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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Domestic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_held_by_his_contemporaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_held_by_his_contemporaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Views held by his contemporaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_held_by_his_contemporaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Napoleonic Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alliances_with_other_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alliances_with_other_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Alliances with other powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alliances_with_other_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_Napoleon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_Napoleon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Opposition to Napoleon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_Napoleon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1807_loss_to_French_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1807_loss_to_French_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>1807 loss to French forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1807_loss_to_French_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prussia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prussia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Prussia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prussia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franco-Russian_alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franco-Russian_alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Franco-Russian alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franco-Russian_alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_against_Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_against_Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>War against Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_against_Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>French invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>War of the Sixth Coalition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postbellum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postbellum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Postbellum</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Postbellum-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Postbellum subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Postbellum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peace_of_Paris_and_the_Congress_of_Vienna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_of_Paris_and_the_Congress_of_Vienna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Peace of Paris and the Congress of Vienna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_of_Paris_and_the_Congress_of_Vienna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Liberal political views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolt_of_the_Greeks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolt_of_the_Greeks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Revolt of the Greeks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolt_of_the_Greeks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conspiracy_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracy_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Conspiracy theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracy_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_I_van_Rusland" title="Aleksander I van Rusland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aleksander I van Rusland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%E1%8A%9B_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%AD" title="1ኛ አሌክሳንደር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1ኛ አሌክሳንደር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_I" title="Aleksander I – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Aleksander I" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84" title="ألكسندر الأول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكسندر الأول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleixandre_I_de_Rusia" title="Aleixandre I de Rusia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aleixandre I de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_I_de_Rusia" title="Alexandru I de Rusia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alexandru I de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Aleksandr_(Rusiya_imperatoru)" title="I Aleksandr (Rusiya imperatoru) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Aleksandr (Rusiya imperatoru)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87)" title="بیرینجی الکساندر (روسیه) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی الکساندر (روسیه)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_I" title="Александр I – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Александр I" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_I_(%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Аляксандр I (імператар расійскі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аляксандр I (імператар расійскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_I_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Аляксандар I Раманаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аляксандар I Раманаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_I_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Александър I (Русия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александър I (Русия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_I,_car_Rusije" title="Aleksandar I, car Rusije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aleksandar I, car Rusije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Ia%C3%B1_(Rusia)" title="Aleksandr Iañ (Rusia) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aleksandr Iañ (Rusia)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_I_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Alexandre I de Rússia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alexandre I de Rússia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_I" title="Александр I – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Александр I" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_I._Pavlovi%C4%8D" title="Alexandr I. Pavlovič – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexandr I. Pavlovič" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I,_tsar_Rwsia" title="Alexander I, tsar Rwsia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alexander I, tsar Rwsia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_1._af_Rusland" title="Aleksandr 1. af Rusland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aleksandr 1. af Rusland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I._(Russland)" title="Alexander I. (Russland) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexander I. (Russland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_I" title="Aleksander I – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aleksander I" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αλέξανδρος Α΄ της Ρωσίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλέξανδρος Α΄ της Ρωσίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_I_de_Rusia" title="Alejandro I de Rusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alejandro I de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandro_la_1-a_(Rusio)" title="Aleksandro la 1-a (Rusio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aleksandro la 1-a (Rusio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandro_I.a_Errusiakoa" title="Alexandro I.a Errusiakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alexandro I.a Errusiakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="الکساندر یکم، امپراتور روسیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکساندر یکم، امپراتور روسیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ier_(empereur_de_Russie)" title="Alexandre Ier (empereur de Russie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexandre Ier (empereur de Russie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_I_fan_Rusl%C3%A2n" title="Aleksander I fan Ruslân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aleksander I fan Ruslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastar_I_na_R%C3%BAise" title="Alastar I na Rúise – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alastar I na Rúise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_I_de_Rusia" title="Alexandre I de Rusia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alexandre I de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%A5%B4_1%EC%84%B8" title="알렉산드르 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉산드르 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80_I" title="Ալեքսանդր I – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդր I" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE" title="अलेक्सांदर प्रथम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अलेक्सांदर प्रथम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_I.,_ruski_car" title="Aleksandar I., ruski car – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aleksandar I., ruski car" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_la_1ma_di_Rusia" title="Alexandr la 1ma di Rusia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alexandr la 1ma di Rusia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_I_dari_Rusia" title="Aleksandr I dari Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aleksandr I dari Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_1._R%C3%BAssakeisari" title="Alexander 1. Rússakeisari – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alexander 1. Rússakeisari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_I_di_Russia" title="Alessandro I di Russia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alessandro I di Russia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="אלכסנדר הראשון, קיסר רוסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסנדר הראשון, קיסר רוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_I_(%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="ალექსანდრე I (რუსეთი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალექსანდრე I (რუსეთი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="I Александр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="I Александр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_I" title="Александр I – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Александр I" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_(imperator_Russiae)" title="Alexander I (imperator Russiae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander I (imperator Russiae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrs_I_Romanovs" title="Aleksandrs I Romanovs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aleksandrs I Romanovs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandras_I_(Rusija)" title="Aleksandras I (Rusija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aleksandras I (Rusija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_I" title="Aleksandr I – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Aleksandr I" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissander_I_de_Russia" title="Lissander I de Russia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lissander I de Russia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._S%C3%A1ndor_orosz_c%C3%A1r" title="I. Sándor orosz cár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Sándor orosz cár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_I_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Александар I (Русија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Александар I (Русија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ier_de_Russie" title="Alexandre Ier de Russie – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alexandre Ier de Russie" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0" title="रशियाचा पहिला अलेक्झांडर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रशियाचा पहिला अलेक्झांडर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_I_(%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="ალექსანდრე I (რუსეთი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალექსანდრე I (რუსეთი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="الكسندر الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكسندر الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_I_dari_Rusia" title="Aleksandr I dari Rusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aleksandr I dari Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="I Александр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="I Александр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_van_Rusland" title="Alexander I van Rusland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alexander I van Rusland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB1%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D)" title="アレクサンドル1世 (ロシア皇帝) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンドル1世 (ロシア皇帝)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_I" title="Александр I – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Александр I" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_I._(Ruslun)" title="Aleksander I. (Ruslun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Aleksander I. (Ruslun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_I_av_Russland" title="Aleksander I av Russland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aleksander I av Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_I_av_Russland" title="Aleksander I av Russland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aleksander I av Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_I" title="Aleksandr I – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aleksandr I" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="الیگزینڈر اول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیگزینڈر اول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_I_Romanow" title="Aleksander I Romanow – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aleksander I Romanow" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_I_da_R%C3%BAssia" title="Alexandre I da Rússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexandre I da Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_I" title="Aleksandr I – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Aleksandr I" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_I_al_Rusiei" title="Alexandru I al Rusiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alexandru I al Rusiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_I" title="Александр I – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Александр I" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A5%A7" title="अलेक्ज़ांडर १ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अलेक्ज़ांडर १" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_o_Roushie" title="Alexander I o Roushie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alexander I o Roushie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandri_I" title="Aleksandri I – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aleksandri I" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alissandru_I_di_Russia" title="Alissandru I di Russia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alissandru I di Russia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alexander I of Russia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I._(Rusko)" title="Alexander I. (Rusko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alexander I. (Rusko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_I._Ruski" title="Aleksander I. Ruski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aleksander I. Ruski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئەلێکساندەری یەکەمی ڕووسیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلێکساندەری یەکەمی ڕووسیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_I_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Александар I Павлович – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александар I Павлович" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_I_od_Rusije" title="Aleksandar I od Rusije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aleksandar I od Rusije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksanteri_I" title="Aleksanteri I – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aleksanteri I" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_av_Ryssland" title="Alexander I av Ryssland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alexander I av Ryssland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="உருசியாவின் முதலாம் அலெக்சாந்தர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருசியாவின் முதலாம் அலெக்சாந்தர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_I" title="Александр I – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Александр I" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สมเด็จพระจักรพรรดิอะเลคซันดร์ที่ 1 แห่งรัสเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระจักรพรรดิอะเลคซันดร์ที่ 1 แห่งรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8_I" title="Александри I – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Александри I" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Aleksandr_(Rusya)" title="I. Aleksandr (Rusya) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Aleksandr (Rusya)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_I" title="Олександр I – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Олександр I" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="الکساندر اول، روس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الکساندر اول، روس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_I_c%E1%BB%A7a_Nga" title="Aleksandr I của Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aleksandr I của Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_nga_Rusya" title="Alexander I nga Rusya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alexander I nga Rusya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%89" title="亚历山大一世（俄国） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚历山大一世（俄国）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF)" title="亞歷山大一世 (俄羅斯) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞歷山大一世 (俄羅斯)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF)" title="亚历山大一世 (俄罗斯) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚历山大一世 (俄罗斯)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Emperor of Russia from 1801 to 1825</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_naming_customs" title="East Slavic naming customs">East Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Pavlovich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Romanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov">Romanov</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Alexander I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_I_of_Russia_by_G.Dawe_(1826,_Peterhof).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Alexander_I_of_Russia_by_G.Dawe_%281826%2C_Peterhof%29.jpg/220px-Alexander_I_of_Russia_by_G.Dawe_%281826%2C_Peterhof%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Alexander_I_of_Russia_by_G.Dawe_%281826%2C_Peterhof%29.jpg/330px-Alexander_I_of_Russia_by_G.Dawe_%281826%2C_Peterhof%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Alexander_I_of_Russia_by_G.Dawe_%281826%2C_Peterhof%29.jpg/440px-Alexander_I_of_Russia_by_G.Dawe_%281826%2C_Peterhof%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="2080" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/George_Dawe" title="George Dawe">George Dawe</a>, 1826</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor of Russia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">23 March 1801 – <span class="nowrap">1 December 1825</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Russian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Russian monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27 September 1801</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1815–1825</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I</a> (as Duke of Warsaw)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1777-12-23</span>)</span>23 December 1777<br /><a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 December 1825<span style="display:none">(1825-12-01)</span> (aged 47)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_Palace" title="Alexander I Palace">Alexander I Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taganrog" title="Taganrog">Taganrog</a>, Russian Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">13 March 1826<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Alexeievna_(Louise_of_Baden)" title="Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden)">Louise of Baden</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1793)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Children">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Elizabeth_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Elizabeth Alexandrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Elizabeth</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Lukash" title="Nikolai Lukash">Nikolai Lukash</a> (illegitimate)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Alexander Pavlovich Romanov</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov">Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Sophie_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)">Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_I_of_Russia_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander I's signature"><img alt="Alexander I's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Alexander_I_of_Russia_signature.svg/250px-Alexander_I_of_Russia_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="82" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Battle of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alexander I</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Александр I Павлович</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Aleksandr I Pavlovich</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ɐlʲɪkˈsandr<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpavləvʲɪtɕ]</a></span>; 23 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 12 December] 1777 – 1 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 19 November] 1825),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiorova2010114_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiorova2010114-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nicknamed "<b>the Blessed</b>",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor of Russia</a> from 1801, the first king of <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a> from 1815, and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_duke_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand duke of Finland">grand duke of Finland</a> from 1809 to his death in 1825. He ruled <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> during the chaotic period of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. </p><p>The eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Paul_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Paul I">Emperor Paul I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg">Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg</a>, Alexander succeeded to the throne after his father was murdered. As prince and during the early years of his reign, he often used liberal rhetoric but continued <a href="/wiki/Russian_absolutism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian absolutism">Russia's absolutist</a> policies in practice. In the first years of his reign, he initiated some minor social reforms and (in 1803–04) major liberal educational reforms, such as building more universities. Alexander appointed <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Speransky" title="Mikhail Speransky">Mikhail Speransky</a>, the son of a village priest, as one of his closest advisors. The over-centralized <a href="/wiki/Collegium_(ministry)" title="Collegium (ministry)">Collegium ministries</a> were abolished and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Committee of Ministers of the Russian Empire">Committee of Ministers</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of Imperial Russia">State Council</a>, and Supreme Court to improve the legal system. Plans were made but never consummated, to set up a parliament and sign a constitution. In contrast to his westernizing predecessors such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>, Alexander was a Russian nationalist and <a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophile</a> who wanted Russia to develop on the basis of Russian culture rather than European. </p><p>In foreign policy, he changed Russia's position towards France four times between 1804 and 1812, shifting among neutrality, opposition, and alliance. In 1805 he joined Britain in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a> against <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, but after suffering massive defeats at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a>, he switched sides and formed an alliance with Napoleon in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tilsit">Treaty of Tilsit</a> (1807) and joined Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a>. He fought a <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">small-scale naval war against Britain between 1807 and 1812</a> as well as a <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">short war against Sweden (1808–09)</a> after Sweden's refusal to join the Continental System. Alexander and Napoleon hardly agreed, especially regarding Poland, and the alliance collapsed by 1810. Alexander's greatest triumph came in 1812 when <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">Napoleon's invasion of Russia</a> descended into a catastrophe for the French. As part of the winning coalition against Napoleon, he gained territory in Finland and Poland. He formed the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a> to suppress the revolutionary movements in Europe, which he saw as immoral threats to legitimate Christian monarchs. He also helped <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a> in suppressing all national and liberal movements. </p><p>During the second half of his reign, Alexander became increasingly arbitrary, reactionary, and fearful of plots against him; as a result he ended many of the reforms he had made earlier on his reign. He purged schools of foreign teachers, as education became more religiously driven as well as politically conservative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1992343–360_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1992343–360-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speransky was replaced as advisor with the strict artillery inspector <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Arakcheyev" title="Aleksey Arakcheyev">Aleksey Arakcheyev</a>, who oversaw the creation of <a href="/wiki/Military_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Military settlements">military settlements</a>. Alexander died of <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> in December 1825 while on a trip to southern Russia. He left no legitimate children, as his two daughters died in childhood. Neither of his brothers wanted to become emperor. After a period of great confusion (that presaged the failed <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a> of liberal army officers in the weeks after his death), he was succeeded by his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg/250px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg/500px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a> of Alexander's wife Elizabeth Alexeievna</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Youngemperoralexander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Youngemperoralexander.jpg/250px-Youngemperoralexander.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Youngemperoralexander.jpg/330px-Youngemperoralexander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Youngemperoralexander.jpg/500px-Youngemperoralexander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich, 1800, by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Borovikovsky" title="Vladimir Borovikovsky">Vladimir Borovikovsky</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Alexander was born at 10:45, on 23 December 1777 in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he and his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Constantine_Pavlovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia">Constantine</a> were raised by their grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-russianlife_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russianlife-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was baptized on 31 December<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Church_of_the_Winter_Palace" title="Grand Church of the Winter Palace">Grand Church of the Winter Palace</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">mitred</a> <a href="/wiki/Archpriest" title="Archpriest">archpriest</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ioann Ioannovich Panfilov<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (confessor of Empress Catherine II).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godmother</a> was Catherine the Great, and his godfathers were <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was named after <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of Saint Petersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As competing aspects of his upbringing, he imbibed the principles of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a>'s gospel of humanity from the free-thinking atmosphere of the court of Catherine and his Swiss tutor, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Harpe" title="Frédéric-César de La Harpe">Frédéric-César de La Harpe</a>, whereas he imbibed the traditions of Russian autocracy<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911556_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911556-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from his military governor, <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Saltykov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Saltykov">Nikolay Saltykov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911556_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911556-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrey Afanasyevich Samborsky, whom his grandmother chose to be his religious instructor, was an atypical, unbearded <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox priest">Orthodox priest</a>. Samborsky had long lived in England and taught Alexander and his brother Constantine excellent English, a very uncommon accouterment for potential Russian autocrats of the time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="all information since the last citation (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 9 October 1793, when Alexander was still 15 years old, he married 14-year-old Princess <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Alexeievna_(Louise_of_Baden)" title="Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden)">Louise of Baden</a>, who took the name Elizabeth Alexeievna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911559_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911559-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandmother was the one who presided over his marriage to the young princess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2016353_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2016353-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until his grandmother's death, he was constantly walking the line of allegiance between his grandmother and his father. His steward, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Saltykov" title="Nikolai Saltykov">Nikolai Saltykov</a>, helped him navigate the political landscape, engendering dislike for his grandmother and dread in dealing with his father.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="all information since the last citation (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Catherine had the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Palace" title="Alexander Palace">Alexander Palace</a> built for the couple. This did nothing to help his relationship with her, as Catherine would go out of her way to amuse them with dancing and parties, which annoyed his wife. Living at the palace also put pressure on him to perform as a husband, though he felt only a brother's love for the Grand Duchess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2016354–356_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2016354–356-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began to sympathize more with his father, as he saw visiting his father's fiefdom at <a href="/wiki/Gatchina_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatchina Palace">Gatchina Palace</a> as a relief from the ostentatious court of the empress. There, they wore simple <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> military uniforms, instead of the gaudy clothing popular at the French court they had to wear when visiting Catherine. Even so, visiting the tsarevich did not come without a bit of travail. Paul liked to have his guests perform military drills, which he also pushed upon his sons Alexander and Constantine. He was also prone to fits of temper, and he often went into fits of rage when events did not go his way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2016357_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2016357-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allege that the empress Catherine planned to remove her son Paul from the succession altogether (in consideration of his unstable temperament and bizarre personality traits) and make Alexander her successor instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tsarevich">Tsarevich</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tsarevich"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catherine's death in November 1796 brought her son Paul to the throne before she could appoint Alexander as her successor. Alexander disliked his father as emperor even more than he did his grandmother. He wrote that Russia had become a "plaything for the insane" and that "absolute power disrupts everything". It is likely that seeing two previous rulers abuse their autocratic powers in such a way pushed him to be one of the more progressive <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanov tsars</a> of the 19th century. In the country as a whole, Paul was widely unpopular. He accused his wife of conspiring to become another Catherine and seize power from him as his mother did from his father. He also suspected Alexander of conspiring against him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2016384_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2016384-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emperor">Emperor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emperor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Category:Conservatism in Russia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Russia</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/120px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg/250px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Empire.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="568" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_nation" title="All-Russian nation">All-Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#Russia" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist conservatism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_autocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy#Russia" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantinism#Praise" title="Byzantinism">Byzantinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#Russia" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Orthodoxy" title="Nuclear Orthodoxy">Nuclear Orthodoxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Moscow, third Rome</a></i></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">Sobornost</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_democracy" title="Sovereign democracy">Sovereign democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black Hundreds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russia" title="Great Russia">Great Russia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy,_Autocracy,_and_Nationality" title="Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality">Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigré</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zemstvo" title="Zemstvo">Zemstvo</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Aksakov" title="Konstantin Aksakov">Aksakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Boot" title="Alexander Boot">Boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Chudinova" title="Elena Chudinova">Chudinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Frank" title="Semyon Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Katkov" title="Mikhail Katkov">Katkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Lilienfeld" title="Paul von Lilienfeld">von Lilienfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Obolensky" title="Serge Obolensky">Obolensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Pobedonostsev" title="Konstantin Pobedonostsev">Pobedonostsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhanov" title="Alexander Prokhanov">Prokhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Rozanov" title="Vasily Rozanov">Rozanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Semyonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Semyonov">Semyonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Shafarevich" title="Igor Shafarevich">Shafarevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Shcherbatov" title="Mikhail Shcherbatov">Shcherbatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Sorokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Strakhov" title="Nikolay Strakhov">Strakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Surkov" title="Vladislav Surkov">Surkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Tikhomirov" title="Lev Tikhomirov">Tikhomirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_(Shevkunov)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikhon (Shevkunov)">Tikhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Nikolaevich_Trubetskoy" title="Sergei Nikolaevich Trubetskoy">Trubetskoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Vikulov" title="Sergey Vikulov">Vikulov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">von Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Yuryev" title="Mikhail Yuryev">Yuryev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg_Dialogues" title="St Petersburg Dialogues">St Petersburg Dialogues</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1821)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Organic_Theory_of_Societies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Organic Theory of Societies">The Organic Theory of Societies</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1873)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Revolution" title="Sociology of Revolution">Sociology of Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">1925</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gulag_Archipelago" title="The Gulag Archipelago">The Gulag Archipelago</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">Foundations of Geopolitics</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1997)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Notre_Dame_de_Paris_Mosque" title="The Notre Dame de Paris Mosque">The Notre Dame de Paris Mosque</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Political_Theory" title="The Fourth Political Theory">The Fourth Political Theory</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Butina" title="Maria Butina">Butina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dubrovin" title="Alexander Dubrovin">Dubrovin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Durnovo" title="Ivan Durnovo">Durnovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Gryzlov" title="Boris Gryzlov">Gryzlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Kornilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Lilienfeld" title="Paul von Lilienfeld">von Lilienfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_Luzhkov" title="Yury Luzhkov">Luzhkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Malyshkin" title="Oleg Malyshkin">Malyshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelena_Mizulina" title="Yelena Mizulina">Mizulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Pikhno" title="Dmitry Pikhno">Pikhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Pobedonostsev" title="Konstantin Pobedonostsev">Pobedonostsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Rodzianko" title="Mikhail Rodzianko">Rodzianko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Rogozin" title="Dmitry Rogozin">Rogozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Rostopchin" title="Fyodor Rostopchin">Rostopchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Sadovnichiy" title="Viktor Sadovnichiy">Sadovnichiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Shulgin" title="Vasily Shulgin">Shulgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Slutsky_(politician)" title="Leonid Slutsky (politician)">Slutsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Surkov" title="Vladislav Surkov">Surkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Tolstoy" title="Dmitry Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_von_Ungern-Sternberg" title="Roman von Ungern-Sternberg">von Ungern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Volodin" title="Vyacheslav Volodin">Volodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Yuryev" title="Mikhail Yuryev">Yuryev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Party" title="Eurasia Party">Eurasia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russia_(political_party)" title="Great Russia (political party)">Great Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchist_Party_of_Russia" title="Monarchist Party of Russia">Monarchist Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodina_(political_party)" title="Rodina (political party)">Rodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_All-People%27s_Union" title="Russian All-People's Union">Russian All-People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Right_Forces" title="Union of Right Forces">Union of Right Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_Truth" title="For Truth">For Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union">Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_(Russia)" title="People's Union (Russia)">People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Russian_People" title="Union of the Russian People">Union of the Russian People</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Russia_People%27s_Front" title="All-Russia People's Front">All-Russia People's Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izborsky_Club" title="Izborsky Club">Izborsky Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krepostniki" title="Krepostniki">Krepostniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_of_Russian_Solidarists" title="National Alliance of Russian Solidarists">National Alliance of Russian Solidarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Russian_People_(2005)" title="Union of the Russian People (2005)">Union of the Russian People</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elementy" title="Elementy">Elementy</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kievlyanin" title="Kievlyanin">Kievlyanin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kozma_Minin_(newspaper)" title="Kozma Minin (newspaper)">Kozma Minin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nash_Sovremennik" title="Nash Sovremennik">Nash Sovremennik</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russkoye_Znamya" title="Russkoye Znamya">Russkoye Znamya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zavtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Zavtra">Zavtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Znamya_(newspaper)" title="Znamya (newspaper)">Znamya</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Islamism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Islamism">Anti-Islamism</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Anti-national sentiments</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a 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title="Silovik">Silovik</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/14px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/21px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/28px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonial_empires_in_1800.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Colonial_empires_in_1800.svg/280px-Colonial_empires_in_1800.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Colonial_empires_in_1800.svg/420px-Colonial_empires_in_1800.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Colonial_empires_in_1800.svg/560px-Colonial_empires_in_1800.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> (violet) and other European empires in 1800</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ascension">Ascension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ascension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander became Emperor of Russia when <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia#Assassination" title="Paul I of Russia">his father was assassinated</a> on 23 March 1801. Alexander, then 23 years old, was in the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael%27s_Castle" title="Saint Michael's Castle">Saint Michael's Castle</a> at the moment of the assassination and his accession to the throne was announced by General <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Zubov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Zubov">Nicholas Zubov</a>, one of the assassins. Historians still debate Alexander's role in his father's murder. The most common theory is that he was let into the conspirators' secret and was willing to take the throne but insisted that his father should not be killed. Becoming emperor through a crime that cost his father's life would give Alexander a strong sense of remorse and shame.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974ch_3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974ch_3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander I succeeded to the throne that day<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier2019_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was crowned in the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> on 15 September of that year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Domestic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_I_of_Russia_by_F.Kruger_(1837,_Hermitage).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Alexander_I_of_Russia_by_F.Kruger_%281837%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg/220px-Alexander_I_of_Russia_by_F.Kruger_%281837%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Alexander_I_of_Russia_by_F.Kruger_%281837%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg/330px-Alexander_I_of_Russia_by_F.Kruger_%281837%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Alexander_I_of_Russia_by_F.Kruger_%281837%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg/440px-Alexander_I_of_Russia_by_F.Kruger_%281837%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Equestrian portrait of Alexander I by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Franz Krüger">Franz Krüger</a> (1837, posthumous)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_serfdom_in_Livonia" title="Abolition of serfdom in Livonia">Abolition of serfdom in Livonia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church</a> initially exercised little influence on Alexander's life. The young emperor was determined to reform the inefficient, highly centralised systems of government that Russia relied upon. While retaining for a time the old ministers, one of the first acts of his reign was to appoint the <a href="/wiki/Private_Committee" title="Private Committee">Private Committee</a>, comprising young and enthusiastic friends of his own—<a href="/wiki/Viktor_Kochubey" title="Viktor Kochubey">Viktor Kochubey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novosiltsev" title="Nikolay Novosiltsev">Nikolay Novosiltsev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Alexandrovich_Stroganov" title="Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov">Pavel Stroganov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Adam Jerzy Czartoryski</a>—to draw up a plan of domestic reform, which was supposed to result in the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> in accordance with the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer197452–55_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer197452–55-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few years into his reign the liberal <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Speransky" title="Mikhail Speransky">Mikhail Speransky</a> became one of the Emperor's closest advisors, and he drew up elaborate plans for reforms. In the <a href="/wiki/Government_reform_of_Alexander_I" title="Government reform of Alexander I">Government reform</a>, the old <a href="/wiki/Collegium_(ministry)" title="Collegium (ministry)">Collegia</a> were abolished and new Ministries were created in their place, led by ministers responsible to the Crown. A <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Committee of Ministers of the Russian Empire">Committee of Ministers</a> under the chairmanship of the Sovereign dealt with all interdepartmental matters. The <a href="/wiki/State_Council_(Russian_Empire)" title="State Council (Russian Empire)">State Council</a> was created to improve the technique of legislation. It was intended to become the Second Chamber of a representative legislature. The <a href="/wiki/Governing_Senate" title="Governing Senate">Governing Senate</a> was reorganized as the Supreme Court of the Empire. The codification of the laws initiated in 1801 was never carried out during his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974168–72_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974168–72-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander wanted to resolve another crucial issue in Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">status of the serfs</a>, although this was not achieved until 1861 (during the reign of his nephew <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a>). His advisors quietly discussed the options at length. Cautiously, he extended the right to own land to most classes of subjects, including <a href="/wiki/State-owned_peasant" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned peasant">state-owned peasants</a>, in 1801 and created a new social category of "<a href="/wiki/Free_agriculturalist" title="Free agriculturalist">free agriculturalist</a>", for peasants voluntarily emancipated by their masters, in 1803. The great majority of serfs were not affected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCaffray20051–21_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCaffray20051–21-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Alexander's reign began, there were three universities in Russia, at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vilna" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Vilna">Vilna</a> (Vilnius), and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dorpat" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Dorpat">Dorpat</a> (Tartu). These were strengthened, and three others were founded at <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kharkiv" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kazan" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Kazan">Kazan</a>. Literary and scientific bodies were established or encouraged, and his reign became noted for the aid lent to the sciences and arts by the Emperor and the wealthy nobility. Alexander later expelled foreign scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlynn1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2016)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlynn1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2016)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1815 the <a href="/wiki/Military_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Military settlements">military settlements</a> (farms worked by soldiers and their families under military control) were introduced, with the idea of making the army, or part of it, self-supporting economically and for providing it with recruits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911556_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911556-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_held_by_his_contemporaries">Views held by his contemporaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Views held by his contemporaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Alexander_I_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Alexander_I_of_Russia.svg/150px-Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Alexander_I_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Alexander_I_of_Russia.svg/225px-Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Alexander_I_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Alexander_I_of_Russia.svg/300px-Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Alexander_I_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Imperial monogram of Alexander I</figcaption></figure> <p>Called both an autocrat and <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911556_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911556-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a man of the world and a mystic, Alexander appeared to his contemporaries as a riddle which each read according to his own temperament. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> thought him a "shifty <a href="/wiki/Derogatory_use_of_Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Derogatory use of Byzantine">Byzantine</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911556_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911556-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and called him the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Talma" class="mw-redirect" title="François Joseph Talma">Talma</a> of the North, as ready to play any conspicuous part. To <a href="/wiki/Klemens_Wenzel_von_Metternich" class="mw-redirect" title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich">Metternich</a> he was a madman to be humoured. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a>, writing of him to <a href="/wiki/Lord_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Liverpool">Lord Liverpool</a>, gave him credit for "grand qualities", but added that he is "suspicious and undecided";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911556_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911556-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a> he was a man of estimable character, disposed to do good, and expected to diffuse through the mass of the Russian people "a sense of their natural rights".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1803, <a href="/wiki/Beethoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven">Beethoven</a> dedicated his <a href="/wiki/Violin_Sonata_No._6_(Beethoven)" title="Violin Sonata No. 6 (Beethoven)">Opus 30 Violin Sonata</a> to Alexander who in response gave the famous composer a diamond at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> where they met in 1814. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Napoleonic Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alliances_with_other_powers">Alliances with other powers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alliances with other powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon his accession, Alexander reversed many of the unpopular policies of his father, Paul, denounced the <a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a>, and made peace with <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> (April 1801). At the same time he opened negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. Soon afterwards, at <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Memel</a>, he entered into a close alliance with Prussia, not as he boasted from motives of policy, but in the spirit of true <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a>, out of <a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">friendship</a> for the young King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III</a> and his beautiful wife <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of this alliance was interrupted by the short-lived peace of October 1801, and for a while it seemed as though <a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">France</a> and Russia might come to an understanding. Carried away by the enthusiasm of <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Harpe" title="Frédéric-César de La Harpe">Frédéric-César de La Harpe</a>, who had returned to Russia from Paris, Alexander began openly to proclaim his admiration for French institutions and for the person of Napoleon Bonaparte. Soon, however, came a change. La Harpe, after a new visit to Paris, presented to Alexander his <i>Reflections on the True Nature of the Consul for Life</i>, which, as Alexander said, tore the veil from his eyes and revealed Bonaparte "as not a true <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriot</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but only as "the most famous tyrant the world has produced".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, La Harpe and his friend Henri Monod lobbied Alexander, who persuaded the other Allied powers opposing Napoleon to recognise <a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">Vaudois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">Argovian</a> independence, in spite of <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>'s attempts to reclaim them as <i>subject lands</i>. Alexander's disillusionment was completed by the execution of the <a href="/wiki/Louis-Antoine-Henri_de_Bourbon-Cond%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé">duc d'Enghien</a> on trumped up charges. The Russian court went into mourning for the last member of the <a href="/wiki/Princes_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Princes of Condé">House of Condé</a>, and diplomatic relations with France were broken off. Alexander was especially alarmed and decided he had to somehow curb Napoleon's power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsdaile2009192–193_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsdaile2009192–193-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition_to_Napoleon">Opposition to Napoleon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Opposition to Napoleon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In opposing Napoleon I, "the oppressor of Europe and the disturber of the world's peace," Alexander in fact already believed himself to be fulfilling a divine mission. In his instructions to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niklolay_Novosiltsev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niklolay Novosiltsev (page does not exist)">Niklolay Novosiltsev</a>, his special envoy in London, the emperor elaborated the motives of his policy in language that appealed little to the prime minister, <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a>. Yet the document is of great interest, as it formulates for the first time in an official dispatch the ideals of international policy that were to play a conspicuous part in world affairs at the close of the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">epoch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander argued that the outcome of the war was not only to be the liberation of France, but the universal triumph of "the sacred <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">rights of humanity</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To attain this it would be necessary "after having attached the <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nations</a> to their <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> by making these incapable of acting save in the greatest interests of their subjects, to fix the relations of the states amongst each other on more precise rules, and such as it is to their interest to respect".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A general treaty was to become the main basis of the relations of the states forming "the European Confederation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he believed the effort would not attain universal peace, it would be worthwhile if it established clear principles for the prescriptions of the rights of nations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body would assure "the positive rights of nations" and "the privilege of neutrality", while asserting the obligation to exhaust all resources of mediation to retain peace, and would form "a new code of the law of nations".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1807_loss_to_French_forces">1807 loss to French forces</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1807 loss to French forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82._1807.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82._1807.jpg/250px-%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82._1807.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82._1807.jpg/330px-%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82._1807.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82._1807.jpg/500px-%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82._1807.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, Alexander, Queen <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Louise</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilsit">Tilsit</a>, 1807</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, Napoleon never gave up hope of detaching him from the coalition. He had no sooner entered <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in triumph than he opened negotiations with Alexander; he resumed them after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a> (2 December). Russia and France, he urged, were "geographical allies";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there was, and could be, between them no true conflict of interests; together they might rule the world. But Alexander was still determined "to persist in the system of disinterestedness in respect of all the states of Europe which he had thus far followed",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he again allied himself with the Kingdom of Prussia. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena-Auerstedt" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jena-Auerstedt">campaign of Jena</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Battle of Eylau</a> followed; and Napoleon, though still intent on the Russian alliance, stirred up Poles, Turks and Persians to break the obstinacy of the Tsar. A party too in Russia itself, headed by the Tsar's brother <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Pavlovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Pavlovich">Constantine Pavlovich</a>, was clamorous for peace; but Alexander, after a vain attempt to form a new coalition, summoned the Russian nation to a holy war against Napoleon as the enemy of the Orthodox faith. The outcome was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">rout of Friedland</a> (13/14 June 1807). Napoleon saw his chance and seized it. Instead of demanding harsh peace terms, he offered to the chastened autocrat his alliance, and a partnership in his glory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two Emperors met at <a href="/wiki/Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilsit">Tilsit</a> on 25 June 1807. Napoleon knew well how to appeal to the exuberant imagination of his new-found friend. He would divide with Alexander the Empire of the world; as a first step he would leave him in possession of the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a> and give him a free hand to deal with Finland; and, afterwards, the Emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">West</a>, when the time should be ripe, would drive the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a> from Europe and march across Asia to the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a>. Nevertheless, a thought awoke in Alexander's impressionable mind an ambition to which he had hitherto been a stranger. The interests of Europe as a whole were utterly forgotten.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prussia">Prussia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prussia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The brilliance of these new visions did not, however, blind Alexander to the obligations of friendship, and he refused to retain the Danubian principalities as the price for suffering a further dismemberment of Prussia. "We have made loyal war", he said, "we must make a loyal peace".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not long before the first enthusiasm of Tilsit began to wane. The French remained in Prussia, the Russians on the Danube, and each accused the other of breach of faith. Meanwhile, however, the personal relations of Alexander and Napoleon were of the most cordial character, and it was hoped that a fresh meeting might adjust all differences between them. The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">meeting took place at Erfurt</a> in October 1808 and resulted in a treaty that defined the common policy of the two Emperors. But Alexander's relations with Napoleon nonetheless suffered a change. He realised that in Napoleon sentiment never got the better of reason, that as a matter of fact he had never intended his proposed "grand enterprise" seriously, and had only used it to preoccupy the mind of the Tsar while he consolidated his own power in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. From this moment the French alliance was for Alexander also not a fraternal agreement to rule the world, but an affair of pure policy. He used it initially to remove "the geographical enemy" from the gates of Saint Petersburg by <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">wresting Finland from Sweden</a> (1809), and he hoped further to make the Danube the southern frontier of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Franco-Russian_alliance">Franco-Russian alliance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Franco-Russian alliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilsitz_1807.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tilsitz_1807.JPG/250px-Tilsitz_1807.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tilsitz_1807.JPG/500px-Tilsitz_1807.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1933" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meeting_of_Napoleon_I_and_Tsar_Alexander_I_at_Tilsit" title="The Meeting of Napoleon I and Tsar Alexander I at Tilsit">The Meeting of Napoleon I and Tsar Alexander I at Tilsit</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Roehn" title="Adolphe Roehn">Adolphe Roehn</a>, 1808</figcaption></figure> <p>Events were rapidly heading towards the rupture of the Franco-Russian alliance. While Alexander assisted Napoleon in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a> in 1809, he declared plainly that he would not allow the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> to be crushed out of existence. Napoleon subsequently complained bitterly of the inactivity of the Russian troops during the campaign. The tsar in turn protested against Napoleon's encouragement of the Poles. In the matter of the French alliance he knew himself to be practically isolated in Russia, and he declared that he could not sacrifice the interest of his people and empire to his affection for Napoleon. "I don't want anything for myself", he said to the French ambassador, "therefore the world is not large enough to come to an understanding on the affairs of Poland, if it is a question of its restoration".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZawadzki2009110–124_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZawadzki2009110–124-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander complained that the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Treaty of Schönbrunn</a>, which added largely to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>, had "ill requited him for his loyalty", and he was only mollified for the time being by Napoleon's public declaration that he had no intention of restoring Poland, and by a convention, signed on 4 January 1810, but not ratified, abolishing the Polish name and orders of chivalry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But if Alexander suspected Napoleon's intentions, Napoleon was no less suspicious of Alexander. Partly to test his sincerity, Napoleon sent an almost peremptory request for the hand of the grand-duchess <a href="/wiki/Anna_Pavlovna" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Pavlovna">Anna Pavlovna</a>, the tsar's youngest sister. After some little delay Alexander returned a polite refusal, pleading the princess's tender age and the objection of the dowager empress to the marriage. Napoleon's answer was to refuse to ratify the 4 January convention, and to announce his engagement to the Archduchess <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise</a> in such a way as to lead Alexander to suppose that the two marriage treaties had been negotiated simultaneously. From this time on, the relationship between the two emperors gradually became more and more strained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another personal grievance for Alexander towards Napoleon was the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a> by France in December 1810, as <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm,_Duke_of_Oldenburg" title="Wilhelm, Duke of Oldenburg">Wilhelm, Duke of Oldenburg</a> (3 January 1754 – 2 July 1823) was the uncle of the tsar. Furthermore, the disastrous impact of the Continental System on Russian trade made it impossible for the emperor to maintain a policy that was Napoleon's chief motive for the alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander kept Russia as neutral as possible in the ongoing French war with Britain, Russia's <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">own war with Britain</a> barely any more than nominal. He allowed trade to continue secretly with Britain and did not enforce the blockade required by the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolan20021666_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan20021666-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1810, he withdrew Russia from the Continental System and trade between Britain and Russia grew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman200129_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman200129-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1812_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe_1812_map_en.png/240px-Europe_1812_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe_1812_map_en.png/360px-Europe_1812_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe_1812_map_en.png/480px-Europe_1812_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a> in 1812 at its greatest extent</figcaption></figure> <p>Relations between France and Russia worsened progressively after 1810. By 1811, it became clear that Napoleon was not adhering to his side of the terms of the Treaty of Tilsit. He had promised assistance to Russia in its <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">war against the Ottoman Empire</a>, but as the campaign went on, France offered no support at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolan20021666_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan20021666-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With war imminent between France and Russia, Alexander started to prepare the ground diplomatically. In April 1812, Russia and Sweden signed a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1812)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1812)">treaty for mutual defence</a>. A month later, Alexander secured his southern flank through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1812)">Treaty of Bucharest (1812)</a>, which ended the war against the Ottomans formally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman200129_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman200129-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His diplomats managed to extract promises from Prussia and Austria that should Napoleon invade Russia, the former would help Napoleon as little as possible and that the latter would give no aid at all.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Ministry of War of the Russian Empire">minister of war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a>, had managed the reform and improvement of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> before the start of the 1812 campaign. Primarily on the advice of his sister and Count <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Arakcheyev" title="Aleksey Arakcheyev">Aleksey Arakcheyev</a>, Alexander did not take operational control as he had done during the 1805 campaign, instead delegating control to his generals, Barclay de Tolly, Prince <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman200129_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman200129-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_against_Persia">War against Persia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: War against Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg/250px-%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg/500px-%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="5524" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ganja_(1804)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ganja (1804)">Battle of Ganja</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite brief hostilities in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Persian Expedition of 1796</a>, eight years of peace passed before a new conflict erupted between the two empires. After the Russian annexation of the Georgian <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a> in 1801,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Tedsnet''_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Tedsnet''-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a subject of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> for centuries, and the incorporation of the <a href="/wiki/Derbent_Khanate" title="Derbent Khanate">Derbent Khanate</a> as well quickly thereafter, Alexander was determined to increase and maintain Russian influence in the strategically valuable <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh20135_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh20135-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1801, Alexander appointed <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Tsitsianov" title="Pavel Tsitsianov">Pavel Tsitsianov</a>, a die-hard Russian imperialist of <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a> origin, as Russian commander in chief of the Caucasus. Between 1802 and 1804 he proceeded to impose Russian rule on Western Georgia and some of the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Qajar Persia">Persian</a> controlled khanates around Georgia. Some of these khanates submitted without a fight, but the <a href="/wiki/Ganja_Khanate" title="Ganja Khanate">Ganja Khanate</a> resisted, prompting an attack. Ganja was ruthlessly sacked during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ganja_(1804)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ganja (1804)">Siege of Ganja</a>, with some 3,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAveryFisherHamblyMelville1991332_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAveryFisherHamblyMelville1991332-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 7,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMansoori2008245_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansoori2008245-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inhabitants of Ganja executed, and thousands more expelled to Persia. These attacks by Tsitsianov formed another casus belli.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 23 May 1804, Persia demanded withdrawal from the regions Russia had occupied, comprising what is now <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. Russia refused, stormed Ganja, and declared war. Following an almost ten-year stalemate centred around what is now Dagestan, east Georgia, Azerbaijan, northern <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, with neither party being able to gain the clear upper hand, Russia eventually managed to turn the tide. After a series of successful offensives led by General <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kotlyarevsky" title="Pyotr Kotlyarevsky">Pyotr Kotlyarevsky</a>, including a decisive victory in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lankaran" title="Siege of Lankaran">Siege of Lankaran</a>, Persia was forced to sue for peace. In October 1813, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a>, negotiated with British mediation and signed at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C3%BCstan,_Goranboy" title="Gülüstan, Goranboy">Gulistan</a>, made the Persian Shah <a href="/wiki/Fath_Ali_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fath Ali Shah">Fath Ali Shah</a> cede all Persian territories in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> and most of its territories in the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> to Russia. This included what is now Dagestan, Georgia, and most of Azerbaijan. It also began a large demographic shift in the Caucasus, as many Muslim families emigrated to Persia<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYemelianova2014_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYemelianova2014-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_invasion">French invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: French invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></div> <p>In the summer of 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia. It was the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and the desecration of the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a>, considered to be the sacred centre of Holy Russia, that changed Alexander's sentiment for Napoleon into passionate hatred.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign of 1812 was the turning point for Alexander's life; after the <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)" title="Fire of Moscow (1812)">burning of Moscow</a>, he declared that his own soul had found illumination, and that he had realized once and for all the divine revelation to him of his mission as the peacemaker of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Russian army retreated deep into Russia for almost three months, the nobility pressured Alexander to relieve the commander of the Russian army, Field Marshal Barclay de Tolly. Alexander complied and appointed Prince Mikhail Kutuzov to take over command of the army. On 7 September, the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> faced the Russian army at a small village called <a href="/wiki/Borodino_(village),_Mozhaysky_District,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Borodino (village), Mozhaysky District, Moscow Oblast">Borodino</a>, 110 kilometres (70 mi) west of Moscow. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">battle that followed</a> was the largest and bloodiest single-day action of the Napoleonic Wars, involving more than 250,000 soldiers and resulting in 70,000 casualties. The outcome of the battle was inconclusive. The Russian army, undefeated in spite of heavy losses, was able to withdraw the following day, leaving the French without the decisive victory Napoleon sought.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="all information in the paragraph (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossing_the_Berezina_River,_by_Peter_von_Hess.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Crossing_the_Berezina_River%2C_by_Peter_von_Hess.jpg/300px-Crossing_the_Berezina_River%2C_by_Peter_von_Hess.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Crossing_the_Berezina_River%2C_by_Peter_von_Hess.jpg/450px-Crossing_the_Berezina_River%2C_by_Peter_von_Hess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Crossing_the_Berezina_River%2C_by_Peter_von_Hess.jpg/600px-Crossing_the_Berezina_River%2C_by_Peter_von_Hess.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3748" data-file-height="2482" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Berezina_River" title="Crossing the Berezina River">Crossing the Berezina River</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Hess" title="Peter von Hess">Peter von Hess</a>, 1844. The retreat across the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina</a> of the remnants of Napoleon's <i><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a></i> in November 1812</figcaption></figure> <p>A week later, <a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Napoleon entered Moscow</a>, but there was no delegation to meet the Emperor. The Russians had evacuated the city, and the city's governor, Count <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Rostopchin" title="Fyodor Rostopchin">Fyodor Rostopchin</a>, ordered several strategic points in Moscow to be set ablaze. The loss of Moscow did not compel Alexander to sue for peace. After staying in the city for a month, Napoleon moved his army out southwest toward <a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a>, where Kutuzov was encamped with the Russian army. The French advance toward Kaluga was checked by the Russian army, and Napoleon was forced to retreat to the areas already devastated by the invasion. In the weeks that followed the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grande Armée</i></span> starved and suffered from the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a>. Lack of food and fodder for the horses and persistent <a href="/wiki/Guerilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerilla warfare">attacks</a> upon isolated troops from Russian peasants and <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> led to great losses. When the remnants of the French army eventually <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">crossed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Berezina" title="Berezina">Berezina</a> river in November, only 27,000 soldiers remained; the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grande Armée</i></span> had lost some 380,000 men dead and 100,000 captured. Following the crossing of the Berezina, Napoleon left the army and returned to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to protect his position as Emperor and to raise more forces to resist the advancing Russians. The campaign ended on 14 December 1812, with the last French troops finally leaving Russian soil.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="all information in the paragraph (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The campaign was a turning point in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Napoleon's reputation was severely shaken, and French hegemony in Europe was weakened. The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grande Armée</i></span>, made up of French and allied forces, was reduced to a fraction of its initial strength.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These events triggered a major shift in European politics. France's ally Prussia, soon followed by Austria, broke their imposed alliance with Napoleon and switched sides, triggering the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Was the switching of sides the trigger or would it have happened with or without Russia? (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: War of the Sixth Coalition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_victory_after_the_Battle_of_Leipzig,_1813_(by_Johann_Peter_Krafft).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Declaration_of_victory_after_the_Battle_of_Leipzig%2C_1813_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%29.jpg/250px-Declaration_of_victory_after_the_Battle_of_Leipzig%2C_1813_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Declaration_of_victory_after_the_Battle_of_Leipzig%2C_1813_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%29.jpg/500px-Declaration_of_victory_after_the_Battle_of_Leipzig%2C_1813_%28by_Johann_Peter_Krafft%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="8021" data-file-height="5694" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Declaration_of_Victory_After_the_Battle_of_Leipzig" title="The Declaration of Victory After the Battle of Leipzig">The Declaration of Victory After the Battle of Leipzig</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Krafft" title="Johann Peter Krafft">Johann Peter Krafft</a>. Alexander, <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a> of Austria and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III</a> of Prussia meeting after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a>, 1813</figcaption></figure> <p>With the Russian army following up victory over Napoleon in 1812, the Sixth Coalition was formed with Russia, Prussia, Great Britain, Sweden, Spain, and other nations. Although the French were victorious in the initial battles during the <a href="/wiki/German_Campaign_(1813)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Campaign (1813)">campaign in Germany</a>, the entry of Austria into the war led to France's decisive defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a> in the autumn of 1813, which proved to be a massive victory for the Coalition. Following the battle, the Pro-French <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> collapsed, thereby ending Napoleon's hold on territory east of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> forever. Alexander, being the supreme commander of the Coalition forces in the theatre and the paramount monarch among the three main Coalition monarchs, ordered all Coalition forces in Germany to cross the Rhine and invade France.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="all information in the paragraph (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Coalition forces, divided into three groups, <a href="/wiki/Campaign_in_north-east_France_(1814)" title="Campaign in north-east France (1814)">entered northeastern France</a> in January 1814. Facing them in the theatre were the French forces numbering only about 70,000 men. In spite of being heavily outnumbered, Napoleon defeated the divided Coalition forces in the battles at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brienne" title="Battle of Brienne">Brienne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Rothière">La Rothière</a>, but could not stop the Coalition's advance and triumphant victory over Napoleon. Austrian Emperor Francis I and <a href="/wiki/King_Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="King Frederick William III of Prussia">King Frederick William III of Prussia</a> felt demoralized upon hearing about Napoleon's victories since the start of the campaign. They even considered ordering a general retreat. But Alexander was far more determined than ever to victoriously enter Paris whatever the cost, imposing his will upon <a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg</a>, and the wavering monarchs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2016313_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2016313-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 March, Coalition forces advanced towards Paris and prepared to launch an assault. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russparis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Russparis.jpg/250px-Russparis.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Russparis.jpg/375px-Russparis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Russparis.jpg/500px-Russparis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1602" /></a><figcaption>The Russian Army entering Paris in 1814</figcaption></figure> <p>Camping outside the city on 29 March, the Coalition armies were to assault the city from its northern and eastern sides the next morning on 30 March. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">battle</a> started that same morning with intense artillery bombardment from the Coalition positions. Early in the morning the Coalition attack began when the Russians attacked and drove back the French <a href="/wiki/Skirmisher" title="Skirmisher">skirmishers</a> near <a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Paris" title="Belleville, Paris">Belleville</a> before being driven back themselves by French cavalry from the city's eastern suburbs. By 7:00 a.m. the Russians attacked the <a href="/wiki/Young_Guard_(Napoleon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Guard (Napoleon)">Young Guard</a> near <a href="/wiki/Romainville" title="Romainville">Romainville</a> in the centre of the French lines and after some time and hard fighting, pushed them back. A few hours later the Prussians, under <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher</a>, attacked north of the city and carried the French position around <a href="/wiki/Aubervilliers" title="Aubervilliers">Aubervilliers</a>, but did not press their attack. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a> troops seized the positions at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Maur-des-Foss%C3%A9s" title="Saint-Maur-des-Fossés">Saint-Maur</a> to the southeast, with Austrian troops in support. The Russian forces then assailed the heights of <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a> in the city's northeast. Control of the heights was severely contested, until the French forces surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2013255_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2013255-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikhailovsky-Danilevsky1839347–372_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikhailovsky-Danilevsky1839347–372-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander sent an envoy to meet with the French to hasten the surrender. He offered generous terms to the French and although having intended to avenge Moscow,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2016313_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2016313-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he declared himself to be bringing peace to France rather than its destruction. On 31 March<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaude1911223_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaude1911223-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand">Talleyrand</a> gave the key of the city to the tsar. Later that day the Coalition armies triumphantly entered the city with Alexander at the head of the army followed by the King of Prussia and Prince Schwarzenberg. Until this battle it had been nearly 400 years since <a href="/wiki/History_of_Paris#Plague_and_war" title="History of Paris">a foreign army had entered Paris</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 2 April, the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_conservateur" title="Sénat conservateur">Sénat conservateur</a> passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Acte_de_d%C3%A9ch%C3%A9ance_de_l%27Empereur" title="Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur">Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur</a></i>, which declared Napoleon deposed. Napoleon was in <a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau" title="Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a> when he heard that Paris had surrendered. Outraged, he wanted to march on the capital, but his <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Empire" title="Marshal of the Empire">marshals</a> refused to fight for him and repeatedly urged him to surrender. He abdicated in favour of his son on 4 April, but the Allies rejected this out of hand, forcing Napoleon to abdicate unconditionally on 6 April. The terms of his abdication, which included his exile to the Isle of <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>, were settled in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Treaty of Fontainebleau</a> on 11 April. A reluctant Napoleon ratified it two days later, marking the end of the War of the Sixth Coalition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="all information since the last citation (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postbellum">Postbellum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Postbellum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_of_Paris_and_the_Congress_of_Vienna">Peace of Paris and the Congress of Vienna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Peace of Paris and the Congress of Vienna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of Paris (1814)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Treaty of Paris (1815)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Phillips_(1770-1845)_-_The_Allied_Sovereigns_at_Petworth,_24_June_1814_(George,_1751%E2%80%931837,_3rd_Earl_of_Egremont,_with_His_C_-_486228_-_National_Trust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Thomas_Phillips_%281770-1845%29_-_The_Allied_Sovereigns_at_Petworth%2C_24_June_1814_%28George%2C_1751%E2%80%931837%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Egremont%2C_with_His_C_-_486228_-_National_Trust.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Thomas_Phillips_%281770-1845%29_-_The_Allied_Sovereigns_at_Petworth%2C_24_June_1814_%28George%2C_1751%E2%80%931837%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Egremont%2C_with_His_C_-_486228_-_National_Trust.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Allied_sovereigns%27_visit_to_England" title="Allied sovereigns' visit to England">Allied sovereigns' visit to England</a> in June 1814</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilderrevolution0271.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bilderrevolution0271.jpg/250px-Bilderrevolution0271.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bilderrevolution0271.jpg/500px-Bilderrevolution0271.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2904" data-file-height="2157" /></a><figcaption>Negotiations at the Congress of Vienna</figcaption></figure> <p>Alexander tried to calm the unrest of his conscience by correspondence with the leaders of the evangelical revival on the continent and sought for omens and supernatural guidance in texts and passages of scripture. It was not, however, according to his own account, until he met the <a href="/wiki/Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener" title="Barbara von Krüdener">Baroness de Krüdener</a>—a religious adventuress who made the conversion of princes her special mission—at <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, in the autumn of 1813, that his soul found peace. From this time a mystic pietism became the avowed force of his political, as of his private actions. Madame de Krüdener, and her colleague, the evangelist <a href="/wiki/Henri-Louis_Empaytaz" title="Henri-Louis Empaytaz">Henri-Louis Empaytaz</a>, became the confidants of the emperor's most secret thoughts; and during the campaign that ended in the occupation of Paris the imperial prayer-meetings were the oracle on whose revelations hung the fate of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such was Alexander's mood when the downfall of Napoleon left him one of the most powerful sovereigns in Europe. With the memory of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tilsit">Treaty of Tilsit</a> still fresh in men's minds, it was not unnatural that to cynical men of the world like <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens Wenzel von Metternich</a> he merely seemed to be disguising "under the language of evangelical abnegation" vast and perilous schemes of ambition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The puzzled powers were, in fact, the more inclined to be suspicious in view of other, and seemingly inconsistent, tendencies of the emperor, which yet seemed all to point to a like disquieting conclusion. For Madame de Krüdener was not the only influence behind the throne; and, though Alexander had declared war against the Revolution, La Harpe (his erstwhile tutor) was once more at his elbow, and the catchwords of the gospel of humanity were still on his lips. The very proclamations which denounced Napoleon as "the genius of evil", denounced him in the name of "liberty", and of "enlightenment".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservatives suspected Alexander of a monstrous intrigue by which the eastern autocrat would ally with the <a href="/wiki/Jacobinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobinism">Jacobinism</a> of all Europe, aiming at an all-powerful Russia in place of an all-powerful France. At the Congress of Vienna Alexander's attitude accentuated this distrust. Robert Stewart, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Viscount Castlereagh</a>, whose single-minded aim was the restoration of "a just equilibrium" in Europe, reproached the Tsar to his face for a "conscience" which led him to imperil the concert of the powers by keeping his hold on Poland in violation of his treaty obligation.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_political_views">Liberal political views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Liberal political views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_I_by_Lawrence_(1814-18,_Royal_collection).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Alexander_I_by_Lawrence_%281814-18%2C_Royal_collection%29.jpg/220px-Alexander_I_by_Lawrence_%281814-18%2C_Royal_collection%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Alexander_I_by_Lawrence_%281814-18%2C_Royal_collection%29.jpg/330px-Alexander_I_by_Lawrence_%281814-18%2C_Royal_collection%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Alexander_I_by_Lawrence_%281814-18%2C_Royal_collection%29.jpg/440px-Alexander_I_by_Lawrence_%281814-18%2C_Royal_collection%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Portrait of Alexander I of Russia">Portrait of Alexander I</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence" title="Thomas Lawrence">Thomas Lawrence</a>, 1818</figcaption></figure> <p>Once a supporter of limited liberalism, as seen in his approval of the representative institutions in the <a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Ionian Islands</a>, Grand Duchy of Finland and the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland">Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland</a> in 1815,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the end of the year 1818 Alexander's views began to change. A <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolutionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (political)">conspiracy</a> among the officers of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Guard" title="Russian Imperial Guard">Russian Imperial Guard</a>, and a plot to kidnap him on his way to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1818)" title="Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)">Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle</a>, are said to have shaken his liberal beliefs. At Aix he came for the first time into intimate contact with Metternich. From this time dates the ascendancy of Metternich over the mind of the Russian Emperor and in the councils of Europe. </p><p>It was, however, no case of sudden conversion. Though alarmed by the revolutionary agitation in Germany, which culminated in the murder of his agent, the dramatist <a href="/wiki/August_von_Kotzebue" title="August von Kotzebue">August von Kotzebue</a> (23 March 1819), Alexander joined Castlereagh's protest against Metternich's <a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">collective security</a> policy of "the governments contracting an alliance against the peoples", as formulated in the <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a> of July 1819. Alexander deprecated any intervention of a European league in the affairs of individucal nations to support "the absurd pretensions of "absolute power".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He still declared his belief in free institutions with limitations. "Liberty", he maintained, "should be confined within just limits. And the limits of liberty are the principles of order".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porvoon_valtiop%C3%A4iv%C3%A4t_1809_by_Emanuel_Thelning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Porvoon_valtiop%C3%A4iv%C3%A4t_1809_by_Emanuel_Thelning.jpg/250px-Porvoon_valtiop%C3%A4iv%C3%A4t_1809_by_Emanuel_Thelning.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Porvoon_valtiop%C3%A4iv%C3%A4t_1809_by_Emanuel_Thelning.jpg/500px-Porvoon_valtiop%C3%A4iv%C3%A4t_1809_by_Emanuel_Thelning.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3514" data-file-height="2673" /></a><figcaption>Alexander I confirmed the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Finnish constitution</a> and made Finland an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Porvoo" title="Diet of Porvoo">Diet of Porvoo</a> in 1809.</figcaption></figure> <p>Alexander's conversion was completed by the 1820 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_during_the_1820s" title="Revolutions during the 1820s">revolutions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720-1861)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720-1861)">Piedmont</a>, combined with increasingly disquieting symptoms of discontent in <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">France</a>, Germany, and among his own people. In the seclusion of the little town of <a href="/wiki/Opava" title="Opava">Troppau</a>, where in October 1820 the powers met in <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Troppau" title="Congress of Troppau">conference</a>, Metternich cemented his influence over Alexander, which had been wanting amid the turmoil and intrigues of Vienna and Aix. During a friendly conversation over afternoon tea, the disillusioned autocrat confessed his mistake. "You have nothing to regret," he said sadly to the exultant chancellor, "but I have!".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The issue was momentous. In January, Alexander had still upheld the ideal of a free confederation of the European states, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a>, against the policy of a dictatorship of the great powers, the Quadruple Treaty. He gave in on 19 November by signing the Troppau Protocol, which consecrated the claims of collective Europe to interfere in the internal concerns of the sovereign states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911559_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911559-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolt_of_the_Greeks">Revolt of the Greeks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Revolt of the Greeks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapodistrias2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kapodistrias2.jpg/250px-Kapodistrias2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kapodistrias2.jpg/330px-Kapodistrias2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kapodistrias2.jpg/340px-Kapodistrias2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a>, Russia's former foreign minister, was elected as the first head of state of independent Greece</figcaption></figure> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Laibach" title="Congress of Laibach">Congress of Laibach</a>, which had been adjourned in the spring of 1821, Alexander received news of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek revolt</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. From this time until his death, Alexander's mind was torn between his dreams of a stable confederation of Europe and his traditional mission as leader of the Orthodox crusade against the Ottomans. At first, under the careful advice of Metternich, Alexander chose the former.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Siding against the Greek revolt for the sake of stability in the region, Alexander expelled its leader <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ypsilantis" title="Alexander Ypsilantis">Alexander Ypsilantis</a> from the Russian Imperial Cavalry, and directed his foreign minister, Ioannis Kapodistrias (known as <a href="/wiki/John_Capodistria" class="mw-redirect" title="John Capodistria">Giovanni, Count Capo d'Istria</a>), himself a Greek, to disavow any Russian sympathy with Ypsilantis; and in 1822, he issued orders that a deputation from the Greek <a href="/wiki/Morea" title="Morea">Morea</a> province to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Verona" title="Congress of Verona">Congress of Verona</a> be turned back on the road.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He made some effort to reconcile his loyalties. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> had been excluded from the Holy Alliance under the principle that the affairs of the East were the "domestic concerns of Russia" rather than of the concert of Europe; but Alexander now offered to surrender this claim and act in the East as "the mandatory of Europe", as Austria had acted in Naples, and so march as a Christian liberator into the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metternich opposed this, putting the Austrian-led balance of power (including the Ottoman Empire) above the interests of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>. This opened Alexander's eyes to the Austria's true attitude towards his ideals. Back in Russia, far from the fascination of Metternich's personality, he was once again moved by the aspirations of his people, and Russian policy swung toward the Greek cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1823 the <a href="/wiki/1817%E2%80%931824_cholera_pandemic" title="1817–1824 cholera pandemic">1817–1824 cholera pandemic</a> reached <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>, and the Tsar ordered an anti-<a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> campaign that was imitated in other countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congress_of_Vienna_1814_Cliche%C2%B4-_Medal_of_the_Russian_Imperial_Couple_Alexander_I_%26_Louise_of_Baden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Congress_of_Vienna_1814_Cliche%C2%B4-_Medal_of_the_Russian_Imperial_Couple_Alexander_I_%26_Louise_of_Baden.jpg/220px-Congress_of_Vienna_1814_Cliche%C2%B4-_Medal_of_the_Russian_Imperial_Couple_Alexander_I_%26_Louise_of_Baden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Congress_of_Vienna_1814_Cliche%C2%B4-_Medal_of_the_Russian_Imperial_Couple_Alexander_I_%26_Louise_of_Baden.jpg/330px-Congress_of_Vienna_1814_Cliche%C2%B4-_Medal_of_the_Russian_Imperial_Couple_Alexander_I_%26_Louise_of_Baden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Congress_of_Vienna_1814_Cliche%C2%B4-_Medal_of_the_Russian_Imperial_Couple_Alexander_I_%26_Louise_of_Baden.jpg/440px-Congress_of_Vienna_1814_Cliche%C2%B4-_Medal_of_the_Russian_Imperial_Couple_Alexander_I_%26_Louise_of_Baden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2385" data-file-height="2349" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth Alexeievna with Alexander at the Congress of Vienna 1814 Cliche´- <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">Medal</a> by Leopold Heuberger</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_I_with_wife_by_anonym_after_Sant-Auben_(after_1807).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Alexander_I_with_wife_by_anonym_after_Sant-Auben_%28after_1807%29.jpg/250px-Alexander_I_with_wife_by_anonym_after_Sant-Auben_%28after_1807%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Alexander_I_with_wife_by_anonym_after_Sant-Auben_%28after_1807%29.jpg/330px-Alexander_I_with_wife_by_anonym_after_Sant-Auben_%28after_1807%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Alexander_I_with_wife_by_anonym_after_Sant-Auben_%28after_1807%29.jpg/500px-Alexander_I_with_wife_by_anonym_after_Sant-Auben_%28after_1807%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Alexander and Louise of Baden</figcaption></figure> <p>On 9 October 1793, Alexander married Louise of Baden, known as <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Alexeievna_(Louise_of_Baden)" title="Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden)">Elizabeth Alexeievna</a> after her conversion to the Orthodox Church. He later told his friend Frederick William III that the marriage, a political match devised by his grandmother, Catherine the Great, regrettably proved to be a misfortune for him and his spouse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911559_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911559-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their two children died young,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974154–55_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974154–55-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though their common sorrow drew the spouses closer together. After a relationship with his mistress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Naryshkina" title="Maria Naryshkina">Maria Naryshkina</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911559_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911559-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1799 until 1818, Alexander suffered the death of their beloved daughter Sophia Naryshkina, and the Empress' generous sympathy for his grief strengthened their marital bond. </p><p>In 1809, he was widely rumoured to have had an affair with the Finnish noblewoman <a href="/wiki/Ulla_M%C3%B6llersv%C3%A4rd" title="Ulla Möllersvärd">Ulla Möllersvärd</a> and to have had a child by her, but this is not confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMäkelä-Alitalo2006_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMäkelä-Alitalo2006-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With his mind deteriorating, Alexander grew increasingly suspicious, withdrawn, and religious, and less active. Some historians conclude that his profile "coincides precisely with the <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Schizophrenic">schizophrenic</a> prototype: a withdrawn, seclusive, rather shy, <a href="/wiki/Introvertive" class="mw-redirect" title="Introvertive">introvertive</a>, unaggressive, and somewhat apathetic individual".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols198241_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols198241-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1987121_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1987121-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruscott199726_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruscott199726-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the autumn of 1825 the Emperor undertook a voyage to the south of Russia due to the increasing illness of his wife. During his trip he himself caught <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>, from which he died in the southern city of <a href="/wiki/Taganrog" title="Taganrog">Taganrog</a> on 19 November 1825 (Old Style). However, news of his death did not reach the capital until December.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His two brothers disputed who would become tsar—each wanted the other to do so. His wife died a few months later as the emperor's body was transported to Saint Petersburg for the funeral. He was interred at the <a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress" title="Peter and Paul Fortress">Peter and Paul Fortress</a> in Saint Petersburg on 13 March 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974ch_22_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974ch_22-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_Alexander_I_of_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Death of Alexander I in Taganrog (19th century lithograph)"><img alt="Death of Alexander I in Taganrog (19th century lithograph)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Death_Alexander_I_of_Russia.jpg/120px-Death_Alexander_I_of_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Death_Alexander_I_of_Russia.jpg/180px-Death_Alexander_I_of_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Death_Alexander_I_of_Russia.jpg/240px-Death_Alexander_I_of_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="917" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Death of Alexander I in Taganrog (19th century lithograph)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandre1_Palace_Taganrog.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander I Palace in Taganrog, where the emperor died in 1825"><img alt="Alexander I Palace in Taganrog, where the emperor died in 1825" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alexandre1_Palace_Taganrog.jpg/120px-Alexandre1_Palace_Taganrog.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alexandre1_Palace_Taganrog.jpg/180px-Alexandre1_Palace_Taganrog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alexandre1_Palace_Taganrog.jpg/240px-Alexandre1_Palace_Taganrog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_Palace" title="Alexander I Palace">Alexander I Palace</a> in Taganrog, where the emperor died in 1825</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_I_of_Russia%27s_funerals_by_S.F._Galaktionov_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The funeral procession from Taganrog to St. Petersburg"><img alt="The funeral procession from Taganrog to St. Petersburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alexander_I_of_Russia%27s_funerals_by_S.F._Galaktionov_01.jpg/120px-Alexander_I_of_Russia%27s_funerals_by_S.F._Galaktionov_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Alexander_I_of_Russia%27s_funerals_by_S.F._Galaktionov_01.jpg/250px-Alexander_I_of_Russia%27s_funerals_by_S.F._Galaktionov_01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The funeral procession from Taganrog to St. Petersburg</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conspiracy_theory">Conspiracy theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Conspiracy theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A popular legend has it that Tsar Alexander <a href="/wiki/Faked_death" title="Faked death">faked his death</a> and lived as a <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> under the name <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Kuzmich" title="Feodor Kuzmich">Feodor Kuzmich</a>, a theory often resurrected by popular writers.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory involves the curious similarities between Alexander and Kuzmich. Svetlana Semyonova, president of the Russian Graphological Society, judged Alexander's and Kuzmich's handwriting to be identical. The priest attending Feodor Kuzmich on his deathbed reportedly asked him if he was, in fact, Alexander the Blessed. In response, Kuzmich said, "Your works are wonderful, Lord ... There is no secret which is not opened."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children">Children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Children of Alexander I of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2016)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2016)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNaughton1973293–306_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNaughton1973293–306-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Birth</th> <th>Death</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>By his wife <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Alexeievna_(Louise_of_Baden)" title="Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden)">Louise of Baden</a></b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maria/Maryia Alexandrovna, <i>Grand Duchess of Russia</i></td> <td>18/29 May 1799</td> <td>27 July / 8 August 1800<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Sometimes rumoured to be the child of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Adam Czartoryski</a>, died aged one.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="All the information (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Elisabeta/Elisaveta Alexandrovna, <i>Grand Duchess of Russia</i></td> <td>15 November 1806</td> <td>12 May 1808</td> <td>Sometimes rumoured to be the child of <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Okhotnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Okhotnikov">Alexei Okhotnikov</a>, died aged one of an infection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="all information (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>By <a href="/wiki/Maria_Naryshkina" title="Maria Naryshkina">Maria Naryshkina</a></b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zinaida Naryshkina</td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 19 December 1807</span></td> <td>18 June 1810</td> <td>Died aged four.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="all information (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sophia Naryshkina</td> <td>1 October 1805</td> <td>18 June 1824</td> <td>Died aged eighteen, unmarried.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="all information (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Emanuel Naryshkin</td> <td>30 July 1813</td> <td>31 December 1901/13 January 1902</td> <td>Married <i>Catherine Novossiltzev</i>, no issue. *unconfirmed and disputed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="all information (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>By <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sophia_Sergeievna_Vsevolozhskaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sophia Sergeievna Vsevolozhskaya (page does not exist)">Sophia Sergeievna Vsevolozhskaya</a></b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yevgenyevich_Lukash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Yevgenyevich Lukash">Nikolai Yevgenyevich Lukash</a></td> <td>11 December 1796</td> <td>20 January 1868</td> <td>Married Princess Alexandra Lukanichna Guidianova and had issue. Secondly, he married Princess Alexandra Mikhailovna Schakhovskaya and had issue.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>By <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Georges" title="Marguerite Georges">Marguerite Georges</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maria Alexandrovna Parijskaia </td> <td>19 March 1814 </td> <td>1874 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>By <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helena_Dzier%C5%BCanowska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helena Dzierżanowska (page does not exist)">Helena Dzierżanowska</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gustaw_Ehrenberg" title="Gustaw Ehrenberg">Gustaw Ehrenberg</a></td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 14 February 1818</span></td> <td>28 September 1895</td> <td>Polish revolutionary and poet, best known for his poem "Gdy naród do boju", which became a famous revolutionary tune with the melody composed by <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Fryderyk Chopin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="all information (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archives">Archives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander's letters to his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_Eugene,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg">Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg</a>, (together with letters from his siblings) written between 1795 and 1797, are preserved in the State Archive of Stuttgart (Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart) in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keisari_Aleksanteri_I_-n_rintakuva_Yliopiston_kirjaston_pihalla_-_D797_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km0024dr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Keisari_Aleksanteri_I_-n_rintakuva_Yliopiston_kirjaston_pihalla_-_D797_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km0024dr.jpg/250px-Keisari_Aleksanteri_I_-n_rintakuva_Yliopiston_kirjaston_pihalla_-_D797_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km0024dr.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Keisari_Aleksanteri_I_-n_rintakuva_Yliopiston_kirjaston_pihalla_-_D797_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km0024dr.jpg/330px-Keisari_Aleksanteri_I_-n_rintakuva_Yliopiston_kirjaston_pihalla_-_D797_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km0024dr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Keisari_Aleksanteri_I_-n_rintakuva_Yliopiston_kirjaston_pihalla_-_D797_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km0024dr.jpg/500px-Keisari_Aleksanteri_I_-n_rintakuva_Yliopiston_kirjaston_pihalla_-_D797_-_hkm.HKMS000005-km0024dr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3584" /></a><figcaption>The bust of Alexander I at the yard of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">Helsinki University</a> in 1986</figcaption></figure> <p>He received the following orders and decorations:<sup id="cite_ref-Army_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Army-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew" title="Order of St. Andrew">Knight of St. Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky">Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Anna">Knight of St. Anna</a>, 1st Class</li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_tradition_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller" title="Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller">Order of St. John of Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Svensk_flagg_1815.svg/21px-Svensk_flagg_1815.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Svensk_flagg_1815.svg/32px-Svensk_flagg_1815.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Svensk_flagg_1815.svg/42px-Svensk_flagg_1815.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="525" /></span></span></span> Sweden: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Knight of the Seraphim</a>, <i>16 November 1799</i><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sword" title="Order of the Sword">Grand Cross of the Sword, 1st Class</a>, <i>15 January 1814</i><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Knight of the Black Eagle</a>, <i>30 November 1779</i><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> (1813) 2nd Class</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Januarius" title="Order of Saint Januarius">Knight of St. Januarius</a>, <i>1800</i><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>France: <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a>: Grand Eagle of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>, <i>7 July 1807</i><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/40px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/60px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Kingdom of France</a>: <ul><li>Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, <i>1815</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Order of the Holy Spirit">Knight of the Holy Spirit</a>, <i>1815</i><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Knight of the Elephant</a>, <i>2 July 1808</i><sup id="cite_ref-Berlien1846_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlien1846-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Stranger Knight of the Garter</a>, <i>27 July 1813</i><sup id="cite_ref-p64_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p64-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Hubert" title="Order of Saint Hubert">Knight of St. Hubert</a>, <i>1813</i><sup id="cite_ref-Bayern1824_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayern1824-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Knight of the Golden Fleece</a>, <i>30 May 1814</i><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Maria_Theresa" title="Military Order of Maria Theresa">Military Order of Maria Theresa</a>, <i>1815</i><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Military_William_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Military William Order">Grand Cross of the Military William Order</a>, <i>19 November 1818</i><sup id="cite_ref-Military_William_Order_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Military_William_Order-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/23px-Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/35px-Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/45px-Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Knight of the Annunciation</a>, <i>5 November 1822</i><sup id="cite_ref-Cibrario1869_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cibrario1869-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_Algarves.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_Algarves.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_Algarves.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_Algarves.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">Kingdom of Portugal</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Sash_of_the_Three_Orders" title="Sash of the Three Orders">Sash of the Three Orders</a>, <i>10 February 1824</i><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Falcon" title="Order of the White Falcon">Grand Cross of the White Falcon</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Alexander I of Russia</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III of Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anna_Petrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I of Russia</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Christian_August,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Zerbst" title="Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst">Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin176822_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlin176822-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II of Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin176822_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlin176822-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Elisabeth_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp">Princess Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin176822_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlin176822-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Alexander I of Russia</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexander,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg">Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin1768110_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlin1768110-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_Eugene,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg">Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin176821_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlin176821-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Auguste_of_Thurn_and_Taxis" title="Princess Marie Auguste of Thurn and Taxis">Princess Marie Auguste of Thurn and Taxis</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin1768110_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlin1768110-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Sophie_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)">Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Schwedt" title="Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt">Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin176821_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlin176821-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Friederike_of_Brandenburg-Schwedt" title="Princess Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt">Princess Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin176821_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlin176821-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophia_Dorothea_of_Prussia" title="Princess Sophia Dorothea of Prussia">Princess Sophia Dorothea of Prussia</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin176821_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlin176821-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Arakcheyev" title="Aleksey Arakcheyev">Aleksey Arakcheyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimandrite_Photius" title="Archimandrite Photius">Archimandrite Photius</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During Alexander's lifetime Russia used the Julian calendar (Old Style), but unless otherwise stated, any date in this article uses the Gregorian Calendar (New Style)—see the article "<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style and New Style dates</a>" for a more detailed explanation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian: <span lang="ru">Благословенный</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Blagoslovenny</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It was issued at the end of the 19th century in the Rescript of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">conference of The Hague</a> (<a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a>, p. 557 cites: Circular of Count Muraviev, 24 August 1898).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the historiography, see <a href="#CITEREFLieven2006">Lieven 2006</a>, pp. 283–308.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBushkovitch2012" class="citation book cs1">Bushkovitch, Paul (2012). <i>A concise history of Russia</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54323-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54323-1"><bdi>978-0-521-54323-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54323-1&rft.aulast=Bushkovitch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiorova2010114-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiorova2010114_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaiorova2010">Maiorova 2010</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1992343–360-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1992343–360_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1992">Walker 1992</a>, pp. 343–360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.litmir.me/br/?b=570807">"Читать"</a>. <i>Литмир – электронная библиотека</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%E2%80%93+%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.litmir.me%2Fbr%2F%3Fb%3D570807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russianlife-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-russianlife_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622153639/http://www.russianlife.com/article.cfm?Number=255">"Alexander I"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianlife.com/article.cfm?Number=255">the original</a> on 22 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexander+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianlife.com%2Farticle.cfm%3FNumber%3D255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vikent.ru/enc/7838/">"Vikent - Детство и юность императора Александра I"</a>. <i>vikent.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vikent.ru&rft.atitle=Vikent+-+%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvikent.ru%2Fenc%2F7838%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.wikireading.ru/131085">"Alexander I of Russia"</a>. <i>history.wikireading.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728000410/https://history.wikireading.ru/131085">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=myhistorypark.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+I+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmyhistorypark.ru%2Fblog%2Faleksandr-i-pavlovich%2F%3Fcity%3Dpyatigorsk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911556-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911556_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911556_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911556_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911556_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911556_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911556_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a>, p. 556.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911559-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911559_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911559_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911559_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911559_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a>, p. 559.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2016353-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2016353_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSebag_Montefiore2016">Sebag Montefiore 2016</a>, p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2016354–356-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2016354–356_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSebag_Montefiore2016">Sebag Montefiore 2016</a>, pp. 354–356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2016357-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2016357_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSebag_Montefiore2016">Sebag Montefiore 2016</a>, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGrew1992">McGrew 1992</a>, p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2016384-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2016384_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSebag_Montefiore2016">Sebag Montefiore 2016</a>, p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974ch_3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974ch_3_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1974">Palmer 1974</a>, ch 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivier2019-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivier2019_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivier2019">Olivier 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer197452–55-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer197452–55_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1974">Palmer 1974</a>, pp. 52–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974168–72-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974168–72_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1974">Palmer 1974</a>, pp. 168–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCaffray20051–21-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCaffray20051–21_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCaffray2005">McCaffray 2005</a>, pp. 1–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlynn1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2016)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlynn1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2016)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlynn1988">Flynn 1988</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipscombBerghJohnston1903">Lipscomb, Bergh & Johnston 1903</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>; <a href="#CITEREFJefferson_to_Priestley,_Washington,_29_November_1802"><i>Jefferson to Priestley, Washington, 29 November 1802</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911557_29-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a>, p. 557.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsdaile2009192–193-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsdaile2009192–193_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsdaile2009">Esdaile 2009</a>, pp. 192–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a>, p. 557 cites <i>Instructions to M. Novosiltsov</i>, 11 September 1804. Tatischeff, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a>, p. 557 cites: Savary to Napoleon, 18 November 1807. Tatischeff, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a>, pp. 557, 558 cites: Coulaincourt to Napoleon, 4th report, 3 August 1809. Tatischeff, p. 496.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZawadzki2009110–124-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZawadzki2009110–124_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZawadzki2009">Zawadzki 2009</a>, pp. 110–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911558_36-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a>, p. 558.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan20021666-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolan20021666_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolan20021666_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNolan2002">Nolan 2002</a>, p. 1666.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman200129-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman200129_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman200129_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapman200129_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChapman2001">Chapman 2001</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Tedsnet''-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Tedsnet''_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTedsnet"><i>Tedsnet</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh20135-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh20135_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazemzadeh2013">Kazemzadeh 2013</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAveryFisherHamblyMelville1991332-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAveryFisherHamblyMelville1991332_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAveryFisherHamblyMelville1991">Avery et al. 1991</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaddeley1908">Baddeley 1908</a>, p. 67 cites "Tsitsianoff's report to the Emperor: Akti, ix (supplement), p. 920".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansoori2008245-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMansoori2008245_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMansoori2008">Mansoori 2008</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYemelianova2014-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYemelianova2014_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYemelianova2014">Yemelianova 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a>, p. 558 cites: Alexander speaking to Colonel Michaud. Tatischeff, p. 612.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2016313-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebag_Montefiore2016313_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSebag_Montefiore2016">Sebag Montefiore 2016</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2013255-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2013255_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2013">Mikaberidze 2013</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikhailovsky-Danilevsky1839347–372-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikhailovsky-Danilevsky1839347–372_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikhailovsky-Danilevsky1839">Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky 1839</a>, pp. 347–372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2016313-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2016313_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontefiore2016">Montefiore 2016</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaude1911223-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaude1911223_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaude1911">Maude 1911</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a>, p. 558 cites Castlereagh to Liverpool, 2 October 1814. F.O. Papers. Vienna VII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stites2014" class="citation book cs1">Richard Stites (2014). <i>The Four Horsemen Riding to Liberty in Post-Napoleonic Europe</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199981489" title="Special:BookSources/9780199981489"><bdi>9780199981489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Four+Horsemen+Riding+to+Liberty+in+Post-Napoleonic+Europe&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199981489&rft.au=Richard+Stites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJulia_Berest2011" class="citation book cs1">Julia Berest (2011). <i>The Emergence of Russian Liberalism: Alexander Kunitsyn in Context</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230118928" title="Special:BookSources/9780230118928"><bdi>9780230118928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Russian+Liberalism%3A+Alexander+Kunitsyn+in+Context&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780230118928&rft.au=Julia+Berest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a>, p. 558 cites: <i>Despatch of Lieven</i>, 30 Nov (12 Dec.), 1819, and <i>Russ. Circular</i> of 27 January 1820. Martens IV. part i. p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a>, pp. 558, 559 cites: <i>Aperçu des idées de l'Empereur</i>, Martens IV. part i. p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a>, p. 559 cites: Metternich <i>Mem.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974154–55-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974154–55_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1974">Palmer 1974</a>, pp. 154–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMäkelä-Alitalo2006-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMäkelä-Alitalo2006_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMäkelä-Alitalo2006">Mäkelä-Alitalo 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols198241-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols198241_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1982">Nichols 1982</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1987121-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1987121_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCox1987">Cox 1987</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruscott199726-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruscott199726_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTruscott1997">Truscott 1997</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBushkovitch2012" class="citation book cs1">Bushkovitch, Paul (2012). <i>A concise history of Russia</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E2%80%A0+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravoslavie.tomsk.ru%2Fsaints%2F23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2016)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer1974[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2016)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1974">Palmer 1974</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNaughton1973293–306-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNaughton1973293–306_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNaughton1973">McNaughton 1973</a>, pp. 293–306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nlr.ru/e-res/law_r/show_page.php?page=246&root=1/26/">Manifesto</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royal-genealogy.com/persons/russia/lukash/nikolay_lukash_1796.html">Genealogy of Nikolai Lukash.</a> Retrieved 20 January 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrenberg" class="citation web cs1">Ehrenberg, Gustaw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wolnelektury.pl/katalog/lektura/ehrenberg-dzwieki-minionych-lat-szlachta-w-roku-1831.html">"Szlachta w roku 1831"</a>. <i>Wolne Lektury</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pro+Phalaris&rft.atitle=Troca+de+Decora%C3%A7%C3%B5es+entre+os+Reis+de+Portugal+e+os+Imperadores+da+R%C3%BAssia&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bragan%C3%A7a&rft.aufirst=Jose+Vicente+de&rft.au=Estrela%2C+Paulo+Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35782766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach</i> (1819), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00235605/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_9_0258_li.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jparticle_00545789">p. 8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aleksandr Kamenskii, <i>The Russian Empire in the Eighteenth Century: Searching for a Place in the World</i> (1997) pp 265–280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlin176822-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin176822_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin176822_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin176822_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlin1768">Berlin 1768</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlin176821-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin176821_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin176821_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin176821_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin176821_92-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlin1768">Berlin 1768</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlin1768110-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin1768110_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlin1768110_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlin1768">Berlin 1768</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAveryFisherHamblyMelville1991" class="citation book cs1">Avery, Peter; Fisher, William Bayne; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (1991). <i>The Cambridge history of Iran: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20095-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20095-0"><bdi>978-0-521-20095-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Iran%3A+From+Nadir+Shah+to+the+Islamic+Republic&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20095-0&rft.aulast=Avery&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Fisher%2C+William+Bayne&rft.au=Hambly%2C+Gavin&rft.au=Melville%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaddeley1908" class="citation book cs1">Baddeley, John F. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028754616"><i>The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus</i></a>. London: Longmans, Green and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028754616/page/n104">67</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Conquest+of+the+Caucasus&rft.place=London&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Baddeley&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924028754616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerlin1768" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berlin, A. (1768). "Table 23". <i>Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans</i> [<i>Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living</i>] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA22">23</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+23&rft.btitle=Genealogie+ascendante+jusqu%27au+quatrieme+degre+inclusivement+de+tous+les+Rois+et+Princes+de+maisons+souveraines+de+l%27Europe+actuellement+vivans&rft.place=Bourdeaux&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Frederic+Guillaume+Birnstiel&rft.date=1768&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChapman2001" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Tim (2001). <i>Imperial Russia, 1801–1905</i> (illustrated, reprint ed.). 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Penguin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K0MCQooMH1cC&pg=PT128">192</a>–193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Wars%3A+An+International+History&rft.pages=192-193&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Esdaile&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlynn1988" class="citation book cs1">Flynn, James T. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caucasus-survey.org:80/vol1-no2/yemelianova-islam-nationalism-state-muslim-caucasus.php">the original</a> on 26 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caucasus+Survey&rft.atitle=Islam%2C+nationalism+and+state+in+the+Muslim+Caucasus&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2014-04-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23761199.2014.11417291&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128432463%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yemelianova&rft.aufirst=Galina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caucasus-survey.org%3A80%2Fvol1-no2%2Fyemelianova-islam-nationalism-state-muslim-caucasus.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZawadzki2009" class="citation journal cs1">Zawadzki, Hubert (2009). "Between Napoleon and Tsar Alexander: The Polish Question at Tilsit, 1807". <i>Central Europe</i>. <b>7</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">110–</span>124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F147909609X12490448067244">10.1179/147909609X12490448067244</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145539723">145539723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Europe&rft.atitle=Between+Napoleon+and+Tsar+Alexander%3A+The+Polish+Question+at+Tilsit%2C+1807&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F147909609X12490448067244&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145539723%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zawadzki&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Attribution:</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Phillips" title="Walter Alison Phillips">Phillips, Walter Alison</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Alexander_I._(tsar)" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alexander I. (tsar)">Alexander I.</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">556–</span>559.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander+I.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E556-%3C%2Fspan%3E559&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Russian_history_(1613%E2%80%931917)" title="Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)">Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)</a></div> <ul><li>Hartley, Janet M. et al. eds. <i>Russia and the Napoleonic Wars</i> (2015), new scholarship</li> <li>Lieven, Dominic. <i>Russia Against Napoleon</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Russia-Against-Napoleon-Story-Campaigns/dp/0143118862/">excerpt</a></li> <li>McConnell, Allen. <i>Tsar Alexander I: Paternalistic Reformer</i> (1970) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tsaralexanderipa00mcco">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Palmer, Alan. <i>Alexander I: Tsar of War and Peace</i> (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974)</li> <li>Rey, Marie-Pierre. <i>Alexander I.: the Tsar who defeated Napoleon</i> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Troyat" title="Henri Troyat">Troyat, Henri</a>. <i>Alexander of Russia</i> (Hodder & Stoughton, 1984)</li> <li>Zawadzki, Hubert. "Between Napoleon and Tsar Alexander: The Polish Question at Tilsit, 1807." <i>Central Europe</i> 7.2 (2009): 110–124.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" class="extiw" title="commons:Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Alexander I of Russia </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a> </b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 23 December 1777</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 1 December 1825</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor of Russia</a> </b><br />23 March 1801–1 December 1825 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden">Gustav IV Adolf</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Finland" title="Grand Duke of Finland">Grand Duke of Finland</a> </b><br />1809–1825 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a> </b><br />9 June 1815–1 December 1825 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_sovereigns" title="Template:Russian sovereigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_sovereigns" title="Template talk:Russian sovereigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_sovereigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian sovereigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_Russian_monarchs206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_monarchs" title="List of Russian monarchs">List of Russian monarchs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Vladimir" title="Grand Prince of Vladimir">Grand princes of Vladimir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Moscow" title="Grand Prince of Moscow">Moscow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_I_Dolgorukiy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri I Dolgorukiy">Yuri I Dolgorukiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Bogolyubsky" title="Andrey Bogolyubsky">Andrei I Bogolyubsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_of_Vladimir" title="Mikhail of Vladimir">Mikhail of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_the_Big_Nest" title="Vsevolod the Big Nest">Vsevolod the Big Nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yuri II of Vladimir">Yuri II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_of_Rostov" title="Konstantin of Rostov">Konstantin of Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yuri II of Vladimir">Yuri II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yaroslav II of Vladimir">Yaroslav II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_III_of_Vladimir" title="Sviatoslav III of Vladimir">Sviatoslav III of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_II_of_Vladimir" title="Andrey II of Vladimir">Andrey II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_of_Tver" title="Yaroslav of Tver">Yaroslav of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_of_Kostroma" title="Vasily of Kostroma">Vasily of Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Pereslavl" title="Dmitry of Pereslavl">Dmitry of Pereslavl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_of_Gorodets" title="Andrey of Gorodets">Andrey of Gorodets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_of_Tver" title="Mikhail of Tver">Mikhail of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_of_Moscow" title="Yury of Moscow">Yuri of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Tver" title="Dmitry of Tver">Dmitry the Terrible Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_of_Tver" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver">Alexander of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_I_of_Moscow" title="Ivan I of Moscow">Ivan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_of_Moscow" title="Simeon of Moscow">Simeon the Proud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_II_of_Moscow" title="Ivan II of Moscow">Ivan II the Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Suzdal" title="Dmitry of Suzdal">Dmitry of Suzdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoy" title="Dmitry Donskoy">Dmitry of the Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_I_of_Moscow" title="Vasily I of Moscow">Vasily I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_II_of_Moscow" title="Vasily II of Moscow">Vasily II the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasily III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_all_Russia" title="Tsar of all Russia">Tsars of all Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV the Terrible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irina_Godunova" title="Irina Godunova">Irina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov" title="Boris Godunov">Boris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_II_of_Russia" title="Feodor II of Russia">Feodor II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/False_Dmitry_I" title="False Dmitry I">False Dmitry I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_IV_of_Russia" title="Vasili IV of Russia">Vasili IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Vladislav</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Russia" title="Michael of Russia">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Alexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_III_of_Russia" title="Feodor III of Russia">Feodor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia" title="Ivan V of Russia">Ivan V</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(co-rulers)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperors of all Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_I_of_Russia" title="Catherine I of Russia">Catherine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Russia" title="Peter II of Russia">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_VI_of_Russia" title="Ivan VI of Russia">Ivan VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heirs_to_the_Russian_throne605" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_tsareviches" title="Template:Russian 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decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (1721–1917)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Tsareviches<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Dmitry_Ivanovich_of_Russia_(1552%E2%80%931553)" title="Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia (1552–1553)">Dmitry</a> (1552–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Ivan_Ivanovich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia">Ivan</a> (1554–81)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor</a></b> (1581–84)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Uglich" title="Dmitry of Uglich">Dmitry</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Feodor_II_of_Russia" title="Feodor II of Russia">Feodor</a></b> (1598–1605)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Ivan_Dmitriyevich" title="Tsarevich Ivan Dmitriyevich">Ivan</a></i><sup>3</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Alexis</a></b> (1629–45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Dmitry_Alexeyevich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Dmitry Alexeyevich of Russia">Dmitry</a> (1648–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Alexei_Alexeyevich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Alexei Alexeyevich of Russia">Alexis</a> (1654–70)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Feodor_III_of_Russia" title="Feodor III of Russia">Feodor</a></b> (1670–76)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia" title="Ivan V of Russia">Ivan</a></b> (1676–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_III_of_Russia#Family" title="Feodor III of Russia">Ilya</a> (1681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Petrovich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia">Alexei</a> (1690–1718)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Without special title</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ivan_VI_of_Russia" title="Ivan VI of Russia">Ivan</a></b> (1740)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter</a></b> (1742–62)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Tsesareviches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul</a></b> (1762–96)</li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander</a></b> (1796–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Pavlovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia">Konstantin</a> (1801–23)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas</a></b> (1823–25)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander</a></b> (1825–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Alexandrovich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsarevich of Russia">Nicholas</a> (1855–65)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander</a></b> (1865–81)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas</a></b> (1881–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia">George</a> (1894–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia">Michael</a> (1899–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Nikolaevich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia">Alexei</a> (1904–17)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup>Title of <i>Tsarevich</i> was used for all Tsar's sons from the times of Ivan IV to Peter I. Only heirs to the throne included in this template.</li> <li><sup>2</sup><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV</a>'s son from his fifth (or seventh) marriage, and thus illegitimate by the <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a></li> <li><sup>3</sup>Son of a <a href="/wiki/False_Dmitry_II" title="False Dmitry II">man</a> claimed to be <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Uglich" title="Dmitry of Uglich">tsarevich Dmitry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grand_Dukes_of_Russia798" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_grand_dukes" title="Template:Russian grand dukes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_grand_dukes" title="Template talk:Russian grand dukes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_grand_dukes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian grand dukes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grand_Dukes_of_Russia798" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_grand_dukes_of_Russia" title="List of grand dukes of Russia">Grand Dukes of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations are numbered from <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I of Russia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Petrovich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia">Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Russia" title="Peter II of Russia">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Pavlovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Pavlovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Nikolayevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia">Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1831%E2%80%931891)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891)">Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Nikolaevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Alexandrovich,_Tsesarevich_of_Russia" title="Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia">Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Paul_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Konstantine Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitry_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Dmitri Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vyacheslav_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1856%E2%80%931929)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)">Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Peter_Nikolaevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia">Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Mikhailovich_of_Russia_(1863%E2%80%931919)" title="Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia (1863–1919)">Grand Duke George Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexei_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke George Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Kirill_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Boris_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Andrei_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Andrew Vladimirovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitri_Pavlovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_John_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Prince John Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke John Konstantinovich</a></i> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Nikolaevich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia">Tsesarevich Alexei Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Kirillovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich</a></i> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Franz_Wilhelm_Prinz_von_Preussen" title="Franz Wilhelm Prinz von Preussen">Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich</a></i> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke George Mikhailovich</a></i> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <span class="wrap">born a Grand Duke, but stripped of his title by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ukase" title="Ukase">ukase</a> of 1886, limiting the style to sons and male-line grandsons of a tsar</span></li></ul> <ul><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> <span class="wrap">title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich as claimant to the Russian throne</span></li></ul> <ul><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> <span class="wrap">title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich as claimant to the Russian throne</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Poland756" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Template:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Poland756" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">Monarchs of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs#Legendary_rulers" title="List of Polish monarchs">Legendary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lech,_Czech,_and_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Lech, Czech, and Rus'">Lech I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krakus" title="Krakus">Krakus I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krakus_II" title="Krakus II">Krakus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lech_II" title="Lech II">Lech II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Wanda" title="Princess Wanda">Wanda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszko_I" title="Leszko I">Leszko I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszko_II" title="Leszko II">Leszko II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszko_III" title="Leszko III">Leszko III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popiel_I" title="Popiel I">Popiel I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popiel" title="Popiel">Popiel II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cho%C5%9Bcisko" title="Chościsko">Chościsko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piast_the_Wheelwright" title="Piast the Wheelwright">Piast the Wheelwright</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs#Semi-legendary_dukes_of_the_Polans_in_Greater_Poland" title="List of Polish monarchs">Proto-historic</a> (before 966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siemowit" title="Siemowit">Siemowit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestek" title="Lestek">Lestek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemomys%C5%82" title="Siemomysł">Siemomysł</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> (966–1138)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I" title="Mieszko I">Mieszko I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I the Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezprym" title="Bezprym">Bezprym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_II_Lambert" title="Mieszko II Lambert">Mieszko II Lambert</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_the_Forgotten" title="Bolesław the Forgotten">Bolesław the Forgotten</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_I_the_Restorer" title="Casimir I the Restorer">Casimir I the Restorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Bold" title="Bolesław II the Bold">Bolesław II the Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_Herman" title="Władysław I Herman">Władysław I Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_of_Poland" title="Zbigniew of Poland">Zbigniew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth" title="Bolesław III Wrymouth">Bolesław III Wrymouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty#Fragmentation_of_the_realm_(1138–1320)" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Fragmentation<br />period</a> (1138–1320)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Seniorate_Province" title="Seniorate Province">Senior or Supreme Princes</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_the_Exile" title="Władysław II the Exile">Władysław II the Exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_IV_the_Curly" title="Bolesław IV the Curly">Bolesław IV the Curly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_III_of_Poland" title="Mieszko III of Poland">Mieszko III the Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_II_the_Just" title="Casimir II the Just">Casimir II the Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_the_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Leszek the White">Leszek the White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_Spindleshanks" title="Władysław III Spindleshanks">Władysław III Spindleshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Odonic" title="Władysław Odonic">Władysław Odonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_IV_Tanglefoot" title="Mieszko IV Tanglefoot">Mieszko IV Tanglefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_I_of_Masovia" title="Konrad I of Masovia">Konrad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Bearded" title="Henry the Bearded">Henry the Bearded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_the_Pious" title="Henry II the Pious">Henry II the Pious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Horned" title="Bolesław II the Horned">Bolesław the Horned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_V_the_Chaste" title="Bolesław V the Chaste">Bolesław V the Chaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_II_the_Black" title="Leszek II the Black">Leszek II the Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_IV_Probus" class="mw-redirect" title="Henryk IV Probus">Henryk IV Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_II" title="Przemysł II">Przemysł II</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Silesia" title="Duke of Silesia">Dukes of Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland#Dukes_of_Greater_Poland" title="Duchy of Greater Poland">Dukes of Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ta_sandomierscy" class="extiw" title="pl:Książęta sandomierscy">Dukes of Little Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Masovia" title="Duke of Masovia">Dukes of Masovia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adcy_Kujaw" class="extiw" title="pl:Władcy Kujaw">Dukes of Kuyavia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ta_%C5%82%C4%99czyccy" class="extiw" title="pl:Książęta łęczyccy">Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes#Duchy_of_Pomerelia" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">Dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes#Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">Dukes of Pomerania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid dynasty</a> (1296–1306)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_II_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus II of Bohemia">Wenceslaus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus III of Bohemia">Wenceslaus III</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Restored <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> (1320–1370)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_%C5%81okietek" title="Władysław I Łokietek">Władysław I Łokietek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Capet-Anjou dynasty</a> (1370-1399)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I the Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland" title="Jadwiga of Poland">Jadwiga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian dynasty</a> (1386–1572)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II Jagiełło</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland" title="Władysław III of Poland">Władysław III of Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Albert" title="John I Albert">John I Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon" title="Alexander Jagiellon">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland" title="Royal elections in Poland">Elective monarchy</a> (1572–1795)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon" title="Anna Jagiellon">Anna Jagiellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" title="Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki">Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanisław I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> (1807–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanov_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov dynasty">Romanov dynasty</a> (1815–1917)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)">Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_Council_(Poland)" title="Regency Council (Poland)">Regency Council</a> (transformed into <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.4em 0.2em 0.2em; line-height:1.3em;"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicates monarch of questioned historicity</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleonic_Wars20561" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template talk:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleonic_Wars20561" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">Fifth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French Invasion of Russia</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Seventh Coalition</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belli-<br />gerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">France,<br /><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">client states</a><br />and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_era)" title="Polish Legions (Napoleonic era)">Polish Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era#Act_of_Mediation" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Swiss Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony#The_Napoleonic_Era_and_the_German_Confederation" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_forces_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Coalition forces of the Napoleonic Wars">Coalition<br />forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden#Swedish_Empire" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau#Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">French Royalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major<br />battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Duc d'Enghien Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation of Napoleon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1805</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diamond_Rock" title="Battle of Diamond Rock">Diamond Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wertingen" title="Battle of Wertingen">Wertingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_G%C3%BCnzburg" title="Battle of Günzburg">Günzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haslach-Jungingen" title="Battle of Haslach-Jungingen">Haslach-Jungingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elchingen" title="Battle of Elchingen">Elchingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(1805)" title="Battle of Verona (1805)">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1805)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1805)">Caldiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ortegal" title="Battle of Cape Ortegal">Cape Ortegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amstetten" title="Battle of Amstetten">Amstetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein" title="Battle of Dürenstein">Dürenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1806</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1806)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1806)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Tenese" title="Battle of Campo Tenese">Campo Tenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maida" title="Battle of Maida">Maida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schleiz" title="Battle of Schleiz">Schleiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saalfeld" title="Battle of Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Jena–Auerstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Erfurt" title="Capitulation of Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halle" title="Battle of Halle">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Magdeburg_(1806)" title="Siege of Magdeburg (1806)">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prenzlau" title="Battle of Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Pasewalk" title="Capitulation of Pasewalk">Pasewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Stettin" title="Capitulation of Stettin">Stettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waren-Nossentin" title="Battle of Waren-Nossentin">Waren-Nossentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Battle of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hamelin" title="Siege of Hamelin">Hamelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Czarnowo" title="Battle of Czarnowo">Czarnowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golymin" title="Battle of Golymin">Golymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk_(1806)" title="Battle of Pułtusk (1806)">Pułtusk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1807</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohrungen" title="Battle of Mohrungen">Mohrungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Eylau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_(1807)" title="Battle of Ostrołęka (1807)">Ostrołęka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(1807)" title="Siege of Kolberg (1807)">Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" title="Siege of Danzig (1807)">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sortie_of_Stralsund" title="Great Sortie of Stralsund">Stralsund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mileto" title="Battle of Mileto">Mileto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guttstadt-Deppen" title="Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen">Guttstadt-Deppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilsberg" title="Battle of Heilsberg">Heilsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1807)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1807)">Stralsund II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">Invasion of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1808</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising" title="Dos de Mayo Uprising">Dos de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_El_Bruch" title="Battles of El Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Rosily_Squadron" title="Capture of the Rosily Squadron">Rosily Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Cabezón">Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1808)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1808)">1st Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_(1808)" title="Battle of Valencia (1808)">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_de_Rioseco" title="Battle of Medina de Rioseco">Medina de Rioseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Roliça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Vimeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zornoza" title="Battle of Zornoza">Zornoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmaseda" title="Battle of Valmaseda">Valmaseda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Espinosa_de_los_Monteros" title="Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros">Espinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tudela" title="Battle of Tudela">Tudela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1809)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1809)">2nd Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Sahagún">Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benavente" title="Battle of Benavente">Benavente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1809</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castell%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Castellón">Castellón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ucl%C3%A9s_(1809)" title="Battle of Uclés (1809)">Uclés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna" title="Battle of Corunna">Corunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valls" title="Battle of Valls">Valls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_Rebellion" title="Tyrolean Rebellion">Tyrolean Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villafranca_(1809)" title="Battle of Villafranca (1809)">Villafranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Y%C3%A9benes" title="Battle of Los Yébenes">Yevenes/Yébenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Real" title="Battle of Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Porto" title="First Battle of Porto">1st Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medell%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Medellín">Medellín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bergisel" title="Battles of Bergisel">Bergisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacile" title="Battle of Sacile">Sacile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teugen-Hausen" title="Battle of Teugen-Hausen">Teugen-Hausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raszyn_(1809)" title="Battle of Raszyn (1809)">Raszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abensberg" title="Battle of Abensberg">Abensberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_(1809)" title="Battle of Landshut (1809)">Landshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Eckmühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" title="Battle of Ratisbon">Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neumarkt-Sankt_Veit" title="Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit">Neumarkt-Sankt Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Campaign_(1809)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian Campaign (1809)">Dalmatian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ebelsberg" title="Battle of Ebelsberg">Ebelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Girona_(Peninsular_War)" title="Third siege of Girona (Peninsular War)">Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piave_River_(1809)" title="Battle of Piave River (1809)">Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grij%C3%B3" title="Battle of Grijó">Grijó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Porto" title="Second Battle of Porto">2nd Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%B6rgl" title="Battle of Wörgl">Wörgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarvis_(1809)" title="Battle of Tarvis (1809)">Tarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Aspern-Essling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alca%C3%B1iz" title="Battle of Alcañiz">Alcañiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sankt_Michael" title="Battle of Sankt Michael">Sankt Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stralsund_(1809)" title="Battle of Stralsund (1809)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab_(1809)" title="Battle of Raab (1809)">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Battle of María">María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graz" title="Battle of Graz">Graz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Korneuburg" title="Combat of Korneuburg">Korneuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Stockerau" title="Combat of Stockerau">Stockerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gefrees" title="Battle of Gefrees">Gefrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollabrunn_(1809)" title="Battle of Hollabrunn (1809)">Hollabrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Combat of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Znaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Znaim">Armistice of Znaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera" title="Battle of Talavera">Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96lper_(1809)" title="Battle of Ölper (1809)">Ölper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almonacid" title="Battle of Almonacid">Almonacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tamames" title="Battle of Tamames">Tamames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oca%C3%B1a" title="Battle of Ocaña">Ocaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alba_de_Tormes" title="Battle of Alba de Tormes">Alba de Tormes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1810</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Siege of Cádiz">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Astorga" title="Siege of Astorga">Astorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1810)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1810)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Barquilla_(1810)" title="Combat of Barquilla (1810)">Barquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_the_C%C3%B4a" title="Combat of the Côa">Côa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1810)" title="Siege of Almeida (1810)">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bussaco" title="Battle of Bussaco">Bussaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1811</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gebora" title="Battle of the Gebora">Gebora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barrosa" title="Battle of Barrosa">Barrosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pombal" title="Battle of Pombal">Pombal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Redinha" title="Battle of Redinha">Redinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casal_Novo" title="Battle of Casal Novo">Casal Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Maior" title="Battle of Campo Maior">Campo Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal" title="Battle of Sabugal">Sabugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Almeida" title="Blockade of Almeida">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro" title="Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro">Fuentes de Oñoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1811)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1811)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera" title="Battle of Albuera">Albuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Usagre" title="Battle of Usagre">Usagre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saguntum" title="Battle of Saguntum">Saguntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arroyo_dos_Molinos" title="Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos">Arroyo dos Molinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valencia_(1812)" title="Siege of Valencia (1812)">Valencia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1812</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1812)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1812)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1812)">Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villagarcia" title="Battle of Villagarcia">Villagarcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almaraz" title="Battle of Almaraz">Almaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguilla" title="Battle of Maguilla">Maguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mir_(1812)" title="Battle of Mir (1812)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ekau" title="Battle of Ekau">Ekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garc%C3%ADa_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Battle of García Hernández">García Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saltanovka" title="Battle of Saltanovka">Saltanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovno" title="Battle of Ostrovno">Ostrovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitebsk_(1812)" title="Battle of Vitebsk (1812)">Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kobrin" title="Battle of Kobrin">Kobryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klyastitsy" title="Battle of Klyastitsy">Klyastitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majadahonda" title="Battle of Majadahonda">Majadahonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorodechno" title="Battle of Gorodechno">Gorodechno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="First Battle of Polotsk">1st Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valutino" title="Battle of Valutino">Valutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mesoten" title="Battle of Mesoten">Mesoten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burgos" title="Siege of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarutino" title="Battle of Tarutino">Tarutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="Second Battle of Polotsk">2nd Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Venta_del_Pozo" title="Battle of Venta del Pozo">Venta del Pozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chashniki" title="Battle of Chashniki">Chashniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyazma" title="Battle of Vyazma">Vyazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smoliani" title="Battle of Smoliani">Smoliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Krasnoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1813</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castalla" title="Battle of Castalla">Castalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1813)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1813)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luckau" title="Battle of Luckau">Luckau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Siege of San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Battle of the Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorauren" title="Battle of Sorauren">Sorauren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gro%C3%9Fbeeren" title="Battle of Großbeeren">Großbeeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Katzbach" title="Battle of the Katzbach">Katzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulm" title="Battle of Kulm">1st Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marcial" title="Battle of San Marcial">San Marcial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dennewitz" title="Battle of Dennewitz">Dennewitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kulm" title="Second Battle of Kulm">2nd Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_G%C3%B6hrde" title="Battle of the Göhrde">Göhrde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Ro%C3%9Flau" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat of Roßlau">Roßlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wartenburg" title="Battle of Wartenburg">Wartenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bidassoa" title="Battle of the Bidassoa">Bidassoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle" title="Battle of Nivelle">Nivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1813)" title="Battle of Bornhöved (1813)">Bornhöved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sehested" title="Battle of Sehested">Sehested</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1814</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube" title="First Battle of Bar-sur-Aube">1st Bar-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brienne" title="Battle of Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Rothière">La Rothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mincio_River_(1814)" title="Battle of the Mincio River (1814)">Mincio River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champaubert" title="Battle of Champaubert">Champaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmirail" title="Battle of Montmirail">Montmirail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_(1814)" title="Battle of Château-Thierry (1814)">Château-Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Vauchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garris" title="Battle of Garris">Garris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mormant" title="Battle of Mormant">Mormant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montereau" title="Battle of Montereau">Montereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez" title="Battle of Orthez">Orthez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Bar-sur-Aube">2nd Bar-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gu%C3%A9-%C3%A0-Tresmes" title="Battle of Gué-à-Tresmes">Gué-à-Tresmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Julien_(1814)" title="Battle of Saint-Julien (1814)">Saint-Julien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laubressel" title="Battle of Laubressel">Laubressel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craonne" title="Battle of Craonne">Craonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" title="Battle of Laon">Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%A2con_(1814)" title="Battle of Mâcon (1814)">Mâcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reims_(1814)" title="Battle of Reims (1814)">Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Limonest" title="Battle of Limonest">Limonest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise" title="Battle of Fère-Champenoise">Fère-Champenoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Dizier" title="Battle of Saint-Dizier">Saint-Dizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayonne" title="Battle of Bayonne">Bayonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1815</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Panaro" title="Battle of the Panaro">Panaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Occhiobello" title="Battle of Occhiobello">Occhiobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carpi_(1815)" title="Battle of Carpi (1815)">Carpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casaglia" title="Battle of Casaglia">Casaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ronco" title="Battle of Ronco">Ronco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cesenatico" title="Battle of Cesenatico">Cesenatico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pesaro" title="Battle of Pesaro">Pesaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scapezzano" title="Battle of Scapezzano">Scapezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tolentino" title="Battle of Tolentino">Tolentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ancona" title="Siege of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castel_di_Sangro" title="Battle of Castel di Sangro">Castel di Sangro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Germano" title="Battle of San Germano">San Germano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1815)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1815)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Quatre Bras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Wavre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheserviere" title="Battle of Rocheserviere">Rocheserviere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Suffel" title="Battle of La Suffel">La Suffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Rocquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Issy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Info</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French and ally<br />military and<br />political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Marshal Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve">Pierre-Charles Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Prince Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Prince Eugène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Coalition<br />military and<br />political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Rowland Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Moore (British Army officer)">John Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Thomas Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lape%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Lapeña">Manuel Lapeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Prince von Schwarzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander I of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">Count Bennigsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein" title="Peter Wittgenstein">Peter Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard von Blücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Prince of Hohenlohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Ricardo_de_%C3%81lava" title="Miguel Ricardo de Álava">Miguel de Álava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Prince Regent John of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pereira_Forjaz,_Count_of_Feira" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Pereira Forjaz, Count of Feira">Count of Feira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William, Prince of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Prince Charles John of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">Anglo-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Wars_(Scandinavia)" title="English Wars (Scandinavia)">Anglo-Danish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Swedish_War" title="Franco-Swedish War">Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish–Norwegian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Campo Formio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Artlenburg" title="Convention of Artlenburg">Artlenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Pressburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Finckenstein" title="Treaty of Finckenstein">Finckenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Tilsit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Cintra" title="Convention of Cintra">Cintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Schönbrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1810)" title="Treaty of Paris (1810)">Paris (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(24_February_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (24 February 1812)">Paris (February 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(14_March_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (14 March 1812)">Paris (March 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Paris (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tauroggen" title="Convention of Tauroggen">Tauroggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ried" title="Treaty of Ried">Ried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Chaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Mantua" title="Convention of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Casalanza" title="Treaty of Casalanza">Casalanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Fontainebleau (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Paris (1815)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="List of books about the Napoleonic Wars">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars_casualties" title="Napoleonic Wars casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Dresden_(1812)" title="Conference of Dresden (1812)">Conference of Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty" title="England expects that every man will do his duty">England expects that every man will do his duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Napoleonic_Wars_films" title="List of Napoleonic Wars films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Uniforms of La Grande Armée">Uniforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_military_forces_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Types of military forces in the Napoleonic Wars">Types of military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MUSV001026">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35002918">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700028&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000078811&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1786421">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070252289">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Alexandre I (empereur de Russie ; 1777-1825) Александр I (empereur de Russie ; 1777-1825)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027374947">IdRef</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582871">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/66294">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/177213">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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