1550_book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Description of Africa (1550 book) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Descrittione dell' Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeo_Africanus1896[httpsarchiveorgstreamhistoryanddescr02porygoogpagen140mode1up_824_Vol._3]-3">[3]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Ayon kay Leo Africanus, mayroong maraming panustos ng lokal na mais, baka, gatas at mantikilya, bagama't walang mga hardin ni mga lagwerta na pumalibot sa lungsod.<a href="#cite_note-brians-51">[51]</a> Sa isa pang sipi na nakatuon sa paglalarawan ng kayamanan ng kapaligiran at ng hari, binanggit ni Africanus ang pagkapambihira ng isa sa mga kalakal ng Timbuktu: asin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2106284"><blockquote class="templatequote">The inhabitants are very rich, especially the strangers who have settled in the country [..] But salt is in very short supply because it is carried here from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tegaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tegaza (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tegaza</a>, some 500 milya (805 km) from Timbuktu. I happened to be in this city at a time when a load of salt sold for eighty <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ducats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ducats (hindi pa naisusulat)">ducats</a>. The king has a rich treasure of coins and <a href="/wiki/Ingot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingot">gold ingots</a>. [Mayayaman ang mga nakatira, lalo na ang mga estranghero na tumira sa bansa [..] Ngunit napakakaunti ang panustos ng asin dahil binubuhat ito mula sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tegaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tegaza (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tegaza</a>, mga 500 milya (805 km) mula sa Timbuktu. Nasa lungsod ako noong panahon na ibinebenta ang kargada ng asin para sa walumpung <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ducat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ducat (hindi pa naisusulat)">ducat</a>. Mayroong kayamanan ng barya at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_ingots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gold ingots (hindi pa naisusulat)">ingot</a> ang hari.]<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Africanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Africanus (hindi pa naisusulat)">Leo Africanus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Description_of_Africa_(1550_book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Description of Africa (1550 book) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Descrittione dell' Africa</a> in Paul Brians' Reading About the World, Volume 2<a href="#cite_note-brians-51">[51]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Nag-akit ang mga paglalarawan at mga sipi ng mga taga-Europang manggagalugad. Gayunpaman, inilarawan din ng Africanus ang mas maraming mga makalupang aspeto ng lungsod, tulad ng "mga kubo na gawa sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chalk (hindi pa naisusulat)">tisa</a>, at tinakpan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thatch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thatch (hindi pa naisusulat)">atip</a>" – bagaman halos hindi pinansin ang mga ito.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsoll2004-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shabeni">Shabeni</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Shabeni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Shabeni">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1988036">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The natives of the town of Timbuctoo may be computed at 40,000, exclusive of slaves and foreigners ... The natives are all blacks: almost every stranger marries a female of the town, who are so beautiful that travellers often fall in love with them at first sight. [Maaaring tayahin ang mga katutubo ng bayan ng Timbuctoo sa 40,000, hindi kasama ang mga alipin ang dayuhan ... Itim ang lahat ng katutubo: nagpakasal ang halos lahat ng mga estranghero sa isang babae ng bayan, na napakaganda na madalas mabighani ang mga manlalakbay sa kanila sa unang tingin.] </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">– Shabeni in <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Grey_Jackson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Grey Jackson (hindi pa naisusulat)">James Grey Jackson's</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grey_Jackson" class="extiw" title="fr:James Grey Jackson">fr</a>] An Account of Timbuctoo and Hausa, 1820<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1820[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAtFAAAAIAAJpgPA10vonepageqffalse_10]-52">[52]</a></cite> </div> Halos 250 taon pagkatapos ng pagbisita ni Leo Africanus sa Timbuktu, marami ang namuno sa lungsod. Sa katapusan ng ika-18 siglo humina ang mahigpit na pagkakahawak ng Morokanong pinuno sa lungsod, na nagbunga sa panahon ng mabuway na pamahalaan sa mabilis na pagbabago ng mga tribo. Sa panahon ng pamamahala ng isa sa mga tribo, ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hausa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hausa people (hindi pa naisusulat)">Hausa</a>, sinamahan ng isang 14-taong-gulang na bata na nagngangalang Shabeni (o Shabeeny) mula sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetuan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tetuan</a> sa hilagang baybayin ng Morocco ang kanyang ama sa pagbisita sa Timbuktu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1820-53">[53]</a> Nanatili si Shabeni sa Timbuktu nang tatlong taon bago lumipat sa isang mahalagang lungsod na tinatawag na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Housa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Housa (hindi pa naisusulat)">Housa</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> na ilang araw na paglalakbay sa timog-silangan. Pagkalipas ng dalawang taon, bumalik siya sa Timbuktu upang manirahan doon nang pitong taon pa – kung saan doble ang laki ng populasyon kaysa sa bayan ng ika-21 siglo, kahit na lumipas na ang iilang siglo pagkatapos ang tugatog at hindi kasama ang mga alipin. Noong 27 taong-gulang na si Shabeni, isang beteranong mangangalakal siya sa kanyang bayan ng Tetuan. Gumawa siya ng dalawang taong peregrinasyon sa <a href="/wiki/Meka" title="Meka">Mecca</a> at sa gayon ay naging isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hajji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hajji (hindi pa naisusulat)">hajji</a>, Asseed El Hage Abd Salam Shabeeny. Mula sa isang paglalayag sa kalakalan sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hamburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Hamburg (hindi pa naisusulat)">Hamburg</a>, nabihag siya ng isang barko na pinangangasiwaan ng mga Ingles ngunit naglayag sa ilalim ng bandilang Ruso, na nagpahayag ang kapitan na ang kanyang Imperyal na amo (<a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_ng_Rusya" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II ng Rusya">Catherine ang Dakila</a>) ay "nakikipagdigma sa lahat ng Muselmen" (tingnan ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Digmaang Ruso-Turko (1787-1792)</a>). Dinala siya at ang barkong pinaglayagan niya sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostend&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ostend (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ostend</a> sa Belgium noong Disyembre 1789 ngunit nakakuha sa kanya ang konsul Briton at inilabas ang barko. Nagtungo siya muli sa parehong barko, ngunit ang kapitan, na nagpahayag na takot siya na mabihag muli ang kanyang barko, ay nagbaba sa kanya sa pampang sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dover (hindi pa naisusulat)">Dover</a>. Sa Inglatera naitala ang kanyang kwento. Ibinigay ni Shabeeni ang laki ng lungsod sa ikalawang kalahati ng ika-18 siglo. Sa isang naunang sapi, inilarawan niya ang isang magubat na kapaligiran, kumpara sa mga tuyong kapaligiran sa ngayon. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sining_at_kultura">Sining at kultura</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Sining at kultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Sining at kultura">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Timbuktu-139086.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Timbuktu-139086.jpg/220px-Timbuktu-139086.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Timbuktu-139086.jpg/330px-Timbuktu-139086.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Timbuktu-139086.jpg/440px-Timbuktu-139086.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Pagmumuling-tatag ng Aklatang Ben Essayouti, Timbuktu</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mga_pagdiriwang_pang-kultura">Mga pagdiriwang pang-kultura</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga pagdiriwang pang-kultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Mga pagdiriwang pang-kultura">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Ang pinakakilalang pagdiriwang pang-kultura ay ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Festival_au_D%C3%A9sert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Festival au Désert (hindi pa naisusulat)">Festival au Désert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reiser-55">[55]</a> Nang matapos ang paghihimagsik ng Tuareg noong 1996 sa ilalim ng pamamahala ng Konaré, sinunog ang 3,000 armas sa isang seremonya na tinatawag na Flame of Peace (Apoy ng Kapayapaan) noong Marso 29, 2007 – upang gunitain ang seremonya, itinayo ang isang monumento.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeppie2008-56">[56]</a> Upang ipagdiwang ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_treaty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peace treaty (hindi pa naisusulat)">kasunduang pangkapayapaan</a>, ginanap ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Festival_au_D%C3%A9sert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Festival au Désert (hindi pa naisusulat)">Festival au Désert</a> tuwing Enero sa disyerto, 75 km mula sa lungsod hanggang 2010.<a href="#cite_note-reiser-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pandaigdigang_Pamanang_Pook">Pandaigdigang Pamanang Pook</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pandaigdigang Pamanang Pook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Pandaigdigang Pamanang Pook">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Sa ikalabindalawang pagpupulong nito, noong Disyembre 1988, pumili ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Heritage_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Heritage Committee (hindi pa naisusulat)">World Heritage Committee</a> (WHC) ng mga bahagi ng makasaysayang sentro ng Timbuktu para ilista sa kanyang <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Africa (hindi pa naisusulat)">talaan ng Pandaigdigang Pamana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-whsselection-57">[57]</a> Batay sa tatlong <a href="/wiki/Pandaigdigang_Pamanang_Pook" title="Pandaigdigang Pamanang Pook">pamantayan</a> ang pagpili:<a href="#cite_note-ICOMOS-58">[58]</a> <ul><li>Pamantayan II: Naging mahalaga ang mga banal na lugar ng Timbuktu sa unang bahagi ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamization (hindi pa naisusulat)">Islamisasyon</a> sa Aprika.</li> <li>Pamantayan IV: Nagpapakita ang mga moske ng Timbuktu ng isang kultural at palaaral na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Age&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golden Age (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ginintuang Panahon</a> noong <a href="/wiki/Imperyong_Songhai" title="Imperyong Songhai">Imperyong Songhai</a>.</li> <li>Pamantayan V: Nagpapakita ang pagtatayo ng mga moske, pa rin ang orihinal na orihinal, ng paggamit ng tradisyunal na mga pamamaraan sa pagtatayo.</li></ul> Lumagpak ang isang mas maagang nominasyon noong 1979 sa susunod na taon dahil kulang ito sa tamang hangganan <a href="#cite_note-ICOMOS-58">[58]</a> isinama ng pamahalaang Mali ang kabuuan ng bayan ng Timbuktu sa kanais-nais na isama.<a href="#cite_note-orignom-59">[59]</a> Pagkalipas ng halos isang dekada, tatlong moske at 16 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mausoleum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mausoleum (hindi pa naisusulat)">mosoliem</a> o libingan ang pinili mula sa Lumang Bayan para sa <a href="/wiki/Pandaigdigang_Pamanang_Pook" title="Pandaigdigang Pamanang Pook">katayuan ng Pandaigdigang Pamana</a>: dumating sa pagtatapos nito ang panawagan para sa proteksyon ng kondisyon ng mga gusali, ang pagbubukod ng mga bagong konstruksiyon malapit sa mga lugar at mga panukala laban sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desertification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desertification (hindi pa naisusulat)">nanghihimasok na buhangin</a>. Pagkatapos, inilagay ang mga bantayog sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World Heritage in Danger (hindi pa naisusulat)">Talaan ng Napapanganib na Pandaigdigang Pamana</a> ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics of Mali (hindi pa naisusulat)">pamahalaang Mali</a>, ng komite sa pagpili sa panahon ng nominasyon.<a href="#cite_note-whsselection-57">[57]</a> Tumagal ang unang panahon sa Talaang Panganib mula 1990 hanggang 2005, nang pinahintulutan ng mga panukala kasama ang trabahong pagpapanumbalik at ng pagtitipon ng isang imbentaryo "ang pagtanggal nito mula sa Talaang Panganib".<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Noong 2008 inilagay ng WHC ang protektadong lugar sa ilalim ng masusing pagsisiyasat na tinatawag na "reinforced monitoring" (pinatibay na pagsubaybay), isang panukalang naging posible noong 2007, dahil hindi malinaw ang epekto ng naplanong konstruksiyon. Lalong ibinigay-pansin ang pagtatayo ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural centre (hindi pa naisusulat)">sentro ng kultura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Noong isang sesyon noong Hunyo 2009, nagpasya ang <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> na itigil ang pagpapatibay ng programang pagsubaybay dahil ayon sa kanila, sapat ang nagawang pag-unlad upang matugunan ang mga paunang suliranin.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Kasunod ng pagsakop ng Timbuktu ng MNLA at ng Islamistang pangkat na Ansar Dine, ibinalik ito sa Talaan ng Napapanganib na Pandaigdigang Pamana noong 2012.<a href="#cite_note-TimbuktuDamageJune-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paglusob_ng_mga_pundamentalistang_Muslim">Paglusob ng mga pundamentalistang Muslim</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Paglusob ng mga pundamentalistang Muslim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Paglusob ng mga pundamentalistang Muslim">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Noong Mayo 2012, niwasak ng Ansar Dine ang isang dambana sa lungsod <a href="#cite_note-TimbuktuDamageMay-64">[64]</a> at noong Hunyo 2012, sa resulta ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gao_and_Timbuktu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gao and Timbuktu (hindi pa naisusulat)">Laban ng Gao at Timbuktu</a>, nawasak ang iba pang mga dambana, kabilang ang mosoliem ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidi_Mahmoud_Ben_Amar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidi Mahmoud Ben Amar (hindi pa naisusulat)">Sidi Mahmoud</a>, noong inaatake gamit ang mga pala, at piko ng mga miyembro ng parehong pangkat.<a href="#cite_note-TimbuktuDamageJune-63">[63]</a> Sinabi ng isang tagapagsalita ng Ansar Dine na pupuksain ang lahat ng mga dambana sa lungsod, kabilang ang 13 na natitirang mga Pandaigdigang Pamanang Pook, dahil itinuturing nila ang mga ito bilang mga halimbawa ng <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Idolatry">idolatrya</a>, isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirk_(Islam)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shirk (Islam) (hindi pa naisusulat)">kasalanan sa Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TimbuktuDamageJune-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Inilarawan ang mga kilos na ito bilang mga krimen sa sangkatauhan at mga krimeng digmaan.<a href="#cite_note-TimbuktuEndTimes-66">[66]</a> Matapos ang pagkawasak ng mga libingan, bumuo ang UNESCO ng isang espesyal na pondo upang pangalagaan ang mga Pandaigdigang Pamanang Pook ng Mali, at nangako na isakatuparan ang mga proyektong pagmumuling-tatag at rehabilitasyon kapag pinayagan ng sitwasyon ng seguridad.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Edukasyon">Edukasyon</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Edukasyon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Edukasyon">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1988036"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:20%; border-width: 1px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> If the University of Sankore ... had survived the ravages of foreign invasions, the academic and cultural history of Africa might have been different from what it is today. [Kung ang Pamantasang Sankore ... ay namalagi mula sa pagpinsala ng mga pagsasalakay ng mga banyaga, maaaring maiiba ang kasaysayan ng akademya at kultura ng Aprika sa ngayon.] </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">– <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Ghana (hindi pa naisusulat)">University of Ghana</a> inauguration, 1961<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeppie2008-56">[56]</a></cite> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sentro_ng_kaalaman">Sentro ng kaalaman</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Sentro ng kaalaman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Sentro ng kaalaman">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg/250px-Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg/375px-Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg/500px-Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption> Ang mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu_Manuscripts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timbuktu Manuscripts (hindi pa naisusulat)">Manuskrito ng Timbuktu</a> na nagpapakita ng <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematika</a> at pamana ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam (hindi pa naisusulat)">astronomiya sa medyebal na Islam</a>. </figcaption></figure> Naging sentro ang Timbuktu ng Islamikong pag-aaral mula ika-13 hanggang ika-17 siglo, lalo na sa ilalim ng Imperyong Mali at pamamahala ni Askia Mohammad I. Nagtatrabaho ang pamahalaang Mali at mga NGO upang talaan at maibalik ang mga labi nitong pamantayang isklor: Mga manuskrito ng Timbuktu.<a href="#cite_note-Huddleston-68">[68]</a> Umakit ang mabilis na paglago ng ekonomiya ng Timbuktu noong ika-13 at ika-14 na siglo sa maraming iskolar mula sa kalapit na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walata (hindi pa naisusulat)">Walata</a> (ngayon sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauretania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauretania (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mauretania</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaveland2008-69">[69]</a> na nagtungo sa ginintuang edad ng lungsod sa ika-15 at ika-16 na siglo na nagpatunay na malagong lokasyon para sa karunungan ng mga relihiyon, sining at agham. Sa mga tao ng Timbuktu, ang kanulatan at mga aklat ay simbolo ng kayamanan, kapangyarihan, at mga pagpapala at ang pagtamo ng mga libro ay naging pangunahing tungkulin ng mga iskolar.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Humantong ang aktibong kalakalan sa mga aklat ng Timbuktu at iba pang bahagi ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muslim history (hindi pa naisusulat)">Islamikong mundo</a> at ang malakas na suporta ni emperador <a href="/w/index.php?title=Askia_Mohammed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Askia Mohammed (hindi pa naisusulat)">Askia Mohammed</a> sa pagsulat ng libu-libong mga <a href="/wiki/Manuskrito" title="Manuskrito">manuskrito</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Natipon ang kaalaman sa paraang katulad ng maaga't impormal na modelo ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_university&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medieval university (hindi pa naisusulat)">Europeong Medyebal na unibersidad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaveland2008-69">[69]</a> Ipinahayag ang mga lektura sa pamamagitan ng tanghal ng mga impormal na institusyon na tinatawag na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrasahs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madrasahs (hindi pa naisusulat)">madrasa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Makdisi_Scholasticism-72">[72]</a> Sa kasalukuyan kilala bilang <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Timbuktu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Timbuktu (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pamantasan ng Timbuktu</a>, tatlong madrasa ang nangasiwa ng 25,000 mag-aaral: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Djinguereber_Mosque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djinguereber Mosque (hindi pa naisusulat)">Djinguereber</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidi_Yahya_Mosque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidi Yahya Mosque (hindi pa naisusulat)">Sidi Yahya</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sankore_Madrasah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sankore Madrasah (hindi pa naisusulat)">Sankore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Tahasang relihiyoso ang mga institusyong ito, kumpara sa mas sekular na talaaralan ng moderno't Europong unibersidad at mas katulad sa modelong medyebal sa Europa. Gayunpaman, kung saan nagsimula ang mga Europeong unibersidad bilang mga kapisanan ng mga mag-aaral at mga guro, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patronage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patronage (hindi pa naisusulat)">itinangkilik</a> ang Kanlurang-Aprikanong edukasyon ng mga pamilya o mga angkan, kasama ang mga pamilya ng Aqit at Bunu al-Qadi al-Hajj na dalawa sa pinakakilala sa Timbuktu – pinangasiwaan din ng mga pamilyang ito ang mga mag-aaral sa mga natabing kwarto sa kanilang pabahay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick2003lvii-74">[74]</a> Kahit na dinala sa Timbuktu ang batayan ng <a href="/wiki/Sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia">batas-Islam</a> at pagtuturo nito mula sa Hilagang Aprika noong pagkalat ng Islam, umunlad ang karunungan sa Kanlurang Aprika: itinuturing si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Baba_al_Massufi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Baba al Massufi (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ahmad Baba al Massufi</a> bilang pinakadakilang iskolar ng lungsod.<a href="#cite_note-baba_the_greatest-75">[75]</a> Nagsilbi ang Timbuktu sa prosesong ito bilang sentro ng pamamahagi ng mga iskolar at karunungan. Nangahulugan ang dependensya nito sa kalakalan ng masinsinang pagkilos ng mga iskolar mula sa lungsod papunta sa malawak na kalambatan ng mga kasosyo sa kalakalan nito (at pabalik). Gayunpaman, noong 1468-1469, umalis ang maraming iskolar para sa Walata noong sinakop ng Imperyong Songhay ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunni_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunni Ali (hindi pa naisusulat)">Sunni Ali</a> ang Timbuktu at muli noong 1591 sa Morokanong pananakop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaveland2008-69">[69]</a> Nananatili ang sistema ng edukasyon nito hanggang sa huling bahagi ng ika-19 na siglo, samantala noong ika-18 siglo, nakaranas ang pagtatatag ng naglilibot na Quranikong paaralan bilang isang anyo ng unibersal na edukasyon, kung saan naglalakbay ang mga iskolar sa buong rehiyon kasama ang kanilang mga mag-aaral, nagpapalimos para sa pagkain sa isang bahagi ng araw.<a href="#cite_note-Huddleston-68">[68]</a> Napailalim sa presyon ang Islamikong edukasyon pagkatapos ng pananakop ng Pranses, tagtuyot sa 70s at 80s at sa pamamagitan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_Rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuareg Rebellion (1990–1995) (hindi pa naisusulat)">digmaang sibil ng Mali</a> noong unang bahagi ng 90s.<a href="#cite_note-Huddleston-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mga_manuskrito_at_mga_aklatan">Mga manuskrito at mga aklatan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga manuskrito at mga aklatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Mga manuskrito at mga aklatan">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Kuntamarabut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kuntamarabut.jpg/180px-Kuntamarabut.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kuntamarabut.jpg/270px-Kuntamarabut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kuntamarabut.jpg/361px-Kuntamarabut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="1167" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Moro" title="Moro">Morong</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marabout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marabout (hindi pa naisusulat)">marabout</a> ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunta_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunta family (hindi pa naisusulat)">tribong Kuntua</a>, isang etnikong angkang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kounta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kounta (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kounta</a>, kung saan nagmula ang pangalan ng koleksyon ng manuskrito ng Al Kounti. Pintetsahan 1898. </figcaption></figure> Daang-libo nang daang-libong mga manuskrito ang nakolekta sa Timbuktu sa paglipas ng mga siglo: isinulat ang ilan sa bayan mismo, ang iba pa – kabilang ang mga eksklusibong kopya ng <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> para sa mga pamilyang mayayaman – ay inangkat sa pamamagitan ng buhay na buhay na kalakalang aklat. Nakatago sa mga bodega o inilibing, itinago sa mga putik na pader ng moske at isinanggalang ng kanilang mga patrono, marami sa mga manuskrito ang natira sa pagbagsak ng lungsod. Bumubuo sila ngayon ng koleksyon ng ilang mga aklatan sa Timbuktu, na nag-aari ng hanggang 700,000 manuskrito:<a href="#cite_note-ng-76">[76]</a> noong huling bahagi ng Enero 2013 iniulat na sinira ng mga rebeldeng pwersa ang karamihan ng mga manuskrito bago umalis sa lungsod.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Gayunpaman, walang malisyosong pagkasira ng anumang aklatan o koleksyon dahil ligtas sa taguan ang karamihan sa mga manuskrito.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Bumuo ang isang partikular na biblyotekaryo, si Abdel Kader Haidara upang magkaroon ng 350,000 mga manuskrito na medyebal na ipinuslit mula sa Timbuktu para sa kaligtasan.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Baba_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed Baba Institute (hindi pa naisusulat)">Suriang Ahmed Baba</a></li> <li>Aklatang Mamma Haidara</li> <li>Fondo Kati</li> <li>Aklatang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Bagayogo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed Bagayogo (hindi pa naisusulat)">Al-Wangari</a></li> <li>Aklatang Mohamed Tahar</li> <li>Aklatang Maigala</li> <li>Koleksyong Boularaf</li> <li>Mga Koleksyong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_al-Bakkai_al-Kunti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad al-Bakkai al-Kunti (hindi pa naisusulat)">Al Kounti</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Timbuktu-139085.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Timbuktu-139085.jpg/220px-Timbuktu-139085.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Timbuktu-139085.jpg/330px-Timbuktu-139085.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Timbuktu-139085.jpg/440px-Timbuktu-139085.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Mga manuskrito ng Sentrong Ahmed Baba</figcaption></figure> Ang mga aklatang ito ay ang pinakamalaki sa hanggang sa 60 pribado o pampublikong aklatan na tinatayang umiiral sa Timbuktu ngayon, bagaman binubuo ang ilan ng isang hilera ng mga aklat sa isang salansanan o isang aklatang kaban.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Sa ilalim ng mga sitwasyong ito, madaling masira at manakaw ang mga manuskrito, at madali ring masira dahil sa klimang pangmatagalan, sa kabila ng tuyong klima ng Timbuktu. Dalawang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu_Manuscripts_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timbuktu Manuscripts Project (hindi pa naisusulat)">Proyekto ng Manuskrito ng Timbuktu</a> na pinondohan ng mga independiyenteng unibersidad ang naglalayong pangalagaan sila. Sa panahon ng okupasyon ng mga Islamikong ekstremista, nagsimula ang mga mamamayan ng lungsod ng isang proyekto upang iligtas ang mga "pinakamahusay na nakasulat na salaysay ng Kasaysayan ng Aprika." Kinapanayam ng The Times nagpahayag ang mga lokal na residente na pinrotektahan ang tatlong daang libong manuskrito ng ilang mga henerasyon. Itinago ang marami sa mga dokumentong ito ng mga lokal na residente na nag-aatubili na bigyan sila ng overs sa Ahmed Baba Institute na pinamumunuan ng pamahalaan na nasa isang modernong gusali ng digitalisasyon na itinayo ng pamahalaan ng South Africa noong 2009. Nagtataglay lamang ang institusyon ng 10% ng mga manuskrito.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Kasunod, kinumpirma ito ni Jean-Michel Djian sa New Yorker na "Nakatago ang karamihan sa mga manuskrito, mga limampung libo, sa tatlumpu't dalawang aklatang pamilya ng 'Lungsod ng 333 Santo'. Idinagdag niya, "Pinoprotektahan ang mga iyon hanggang ngayon." Idinagdag din niya na dahil sa napakalaking pagpupunyagi ng isang indibidwal, inihatid din sa kaligtasan ang dalawang daang libong pang manuskrito.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wika">Wika</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Wika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Wika">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Kahit na Pranses ang <a href="/wiki/Opisyal_na_wika" title="Opisyal na wika">opisyal na wika</a> ng Mali, nagsasalita ang karamihan sa mga naninirahan sa Timbuktu ngayon ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikang_Koyra_Chiini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikang Koyra Chiini (hindi pa naisusulat)">Koyra Chiini</a>, isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhay_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Songhay language (hindi pa naisusulat)">wikang Songhay</a> na nagsisilbi rin bilang <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingua franca">karaniwang wika</a>. Bago ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_Rebellion_(1990-1995)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuareg Rebellion (1990-1995) (hindi pa naisusulat)">paghihimagsik ng Tuareg</a> noong 1990-1994, kinakatawan ang Arabeng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassaniya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassaniya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Hassaniya</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuareg languages (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tamashek</a> ng 10% bawat isa sa 80% na dominasyon ng wikang Koyra Chiini. Dahil sinasalita ang Tamashek ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikelan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikelan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ikelano</a> at etnikong Tuaregs, humina ang paggamit nito ng pagpapatalsik ng maraming mga Tuareg kasunod ng paghihimagsik, na nagtataas ng pangingibabaw ng Koyra Chiini.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath19994–5-88">[88]</a> Ang <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Arabe" title="Wikang Arabe">Wikang Arabe</a>, na ipinakilala kasama ng Islam noong ika-11 siglo, ay higit sa lahat ang wika ng mga iskolar at relihiyon, katulad sa <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Latin" title="Wikang Latin">Latin</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Kristiyanismong_Kanluranin" title="Kristiyanismong Kanluranin">Kristiyanismong Kanluranin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-timeslibraries-89">[89]</a> Bagaman snasalitaa ng <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Bambara" title="Wikang Bambara">Bambara</a> ng grupong etniko na pinakamarami sa Mali, nakakulong ang mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bambara_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bambara people (hindi pa naisusulat)">taong Bambara</a> sa timog ng bansa. Sa pamamagitan ng pagpapabuti ng suludkayarian na nagbibigay ng daan sa Timbuktu sa mas malalaking lungsod sa Timuging Mali, dumami ang paggamit ng Bambara sa lungsod hanggang sa kalayaan ng Azawad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath19994–5-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suludkayarian">Suludkayarian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Suludkayarian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Suludkayarian">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Nang walang mga riles sa Mali bukod sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakar-Niger_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dakar-Niger Railway (hindi pa naisusulat)">Daambakal ng Dakar-Niger</a> hanggang sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koulikoro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koulikoro (hindi pa naisusulat)">Koulikoro</a>, ang daan sa Timbuktu ay sa pamamagitan ng kalsada, bangka o, mula noong 1961, sasakyang panghimpapawid.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Tuwing nagkaroon ng mataas na lebel ng tubig sa Niger mula Agosto hanggang Disyembre, nagpapatakbo nang lingguhan ang mga lantsang pantawid ng Compagnie Malienne de Navigation (COMANAV) ng isang bahagi mula sa Koulikoro hanggang ilawod ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao (hindi pa naisusulat)">Gao</a>. Kinakailangan din ang mataas na tubig ng mga pinasse (malaking motorisadong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirogues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirogues (hindi pa naisusulat)">piraguwa</a>), na <a href="/wiki/Charter" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Charter">nakatsarter</a> o pampubliko, na maglakbay pataas at pababa sa ilog.<a href="#cite_note-lpafrica-91">[91]</a> Dumadating ang kapwang lantsang pantawid at pinasse sa Korioumé, daungan ng Timbuktu, na konektado sa sentro ng lungsod sa pamamagitan ng 18 kilometrong (11 milya) aspaltadong daan na bumabagtas sa Kabara. Noong 2007, naibalik sa dating kalagayan ang daan sa tradisyunal na daungan ng Timbuktu, Kabara, ng isang proyekto na pinondohan ng <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> na nagdraga ng 3 kilometrong (2 milya) mabanlikang kanal na kumukonekta sa Kabara at sa isang braso ng Ilog Niger. Nakakaabot na ngayon ang mga lantsang pantawid at pinasse ng COMANAV sa daungan kapag bumabaha ang ilog.<a href="#cite_note-retour-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-92">[92]</a> Salat ang koneksyon ng Timbuktu sa kalambatang kalsada ng Mali kung saan kalsadang dumi lang ang mayroon sa mga kapitbahayan. Kahit na maaaring tawiran ang Ilog Niger sa pamamagitan ng lantsa sa Korioumé, hindi mas mabuti ang mga kalsada sa timog ng ilog. Gayunpaman, itinatayo ang isang bagong aspaltado na daan mula sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niono&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niono (hindi pa naisusulat)">Niono</a> patungo sa Timbuktu na tumatakbo sa hilaga ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inland_Niger_Delta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inland Niger Delta (hindi pa naisusulat)">Delta ng Panloob na Niger</a>. Bumabagtas ang 565 kilometrong (353 mi) daan sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nampala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nampala (hindi pa naisusulat)">Nampala</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9r%C3%A9,_Tombouctou_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Léré, Tombouctou Region (hindi pa naisusulat)">Léré</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niafunk%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niafunké (hindi pa naisusulat)">Niafunké</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonka,_Tombouctou_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tonka, Tombouctou Region (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tonka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dir%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diré (hindi pa naisusulat)">Diré</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goundam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goundam (hindi pa naisusulat)">Goundam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-essor2010-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-essor2012-94">[94]</a> Tinustusan ang nakumpletong 81 kilometrong (50 mi) seksyon mula sa Niono patungo sa maliit na nayon ng Goma Coura ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennium_Challenge_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Millennium Challenge Corporation (hindi pa naisusulat)">Millennium Challenge Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Maglilingkod ang bagong seksyong ito sa pag-unlad ng sistemang irigasyon ng Alatona ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_du_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office du Niger (hindi pa naisusulat)">Office du Niger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Ang 484 kilometro (301 mi) seksyon sa pagitan ng Goma Coura at Timbuktu ay Pinopondohan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Development_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Development Fund (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pondo ng Pagpapaunlad ng Europa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-essor2010-93">[93]</a> Pinaglilingkuran ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu_Airport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timbuktu Airport (hindi pa naisusulat)">Paliparang Timbuktu</a> sa pamamagitan ng kapwang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_Mali_(2005)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air Mali (2005) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Air Mali</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_Air_Express&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mali Air Express (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mali Air Express</a>, na naglalaan ng mga lipad papunta at mula sa Bamako, Gao at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mopti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mopti (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mopti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lpafrica-91">[91]</a> Ang kanyang 6,923 talampakang (2,110 m) patakbuhan sa 07/25 <a href="/wiki/Patakbuhan" title="Patakbuhan">patakbuhang satungo</a> ay maliwanag at aspaltado.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sa_kalinangang_tanyag">Sa kalinangang tanyag</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Sa kalinangang tanyag" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Sa kalinangang tanyag">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Sa imahinasyon ng mga Europeo at Hilagang Amerikano, isang mahiwagang lugar ang Timbuktu: natuklasan ng isang 2006 na survey ng 150 mga batang <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British people (hindi pa naisusulat)">Briton</a> na hindi naniniwala ang 34% na mayroong bayang ganoon, habang itinuturing ng natitirang 66% na "isang lugar ng kathang-isip" ito.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_twin-98">[98]</a> Inaamin ang pag-iisip na ito sa panitikan na naglalarawan ng kasaysayan ng Aprika at mga relasyon ng Aprikano at Europeo. Madalas na itinuturing ang Timbuktu bilang isang napakalayong lugar, sa kanluraning kalinagang tanyag.<a href="#cite_note-Pelizzo-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaad1983-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-100">[100]</a> Nakasalalay ang pinagmulan ng mistipikasyong ito sa kagalakan na dinala sa Europa sa pamamagitan ng mga maalamat na kwento, lalo na ang mga kwento ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Africanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Africanus (hindi pa naisusulat)">Leo Africanus</a>: nakatuon lamang ang mga sangguniang Arabe sa mga mas mayamang lungsod sa rehiyon ng Timbuktu, tulad ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao (hindi pa naisusulat)">Gao</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walata (hindi pa naisusulat)">Walata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsoll2004-9">[9]</a> Sa Kanlurang Aprika ang lungsod ay may imahe na inihambing sa pananaw ng Europa sa <a href="/wiki/Atenas" title="Atenas">Atenas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaad1983-99">[99]</a> Samakatuwid, Europeong larawan ang larawan ng lungsod bilang ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epitome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epitome (hindi pa naisusulat)">ehemplo</a> ng distansya at misteryo.<a href="#cite_note-Pelizzo-2">[2]</a> Hindi pinansin ang mga makalupang paglalarawan ni Africanus at nagsilbing <a href="/wiki/Katalisis" title="Katalisis">katalista</a> ang mga kwento ng magagandang kayamanan para sa mga manlalakbay upang bisitahin ang hindi maaabot na lunsod – na may kilalang Pranses na explorer na si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Cailli%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Caillié (hindi pa naisusulat)">René Caillié</a> na naglalarawan sa Timbuktu bilang "isang tumpok ng hindi kaakit-akit na <a href="/wiki/Adobe_(arkitektura)" title="Adobe (arkitektura)">bahay na gawa sa lupa</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaillié1830[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu7xjAAAAMAAJpgPA49_49_Vol._2]-101">[101]</a> Nang binuksan, inamin ng maraming mga manlalakbay na ang hindi tamang paglalarawan ng "Aprikanong <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Dorado (hindi pa naisusulat)">El Dorado</a>".<a href="#cite_note-benjaminsen-24">[24]</a> Nagbago ang kaganapang ito sa reputasyon ng lungsod – mula sa pagiging tanyag dahil sa ginto nito sa pagiging tanyag dahil sa lokasyon at misteryo nito: ang paggamit sa ganitong kahulugan mula noong 1863, binabanggit ngayon ang Timbuktu ng mga diksyunaryong Ingles bilang isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaphor (hindi pa naisusulat)">talinghaga</a> para sa anumang malayong lugar.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Sa "Scales of Gold" (1991), ang ikaapat na aklat sa serye ng House of Niccolo ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_Dunnett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothy Dunnett (hindi pa naisusulat)">Dorothy Dunnett</a>, pumunta ang mga pangunahing tauhan sa Aprika noong 1464-1467 para maghanap ng ginto. Makikita nila ang intelektwal at espirituwal na kayamanan ng Timbuktu na magbabago sa kanila. Sa orihinal na 1932 na rekord ng sikat na kantang tabing-dagat na "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Sun_Has_Got_His_Hat_On&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Sun Has Got His Hat On (hindi pa naisusulat)">The Sun Has Got His Hat On</a>", naglalaman ang pangalawang taludtod ng mga linyang: "[The Sun's] been tanning niggers out in Timbuktu / Now he's coming back to do the same to you! [Nagpapaitim (ang araw) ng mga negro sa labas sa Timbuktu / Babalik siya ngayon para gawin din 'to sa'yo]<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Dahil sa kontrobersyal na kalagayan ng lahing palayaw na "<a href="/wiki/Nigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigger">nigger</a>", lumitaw ang kontrobersya kapag tinutugtog ang awit na ito<a href="#cite_note-song-104">[104]</a> at iminungkahi ang iba't ibang kapalit, kabilang ang "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Negroes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negroes (hindi pa naisusulat)">negroes</a>"<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> at "nilutong <a href="/wiki/Mani" title="Mani">mani</a>"<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Matatagpuan ang katulad na mga paggamit ng lungsod sa mga pelikula, kung saan ginamit ito upang ipahiwatig na hindi matatagpuan ang isang lugar, isang tao o isang kalakal – sa isang Olandeng komikong subseye ng <a href="/wiki/Donald_Duck" title="Donald Duck">Donald Duck</a> na nakatagpo sa Timbuktu, ginagamit ni Donald Duck ang lungsod bilang kanlungan,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> at sa 1970 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traditional animation (hindi pa naisusulat)">animadong</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_animation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traditional animation (hindi pa naisusulat)">feature</a> ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walt_Disney_Pictures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walt Disney Pictures (hindi pa naisusulat)">Disney</a> na <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Aristocats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Aristocats (hindi pa naisusulat)">The Aristocats</a>, mananakot si Edgar, ang mayordomong kontrabida ng kwento, kay Thomas O'Malley, Duchess, Marie, Toulouse, at Berlioz na ipapadala sila sa Timbuktu pero ililigtas sila ng kaibigan ni Thomas O'Malley at ipapadala doon si Edgar mismo. Maling ibinanggit na nasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Equatorial_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Equatorial Africa (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pransesang Aprikang Ekwatoryal</a>, sa halip ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_West_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French West Africa (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pransesang Aprikang Kanluranin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Binaliktad ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Farka_Tour%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Farka Touré (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ali Farka Touré</a> ang estereotipo: "For some people, when you say 'Timbuktu' it is like the end of the world, but that is not true. I am from Timbuktu, and I can tell you that we are right at the heart of the world. [Para sa ilang mga tao, kapag sinabi mo na 'Timbuktu' tulad ito ng dulo ng mundo, ngunit hindi totoo 'yan. Ako'y mula sa Timbuktu, at masasabi ko sa'yo na tayo'y nasa gitna ng mundo.]"<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magkakambal_na_bayan_–_magkakapatid_na_lungsod">Magkakambal na bayan – magkakapatid na lungsod</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Magkakambal na bayan – magkakapatid na lungsod" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Magkakambal na bayan – magkakapatid na lungsod">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twin_towns_and_sister_cities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twin towns and sister cities (hindi pa naisusulat)">kapatid na lungsod</a> ang Timbuktu sa mga sumusunod na lungsod:<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya"><img alt="Alemanya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemnitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemnitz (hindi pa naisusulat)">Chemnitz</a>, Alemanya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hay-on-Wye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hay-on-Wye (hindi pa naisusulat)">Hay-on-Wye</a>, Gales, Reyno Unido</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kairuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kairuan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kairuan</a>, Tunisia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marrakech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marrakech (hindi pa naisusulat)">Marrakech</a>, Moroko</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pransiya" title="Pransiya"><img alt="Pransiya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saintes,_Charente-Maritime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saintes, Charente-Maritime (hindi pa naisusulat)">Saintes</a>, Pransiya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos"><img alt="Estados Unidos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe, Arizona</a>, Estados Unidos</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tingnan_din">Tingnan din</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Tingnan din" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Tingnan din">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9; font-size:85%; line-height:110%; max-width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/48px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/64px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portada:Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portada:Mali (hindi pa naisusulat)">Portada ng Mali </a> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talaan_ng_mga_lungsod_sa_Mali" title="Talaan ng mga lungsod sa Mali">Talaan ng mga lungsod sa Mali</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_tala">Mga tala</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga tala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Mga tala">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-population-1"><a href="#cite_ref-population_1-0">↑</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2132731">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6FBLpTLbL?url=http://instat.gov.ml/documentation/tombouctou.pdf">Resultats Provisoires RGPH 2009 (Région de Tombouctou)</a> (PDF), République de Mali: Institut National de la Statistique, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://instat.gov.ml/documentation/tombouctou.pdf">orihinal</a> (PDF) noong 2013-03-17, nakuha noong 2019-04-19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resultats+Provisoires+RGPH+2009+%28R%C3%A9gion+de+Tombouctou%29&rft.pub=R%C3%A9publique+de+Mali%3A+Institut+National+de+la+Statistique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finstat.gov.ml%2Fdocumentation%2Ftombouctou.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pelizzo-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Pelizzo_2-0">2.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelizzo_2-1">2.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelizzo_2-2">2.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelizzo_2-3">2.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelizzo_2-4">2.4</a> "Timbuktu" – regardless of spelling, has long been used as a metaphor for "out in the middle of nowhere". E.g. "From here to Timbuktu and back." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFPelizzo2001" class="citation journal cs1">Pelizzo, Riccardo (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100718075150/http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol7/number2/pdf/jwsr-v7n2-pelizzo.pdf">"Timbuktu: A Lesson in Underdevelopment"</a> (PDF). Journal of World-Systems Research. 7 (2): 265–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2FJWSR.2001.166">10.5195/JWSR.2001.166</a>. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol7/number2/pdf/jwsr-v7n2-pelizzo.pdf">orihinal</a> (PDF) noong 18 July 2010. Nakuha noong 25 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World-Systems+Research&rft.atitle=Timbuktu%3A+A+Lesson+in+Underdevelopment&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=265-283&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5195%2FJWSR.2001.166&rft.aulast=Pelizzo&rft.aufirst=Riccardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwsr.ucr.edu%2Farchive%2Fvol7%2Fnumber2%2Fpdf%2Fjwsr-v7n2-pelizzo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_journal" title="Padron:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeo_Africanus1896[httpsarchiveorgstreamhistoryanddescr02porygoogpagen140mode1up_824_Vol._3]-3">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeo_Africanus1896[httpsarchiveorgstreamhistoryanddescr02porygoogpagen140mode1up_824_Vol._3]_3-0">3.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeo_Africanus1896[httpsarchiveorgstreamhistoryanddescr02porygoogpagen140mode1up_824_Vol._3]_3-1">3.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeo_Africanus1896">Leo Africanus 1896</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyanddescr02porygoog#page/n140/mode/1up">824 Vol. 3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarth1857[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidl74ZAAAAYAAJvqwellpgPA284vonepageqffalse_284_footnote_Vol._3]-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarth1857[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidl74ZAAAAYAAJvqwellpgPA284vonepageqffalse_284_footnote_Vol._3]_4-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarth1857">Barth 1857</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l74ZAAAAYAAJ&vq=well&pg=PA284#v=onepage&q&f=false">284 footnote Vol. 3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-cissoko-5"><a href="#cite_ref-cissoko_5-0">↑</a> Cissoko, SM (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CFXJZboYT30C&dq=%27%27Tombouctou+et+l%E2%80%99+Empire+Songhai%27%27&source=bl&ots=E9vnd8Lpbq&sig=RBio5CbETo7y6N35UinMWDsu7aw&hl=nl&ei=wLWrS_75D8mJ4Qb08bDrDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBAQ6AEwAQToumbouctouet">l'Empire Songhai</a> . Paris: L'Harmattan. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick200329-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick200329_6-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunwick2003">Hunwick 2003</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick200329_note_4-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick200329_note_4_7-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunwick2003">Hunwick 2003</a>, p. 29 note 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsoll20029-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInsoll20029_8-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFInsoll2002">Insoll 2002</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsoll2004-9">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInsoll2004_9-0">9.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInsoll2004_9-1">9.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInsoll2004_9-2">9.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInsoll2004_9-3">9.3</a> <a href="#CITEREFInsoll2004">Insoll 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInsoll2002-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInsoll2002_10-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFInsoll2002">Insoll 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntoshMcIntosh1986-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntoshMcIntosh1986_11-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntoshMcIntosh1986">McIntosh & McIntosh 1986</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark2010-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPark2010_12-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFPark2010">Park 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPark2011-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPark2011_13-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFPark2011">Park 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-retour-14">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-retour_14-0">14.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-retour_14-1">14.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-retour_14-2">14.2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001095603/http://www.koulouba.pr.ml/spip.php?article1236">Développement régional: le fleuve est de rétour à Tombouctou</a>, Présidence de la République du Mali, 3 December 2007, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koulouba.pr.ml/spip.php?article1236">orihinal</a> noong 1 October 2011, nakuha noong 19 March 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9veloppement+r%C3%A9gional%3A+le+fleuve+est+de+r%C3%A9tour+%C3%A0+Tombouctou&rft.pub=Pr%C3%A9sidence+de+la+R%C3%A9publique+du+Mali&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koulouba.pr.ml%2Fspip.php%3Farticle1236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Citation" title="Padron:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1134100.html">Composite Runoff Fields V 1.0: Koulikoro</a>, University of New Hampshire/Global Runoff Data Center, nakuha noong 30 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Composite+Runoff+Fields+V+1.0%3A+Koulikoro&rft.pub=University+of+New+Hampshire%2FGlobal+Runoff+Data+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu%2Fhtml%2FPolygons%2FP1134100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1134700.html">Composite Runoff Fields V 1.0: Diré</a>, University of New Hampshire/Global Runoff Data Center, nakuha noong 30 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Composite+Runoff+Fields+V+1.0%3A+Dir%C3%A9&rft.pub=University+of+New+Hampshire%2FGlobal+Runoff+Data+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu%2Fhtml%2FPolygons%2FP1134700.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">. Diré is the nearest hydrometric station on the River Niger, 70 kilometro (43 mi) upstream of Timbuktu. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHacquard1900[httpgallicabnffrark12148bpt6k103743pf19image_12]-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHacquard1900[httpgallicabnffrark12148bpt6k103743pf19image_12]_17-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFHacquard1900">Hacquard 1900</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k103743p/f19.image">12</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarth1857[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidl74ZAAAAYAAJvqwellpgPA284vonepageqffalse_324]-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarth1857[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidl74ZAAAAYAAJvqwellpgPA284vonepageqffalse_324]_18-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarth1857">Barth 1857</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l74ZAAAAYAAJ&vq=well&pg=PA284#v=onepage&q&f=false">324</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubois1896[httpsarchiveorgstreamtimbuctoomysteri00duborichpage196mode1up_196]-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubois1896[httpsarchiveorgstreamtimbuctoomysteri00duborichpage196mode1up_196]_19-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFDubois1896">Dubois 1896</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/timbuctoomysteri00duborich#page/196/mode/1up">196</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFJones1999" class="citation cs2">Jones, Jim (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927021503/http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/archives/anm/1q362fr.htm">Rapports Économiques du Cercle de Tombouctou, 1922–1945: Archives Nationales du Mali, Fonds Recents (Series 1Q362)</a>, West Chester University, Pennsylvania, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/archives/anm/1q362fr.htm">orihinal</a> noong 27 Septiyembre 2011, nakuha noong 26 March 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapports+%C3%89conomiques+du+Cercle+de+Tombouctou%2C+1922%E2%80%931945%3A+Archives+Nationales+du+Mali%2C+Fonds+Recents+%28Series+1Q362%29&rft.pub=West+Chester+University%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourses.wcupa.edu%2Fjones%2Fhis311%2Farchives%2Fanm%2F1q362fr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Citation" title="Padron:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|archive-date=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-lancement-21"><a href="#cite_ref-lancement_21-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927174821/http://www.afribone.com/spip.php?article4208">Lancement des travaux du Canal de Tombouctou : la mamelle nourricière redonne vie et espoir à la 'Cité mystérieuse'</a>, Afribone, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afribone.com/spip.php?article4208">orihinal</a> noong 2011-09-27, nakuha noong 2019-04-19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancement+des+travaux+du+Canal+de+Tombouctou+%3A+la+mamelle+nourrici%C3%A8re+redonne+vie+et+espoir+%C3%A0+la+%27Cit%C3%A9+myst%C3%A9rieuse%27&rft.pub=Afribone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afribone.com%2Fspip.php%3Farticle4208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFCoulibaly" class="citation cs2">Coulibaly, Be, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724200627/http://www.primature.gov.ml/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6021:canal-de-daye-a-tombouctou-la-securite-des-riverains&catid=12">Canal de Daye à Tombouctou: la sécurité des riverains</a>, Primature: République du Mali, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primature.gov.ml/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6021:canal-de-daye-a-tombouctou-la-securite-des-riverains&catid=12">orihinal</a> noong 24 Hulyo 2011, nakuha noong 26 March 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canal+de+Daye+%C3%A0+Tombouctou%3A+la+s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9+des+riverains&rft.pub=Primature%3A+R%C3%A9publique+du+Mali&rft.aulast=Coulibaly&rft.aufirst=Be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primature.gov.ml%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D6021%3Acanal-de-daye-a-tombouctou-la-securite-des-riverains%26catid%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFAdefolalu1984" class="citation journal cs1">Adefolalu, D.O. (25 December 1984). "On bioclimatological aspects of Harmattan dust haze in Nigeria". Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics. 33 (4): 387–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02274004">10.1007/BF02274004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteorology+and+Atmospheric+Physics&rft.atitle=On+bioclimatological+aspects+of+Harmattan+dust+haze+in+Nigeria&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=387-404&rft.date=1984-12-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02274004&rft.aulast=Adefolalu&rft.aufirst=D.O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-benjaminsen-24">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-benjaminsen_24-0">24.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-benjaminsen_24-1">24.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFBenjaminsen" class="citation journal cs1">Benjaminsen, Tor A. "Myths of Timbuktu: From African El Dorado to Desertification". International Journal of Political Economy. 34 (1): 31–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08911916.2004.11042915">10.1080/08911916.2004.11042915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Myths+of+Timbuktu%3A+From+African+El+Dorado+to+Desertification&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-59&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08911916.2004.11042915&rft.aulast=Benjaminsen&rft.aufirst=Tor+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldweather.org/034/c00134.htm">"World Weather Information Service – Tombouctou (1950–2000)"</a>. World Meteorological Organization. Nakuha noong 14 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Weather+Information+Service+%E2%80%93+Tombouctou+%281950%E2%80%932000%29&rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldweather.org%2F034%2Fc00134.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-26"><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_26-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/M1/61223.TXT">"Tomb (Tombouctou) Climate Normals 1961–1990"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (hindi pa naisusulat)">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. Nakuha noong 12 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tomb+%28Tombouctou%29+Climate+Normals+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG__I%2FM1%2F61223.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-meteoclimat-27"><a href="#cite_ref-meteoclimat_27-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809173619/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=682">"Station Tombouctou"</a> (sa wikang Pranses). Meteo Climat. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=682">orihinal</a> noong 9 Agosto 2020. Nakuha noong 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Station+Tombouctou&rft.pub=Meteo+Climat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dstati%26id%3D682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiner195368_n27-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiner195368_n27_28-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiner1953">Miner 1953</a>, p. 68 n27. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFMeunier1980" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meunier, D. (1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/jafr_0399-0346_1980_num_50_2_2010">"Le commerce du sel de Taoudeni"</a>, Journal des Africanistes (sa wikang Pranses), 50 (2): 133–144, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fjafr.1980.2010">10.3406/jafr.1980.2010</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+des+Africanistes&rft.atitle=Le+commerce+du+sel+de+Taoudeni&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-144&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fjafr.1980.2010&rft.aulast=Meunier&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fjafr_0399-0346_1980_num_50_2_2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFHarding" class="citation cs2">Harding, Andrew, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8393442.stm">Timbuktu's ancient salt caravans under threat</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timbuktu%27s+ancient+salt+caravans+under+threat&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F8393442.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFMaynesWaltner2012" class="citation book cs1">Maynes, Mary Jo; Waltner, Ann (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/familyworldhisto0000mayn">The Family: A World History</a>. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/familyworldhisto0000mayn/page/45">45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/9780195338140" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/9780195338140"><bdi>9780195338140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Family%3A+A+World+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780195338140&rft.aulast=Maynes&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jo&rft.au=Waltner%2C+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffamilyworldhisto0000mayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFThomWells1987" class="citation cs2">Thom, Derrick J.; Wells, John C. (1987), "Farming Systems in the Niger Inland Delta, Mali", Geographical Review, 77 (3): 328–342, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F214124">10.2307/214124</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (hindi pa naisusulat)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/214124">214124</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=Farming+Systems+in+the+Niger+Inland+Delta%2C+Mali&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=328-342&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F214124&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F214124%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thom&rft.aufirst=Derrick+J.&rft.au=Wells%2C+John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-schema-33">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-schema_33-0">33.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schema_33-1">33.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schema_33-2">33.2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110428074053/http://www.logements.gouv.ml/documentation/schema_directeur_tombouctou.pdf">Schéma Directeur d'Urbanisme de la Ville de Tombouctou et Environs</a> (PDF) (sa wikang Pranses), Bamako, Mali: Ministère de l'Habitat et de l'Urbanisme, République du Mali, 2006, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.logements.gouv.ml/documentation/schema_directeur_tombouctou.pdf">orihinal</a> (PDF) noong 28 April 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sch%C3%A9ma+Directeur+d%27Urbanisme+de+la+Ville+de+Tombouctou+et+Environs&rft.place=Bamako%2C+Mali&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%27Habitat+et+de+l%27Urbanisme%2C+R%C3%A9publique+du+Mali&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.logements.gouv.ml%2Fdocumentation%2Fschema_directeur_tombouctou.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Citation" title="Padron:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-USAIDcircle-34"><a href="#cite_ref-USAIDcircle_34-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110906163402/http://www.aec.msu.edu/fs2/mali_fd_strtgy/plans/tombouctou/tombouctou/synthese_cercle_tombouctou.pdf">Synthèse des Plan de Securité Alimentaire des Communes du Circle de Tombouctou 2006–2010</a> (PDF) (sa wikang Pranses), Commissariat à la Sécurité Alimentaire, République du Mali, USAID-Mali, 2006, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aec.msu.edu/fs2/mali_fd_strtgy/plans/tombouctou/tombouctou/synthese_cercle_tombouctou.pdf">orihinal</a> (PDF) noong 6 September 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synth%C3%A8se+des+Plan+de+Securit%C3%A9+Alimentaire+des+Communes+du+Circle+de+Tombouctou+2006%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=Commissariat+%C3%A0+la+S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9+Alimentaire%2C+R%C3%A9publique+du+Mali%2C+USAID-Mali&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aec.msu.edu%2Ffs2%2Fmali_fd_strtgy%2Fplans%2Ftombouctou%2Ftombouctou%2Fsynthese_cercle_tombouctou.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Citation" title="Padron:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-styger-35"><a href="#cite_ref-styger_35-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sri.ciifad.cornell.edu/countries/mali/Mali_IICEMStyger2009_2010.pdf">Introducing the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) to irrigated systems in Gao, Mopti, Timbuktu and to rainfed systems in Sikasso</a> (PDF), Bamako, Mali: USAID, Initiatives Intégrées pour la Croissance Économique au Mali, Abt Associates, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+the+System+of+Rice+Intensification+%28SRI%29+to+irrigated+systems+in+Gao%2C+Mopti%2C+Timbuktu+and+to+rainfed+systems+in+Sikasso&rft.place=Bamako%2C+Mali&rft.pub=USAID%2C+Initiatives+Int%C3%A9gr%C3%A9es+pour+la+Croissance+%C3%89conomique+au+Mali%2C+Abt+Associates&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsri.ciifad.cornell.edu%2Fcountries%2Fmali%2FMali_IICEMStyger2009_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-desherence-36">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-desherence_36-0">36.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-desherence_36-1">36.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFSayah2011" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sayah, Moulaye (3 October 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essor.ml/regions/article/tombouctou-le-tourisme-en">Tombouctou : le tourisme en desherence</a> (sa wikang Pranses), L'Essor, nakuha noong 28 November 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tombouctou+%3A+le+tourisme+en+desherence&rft.pub=L%27Essor&rft.date=2011-10-03&rft.aulast=Sayah&rft.aufirst=Moulaye&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essor.ml%2Fregions%2Farticle%2Ftombouctou-le-tourisme-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/your-trip/sahel">Travelling and living abroad: Sahel</a>, United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office, nakuha noong 1 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travelling+and+living+abroad%3A+Sahel&rft.pub=United+Kingdom+Foreign+and+Commonwealth+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fco.gov.uk%2Fen%2Ftravel-and-living-abroad%2Fyour-trip%2Fsahel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928032442/https://uk.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUKLM333916">"Mali says Tuareg rebels abduct group of tourists"</a>. Reuters. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUKLM333916">orihinal</a> noong 28 Septiyembre 2020. Nakuha noong 1 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mali+says+Tuareg+rebels+abduct+group+of+tourists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FlatestCrisis%2FidUKLM333916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_news" title="Padron:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|archive-date=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8080447.stm">Al-Qaeda 'kills British hostage'</a>, BBC News, nakuha noong 1 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Qaeda+%27kills+British+hostage%27&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F8080447.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/conseils-aux-voyageurs/conseils-par-pays/mali-12287/">Mali: Securite</a>, Ministère des affaires étrangères et européennes, nakuha noong 28 November 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mali%3A+Securite&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+des+affaires+%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res+et+europ%C3%A9ennes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomatie.gouv.fr%2Ffr%2Fconseils-aux-voyageurs%2Fconseils-par-pays%2Fmali-12287%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091004045843/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/mali">Mali travel advice</a>, United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/mali">orihinal</a> noong 4 October 2009, nakuha noong 28 November 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mali+travel+advice&rft.pub=United+Kingdom+Foreign+and+Commonwealth+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fco.gov.uk%2Fen%2Ftravel-and-living-abroad%2Ftravel-advice-by-country%2Fsub-saharan-africa%2Fmali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111126112805/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/tw/tw_5360.html">Travel Warning US Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs: Mali</a>, US Department of State, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/tw/tw_5360.html">orihinal</a> noong 26 Nobiyembre 2011, nakuha noong 28 November 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travel+Warning+US+Department+of+State%2C+Bureau+of+Consular+Affairs%3A+Mali&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravel.state.gov%2Ftravel%2Fcis_pa_tw%2Ftw%2Ftw_5360.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Citation" title="Padron:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|archive-date=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFTogola2010" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Togola, Diakaridia (11 January 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415085152/http://www.maliweb.net/category.php?NID=55243">Festival sur le désert : Essakane a vibré au rythme de la 10ème édition</a> (sa wikang Pranses), Le Quotidien de Bamako, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maliweb.net/category.php?NID=55243">orihinal</a> noong 15 April 2012, nakuha noong 25 December 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Festival+sur+le+d%C3%A9sert+%3A+Essakane+a+vibr%C3%A9+au+rythme+de+la+10%C3%A8me+%C3%A9dition&rft.pub=Le+Quotidien+de+Bamako&rft.date=2010-01-11&rft.aulast=Togola&rft.aufirst=Diakaridia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maliweb.net%2Fcategory.php%3FNID%3D55243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Citation" title="Padron:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082337/http://www.primature.gov.ml/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5562%3Atombouctou-le-festival-du-desert-aura-bien-lieu&catid=12">Tombouctou: Le Festival du Désert aura bien lieu</a> (sa wikang Pranses), Primature: Portail Officiel du Gouvernement Mali, 28 October 2010, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primature.gov.ml/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5562:tombouctou-le-festival-du-desert-aura-bien-lieu&catid=12">orihinal</a> noong 24 September 2015, nakuha noong 25 December 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tombouctou%3A+Le+Festival+du+D%C3%A9sert+aura+bien+lieu&rft.pub=Primature%3A+Portail+Officiel+du+Gouvernement+Mali&rft.date=2010-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primature.gov.ml%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D5562%3Atombouctou-le-festival-du-desert-aura-bien-lieu%26catid%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Citation" title="Padron:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15895908">"Mali kidnapping: One dead and three seized in Timbuktu"</a>. BBC News. 25 November 2011. Nakuha noong 28 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mali+kidnapping%3A+One+dead+and+three+seized+in+Timbuktu&rft.date=2011-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-15895908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFSayad2011" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sayad, Moulaye (28 November 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essor.ml/regions/article/tombouctou-sous-le-choc">Tombouctou : Sous le Choc</a> (sa wikang Pranses), L'Essor, nakuha noong 1 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tombouctou+%3A+Sous+le+Choc&rft.pub=L%27Essor&rft.date=2011-11-28&rft.aulast=Sayad&rft.aufirst=Moulaye&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essor.ml%2Fregions%2Farticle%2Ftombouctou-sous-le-choc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFDiarra2013" class="citation cs2">Diarra (28 January 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924173558/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/28/us-mali-rebels-idUSBRE90O0C720130128">French seal off Mali's Timbuktu, rebels torch library</a>, Reuters, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/28/us-mali-rebels-idUSBRE90O0C720130128">orihinal</a> noong 24 September 2015, nakuha noong 19 April 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+seal+off+Mali%27s+Timbuktu%2C+rebels+torch+library&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2013-01-28&rft.au=Diarra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2013%2F01%2F28%2Fus-mali-rebels-idUSBRE90O0C720130128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFShamil2013" class="citation news cs1">Shamil (29 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21242689">"Timbuktu Manuscripts Project"</a>. BBC News. Nakuha noong 29 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Timbuktu+Manuscripts+Project&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft.au=Shamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-21242689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> Also broadcast BBC World Service news on 29 January 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2013" class="citation web cs1">Staff (28 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africajournalismtheworld.com/tag/timbuktu-library-burned/">"Mali – Islamists Rebels Burn Manuscript Library as They Leave Timbuktu"</a>. Reuters (via Africa – News and Analysis). Nakuha noong 31 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mali+%E2%80%93+Islamists+Rebels+Burn+Manuscript+Library+as+They+Leave+Timbuktu&rft.pub=Reuters+%28via+Africa+%E2%80%93+News+and+Analysis%29&rft.date=2013-01-28&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafricajournalismtheworld.com%2Ftag%2Ftimbuktu-library-burned%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeo_Africanus1896-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeo_Africanus1896_50-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeo_Africanus1896">Leo Africanus 1896</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-brians-51">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-brians_51-0">51.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brians_51-1">51.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFBrians1998" class="citation book cs1">Brians, Paul (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_2/leo_africanus.html">Reading About the World</a>. Fort Worth, TX, USA: Harcourt Brace College Publishing. pp. vol. II.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+About+the+World&rft.place=Fort+Worth%2C+TX%2C+USA&rft.pages=vol.+II&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+College+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Brians&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsu.edu%3A8080%2F~wldciv%2Fworld_civ_reader%2Fworld_civ_reader_2%2Fleo_africanus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1820[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAtFAAAAIAAJpgPA10vonepageqffalse_10]-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1820[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBAtFAAAAIAAJpgPA10vonepageqffalse_10]_52-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson1820">Jackson 1820</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BAtFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false">10</a>. harv error: no target: CITEREFJackson1820 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1820-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1820_53-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson1820">Jackson 1820</a>. harv error: no target: CITEREFJackson1820 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/221615">Ang isang papel</a> mula noong 1995 ay nagsasabing ito ay "tila isa sa mga bayan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maraka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maraka (hindi pa naisusulat)">Maraka</a> ". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=x_5ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=housa+%22niger+River%22+-house&source=bl&ots=gGqQVINS4J&sig=kmYvmWvD_gVAjhb6otz-ER7sRUI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN6PPCjNvcAhUyzoUKHZXUB6YQ6AEwEHoECDsQAQ#v=onepage&q=housa%20%22niger%20River%22%20-house&f=false">Isang libro</a> ng mga titik sa <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> mentions sa connexion sa isang sulat ng 1798 na explorer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mungo_Park_(explorer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mungo Park (explorer) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mungo Park ay</a> sinubukan unsuccessfully upang mahanap ang Housa at Timbuktu (1795-7). Sa isang ekspedisyon sa ibang pagkakataon ay nagpunta siya malapit sa Timbuktu habang bumababa ang <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger River">Niger River</a> . Pagkatapos ng maraming pag-atake ng mga Aprikano, siya ay nabuwal sa ilog. </li> <li id="cite_note-reiser-55">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-reiser_55-0">55.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reiser_55-1">55.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFReiser2007" class="citation book cs1">Reiser, Melissa Diane (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=47FfAAAAMAAJ">Festival au Desert, Essakane, Mali: a postcolonial, postwar Tuareg experiment</a>. Madison: University of Wisconsin – Madison.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Festival+au+Desert%2C+Essakane%2C+Mali%3A+a+postcolonial%2C+postwar+Tuareg+experiment&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+%E2%80%93+Madison&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Reiser&rft.aufirst=Melissa+Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D47FfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeppie2008-56">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeppie2008_56-0">56.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeppie2008_56-1">56.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeppie2008">Jeppie 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-whsselection-57">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-whsselection_57-0">57.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-whsselection_57-1">57.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcom88.htm">Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage</a>, UNESCO</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Convention+Concerning+the+Protection+of+the+World+Cultural+and+Natural+Heritage&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Farchive%2Frepcom88.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICOMOS-58">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ICOMOS_58-0">58.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICOMOS_58-1">58.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFICOMOS1979" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICOMOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICOMOS (hindi pa naisusulat)">ICOMOS</a> (14 May 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/119.pdf">"Advisory Body Evaluation of Timbuktu Nomination"</a> (PDF). UNESCO. Nakuha noong 22 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advisory+Body+Evaluation+of+Timbuktu+Nomination&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1979-05-14&rft.au=ICOMOS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Farchive%2Fadvisory_body_evaluation%2F119.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-orignom-59"><a href="#cite_ref-orignom_59-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFMali_Government" class="citation web cs1">Mali Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0003/000377/037756eb.pdf">"Nomination No. 119"</a> (PDF). UNESCO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nomination+No.+119&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.au=Mali+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0003%2F000377%2F037756eb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFAmelan" class="citation web cs1">Amelan, Roni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/133/">"Three Sites Withdrawn from UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger"</a>. UNESCO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+Sites+Withdrawn+from+UNESCO%27s+List+of+World+Heritage+in+Danger&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.aulast=Amelan&rft.aufirst=Roni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F133%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/454">"WHC Requests Close Surveillance of Bordeaux, Machu Picchu, Timbuktu and Samarkand"</a>. UNESCO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHC+Requests+Close+Surveillance+of+Bordeaux%2C+Machu+Picchu%2C+Timbuktu+and+Samarkand&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/1837">Decision 33COM 7B.45 – Timbuktu (Mali)</a>, Final Decisions of the 33rd Session of the WHC, Seville, 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decision+33COM+7B.45+%E2%80%93+Timbuktu+%28Mali%29&rft.place=Seville&rft.series=Final+Decisions+of+the+33rd+Session+of+the+WHC&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fdecisions%2F1837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Citation" title="Padron:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-TimbuktuDamageJune-63">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-TimbuktuDamageJune_63-0">63.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimbuktuDamageJune_63-1">63.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimbuktuDamageJune_63-2">63.2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18657463">"Timbuktu shrines damaged by Mali Ansar Dine Islamists"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Timbuktu+shrines+damaged+by+Mali+Ansar+Dine+Islamists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-18657463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimbuktuDamageMay-64"><a href="#cite_ref-TimbuktuDamageMay_64-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17973545">"Mali Islamist militants 'destroy' Timbuktu saint's tomb"</a>. BBC News. Nakuha noong 1 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mali+Islamist+militants+%27destroy%27+Timbuktu+saint%27s+tomb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-17973545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> Al Jazeera (Hunyo 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/06/2012630101748795606.html">Inilagay ng mga mandirigma ng Ansar Dine ang mga dambuhalang Timbuktu.</a> Nakuha noong Hulyo 1, 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-TimbuktuEndTimes-66"><a href="#cite_ref-TimbuktuEndTimes_66-0">↑</a> Guled Yusuf at Lucas Bento, The New York Times (Hulyo 31, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/01/opinion/the-end-times-for-timbuktu.html">Ang 'End Times' para sa Timbuktu?</a> Nakuha noong Hulyo 31, 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/913">"UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Creation of a Special Fund for the Safeguarding of Mali's World Heritage sites"</a>. Whc.unesco.org. Nakuha noong 2014-05-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre+-+Creation+of+a+Special+Fund+for+the+Safeguarding+of+Mali%27s+World+Heritage+sites&rft.pub=Whc.unesco.org&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huddleston-68">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Huddleston_68-0">68.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huddleston_68-1">68.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huddleston_68-2">68.2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFHuddleston2009" class="citation journal cs1">Huddleston, Alexandra (1 September 2009). "Divine Learning: The Traditional Islamic Scholarship of Timbuktu". Fourth Genre: Explorations in Non-Fiction. 11 (2): 129–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ffge.0.0080">10.1353/fge.0.0080</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1522-3868">1522-3868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fourth+Genre%3A+Explorations+in+Non-Fiction&rft.atitle=Divine+Learning%3A+The+Traditional+Islamic+Scholarship+of+Timbuktu&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-135&rft.date=2009-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ffge.0.0080&rft.issn=1522-3868&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaveland2008-69">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaveland2008_69-0">69.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaveland2008_69-1">69.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaveland2008_69-2">69.2</a> <a href="#CITEREFCleaveland2008">Cleaveland 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFSingleton" class="citation journal cs1">Singleton, Brent D. "African Bibliophiles: Books and Libraries in Medieval Timbuktu". <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flac.2004.0019">10.1353/lac.2004.0019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=African+Bibliophiles%3A+Books+and+Libraries+in+Medieval+Timbuktu&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flac.2004.0019&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Brent+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_journal" title="Padron:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFMedupeWarnerJeppieSanogo2008" class="citation book cs1">Medupe, Rodney Thebe; Warner, Brian; Jeppie, Shamil; Sanogo, Salikou; Maiga, Mohammed; Maiga, Ahmed; Dembele, Mamadou; Diakite, Drissa; Tembely, Laya (2008). "The Timbuktu Astronomy Project". Sa Holbrook, Jarita (pat.). African Cultural Astronomy. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6639-9_13">10.1007/978-1-4020-6639-9_13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/9781402066399" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/9781402066399"><bdi>9781402066399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Timbuktu+Astronomy+Project&rft.btitle=African+Cultural+Astronomy&rft.series=Astrophysics+and+Space+Science+Proceedings&rft.pages=p.+179&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6639-9_13&rft.isbn=9781402066399&rft.aulast=Medupe&rft.aufirst=Rodney+Thebe&rft.au=Warner%2C+Brian&rft.au=Jeppie%2C+Shamil&rft.au=Sanogo%2C+Salikou&rft.au=Maiga%2C+Mohammed&rft.au=Maiga%2C+Ahmed&rft.au=Dembele%2C+Mamadou&rft.au=Diakite%2C+Drissa&rft.au=Tembely%2C+Laya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Makdisi_Scholasticism-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Makdisi_Scholasticism_72-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFMakdisi" class="citation cs2">Makdisi, George, Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F604423">10.2307/604423</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scholasticism+and+Humanism+in+Classical+Islam+and+the+Christian+West&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F604423&rft.aulast=Makdisi&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timbuktufoundation.org/university.html">University of Timbuktu, Mali</a> Error in webarchive template: Check <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> value. Empty. – Timbuktu Educational Foundation </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick2003lvii-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick2003lvii_74-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunwick2003">Hunwick 2003</a>, pp. lvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-baba_the_greatest-75"><a href="#cite_ref-baba_the_greatest_75-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFPolgreen2007" class="citation news cs1">Polgreen, Lydia (7 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/07/world/africa/07mali.html">"Timbuktu Hopes Ancient Texts Spark a Revival"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_York_Times&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The New York Times (hindi pa naisusulat)">The New York Times</a>. Nakuha noong 4 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Timbuktu+Hopes+Ancient+Texts+Spark+a+Revival&rft.date=2007-08-07&rft.aulast=Polgreen&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F08%2F07%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F07mali.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ng-76"><a href="#cite_ref-ng_76-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFRainier2003" class="citation web cs1">Rainier, Chris (27 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0522_030527_timbuktu.html">"Reclaiming the Ancient Manuscripts of Timbuktu"</a>. National Geographic News. Nakuha noong 13 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Reclaiming+the+Ancient+Manuscripts+of+Timbuktu&rft.date=2003-05-27&rft.aulast=Rainier&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2F05%2F0522_030527_timbuktu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2013" class="citation cs2">Harding, Luke (28 January 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/28/mali-timbuktu-library-ancient-manuscripts">Timbuktu mayor: Mali rebels torched library of historic manuscripts</a>, nakuha noong 27 February 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timbuktu+mayor%3A+Mali+rebels+torched+library+of+historic+manuscripts&rft.date=2013-01-28&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjan%2F28%2Fmali-timbuktu-library-ancient-manuscripts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFDiarra2013" class="citation cs2">Diarra, Adama (28 January 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131091420/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/01/28/uk-mali-rebels-idUKBRE90P0A120130128">French, Malians retake Timbuktu, rebels torch library</a>, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/01/28/uk-mali-rebels-idUKBRE90P0A120130128">orihinal</a> noong 31 Enero 2013, nakuha noong 27 February 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French%2C+Malians+retake+Timbuktu%2C+rebels+torch+library&rft.date=2013-01-28&rft.aulast=Diarra&rft.aufirst=Adama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2013%2F01%2F28%2Fuk-mali-rebels-idUKBRE90P0A120130128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130211052521/http://www.tombouctoumanuscripts.org/blog/entry/timbuktu_update/">Timbuktu update</a>, 30 January 2013, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tombouctoumanuscripts.org/blog/entry/timbuktu_update/">orihinal</a> noong 11 February 2013, nakuha noong 27 February 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timbuktu+update&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tombouctoumanuscripts.org%2Fblog%2Fentry%2Ftimbuktu_update%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFZanganeh2013" class="citation cs2">Zanganeh, Lila Azam (29 January 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2013/01/the-libraries-of-timbuktu.html">Has the great library of Timbuktu been lost?</a>, nakuha noong 27 February 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Has+the+great+library+of+Timbuktu+been+lost%3F&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft.aulast=Zanganeh&rft.aufirst=Lila+Azam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fonline%2Fblogs%2Fnewsdesk%2F2013%2F01%2Fthe-libraries-of-timbuktu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/23148">Precious history in Timbuktu library saved from fire</a>, nakuha noong 27 February 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Precious+history+in+Timbuktu+library+saved+from+fire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistoryblog.com%2Farchives%2F23148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFHinshaw2013" class="citation cs2">Hinshaw, Drew (1 February 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323926104578276003922396218">Historic Timbuktu Texts Saved From Burning</a>, nakuha noong 27 February 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Timbuktu+Texts+Saved+From+Burning&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft.aulast=Hinshaw&rft.aufirst=Drew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424127887323926104578276003922396218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.npr.org/2016/04/23/475420855/timbuktus-badass-librarians-checking-out-books-under-al-qaidas-nose">https://www.npr.org/2016/04/23/475420855/timbuktus-badass-librarians-checking-out-books-under-al-qaidas-nose</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a> Hammer, J. (2016) "Ang Bad-Ass Librarians ng Timbuktu." Simon at Schuster. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2007" class="citation cs2">Grant, Simon (8 February 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2007/feb/08/beyondthesaharanfringe">"Beyond the Saharan Fringe"</a>, The Guardian, London, nakuha noong 19 July 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Saharan+Fringe&rft.date=2007-02-08&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2Fbooksblog%2F2007%2Ffeb%2F08%2Fbeyondthesaharanfringe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFWalt" class="citation news cs1">Walt, Vivienne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.time.com/2013/02/04/timbuktus-ancient-libraries-saved-by-locals-endangered-by-a-government/">"Timbuktu's Ancient Libraries: Saved by Locals, Endangered by a Government"</a>. Time. Nakuha noong 2018-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Timbuktu%E2%80%99s+Ancient+Libraries%3A+Saved+by+Locals%2C+Endangered+by+a+Government&rft.aulast=Walt&rft.aufirst=Vivienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld.time.com%2F2013%2F02%2F04%2Ftimbuktus-ancient-libraries-saved-by-locals-endangered-by-a-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFZanganeh2013" class="citation news cs1">Zanganeh, Lila Azam (2013-01-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/has-the-great-library-of-timbuktu-been-lost">"Has the Great Library of Timbuktu Been Lost?"</a>. The New Yorker. Nakuha noong 2018-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Has+the+Great+Library+of+Timbuktu+Been+Lost%3F&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft.aulast=Zanganeh&rft.aufirst=Lila+Azam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-desk%2Fhas-the-great-library-of-timbuktu-been-lost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath19994–5-88">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeath19994–5_88-0">88.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeath19994–5_88-1">88.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeath1999">Heath 1999</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-timeslibraries-89"><a href="#cite_ref-timeslibraries_89-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFForma2009" class="citation news cs1">Forma, Aminatta (7 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article5675598.ece">"The Lost Libraries of Timbuktu"</a>. The Sunday Times. London, UK. Nakuha noong 15 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=The+Lost+Libraries+of+Timbuktu&rft.date=2009-02-07&rft.aulast=Forma&rft.aufirst=Aminatta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Farts_and_entertainment%2Ftv_and_radio%2Farticle5675598.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Dead_external_links" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Dead external links">patay na link</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFRosberg1964" class="citation cs2">Rosberg, Carl Gustav (1964), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JpNYxFmTjC4C&pg=PA222">Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa</a>, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, p. 222, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/9780520002531" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/9780520002531"><bdi>9780520002531</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+and+National+Integration+in+Tropical+Africa&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=9780520002531&rft.aulast=Rosberg&rft.aufirst=Carl+Gustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJpNYxFmTjC4C%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lpafrica-91">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-lpafrica_91-0">91.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lpafrica_91-1">91.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFPitcher2007" class="citation book cs1">Pitcher, Gemma (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=pES7tpurfx0C&dq=timbuktu+lonely+planet">Africa</a>. Melbourne: Lonely Planet Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/9781741044829" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/9781741044829"><bdi>9781741044829</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet+Guides&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781741044829&rft.aulast=Pitcher&rft.aufirst=Gemma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DpES7tpurfx0C%26dq%3Dtimbuktu%2Blonely%2Bplanet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-92"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_92-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927174821/http://www.afribone.com/spip.php?article4208">Lancement des travaux du Canal de Tombouctou : la mamelle nourricière redonne vie et espoir à la 'Cité mystérieuse'</a>, Afribone, 14 August 2006, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afribone.com/spip.php?article4208">orihinal</a> noong 27 September 2011, nakuha noong 19 April 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancement+des+travaux+du+Canal+de+Tombouctou+%3A+la+mamelle+nourrici%C3%A8re+redonne+vie+et+espoir+%C3%A0+la+%27Cit%C3%A9+myst%C3%A9rieuse%27&rft.pub=Afribone&rft.date=2006-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afribone.com%2Fspip.php%3Farticle4208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-essor2010-93">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-essor2010_93-0">93.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-essor2010_93-1">93.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFCoulibaly2010" class="citation cs2">Coulibaly, Baye (24 November 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114093815/http://www.essor.ml/actualite/article/kidal">Route Tombouctou-Goma Coura: un nouveau chantier titanesque est ouvert</a>, L'Essor, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essor.ml/actualite/article/kidal">orihinal</a> noong 14 Nobiyembre 2011, nakuha noong 19 March 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Route+Tombouctou-Goma+Coura%3A+un+nouveau+chantier+titanesque+est+ouvert&rft.pub=L%27Essor&rft.date=2010-11-24&rft.aulast=Coulibaly&rft.aufirst=Baye&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essor.ml%2Factualite%2Farticle%2Fkidal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Citation" title="Padron:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|archive-date=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-essor2012-94"><a href="#cite_ref-essor2012_94-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFCoulibaly2012" class="citation cs2">Coulibaly, Baye (19 January 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essor.ml/regions/article/route-tombouctou-goma-coura-le">Route Tombouctou-Goma Coura: le chantier advance à grand pas</a>, L'Essor, nakuha noong 1 May 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Route+Tombouctou-Goma+Coura%3A+le+chantier+advance+%C3%A0+grand+pas&rft.pub=L%27Essor&rft.date=2012-01-19&rft.aulast=Coulibaly&rft.aufirst=Baye&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essor.ml%2Fregions%2Farticle%2Froute-tombouctou-goma-coura-le&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514053419/http://mali.usembassy.gov/amb-speech-road-inaug.html">Niono-Goma Coura Road Inauguration</a>, Embassy of the United States, Mali, 7 February 2009, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mali.usembassy.gov/amb-speech-road-inaug.html">orihinal</a> noong 14 May 2011, nakuha noong 19 March 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niono-Goma+Coura+Road+Inauguration&rft.pub=Embassy+of+the+United+States%2C+Mali&rft.date=2009-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmali.usembassy.gov%2Famb-speech-road-inaug.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325161914/http://www.mcc.gov/documents/cn/cn-111706-mali-compactsigning.pdf">Mali Compact</a> (PDF), Millennium Challenge Corporation, 17 November 2006, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcc.gov/documents/cn/cn-111706-mali-compactsigning.pdf">orihinal</a> (PDF) noong 25 March 2012, nakuha noong 19 April 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mali+Compact&rft.pub=Millennium+Challenge+Corporation&rft.date=2006-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcc.gov%2Fdocuments%2Fcn%2Fcn-111706-mali-compactsigning.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourairports.com/airports/GATB/pilot-info.html">Pilot Information for Timbuktu Airport</a>, Megginson Technologies, 2010, nakuha noong 18 February 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilot+Information+for+Timbuktu+Airport&rft.pub=Megginson+Technologies&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourairports.com%2Fairports%2FGATB%2Fpilot-info.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_twin-98"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_twin_98-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6062360.stm">Search on for Timbuktu's twin</a>, BBC News, 18 October 2006, nakuha noong 22 November 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Search+on+for+Timbuktu%27s+twin&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2006-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F6062360.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaad1983-99">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaad1983_99-0">99.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaad1983_99-1">99.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaad1983">Saad 1983</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Prescott-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_100-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation book cs1">Berbers and Blacks: Impressions of Morocco, Timbuktu and the Western Sudan. Kessinger Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berbers+and+Blacks%3A+Impressions+of+Morocco%2C+Timbuktu+and+the+Western+Sudan&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaillié1830[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu7xjAAAAMAAJpgPA49_49_Vol._2]-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaillié1830[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidu7xjAAAAMAAJpgPA49_49_Vol._2]_101-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaillié1830">Caillié 1830</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u7xjAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA49">49 Vol. 2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=timbuktu&searchmode=none">"Entry on 'Timbuktu'"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. 2002. Nakuha noong 17 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Entry+on+%27Timbuktu%27&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Dtimbuktu%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-27360884">"BBC Radio Devon DJ David Lowe loses job over racist word"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 2014-05-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+Radio+Devon+DJ+David+Lowe+loses+job+over+racist+word&rft.date=2014-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-devon-27360884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-song-104"><a href="#cite_ref-song_104-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/jun/26/itv-n-word">"ITV feels the heat over N-word song lyrics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 2012-06-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=ITV+feels+the+heat+over+N-word+song+lyrics&rft.date=2012-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2012%2Fjun%2F26%2Fitv-n-word&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lbeWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA289">Jonathan King, 70 FFFY, 2014, p.289</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dn7WAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53">Stephen Fry, Higit pang mga Fool Me, 2014</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coa.inducks.org/comp2.php?code=&keyw=timboektoe&keywt=i&exactpg=&pg1=&pg2=&bro2=&bro3=&kind=0&rowsperpage=0&columnsperpage=0&hero=&xapp=&univ=&xa2=&creat=&creat2=&plot=&plot2=&writ=&writ2=&art=&art2=&ink=&ink2=&pub1=&pub2=∂=&ser=&xref=&mref=&xrefd=&repabb=&repabbc=al&imgmode=1&vdesc2=on&vdesc=en&vnl=on&sort1=autoDonaldDuck">Timboektoe subseries (Dutch)</a>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Dead_external_links" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Dead external links">patay na link</a>] on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coa.inducks.org/">C.O.A. Search Engine</a> Error in webarchive template: Check <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> value. Empty. (I.N.D.U.C.K.S.). Retrieved d.d. 24 October 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065421/goofs">Mga Tala sa The Aristocats</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065421/goofs">[1]</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" title="Internet Movie Database">Internet Movie Database</a> . Nakuha noong Oktubre 24, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Farka_Tour%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Farka Touré (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ali Farka Touré</a> with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ry_Cooder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ry Cooder (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ry Cooder</a> (1994). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talking_Timbuktu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talking Timbuktu (hindi pa naisusulat)">Talking Timbuktu</a> (CD (insert)). World Circuit.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talking+Timbuktu&rft.pub=World+Circuit&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/mid_/7058884.stm">"Timbuktu 'twins' make first visit"</a>. BBC News. 24 October 2007. Nakuha noong 24 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Timbuktu+%27twins%27+make+first+visit&rft.date=2007-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fwales%2Fmid_%2F7058884.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_sanggunian">Mga sanggunian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga sanggunian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Mga sanggunian">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2121725">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFAbitbol1979" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Abitbol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Abitbol (hindi pa naisusulat)">Abitbol, Michel</a> (1979), Tombouctou et les Arma: de la conquête marocaine du Soudan nigérien en 1591 à l'hégémonie de l'empire Peulh du Macina en 1833 (sa wikang Pranses), Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-2-7068-0770-1" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-2-7068-0770-1"><bdi>978-2-7068-0770-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tombouctou+et+les+Arma%3A+de+la+conqu%C3%AAte+marocaine+du+Soudan+nig%C3%A9rien+en+1591+%C3%A0+l%27h%C3%A9g%C3%A9monie+de+l%27empire+Peulh+du+Macina+en+1833&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Maisonneuve+%26+Larose&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-2-7068-0770-1&rft.aulast=Abitbol&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFBarth1857" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Barth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Barth (hindi pa naisusulat)">Barth, Heinrich</a> (1857), Travels and discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a journal of an expedition undertaken under the auspices of H. B. M.'s government, in the years 1849–1855. (3 Vols), New York: Harper & Brothers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+and+discoveries+in+North+and+Central+Africa%3A+Being+a+journal+of+an+expedition+undertaken+under+the+auspices+of+H.+B.+M.%27s+government%2C+in+the+years+1849%E2%80%931855.+%283+Vols%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Barth&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">. Google books: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ALsZAAAAYAAJ">Volume 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W8ByAAAAMAAJ">Volume 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l74ZAAAAYAAJ">Volume 3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2002" class="citation cs2">Black, Crofton (2002), "Leo Africanus's "Descrittione dell'Africa" and its sixteenth-century translations", Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 65: 262–272, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4135111">10.2307/4135111</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (hindi pa naisusulat)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4135111">4135111</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Warburg+and+Courtauld+Institutes&rft.atitle=Leo+Africanus%27s+%22Descrittione+dell%27Africa%22+and+its+sixteenth-century+translations&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=262-272&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4135111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4135111%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Crofton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFCaillié1830" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Cailli%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Caillié (hindi pa naisusulat)">Caillié, Réné</a> (1830), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+through+Central+Africa+to+Timbuctoo%3B+and+across+the+Great+Desert%2C+to+Morocco%2C+performed+in+the+years+1824%E2%80%931828+%282+Vols%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Colburn+%26+Bentley&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Cailli%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9n%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">. Google books: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gPMTAAAAIAAJ">Volume 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u7xjAAAAMAAJ">Volume 2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFCleaveland2008" class="citation cs2">Cleaveland, Timothy (2008), "Timbuktu and Walata: lineages and higher education", sa Jeppie, Shamil; Diagne, Souleymane Bachir (mga pat.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424085246/http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/The_Meanings_of_Timbuktu_-_Chapter_6_-_Timbuktu_and_Walata__lineages_and_higher_education.pdf">The Meanings of Timbuktu</a> (PDF), Cape Town: HSRC Press, pp. 77–91, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-7969-2204-5" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-7969-2204-5"><bdi>978-0-7969-2204-5</bdi></a>, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/The_Meanings_of_Timbuktu_-_Chapter_6_-_Timbuktu_and_Walata__lineages_and_higher_education.pdf">orihinal</a> (PDF) noong 2021-04-24, nakuha noong 2019-04-19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Timbuktu+and+Walata%3A+lineages+and+higher+education&rft.btitle=The+Meanings+of+Timbuktu&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pages=77-91&rft.pub=HSRC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7969-2204-5&rft.aulast=Cleaveland&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.codesria.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FThe_Meanings_of_Timbuktu_-_Chapter_6_-_Timbuktu_and_Walata__lineages_and_higher_education.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFDubois1896" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Dubois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Félix Dubois (hindi pa naisusulat)">Dubois, Felix</a> (1896), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timbuctoomyster01whitgoog">Timbuctoo the mysterious</a>, White, Diana (trans.), New York: Longmans</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timbuctoo+the+mysterious&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Dubois&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimbuctoomyster01whitgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFFage1956" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Donnelly_Fage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Donnelly Fage (hindi pa naisusulat)">Fage, J.D.</a> (1956), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw9AAAAIAAJ">An Introduction to the History of West Africa</a>, London: Cambridge University Press, p. 22</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+West+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Fage&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRDw9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFHacquard1900" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustin_Hacquard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustin Hacquard (hindi pa naisusulat)">Hacquard, Augustin</a> (1900), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monographiedeto00hacqgoog">Monographie de Tombouctou</a>, Paris: Société des études coloniales & maritimes</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monographie+de+Tombouctou&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+%C3%A9tudes+coloniales+%26+maritimes&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Hacquard&rft.aufirst=Augustin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmonographiedeto00hacqgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">. Also available from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k103743p">Gallica</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFHeath1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Heath_(linguist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffrey Heath (linguist) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Heath, Jeffrey</a> (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93ar5YZt6SEC">A Grammar of Koyra Chiini: the Songhay of Timbuktu</a>, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/9783110162851" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/9783110162851"><bdi>9783110162851</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Koyra+Chiini%3A+the+Songhay+of+Timbuktu&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9783110162851&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D93ar5YZt6SEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFHoudas1901" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Houdas, Octave (ed. and trans.) (1901), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5444371d.r=houdas.langEN">Tedzkiret en-nisiān fi Akhbar molouk es-Soudān</a> (sa wikang Pranses), Paris: E. Laroux</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tedzkiret+en-nisi%C4%81n+fi+Akhbar+molouk+es-Soud%C4%81n&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=E.+Laroux&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Houdas&rft.aufirst=Octave+%28ed.+and+trans.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k5444371d.r%3Dhoudas.langEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">. The anonymous 18th century Tadhkirat al-Nisyan is a biographical dictionary of the pashas of Timbuktu from the Moroccan conquest up to 1750.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFHunwick2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hunwick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hunwick (hindi pa naisusulat)">Hunwick, John O.</a> (2000), "Timbuktu", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/10.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BearBianBosDonHein.etc.UndPatIUA.v10.T-U.Leid.EJBrill.2000.#page/n532/mode/1up">Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume X</a> (ika-2nd (na) edisyon), Leiden: Brill, pp. 508–510, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-90-04-11211-7" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-90-04-11211-7"><bdi>978-90-04-11211-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Timbuktu&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam.+Volume+X&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=508-510&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11211-7&rft.aulast=Hunwick&rft.aufirst=John+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FEncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13%2F10.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BearBianBosDonHein.etc.UndPatIUA.v10.T-U.Leid.EJBrill.2000.%23page%2Fn532%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFHunwick2003" class="citation cs2">Hunwick, John O. (2003), Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents, Leiden: Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-90-04-12560-5" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-90-04-12560-5"><bdi>978-90-04-12560-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timbuktu+and+the+Songhay+Empire%3A+Al-Sadi%27s+Tarikh+al-Sudan+down+to+1613+and+other+contemporary+documents&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12560-5&rft.aulast=Hunwick&rft.aufirst=John+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">. First published in 1999 as <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/90-04-11207-3" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/90-04-11207-3">90-04-11207-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFImperato1989" class="citation cs2">Imperato, Pascal James (1989), Mali: A Search for Direction, Boulder CO: Westview Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-1-85521-049-3" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-1-85521-049-3"><bdi>978-1-85521-049-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mali%3A+A+Search+for+Direction&rft.place=Boulder+CO&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-85521-049-3&rft.aulast=Imperato&rft.aufirst=Pascal+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFInsoll2002" class="citation cs2">Insoll, Timothy (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308022932/http://www.insoll.org/Timbuktu%20Sahara.pdf">"The Archaeology of Post Medieval Timbuktu"</a> (PDF), Sahara, 13: 7–22, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insoll.org/Timbuktu%20Sahara.pdf">orihinal</a> (PDF) noong 8 March 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sahara&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+Post+Medieval+Timbuktu&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=7-22&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Insoll&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insoll.org%2FTimbuktu%2520Sahara.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Citation" title="Padron:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFInsoll2004" class="citation cs2">Insoll, Timothy (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308023101/http://www.insoll.org/Timbuktu%20Oxford%20Vol.pdf">"Timbuktu the less Mysterious?"</a> (PDF), sa Mitchell, P.; Haour, A.; Hobart, J. (mga pat.), Researching Africa's Past. New Contributions from British Archaeologists, Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 81–88, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insoll.org/Timbuktu%20Oxford%20Vol.pdf">orihinal</a> (PDF) noong 2012-03-08, nakuha noong 2019-04-19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Timbuktu+the+less+Mysterious%3F&rft.btitle=Researching+Africa%27s+Past.+New+Contributions+from+British+Archaeologists&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=81-88&rft.pub=Oxbow&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Insoll&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insoll.org%2FTimbuktu%2520Oxford%2520Vol.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Grey_Jackson_[fr]1820" class="citation cs2">James Grey Jackson [fr] (1820), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BAtFAAAAIAAJ">An Account of Timbuctoo and Housa, Territories in the Interior of Africa By El Hage Abd Salam Shabeeny</a>, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Account+of+Timbuctoo+and+Housa%2C+Territories+in+the+Interior+of+Africa+By+El+Hage+Abd+Salam+Shabeeny&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees%2C+Orme%2C+and+Brown&rft.date=1820&rft.au=James+Grey+Jackson%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bfr%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBAtFAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Citation" title="Padron:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> value (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_paramlink" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_mga_may-akda" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: mga may-akda (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorya:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_mga_may-akda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: numeric names: mga may-akda (hindi pa naisusulat)">link</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFJeppie2008" class="citation cs2">Jeppie, Shamil (2008), "Re/discovering Timbuktu", sa Jeppie, Shamil; Diagne, Souleymane Bachir (mga pat.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424065552/http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/The_Meanings_of_Timbuktu_-_Chapter_1_-_Re_discovering_Timbuktu.pdf">The Meanings of Timbuktu</a> (PDF), Cape Town: HSRC Press, pp. 1–17, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-7969-2204-5" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-7969-2204-5"><bdi>978-0-7969-2204-5</bdi></a>, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/The_Meanings_of_Timbuktu_-_Chapter_1_-_Re_discovering_Timbuktu.pdf">orihinal</a> (PDF) noong 2021-04-24, nakuha noong 2019-04-19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Re%2Fdiscovering+Timbuktu&rft.btitle=The+Meanings+of+Timbuktu&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pages=1-17&rft.pub=HSRC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7969-2204-5&rft.aulast=Jeppie&rft.aufirst=Shamil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.codesria.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FThe_Meanings_of_Timbuktu_-_Chapter_1_-_Re_discovering_Timbuktu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFKaba1981" class="citation cs2">Kaba, Lansine (1981), "Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591–1612)", Journal of African History, 22 (4): 457–475, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700019861">10.1017/S0021853700019861</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (hindi pa naisusulat)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/181298">181298</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (hindi pa naisusulat)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11632225">11632225</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Archers%2C+Musketeers%2C+and+Mosquitoes%3A+The+Moroccan+Invasion+of+the+Sudan+and+the+Songhay+Resistance+%281591%E2%80%931612%29&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=457-475&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11632225&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F181298%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021853700019861&rft.aulast=Kaba&rft.aufirst=Lansine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFKâti1913" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kâti, Mahmoûd Kâti ben el-Hâdj el-Motaouakkel (1913), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5439466q">Tarikh el-fettach ou Chronique du chercheur, pour servir à l'histoire des villes, des armées et des principaux personnages du Tekrour</a> (sa wikang Pranses), Houdas, O., Delafosse, M. ed. and trans., Paris: Ernest Leroux</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tarikh+el-fettach+ou+Chronique+du+chercheur%2C+pour+servir+%C3%A0+l%27histoire+des+villes%2C+des+arm%C3%A9es+et+des+principaux+personnages+du+Tekrour&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Ernest+Leroux&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=K%C3%A2ti&rft.aufirst=Mahmo%C3%BBd+K%C3%A2ti+ben+el-H%C3%A2dj+el-Motaouakkel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k5439466q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">. Also available from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.nuhmkati1&pgs=">Aluka</a> but requires subscription.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFLeo_Africanus1896" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Africanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Africanus (hindi pa naisusulat)">Leo Africanus</a> (1896), The History and Description of Africa (3 Vols), Brown, Robert, editor, London: Hakluyt Society</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Description+of+Africa+%283+Vols%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1896&rft.au=Leo+Africanus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">. A facsimile of Pory's English translation of 1600 together with an introduction and notes by the editor. Internet Archive: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worksissuedbyha01unkngoog">Volume 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyanddescr01unkngoog">Volume 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyanddescr02porygoog">Volume 3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFLevtzion1973" class="citation cs2">Levtzion, Nehemia (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip100013">Ancient Ghana and Mali</a>, London: Methuen, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5555%2FAL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip100013">10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip100013</a> (di-aktibo 2019-02-22), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-8419-0431-6" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-8419-0431-6"><bdi>978-0-8419-0431-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Ghana+and+Mali&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8419-0431-6&rft.aulast=Levtzion&rft.aufirst=Nehemia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aluka.org%2Faction%2FshowMetadata%3Fdoi%3D10.5555%2FAL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip100013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Citation" title="Padron:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|doi=</code> value (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_doi" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>)CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Pebrero 2019 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorya:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_Pebrero_2019&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Pebrero 2019 (hindi pa naisusulat)">link</a>). Link requires subscription to Aluka.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFLevtzionHopkins2000" class="citation cs2">Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John F.P., mga pat. (2000), Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa, New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-1-55876-241-1" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-1-55876-241-1"><bdi>978-1-55876-241-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+of+Early+Arabic+Sources+for+West+Africa&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Marcus+Weiner+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55876-241-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">. First published in 1981 by Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/0-521-22422-5" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/0-521-22422-5">0-521-22422-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntoshMcIntosh1986" class="citation cs2">McIntosh, Susan Keech; McIntosh, Roderick J. (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthropology.rice.edu/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=480">"Archaeological reconnaissance in the region of Timbuktu"</a>, National Geographic Research, 2: 302–319</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Research&rft.atitle=Archaeological+reconnaissance+in+the+region+of+Timbuktu&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=302-319&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Susan+Keech&rft.au=McIntosh%2C+Roderick+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanthropology.rice.edu%2FWorkArea%2Flinkit.aspx%3FLinkIdentifier%3Did%26ItemID%3D480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Dead_external_links" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Dead external links">patay na link</a>].</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFMiner1953" class="citation cs2">Miner, Horace (1953), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip200008">The primitive city of Timbuctoo</a>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5555%2FAL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip200008">10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip200008</a> (di-aktibo 2019-02-22)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+primitive+city+of+Timbuctoo&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Miner&rft.aufirst=Horace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aluka.org%2Faction%2FshowMetadata%3Fdoi%3D10.5555%2FAL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip200008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Citation" title="Padron:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|doi=</code> value (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_doi" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>)CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Pebrero 2019 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorya:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_Pebrero_2019&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Pebrero 2019 (hindi pa naisusulat)">link</a>). Link requires subscription to Aluka. Reissued by Anchor Books, New York in 1965.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFPark2010" class="citation cs2">Park, Douglas (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yale.academia.edu/DouglasPark/Papers/1269476/Prehistoric_Timbuktu_and_its_hinterland">"Timbuktu and its prehistoric hinterland"</a>, Antiquity, 84 (326): 1076–1088, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00067090">10.1017/S0003598X00067090</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Timbuktu+and+its+prehistoric+hinterland&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=326&rft.pages=1076-1088&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00067090&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyale.academia.edu%2FDouglasPark%2FPapers%2F1269476%2FPrehistoric_Timbuktu_and_its_hinterland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFPark2011" class="citation cs2">Park, Douglas (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yale.academia.edu/DouglasPark/Papers/1269839/Climate_Change_Human_Response_and_the_Origins_of_Urbanism_at_Timbuktu_Archaeological_Investigations_into_the_Prehistoric_Urbanism_of_the_Timbuktu_Region_on_the_Niger_Bend_Mali_West_Africa">Climate Change, Human Response and the Origins of Urbanism at Prehistoric Timbuktu</a>, New Haven: PhD thesis, Yale University, Department of Anthropology</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change%2C+Human+Response+and+the+Origins+of+Urbanism+at+Prehistoric+Timbuktu&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=PhD+thesis%2C+Yale+University%2C+Department+of+Anthropology&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyale.academia.edu%2FDouglasPark%2FPapers%2F1269839%2FClimate_Change_Human_Response_and_the_Origins_of_Urbanism_at_Timbuktu_Archaeological_Investigations_into_the_Prehistoric_Urbanism_of_the_Timbuktu_Region_on_the_Niger_Bend_Mali_West_Africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFSaad1983" class="citation cs2">Saad, Elias N. (1983), Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-521-24603-3" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-521-24603-3"><bdi>978-0-521-24603-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+History+of+Timbuktu%3A+The+Role+of+Muslim+Scholars+and+Notables+1400%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24603-3&rft.aulast=Saad&rft.aufirst=Elias+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karagdagang_pagbabasa">Karagdagang pagbabasa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Karagdagang pagbabasa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Karagdagang pagbabasa">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div>  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2121725"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2">es-Sadi, Abderrahman (1898–1900), Tarikh es-Soudan, Houdas, Octave ed. and trans., Paris: E. Leroux</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tarikh+es-Soudan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=E.+Leroux&rft.date=1898%2F1900&rft.aulast=es-Sadi&rft.aufirst=Abderrahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">. (Vol. 1 contains the Arabic text, Vol. 2 contains a translation into French). Internet Archive: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tarikhalsudan00sadauoft">Volume 1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tarikhessoudanpa00sadauoft">Volume 2</a>; Gallica: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5460292j">Volume 2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beaumier, Auguste (1870), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bulletindelasoc180fragoog#page/n349/mode/2up">"Premier établissement des israélites à Timbouktou"</a>, Bulletin de la Société de Géographie, 5th series (sa wikang Pranses), 19: 345–370</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+de+G%C3%A9ographie&rft.atitle=Premier+%C3%A9tablissement+des+isra%C3%A9lites+%C3%A0+Timbouktou&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=345-370&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Beaumier&rft.aufirst=Auguste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbulletindelasoc180fragoog%23page%2Fn349%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2">Cisse, Mamadou (2011), Archaeological Investigations of Early Trade and Urbanism at Gao Saney (Mali), PhD Thesis, Rice University, Department of Anthropology</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Investigations+of+Early+Trade+and+Urbanism+at+Gao+Saney+%28Mali%29&rft.pub=PhD+Thesis%2C+Rice+University%2C+Department+of+Anthropology&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Cisse&rft.aufirst=Mamadou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2">Dunn, Ross E. (2005), The Adventures of Ibn Battuta, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-520-24385-9" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-520-24385-9"><bdi>978-0-520-24385-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Adventures+of+Ibn+Battuta&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24385-9&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Ross+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">. Originally published in 1986, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/0-520-05771-6" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/0-520-05771-6">0-520-05771-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ted_Morgan_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ted Morgan (writer) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Gramont, Sanche de</a> (1976), The Strong Brown God: The story of the Niger River, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-395-25224-6" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-395-25224-6"><bdi>978-0-395-25224-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strong+Brown+God%3A+The+story+of+the+Niger+River&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-395-25224-6&rft.aulast=Gramont&rft.aufirst=Sanche+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2">Hunwick, John O.; Boye, Alida Jay; Hunwick, Joseph (2008), The Hidden Treasures of Timbuktu: Historic city of Islamic Africa, London: Thames and Hudson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-500-51421-4" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-500-51421-4"><bdi>978-0-500-51421-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Treasures+of+Timbuktu%3A+Historic+city+of+Islamic+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-500-51421-4&rft.aulast=Hunwick&rft.aufirst=John+O.&rft.au=Boye%2C+Alida+Jay&rft.au=Hunwick%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Joffre, Joseph (1895), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5625975c/f5.image">Opérations de la colonne Joffre avant et après l'occupation de Tombouctou</a> (sa wikang Pranses), Paris: Berger-Levrault</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Op%C3%A9rations+de+la+colonne+Joffre+avant+et+apr%C3%A8s+l%27occupation+de+Tombouctou&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Berger-Levrault&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Joffre&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k5625975c%2Ff5.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2">Joffre, Joseph; Dimnet, Ernest (ed. and trans.) (1915), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mymarchtotimbuc01dimngoog">My March to Timbuctoo</a>, New York City: Druffield</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+March+to+Timbuctoo&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Druffield&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Joffre&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Dimnet%2C+Ernest+%28ed.+and+trans.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmymarchtotimbuc01dimngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2">Kryza, Frank T. (2006), The race for Timbuktu: In search of Africa's city of gold, New York City: Harper Collins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-06-056064-5" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-06-056064-5"><bdi>978-0-06-056064-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+race+for+Timbuktu%3A+In+search+of+Africa%27s+city+of+gold&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-06-056064-5&rft.aulast=Kryza&rft.aufirst=Frank+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2">Masonen, Pekka (2000), The Negroland Revisited: Discovery and Invention of the Sudanese Middle Ages, Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-951-41-0886-0" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-951-41-0886-0"><bdi>978-951-41-0886-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Negroland+Revisited%3A+Discovery+and+Invention+of+the+Sudanese+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Finnish+Academy+of+Science+and+Letters&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-951-41-0886-0&rft.aulast=Masonen&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mauny, Raymond (1961), Tableau géographique de l'ouest africain au moyen age, d'après les sources écrites, la tradition et l'archéologie (sa wikang Pranses), Dakar: Institut français d'Afrique Noire</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tableau+g%C3%A9ographique+de+l%27ouest+africain+au+moyen+age%2C+d%27apr%C3%A8s+les+sources+%C3%A9crites%2C+la+tradition+et+l%27arch%C3%A9ologie&rft.place=Dakar&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27Afrique+Noire&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Mauny&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2">McIntosh, Roderick J. (2008), "Before Timbuktu: Cities of the elder world", sa Jeppie, Shamil; Diagne, Souleymane Bachir (mga pat.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927230051/https://codesria.org/IMG/pdf/The_Meanings_of_Timbuktu_-_Chapter_3_-_Before_Timbuktu__cities_of_the_elder_world.pdf">The Meanings of Timbuktu</a> (PDF), Cape Town: HSRC Press, pp. 31–43, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-7969-2204-5" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-7969-2204-5"><bdi>978-0-7969-2204-5</bdi></a>, inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/The_Meanings_of_Timbuktu_-_Chapter_3_-_Before_Timbuktu__cities_of_the_elder_world.pdf">orihinal</a> (PDF) noong 2020-09-27, nakuha noong 2019-04-19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Before+Timbuktu%3A+Cities+of+the+elder+world&rft.btitle=The+Meanings+of+Timbuktu&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pages=31-43&rft.pub=HSRC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7969-2204-5&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Roderick+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.codesria.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FThe_Meanings_of_Timbuktu_-_Chapter_3_-_Before_Timbuktu__cities_of_the_elder_world.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jedidiah_Morse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jedidiah Morse (hindi pa naisusulat)">Morse, Jedidiah</a>; Morse, Richard C. (1823), "Tombuctou", A New Universal Gazetteer (ika-4th (na) edisyon), New Haven: S. Converse</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tombuctou&rft.btitle=A+New+Universal+Gazetteer&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=S.+Converse&rft.date=1823&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=Jedidiah&rft.au=Morse%2C+Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Citation" title="Padron:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|chapterurl=</code></code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>); Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|chapterurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|chapter-url=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Park, Douglas; Coutros, Peter; Abdallahi, Mohamoud; Ould Sidi, Ali (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yale.academia.edu/DouglasPark/Papers/1554818/_3_--_LA_CAMPAGNE_DE_RECHERCHE_ARCHEOLOGIQUE_DANS_LA_REGION_DE_TOMBOUCTOU_ET_LA_REGION_DES_LACS_RAPPORT_SUR_LA_TROISIEME_CAMPAGNE_DE_RESEARCH_A_TOMBOUCTOU_PREHISTORIQUE">Rapport sur la troisiéme champagne de research à Tombouctou préhistorique</a> (sa wikang Pranses), Field Report to the Direction Nationale du Patrimoine Culturel, Bamako</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapport+sur+la+troisi%C3%A9me+champagne+de+research+%C3%A0+Tombouctou+pr%C3%A9historique&rft.place=Field+Report+to+the+Direction+Nationale+du+Patrimoine+Culturel%2C+Bamako&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Coutros%2C+Peter&rft.au=Abdallahi%2C+Mohamoud&rft.au=Ould+Sidi%2C+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyale.academia.edu%2FDouglasPark%2FPapers%2F1554818%2F_3_--_LA_CAMPAGNE_DE_RECHERCHE_ARCHEOLOGIQUE_DANS_LA_REGION_DE_TOMBOUCTOU_ET_LA_REGION_DES_LACS_RAPPORT_SUR_LA_TROISIEME_CAMPAGNE_DE_RESEARCH_A_TOMBOUCTOU_PREHISTORIQUE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Citation" title="Padron:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Park, Douglas; Coutros, Peter; Kone, Useman (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yale.academia.edu/DouglasPark/Papers/1553213/_2_--_LA_CAMPAGNE_DE_FOUILLE_ARCHEOLOGIQUE_A_TOMBOUCTOU_RAPPORT_SUR_LA_DEUXIEME_CAMPAGNE_DE_RECHERCHE_A_TOMBOUCTOU">Rapport sur la deuxiéme champagne de research à Tombouctou préhistorique</a> (sa wikang Pranses), Field Report to the Direction Nationale du Patrimoine Culturel, Bamako</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapport+sur+la+deuxi%C3%A9me+champagne+de+research+%C3%A0+Tombouctou+pr%C3%A9historique&rft.place=Field+Report+to+the+Direction+Nationale+du+Patrimoine+Culturel%2C+Bamako&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Coutros%2C+Peter&rft.au=Kone%2C+Useman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyale.academia.edu%2FDouglasPark%2FPapers%2F1553213%2F_2_--_LA_CAMPAGNE_DE_FOUILLE_ARCHEOLOGIQUE_A_TOMBOUCTOU_RAPPORT_SUR_LA_DEUXIEME_CAMPAGNE_DE_RECHERCHE_A_TOMBOUCTOU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Citation" title="Padron:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Park, Douglas; Togola, Boubacar (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yale.academia.edu/DouglasPark/Papers/1553132/_1_--_ETUDE_ARCHEOLOGIQUE_PRELIMINAIRE_DANS_LA_PROXIMITE_DE_TOMBOUCTOU_RAPPORT_SUR_LA_PREMIERE_CAMPAGNE_DE_RECHERCHE_A_TOMBOUCTOU">Rapport sur la première campagne de recherche à Tombouctou préhistorique</a> (sa wikang Pranses), Field Report to the Direction Nationale du Patrimoine Culturel, Bamako</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapport+sur+la+premi%C3%A8re+campagne+de+recherche+%C3%A0+Tombouctou+pr%C3%A9historique&rft.place=Field+Report+to+the+Direction+Nationale+du+Patrimoine+Culturel%2C+Bamako&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Togola%2C+Boubacar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyale.academia.edu%2FDouglasPark%2FPapers%2F1553132%2F_1_--_ETUDE_ARCHEOLOGIQUE_PRELIMINAIRE_DANS_LA_PROXIMITE_DE_TOMBOUCTOU_RAPPORT_SUR_LA_PREMIERE_CAMPAGNE_DE_RECHERCHE_A_TOMBOUCTOU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Citation" title="Padron:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2">Staros, Kari A. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/uhp_theses/74/">Route to Glory: The Developments of the Trans-Saharan and Trans-Mediterranean Trade Routes</a>, SI University Honor Theses</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Route+to+Glory%3A+The+Developments+of+the+Trans-Saharan+and+Trans-Mediterranean+Trade+Routes&rft.pub=SI+University+Honor+Theses&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Staros&rft.aufirst=Kari+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopensiuc.lib.siu.edu%2Fuhp_theses%2F74%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2">Trimingham, John Spencer (1962), A History of Islam in West Africa, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-19-285038-6" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-19-285038-6"><bdi>978-0-19-285038-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islam+in+West+Africa&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285038-6&rft.aulast=Trimingham&rft.aufirst=John+Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation cs2">Antonson, Rick (2013), To Timbuktu for a Haircut, Skyhorsepublishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Timbuktu+for+a+Haircut&rft.pub=Skyhorsepublishing&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Antonson&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_kawing_panlabas">Mga kawing panlabas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga kawing panlabas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Mga kawing panlabas">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancient.eu/Timbuktu/">Timbuktu – Ancient History Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://tl.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Timbuktu">"Timbuktu" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (sa wikang Ingles). Bol. 26 (ika-11 (na) edisyon). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Timbuktu&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" class="extiw" title="en:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 26 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"></li> <li>Jeppie, Ahamil <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130626183128/http://ias.umn.edu/outcomes/symposia/mediterranean-conference-2013/program/">"A Timbuktu book collector between the Mediterranean and Sahel"</a>, Video of a presentation given at the conference The southern shores of the Mediterranean and beyond: 1800 – to the present held at the University of Minnesota in April 2013.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thesahelunderground.org/featured-projects/tombouctou/">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327120336/http://www.thesahelunderground.org/featured-projects/tombouctou/">Naka-arkibo</a> 2019-03-27 sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. – contains information on the archaeological projects targeting the Iron Age occupation of Timbuktu</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9LkpJdll9A">Ancient West Africa's Megacities</a> – contains video footage of Timbuktu's Iron Age occupation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://international.loc.gov/intldl/malihtml/">Islamic Manuscripts from Mali, Library of Congress</a> – fuller presentation of the same manuscripts from the Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121220114548/http://www.aluka.org/action/showCompilationPage?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.COMPILATION.HERITAGE-SITE.Timbucktu">Timbuktu materials in the Aluka digital library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001894/189454e.pdf">Timbuktu manuscripts: Africa's written history unveiled</a>, The UNESCO Courier, 2007-5, pp. 7–9</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000666/066613eo.pdf#66052">Ancient chroniclers of West Africa's past; journeys of discovery through the 'country of the black people'</a>, The UNESCO Courier, October 1959</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150114174219/http://www.ghn.globalheritagefund.org/explore.php?id=1126">Timbuktu on Global Heritage Network</a> – early warning and threat monitoring system for endangered cultural heritage sites</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slidespost.com/slides/3661/Timbuktu">Presentation showing images of Timbuktu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417003805/http://www.slidespost.com/slides/3661/Timbuktu">Naka-arkibo</a> 2019-04-17 sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFArchNet.org" class="citation web cs1">ArchNet.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130414071957/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=2181&collection_id=23">"Timbuctu"</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=2181&collection_id=23">orihinal</a> noong 14 Abril 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timbuctu&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pub=MIT+School+of+Architecture+and+Planning&rft.au=ArchNet.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchnet.org%2Flibrary%2Fplaces%2Fone-place.jsp%3Fplace_id%3D2181%26collection_id%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ATimbuktu" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Kinuha sa "<a dir="ltr" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&oldid=2131468">https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timbuktu&oldid=2131468</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_kategorya" title="Natatangi:Mga kategorya">Kategorya</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorya:Webarchive_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorya:Webarchive template errors (hindi pa naisusulat)">Webarchive template errors</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorya:Mga_artikulong_may_patay_na_panlabas_na_link_(Oktubre_2024)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorya:Mga artikulong may patay 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