CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Vsevolod Meyerhold - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"12b433c5-7f2c-41d5-bf70-69929e464148","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Vsevolod_Meyerhold","wgTitle":"Vsevolod Meyerhold","wgCurRevisionId":1272238773,"wgRevisionId":1272238773,"wgArticleId":743581,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","Use dmy dates from November 2021","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses","Articles with hCards","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles containing German-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Webarchive template wayback links", "Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)","1874 births","Russian people of German descent","1940 deaths","People from Penza","People from Penzensky Uyezd","People from the Russian Empire of Dutch descent","Bolsheviks","Communist Party of the Soviet Union members","Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Lutheranism","Russian theatre directors","Russian acting theorists","Russian male stage actors","Modernist theatre","Theatre practitioners","Russian communists","Deaths by firearm in Russia","Soviet rehabilitations","Burials at Donskoye Cemetery","Soviet theatre directors"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Vsevolod_Meyerhold","wgRelevantArticleId":743581,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick": true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q165721","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options": "loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.18"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Vsevolod_Meyerhold_as_Imperial_theaters_director.jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="896"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Vsevolod_Meyerhold_as_Imperial_theaters_director.jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="598"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="478"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Vsevolod Meyerhold - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Vsevolod_Meyerhold rootpage-Vsevolod_Meyerhold skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Vsevolod+Meyerhold" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Vsevolod+Meyerhold" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Vsevolod+Meyerhold" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Vsevolod+Meyerhold" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Life_and_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_and_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Life and work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_and_work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life and work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life_and_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_under_communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_under_communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Career under communism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_under_communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acting_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acting_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Acting techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acting_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-His_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#His_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>His influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-His_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Repression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrest_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Arrest and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Marriage and family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Texts_by_Meyerhold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts_by_Meyerhold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Texts by Meyerhold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texts_by_Meyerhold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_on_Meyerhold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_on_Meyerhold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Works on Meyerhold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_on_Meyerhold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vsevolod Meyerhold</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold" title="Vsevolod Meyerhold – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vsevolod Meyerhold" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Усевалад Эмільевіч Меерхольд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Усевалад Эмільевіч Меерхольд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Всеволод Мейерхолд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Всеволод Мейерхолд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vs%C3%A9volod_Meierhold" title="Vsévolod Meierhold – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vsévolod Meierhold" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Emiljevi%C4%8D_Mejerchold" title="Vsevolod Emiljevič Mejerchold – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vsevolod Emiljevič Mejerchold" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Mejerkhold" title="Vsevolod Mejerkhold – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vsevolod Mejerkhold" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wsewolod_Emiljewitsch_Meyerhold" title="Wsewolod Emiljewitsch Meyerhold – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wsewolod Emiljewitsch Meyerhold" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vs%C3%A9volod_Meyerhold" title="Vsévolod Meyerhold – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vsévolod Meyerhold" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Mejerhold" title="Vsevolod Mejerhold – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vsevolod Mejerhold" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold" title="Vsevolod Meyerhold – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vsevolod Meyerhold" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF" title="وسولد مایرهولد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وسولد مایرهولد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold" title="Vsevolod Meyerhold – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vsevolod Meyerhold" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EC%84%B8%EB%B3%BC%EB%A1%9C%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%88%EB%A5%B4%ED%99%80%ED%8A%B8" title="프세볼로트 메이예르홀트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프세볼로트 메이예르홀트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%BD%D6%87%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A4_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A4" title="Վսևոլոդ Մեյերխոլդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վսևոլոդ Մեյերխոլդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Mejerhold" title="Vsevolod Mejerhold – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vsevolod Mejerhold" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold" title="Vsevolod Meyerhold – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vsevolod Meyerhold" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_%C4%96mil%27evi%C4%8D_Mejerchol%27d" title="Vsevolod Ėmil'evič Mejerchol'd – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vsevolod Ėmil'evič Mejerchol'd" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93" title="וסבולוד מיירהולד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וסבולוד מיירהולד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Мейерхольд Всеволод Эмильевич – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мейерхольд Всеволод Эмильевич" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolodus_Meyerhold" title="Vsevolodus Meyerhold – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vsevolodus Meyerhold" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolodas_Mejerholdas" title="Vsevolodas Mejerholdas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vsevolodas Mejerholdas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%B3%D9%8A%DA%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF" title="ڤسيڤولود ميرولد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ڤسيڤولود ميرولد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold" title="Vsevolod Meyerhold – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vsevolod Meyerhold" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AA%E3%83%89" title="フセヴォロド・メイエルホリド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フセヴォロド・メイエルホリド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Mejerkhold" title="Vsevolod Mejerkhold – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vsevolod Mejerkhold" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Mejerhold" title="Vsevolod Mejerhold – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vsevolod Mejerhold" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Emilyevich_Meyerxold" title="Vsevolod Emilyevich Meyerxold – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vsevolod Emilyevich Meyerxold" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wsiewo%C5%82od_Meyerhold" title="Wsiewołod Meyerhold – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wsiewołod Meyerhold" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Emilevitch_Meyerhold" title="Vsevolod Emilevitch Meyerhold – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vsevolod Emilevitch Meyerhold" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold" title="Vsevolod Meyerhold – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Vsevolod Meyerhold" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold" title="Vsevolod Meyerhold – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vsevolod Meyerhold" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4,_%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Мейерхольд, Всеволод Эмильевич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мейерхольд, Всеволод Эмильевич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Emilievi%C4%8D_Mejercho%C4%BEd" title="Vsevolod Emilievič Mejerchoľd – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vsevolod Emilievič Mejerchoľd" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Mejerholjd" title="Vsevolod Mejerholjd – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vsevolod Mejerholjd" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold" title="Vsevolod Meyerhold – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vsevolod Meyerhold" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold" title="Vsevolod Meyerhold – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vsevolod Meyerhold" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold" title="Vsevolod Meyerhold – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vsevolod Meyerhold" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%94%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Меєргольд Всеволод Емільович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Меєргольд Всеволод Емільович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E8%B0%A2%E6%B2%83%E6%B4%9B%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E8%80%B6%E8%8D%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="弗谢沃洛德·梅耶荷德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗谢沃洛德·梅耶荷德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q165721#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Vsevolod_Meyerhold" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Vsevolod_Meyerhold" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Vsevolod_Meyerhold" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&oldid=1272238773" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&id=1272238773&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVsevolod_Meyerhold"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVsevolod_Meyerhold"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vsevolod_Meyerhold" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q165721" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian theatre director (1874–1940)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Emilyevich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Meyerhold</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Vsevolod Meyerhold</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vsevolod_Meyerhold_as_Imperial_theaters_director.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vsevolod_Meyerhold_as_Imperial_theaters_director.jpeg/220px-Vsevolod_Meyerhold_as_Imperial_theaters_director.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vsevolod_Meyerhold_as_Imperial_theaters_director.jpeg/330px-Vsevolod_Meyerhold_as_Imperial_theaters_director.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vsevolod_Meyerhold_as_Imperial_theaters_director.jpeg/440px-Vsevolod_Meyerhold_as_Imperial_theaters_director.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="363" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Karl Kasimir Theodor Meyerhold</div><br />9 February [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 28 January] 1874<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Penza_Oblast" title="Penza Oblast">Penza Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 February 1940<span style="display:none">(1940-02-02)</span> (aged 65)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theatre" title="Moscow Art Theatre">Moscow Art Theatre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Theatre director</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">futurism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">constructivistm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Olga Munt<br /><a href="/wiki/Zinaida_Reich" title="Zinaida Reich">Zinaida Reich</a> (1922–died 1939)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Patron(s)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vera_Komissarzhevskaya" title="Vera Komissarzhevskaya">Vera Komissarzhevskaya</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vsevolod Emilyevich Meyerhold</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Всеволод Эмильевич Мейерхольд</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Vsévolod Èmíl'evič Mejerchól'd</i></span>; born <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Karl Kasimir Theodor Meyerhold</i>; 9 February [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 28 January] 1874 – 2 February 1940) was a Russian and Soviet <a href="/wiki/Theatre_director" title="Theatre director">theatre director</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actor" title="Actor">actor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_producer" title="Theatrical producer">theatrical producer</a>. His provocative experiments dealing with physical being and <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolism</a> in an unconventional theatre setting made him one of the seminal forces in modern international theatre. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>, Meyerhold was arrested in June 1939. He was tortured, his wife was murdered, and he was executed on 2 February 1940. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_work">Life and work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vsevolod Meyerhold was born <b>Karl Kasimir Theodor Meyerhold</b> in <a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a> on 9 February [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 28 January] 1874 to <a href="/wiki/Russia_Germans" title="Russia Germans">Russian-German</a> wine manufacturer Friedrich Emil Meyerhold and his <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic German</a> wife, Alvina Danilovna (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> van der Neese</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the youngest of eight children.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitches_4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitches_4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father came from an old noble family Meyerhold von Ritterholm.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elder Meyerhold emigrated to Russia in the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After completing school in 1895, Meyerhold studied law at <a href="/wiki/Moscow_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow University">Moscow University</a> but never completed his degree. He was torn between studying theatre or a career as a violinist. However, he failed his audition to become the second violinist in the University orchestra and in 1896 joined the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Philharmonic_Dramatic_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Philharmonic Dramatic School">Moscow Philharmonic Dramatic School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitches_4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitches_4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his 21st birthday, he converted from <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox Christianity</a> and accepted "Vsevolod" as an Orthodox Christian name (after the Russian writer <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Garshin" title="Vsevolod Garshin">Vsevolod Garshin</a>, whose prose he loved).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meyerhold_reads_Chekhov%27s_The_Seagull_in_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Meyerhold_reads_Chekhov%27s_The_Seagull_in_1898.jpg/220px-Meyerhold_reads_Chekhov%27s_The_Seagull_in_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Meyerhold_reads_Chekhov%27s_The_Seagull_in_1898.jpg/330px-Meyerhold_reads_Chekhov%27s_The_Seagull_in_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Meyerhold_reads_Chekhov%27s_The_Seagull_in_1898.jpg/440px-Meyerhold_reads_Chekhov%27s_The_Seagull_in_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1383" /></a><figcaption>Meyerhold preparing for the role of Treplev in <a href="/wiki/Stanislavsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislavsky">Stanislavsky</a>'s 1898 <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Art Theater">Moscow Art Theater</a> production of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seagull" title="The Seagull">The Seagull</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meyerhold began acting in 1896 as a student of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Theatre_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Academy of Theatre Arts">Moscow Philharmonic Dramatic School</a> under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nemirovich-Danchenko" title="Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko">Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko</a>, co-founder with <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Stanislavski" title="Konstantin Stanislavski">Konstantin Stanislavsky</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theatre" title="Moscow Art Theatre">Moscow Art Theatre</a>. At the MAT, Meyerhold played 18 roles, such as Vasiliy Shuiskiy in <i><a href="/wiki/Tsar_Fyodor_Ioannovich" title="Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich">Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich</a></i> and Ivan the Terrible in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Ivan_the_Terrible" title="The Death of Ivan the Terrible">The Death of Ivan the Terrible</a></i> (both by <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Konstantinovich_Tolstoy" title="Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy">Aleksey Tolstoy</a>). In 1898, in the first successful production of <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov's</a> first play, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seagull" title="The Seagull">The Seagull</a></i>, Meyerhold played the lead male role,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opposite Chekhov's future wife, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Knipper" title="Olga Knipper">Olga Knipper</a>. </p><p>After leaving the MAT in 1902, wanting to break free of the highly naturalistic 'missing fourth wall' productions of Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko, Meyerhold participated in a number of theatrical projects, as both a director and actor. Each project was an arena for experiment and creation of new staging methods. Meyerhold was one of the most fervent advocates of <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> in theatre, especially when he worked as the chief producer of the <a href="/wiki/Vera_Komissarzhevskaya" title="Vera Komissarzhevskaya">Vera Komissarzhevskaya</a> theatre in 1906–1907. He was invited back to the MAT around this time to pursue his experimental ideas. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Y_Golovin_Portrait_of_Meyerhold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Alexander_Y_Golovin_Portrait_of_Meyerhold.jpg/220px-Alexander_Y_Golovin_Portrait_of_Meyerhold.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Alexander_Y_Golovin_Portrait_of_Meyerhold.jpg/330px-Alexander_Y_Golovin_Portrait_of_Meyerhold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Alexander_Y_Golovin_Portrait_of_Meyerhold.jpg/440px-Alexander_Y_Golovin_Portrait_of_Meyerhold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Golovin_(artist)" title="Aleksandr Golovin (artist)">Alexander Golovin</a>'s portrait of Meyerhold.</figcaption></figure> <p>Meyerhold continued theatrical innovation during the decade 1907–1917, while working with the imperial theatres in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>. He introduced classical plays in an innovative manner, and staged works of controversial contemporary authors like <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Sologub" title="Fyodor Sologub">Fyodor Sologub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinaida_Gippius" title="Zinaida Gippius">Zinaida Gippius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Blok" title="Alexander Blok">Alexander Blok</a>. In these plays, Meyerhold tried to return acting to the traditions of <i><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></i>, rethinking them for the contemporary theatrical reality. His theoretical concepts of the "conditional theatre" were elaborated in his book <i><a href="/wiki/On_Theatre" title="On Theatre">On Theatre</a></i> in 1913. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career_under_communism">Career under communism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Career under communism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the day when the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> broke out – on 25 February, under the old style calendar then used in Russia – Meyerhold's production of <i>Masquerade</i> by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Mikhail Lermontov</a> had a dress rehearsal at the <a href="/wiki/Alexandrinsky_Theatre" title="Alexandrinsky Theatre">Alexandrinsky Theatre</a>, in front of an audience that included the poet <a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Anna Akhmatova</a>. That evening has been described as "the last act of the tragedy of the old regime, when the Petersburg elite went to enjoy themselves at this splendidly luxurious production in the midst of the chaos and confusion."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a>, who was then a teenager but would later be a world-renowned film director, desperately wanted to see the production, having heard that it featured clowns, but having made his way across the city that was in the throes of a revolution was disappointed to discover that the Alexandrinsky was closed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meyerhold was one of the first prominent Russian artists to welcome the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> – and one of only five out of 120 who accepted an invitation to meet the new People's Commissar for Enlightenment, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky" title="Anatoly Lunacharsky">Anatoly Lunacharsky</a> in November 1917. (Among the others were the poets Alexander Blok and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Vladimir Mayakovsky</a>.) He joined the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Party">Bolshevik Party</a> in 1918, narrowly escaping execution when he was caught on the wrong side of the battle lines during the civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became an official of the Theatre Division (TEO) of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_Education" title="People's Commissariat for Education">Commissariat of Education and Enlightenment</a>. In 1918–1919, Meyerhold formed an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Olga_Kameneva" title="Olga Kameneva">Olga Kameneva</a>, the head of the Division. Together, they tried to radicalize Russian theatres, effectively nationalizing them under Bolshevik control. Meyerhold came down with <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in May 1919 and had to leave for the south. In his absence, the head of the Commissariat, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky" title="Anatoly Lunacharsky">Anatoly Lunacharsky</a>, secured <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s permission to revise government policy in favor of more traditional theatres and dismissed Kameneva in June 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After returning to Moscow, Meyerhold founded his own theatre in 1920, which was known from 1923 as the <a href="/wiki/Meyerhold_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Meyerhold Theatre">Meyerhold Theatre</a> until 1938. Meyerhold confronted the principles of theatrical <a href="/wiki/Academism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academism">academism</a>, claiming that they are incapable of finding a common language with the new reality. Meyerhold's methods of <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">scenic constructivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a>-style effects were used in his most successful works of the time. Some of these works included <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Erdman" title="Nikolai Erdman">Nikolai Erdman</a>'s <i>The Mandate</i>, Mayakovsky's <i><a href="/wiki/Mystery-Bouffe" title="Mystery-Bouffe">Mystery-Bouffe</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Crommelynck" title="Fernand Crommelynck">Fernand Crommelynck</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Cocu_magnifique" title="Le Cocu magnifique">Le Cocu magnifique</a></i> (<i>The Magnanimous Cuckold</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Sukhovo-Kobylin" title="Aleksandr Sukhovo-Kobylin">Aleksandr Sukhovo-Kobylin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Scenes_from_the_Past" title="Scenes from the Past">Tarelkin's Death</a></i>. Mayakovsky collaborated with Meyerhold several times, and was said to have written <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bedbug" title="The Bedbug">The Bedbug</a></i> especially for him; Meyerhold continued to stage Mayakovsky's productions even after the latter's <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grigoriev_Meyerkhold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Grigoriev_Meyerkhold.jpg/220px-Grigoriev_Meyerkhold.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Grigoriev_Meyerkhold.jpg/330px-Grigoriev_Meyerkhold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Grigoriev_Meyerkhold.jpg/440px-Grigoriev_Meyerkhold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2521" /></a><figcaption>Double portrait (1916) by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Grigoriev" title="Boris Grigoriev">Boris Grigoriev</a>, depicting Meyerhold sharing the stage with his <a href="/wiki/Alter_ego" title="Alter ego">alter ego</a> 'Doctor Dapertutto', a pseudonym he had borrowed from a character in <a href="/wiki/E.T.A._Hoffmann" class="mw-redirect" title="E.T.A. Hoffmann">E.T.A. Hoffmann</a>'s <i>Adventure on New Year's Eve</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acting_techniques">Acting techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Acting techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The actors participating in Meyerhold's productions acted according to the principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics_(Meyerhold)" title="Biomechanics (Meyerhold)">biomechanics</a></i> (only distantly related to the <a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">present</a> scientific use of the term), the system of actor training that was later taught in a special school created by Meyerhold. Meyerhold's acting technique had fundamental principles at odds with the American <a href="/wiki/Method_acting" title="Method acting">method actor</a>'s conception. While method acting melded the character with the actor's own personal memories to create the character's internal motivation, Meyerhold connected psychological and physiological processes. He had actors focus on learning gestures and movements as a way of expressing emotion physically. Following Konstantin Stanislavski's lead, he said that the emotional state of an actor was inextricably linked to his physical state (and vice versa), and that one could call up emotions in performance by practicing and assuming poses, gestures, and movements. He developed a number of body expressions that his actors would use to portray specific emotions and characters. (Stanislavski was also at odds with Method acting, because like Meyerhold, his approach was psychophysical.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="His_influence">His influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: His influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meyerhold gave initial boosts to the stage careers of some of the most distinguished comic actors of the USSR, including <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Martinson" title="Sergey Martinson">Sergey Martinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Ilyinsky" title="Igor Ilyinsky">Igor Ilyinsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erast_Garin" title="Erast Garin">Erast Garin</a>. His landmark production of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nikolai Gogol</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Government_Inspector" title="The Government Inspector">The Government Inspector</a></i> (1926) was described as the following: </p> <blockquote><p>Energetic, mischievous, charming Ilyinsky left his post to the nervous, fragile, suddenly freezing, grotesquely anxious Garin. Energy was replaced by trance, the dynamic with the static, happy jesting humour with bitter and glum satire.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Meyerhold also gave a start to his one time assistant of "<a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Spades_(opera)" title="The Queen of Spades (opera)">The Queen of Spades</a>" <a href="/wiki/Matvey_Dubrovin" title="Matvey Dubrovin">Matvey Dubrovin</a>, who later created his own <a href="/wiki/Theater_of_Youth_Creativity" title="Theater of Youth Creativity">theater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vsevolod_Meyerhold_and_Zinaida_Meyerhold-Reich_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Vsevolod_Meyerhold_and_Zinaida_Meyerhold-Reich_1925.jpg/250px-Vsevolod_Meyerhold_and_Zinaida_Meyerhold-Reich_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Vsevolod_Meyerhold_and_Zinaida_Meyerhold-Reich_1925.jpg/375px-Vsevolod_Meyerhold_and_Zinaida_Meyerhold-Reich_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Vsevolod_Meyerhold_and_Zinaida_Meyerhold-Reich_1925.jpg/500px-Vsevolod_Meyerhold_and_Zinaida_Meyerhold-Reich_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1873" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Vsevolod Meyerhold and <a href="/wiki/Zinaida_Reich" title="Zinaida Reich">Zinaida Meyerhold-Reich</a> in Leningrad (St. Petersburg), 1925</figcaption></figure> <p>In autumn 1921, Meyerhold was appointed head of the State Higher Theatre Workshops, in Moscow, where one of his first students was Sergei Eisenstein, who later wrote </p> <blockquote><p>The God-like, incomparable Meyerhold, I beheld him then for the first time and I was to worship him all my life.</p></blockquote> <p>But they fell out, apparently because Eisenstein failed to treat the older man with sufficient deference, for which he was, as he put it, "expelled from the Gates of Heaven."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his films, Eisenstein used actors who worked in Meyerhold's tradition. He also cast actors based on what they looked like and their expression, and followed Meyerhold's stylized acting methods. In <i><a href="/wiki/Strike_(1925_film)" title="Strike (1925 film)">Strike</a></i>, for instance, the bourgeois are always obese, drinking, eating, and smoking, whereas the workers are more athletic. For the original production of <i>The Bedbug</i>, in February 1929, Meyerhold hired the young <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a> as a pianist. Many years later, Shostakovich reputedly recalled: "It's impossible to imagine now how popular Meyerhold was. Everyone knew him, even those who had no interest or connection with the theatre or art. In the circus, clowns always made jokes about Meyerhold. They go for instant laughs in the circus, and they wouldn't sing ditties about people the audience wouldn't recognise immediately. They even used to sell combs called Meyerhold."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repression">Repression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Repression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> launched a campaign to bring Soviet artists to heel, and compel them all to observe the rules of 'socialist realism', which precluded <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> art and experimentation, and any art form reckoned to be 'formalist', in that the artist had paid more attention to the form of a work than to its political message. After Shostakovich had been singled out as being guilty of 'formalism', in January 1936, Meyerhold evidently surmised that he would soon be a target, and in March delivered a talk entitled "Meyer Against Meyerholdism" in which he said – reportedly to 'thunderous applause' – that "the path to simplicity is not an easy one. Each artist goes at his own pace, and they must not lose their distinctive way of walking... Soviet subject matter is often a smoke screen to conceal mediocrity."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, in April 1937, his wife, the actress Zinaida Reich, wrote Stalin a long letter alleging that her husband was the victim of a conspiracy by <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyists</a> and former members of the disbanded <a href="/wiki/Russian_Association_of_Proletarian_Writers" title="Russian Association of Proletarian Writers">Russian Association of Proletarian Writers</a>. The letter was not answered. In December 1937, Stalin's crony, <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a> went to a production at the Meyerhold Theatre, and walked out in disgust. The theatre was closed, by order of the Politburo, on 7 January 1938, on the grounds that 'throughout its entire existence, the Meyerhold Theatre has been unable to free itself from thoroughly bourgeois Formalist positions',<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his works were proclaimed antagonistic and alien to the Soviet people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrest_and_death">Arrest and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Arrest and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MeyerholdMug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/MeyerholdMug.jpg/200px-MeyerholdMug.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/MeyerholdMug.jpg/300px-MeyerholdMug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/MeyerholdMug.jpg/400px-MeyerholdMug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Meyerhold's mugshot, taken at the time of his arrest by Soviet police</figcaption></figure> <p>The ailing Stanislavsky, who was the director of an opera theatre now known as <a href="/wiki/Stanislavski_and_Nemirovich-Danchenko_Theatre" title="Stanislavski and Nemirovich-Danchenko Theatre">Stanislavski and Nemirovich-Danchenko Theatre</a>, invited Meyerhold to be his assistant – an invitation that surprised many in Moscow, given their long standing artistic differences. Stanislavsky died soon afterwards, in August 1938. His dying wish was "Take care of Meyerhold; he is my sole heir in the theatre – here or anywhere else."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meyerhold directed his theatre for nearly a year, and was engaged with producing the première of <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Kotko" title="Semyon Kotko">Semyon Kotko</a></i>, when he was instructed that he was to choreograph a spectacle in Leningrad involving 30,000 athletes. On 15 June 1939, he addressed a conference of theatre directors, in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vyshinsky" title="Andrey Vyshinsky">Andrey Vyshinsky</a>, the state prosecutor who had presided over the infamous Moscow show trials.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His speech was not reported in the Soviet press, giving rise to a report that he had declared, defiantly: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If what you have been doing with the Soviet theatre recently is what you call anti-formalism, if you consider what is now taking place on the stages of the best theatres in Moscow as an achievement of the Soviet theatre, then I would prefer to be what you consider a formalist... in hunting formalism, you have eliminated art.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This is from a version of the speech written up later by the emigre musician Yuri Yelagin, from notes he said that he made at the conference – but its accuracy is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the speech, he returned to Leningrad, and was arrested on arrival on 20 June 1939. Shortly afterwards, intruders broke into his flat and repeatedly stabbed his wife, <a href="/wiki/Zinaida_Reich" title="Zinaida Reich">Zinaida Reich</a>, who died from her injuries. Taken to NKVD headquarters in Moscow, and placed in the hands of the notorious torturer <a href="/wiki/Lev_Shvartzman" title="Lev Shvartzman">Lev Shvartzman</a>, Meyerhold broke down and confessed to being a British and Japanese spy. In his final days, he wrote a letter to the head of the Soviet government <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>, which was retained in police files, where it was discovered after the dissolution of the USSR by the journalist <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Shentalinsky" title="Vitaly Shentalinsky">Vitaly Shentalinsky</a>. In it, he wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The investigators began to use force on me, a sick 65-year-old man. I was made to lie face down and beaten on the soles of my feet and my spine with a rubber strap. They sat me on a chair and <a href="/wiki/Bastinado" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastinado">beat my feet</a> from above, with considerable force... For the next few days, when those parts of my legs were covered with extensive internal hemorrhaging, they again beat the red-blue-and-yellow bruises with the strap and the pain was so intense that it felt as if boiling water was being poured on these sensitive areas. I howled and wept from the pain. They beat my back with the same rubber strap and punched my face, swinging their fists from a great height ... The intolerable physical and emotional pain caused my eyes to weep unending streams of tears. Lying face down on the floor, I discovered that I could wriggle, twist and squeal like a dog when its master whips it ... When I lay down on the cot and fell asleep, after 18 hours of interrogation, in order to go back in an hour's time for more, I was woken up by my own groaning and because I was jerking about like a patient in the last stages of typhoid fever ... "death, oh most certainly, death is easier than this!" the interrogated person says to himself. I began to incriminate myself in the hope that this, at least, would lead quickly to the scaffold.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He was sentenced to death by firing squad on 1 February 1940, and executed the next day. The Soviet Supreme Court cleared him of all charges in 1955, during the first wave of <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marriage and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meyerhold married his first wife, Olga Munt, in 1896 and together they had three daughters. He later met the actress Zinaida Reich when she began studying with him. They fell in love and he divorced his wife; Reich was already divorced and had two children of her own. They married in 1922 or 1924. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vsevolod_Meyerhold_2024_stamp_of_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Vsevolod_Meyerhold_2024_stamp_of_Russia.jpg/260px-Vsevolod_Meyerhold_2024_stamp_of_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Vsevolod_Meyerhold_2024_stamp_of_Russia.jpg/390px-Vsevolod_Meyerhold_2024_stamp_of_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Vsevolod_Meyerhold_2024_stamp_of_Russia.jpg/520px-Vsevolod_Meyerhold_2024_stamp_of_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>Meyerhold on a 2024 stamp of Russia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texts_by_Meyerhold">Texts by Meyerhold</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Texts by Meyerhold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meyerhold_on_Theatre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meyerhold on Theatre (page does not exist)">Meyerhold on Theatre</a></i>, trans. and ed. by Edward Braun, with a critical commentary, 1969. London: Methuen and New York: Hill and Wang.</li> <li><i>Meyerhold Speaks/Meyerhold Rehearses (Russian Theatre Archive)</i>, by V. Meyerhold, Alexander Gladkov (ed.) and Alma Law (ed.), Routledge, 1996</li> <li><i>Meyerhold at Work</i>, Paul Schmidt (ed.), Applause Theatre Book Publishers, 1996</li> <li>Lecciones de Dirección Escénica<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2010</li> <li>Le Theatre Theatral<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2008</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_on_Meyerhold">Works on Meyerhold</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works on Meyerhold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Vsevolod Meyerhold</i> (Routledge Performance Practitioners Series), by Jonathan Pitches, Routledge, 2003</li> <li><i>Meyerhold: The art of conscious theater</i>, by Marjorie L Hoover, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>, 1974 (biography)</li> <li><i>Vsevolod Meyerhold</i> (Directors in Perspective Series), by Robert Leach, Christopher Innes (ed.), Cambridge University Press, 1993</li> <li><i>Meyerhold's Theatre of the Grotesque: Post-revolutionary Productions, 1920–32</i>, James M. Symons, 1971</li> <li><i>Meyerhold: A Revolution in Theatre</i>, by Edward Braun, University of Iowa Press, 1998</li> <li><i>The Theatre of Meyerhold: Revolution and the Modern Stage</i> by Edward Braun, 1995</li> <li><i>Stanislavsky and Meyerhold</i> (Stage and Screen Studies, v. 3), by Robert Leach, Peter Lang, 2003</li> <li><i>Meyerhold the Director</i>, by Konstantin Rudnitsky, Ardis, 1981</li> <li><i>Meyerhold, Eisenstein and Biomechanics: Actor Training in Revolutionary Russia</i> by Alma H. Law, Mel Gordon, McFarland & co, 1995</li> <li><i>The Death of Meyerhold</i> A play by Mark Jackson, premiered at The Shotgun Players, Berkeley, CA, December 2003.</li> <li><i>The Theater of Meyerhold and Brecht</i>, by Katherine B. Eaton, Greenwood Press,1985</li> <li><i>Meyerhold and the Music Theater</i>, by Isaak Glikman, 'Soviet Composer', Leningrad, 1989</li> <li><i>Vsevolod Meyerhold Annotated Bibliography</i>, by David Roy, LTScotland, 2002</li> <li><i>Stanislavsky in Practice: Actor Training in Post-Soviet Russia</i> (Artists & Issues in the Theatre, Vol. 16) by Vreneli Farber, Peter Lang, 2008 (Meyerhold's ideas applied in post-Soviet actor training)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Okhlopkov" title="Nikolay Okhlopkov">Nikolay Okhlopkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chekhov" title="Michael Chekhov">Michael Chekhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Vakhtangov" title="Yevgeny Vakhtangov">Yevgeny Vakhtangov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Mikhailovich_Tretyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Mikhailovich Tretyakov">Sergei Mikhailovich Tretyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Droznin" title="Andrei Droznin">Andrei Droznin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Theatrical_Arts_%C2%ABHouse_of_Meyerhold%C2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of Theatrical Arts «House of Meyerhold»">Center of Theatrical Arts «House of Meyerhold»</a> at <a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Braun1998" class="citation book cs1">Edward Braun (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JYnaFmCj_QIC&q=Alvina+Emil+Meyerhold&pg=PA5"><i>Meyerhold: a Revolution in Theatre</i></a>. A & C Black. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-4880-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-4880-8"><bdi>978-1-4081-4880-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meyerhold%3A+a+Revolution+in+Theatre&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-4880-8&rft.au=Edward+Braun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJYnaFmCj_QIC%26q%3DAlvina%2BEmil%2BMeyerhold%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVsevolod+Meyerhold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitches_4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pitches_4_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pitches_4_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitches (2003, pg. 4)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://screenstage.ru/?p=3219">"Древо Мейерхольдово | Газета о театре и кино"</a> (in Russian). 14 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE+%7C+%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BE+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE.&rft.date=2015-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscreenstage.ru%2F%3Fp%3D3219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVsevolod+Meyerhold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sovsekretno.ru/magazines/article/1243">"P. V. Merkuviev reminiscing about his grandfather — V. E. Meyerhold"</a> (in Russian). Sovershenno Sekretno.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P.+V.+Merkuviev+reminiscing+about+his+grandfather+%E2%80%94+V.+E.+Meyerhold&rft.pub=Sovershenno+Sekretno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sovsekretno.ru%2Fmagazines%2Farticle%2F1243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVsevolod+Meyerhold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcSmith2015" class="citation book cs1">McSmith, Andy (2015). <i>Fear and the Muse Kept Watch, The Russian Masters – from Akhmatova and Pasternak to Shostakovich and Eisenstein – Under Stalin</i>. New York: The New Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-056-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-056-6"><bdi>978-1-59558-056-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fear+and+the+Muse+Kept+Watch%2C+The+Russian+Masters+%E2%80%93+from+Akhmatova+and+Pasternak+to+Shostakovich+and+Eisenstein+%E2%80%93+Under+Stalin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-59558-056-6&rft.aulast=McSmith&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVsevolod+Meyerhold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReeder1995" class="citation book cs1">Reeder, Roberta (1995). <i>Anna Akhmatova, Poet & Prophet</i>. London: Allison & Busby. pp. <span class="nowrap">107–</span>108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85031-998-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85031-998-6"><bdi>0-85031-998-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anna+Akhmatova%2C+Poet+%26+Prophet&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.pub=Allison+%26+Busby&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-85031-998-6&rft.aulast=Reeder&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVsevolod+Meyerhold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcSmith" class="citation book cs1">McSmith. <i>Fear and the Muse</i>. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fear+and+the+Muse&rft.pages=2&rft.au=McSmith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVsevolod+Meyerhold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcSmith" class="citation book cs1">McSmith. <i>Fear and the Muse</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">16–</span>17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fear+and+the+Muse&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.au=McSmith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVsevolod+Meyerhold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Robert Leach and Victor Borovsky. <i>A History of Russian Theatre</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43220-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43220-0">0-521-43220-0</a> p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braun (1995), pp. 100-102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitches (2003), pp. 23–25, 63–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstantin L. Rudnitsky. <i>Meyerhold the Director</i>. Moscow, 1969.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcSmith" class="citation book cs1">McSmith. <i>Fear and the Muse</i>. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fear+and+the+Muse&rft.pages=17&rft.au=McSmith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVsevolod+Meyerhold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVolkov1979" class="citation book cs1">Volkov, Solomon (1979). <i>Testimony, The Memoirs of Dmitri Shostakovich</i>. London: Hamish Hamilton. pp. <span class="nowrap">163–</span>164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Testimony%2C+The+Memoirs+of+Dmitri+Shostakovich&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Volkov&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVsevolod+Meyerhold" class="Z3988"></span> (the extent to which this book is a genuine memoir is disputed)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcSmith" class="citation book cs1">McSmith. <i>Fear and the Muse</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">176–</span>177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fear+and+the+Muse&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E176-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.au=McSmith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVsevolod+Meyerhold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcSmith" class="citation book cs1">McSmith. <i>Fear and the Muse</i>. p. 231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fear+and+the+Muse&rft.pages=231&rft.au=McSmith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVsevolod+Meyerhold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBraun1986" class="citation book cs1">Braun, Edward (1986). <i>The Theatre of Meyerhold, Revolution on the Modern Stage</i>. London: Methuen. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-41120-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-41120-6"><bdi>0-413-41120-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theatre+of+Meyerhold%2C+Revolution+on+the+Modern+Stage&rft.place=London&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-413-41120-6&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVsevolod+Meyerhold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://readli.net/rech-na-vsesoyuznoy-rezhissyorskoy-konferentsii-15-iyunya-1939-goda/">"Речь на Всесоюзной режиссёрской конференции 15 июня 1939 года"</a>. <i>readli.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=readli.net&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D1%91%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+15+%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F+1939+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freadli.net%2Frech-na-vsesoyuznoy-rezhissyorskoy-konferentsii-15-iyunya-1939-goda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVsevolod+Meyerhold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGorchakov1957" class="citation book cs1">Gorchakov, Nikolai A. (1957). <i>The Theatre in Soviet Russia</i>. New York: Columbia Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">363–</span>364.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theatre+in+Soviet+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E363-%3C%2Fspan%3E364&rft.pub=Columbia+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Gorchakov&rft.aufirst=Nikolai+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVsevolod+Meyerhold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBraun" class="citation book cs1">Braun. <i>The Theatre of Meyerhold</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">268–</span>269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theatre+of+Meyerhold&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E268-%3C%2Fspan%3E269&rft.au=Braun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVsevolod+Meyerhold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShentalinsky1995" class="citation book cs1">Shentalinsky, Vitaly (1995). <i>The KGB's Literary Archive</i>. Harvill: John Crowfoot. pp. <span class="nowrap">25–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86046-072-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86046-072-0"><bdi>1-86046-072-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+KGB%27s+Literary+Archive&rft.place=Harvill&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=John+Crowfoot&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-86046-072-0&rft.aulast=Shentalinsky&rft.aufirst=Vitaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVsevolod+Meyerhold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Leach2004" class="citation book cs1">Robert Leach (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GuMK-X0p6F0C&pg=PA93"><i>Makers of Modern Theatre: An Introduction</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31240-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31240-0"><bdi>978-0-415-31240-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makers+of+Modern+Theatre%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-31240-0&rft.au=Robert+Leach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGuMK-X0p6F0C%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVsevolod+Meyerhold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyerhold2010" class="citation book cs1">Meyerhold, V. E. (4 May 2010). <i>Lecciones de Direccion Escenica</i>. Publicaciones de la Asociación de Directores de Escena de España. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-92639-06-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-92639-06-9"><bdi>978-84-92639-06-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lecciones+de+Direccion+Escenica&rft.pub=Publicaciones+de+la+Asociaci%C3%B3n+de+Directores+de+Escena+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.date=2010-05-04&rft.isbn=978-84-92639-06-9&rft.aulast=Meyerhold&rft.aufirst=V.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVsevolod+Meyerhold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abebooks.com/Theatre-Theatral-Vsevolod-Meyerhold-trans-Nina/15092131070/bd">"Le Theatre Theatral by Vsevolod Meyerhold, trans. Nina Gourfinkel: Very Good Soft cover (1963) | Encore Books"</a>. <i>www.abebooks.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abebooks.com&rft.atitle=Le+Theatre+Theatral+by+Vsevolod+Meyerhold%2C+trans.+Nina+Gourfinkel%3A+Very+Good+Soft+cover+%281963%29+%7C+Encore+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.com%2FTheatre-Theatral-Vsevolod-Meyerhold-trans-Nina%2F15092131070%2Fbd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVsevolod+Meyerhold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vsevolod_Meyerhold" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vsevolod Meyerhold">Vsevolod Meyerhold</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/68/68godunov.php">Meyerhold's Boris Godunov</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/print?eu=53712">Meyerhold</a> in the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meyerhold.org/">Meyerhold Memorial Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070831081836/http://www.meyerhold.org/">Archived</a> 31 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unet.com.mk/mian/english.htm">Meyerhold's theatrical system</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iugte.com/projects/russiantheatretradition">Meyerhold's Biomechanics, Etudes, Training</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815041941/http://www.iugte.com/projects/russiantheatretradition">Archived</a> 15 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://picasaweb.google.com/106260149236944790180/OstrenkoPerformingArtsLabJuly162013Austria?noredirect=1">Theatre Biomechanics as a Rehearsal Method</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040608112753/http://web.syr.edu/~kjbaum/index.html">Meyerhold's biomechanics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatrehistory.com/russian/meyerhold002.html">Oliver M. Sayler article on Meyerhold's theatre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://max.mmlc.northwestern.edu/~mdenner/Drama/directors/1meyerhold.html">Meyerhold on russiandrama.net</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423163836/http://max.mmlc.northwestern.edu/%7Emdenner/Drama/directors/1meyerhold.html">Archived</a> 23 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040608125707/http://meyerhold.theatre.ru/">Moscow Meyerhold Theatre</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927051412/http://loosavor.org/2006/08/biomechanics_social_engineerin.html">Meyerhold & Mayakovsky – Biomechanics & the Communist Utopia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianartandbooks.com/cgi-bin/russianart/Mis00006.html">Meyerhold in Russian periodicals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915070022/https://www.russianartandbooks.com/cgi-bin/russianart/Mis00006.html">Archived</a> 15 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165721#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165721#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165721#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000008150725X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/71394940">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/9617/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmxXgPTqmp77FhBym8XBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118641050">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50029001">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11915455n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11915455n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621117">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mejerholʹd, Vsevolod Ėmilʹevič"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/IEIV000637">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35345277">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mejerchol‘d, Vsevolod Èmil‘jevič"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990216125&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Doctor Dapertutto,"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0241392&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX967740">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/225456">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068887973">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90073322">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000052069&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000179119&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=85047">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200404703">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz12c250fvl3nh">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810637187405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/325373">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007265246305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058525750506706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01661198?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500120764">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118641050">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/919680">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118641050.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118641050">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027753700">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sf2zn9">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&oldid=1272238773">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&oldid=1272238773</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1874_births" title="Category:1874 births">1874 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_people_of_German_descent" title="Category:Russian people of German descent">Russian people of German descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940_deaths" title="Category:1940 deaths">1940 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Penza" title="Category:People from Penza">People from Penza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Penzensky_Uyezd" title="Category:People from Penzensky Uyezd">People from Penzensky Uyezd</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_the_Russian_Empire_of_Dutch_descent" title="Category:People from the Russian Empire of Dutch descent">People from the Russian Empire of Dutch descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bolsheviks" title="Category:Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_members" title="Category:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members">Communist Party of the Soviet Union members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Converts_to_Eastern_Orthodoxy_from_Lutheranism" title="Category:Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Lutheranism">Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Lutheranism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_theatre_directors" title="Category:Russian theatre directors">Russian theatre directors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_acting_theorists" title="Category:Russian acting theorists">Russian acting theorists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_male_stage_actors" title="Category:Russian male stage actors">Russian male stage actors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modernist_theatre" title="Category:Modernist theatre">Modernist theatre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theatre_practitioners" title="Category:Theatre practitioners">Theatre practitioners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_communists" title="Category:Russian communists">Russian communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_firearm_in_Russia" title="Category:Deaths by firearm in Russia">Deaths by firearm in Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_rehabilitations" title="Category:Soviet rehabilitations">Soviet rehabilitations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Donskoye_Cemetery" title="Category:Burials at Donskoye Cemetery">Burials at Donskoye Cemetery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_theatre_directors" title="Category:Soviet theatre directors">Soviet theatre directors</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2021">Use dmy dates from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_person_with_multiple_spouses" title="Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses">Pages using infobox person with multiple spouses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)">Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 January 2025, at 18:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vsevolod_Meyerhold&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vsevolod Meyerhold</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>39 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-79c94bd966-blsvw","wgBackendResponseTime":139,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.617","walltime":"0.783","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4187,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":64053,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6744,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":78331,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 702.041 1 -total"," 24.81% 174.202 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.06% 119.798 15 Template:Cite_book"," 16.88% 118.496 1 Template:Infobox_artist"," 15.07% 105.777 2 Template:Langx"," 12.25% 85.993 1 Template:Authority_control"," 7.08% 49.739 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.27% 44.050 1 Template:Commons_category"," 5.93% 41.618 1 Template:Sister_project"," 5.66% 39.708 1 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.426","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25083869,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-589f8fbf88-ttqkh","timestamp":"20250305072125","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Vsevolod Meyerhold","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vsevolod_Meyerhold","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q165721","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q165721","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-06-22T14:13:06Z","dateModified":"2025-01-27T18:55:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9c\/Vsevolod_Meyerhold_as_Imperial_theaters_director.jpeg","headline":"Russian theatre director (1874\u20131940)"}</script> </body> </html>