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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #DFB0DF;"><div style="display:inline" class="fn">John Woolman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Woolman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/John_Woolman.jpg/220px-John_Woolman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/John_Woolman.jpg/330px-John_Woolman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/John_Woolman.jpg/440px-John_Woolman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1091" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Religious Society of Friends</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1720-10-19</span>)</span>October 19, 1720<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 7, 1772<span style="display:none">(1772-10-07)</span> (aged 51)<br /><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data">York, Great Britain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Quakerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Quakerism">Quaker</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Sarah Ellis (née Abbott)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Trade</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Woolman</b> (October 19, 1720 (<a href="/wiki/Old_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Style">O.S.</a>)/October 30, 1720 (<a href="/wiki/New_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="New Style">N.S.</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>– October 7, 1772) was an American merchant, tailor, journalist, <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Quaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Preacher" title="Preacher">preacher</a>, and early <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial era</a>. Based in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holly,_New_Jersey" title="Mount Holly, New Jersey">Mount Holly</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a>, he traveled through the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a> to preach Quaker beliefs, and advocate against <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the colonial United States">slavery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">cruelty to animals</a>, economic injustices and oppression, and <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>. Beginning in 1755 with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, he urged <a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">tax resistance</a> to deny support to the colonial military. In 1772, Woolman traveled to England, where he urged Quakers to support abolition of slavery. </p><p>Woolman published numerous essays, especially against slavery. He kept a journal throughout his life; it was published posthumously, entitled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_John_Woolman" title="The Journal of John Woolman">The Journal of John Woolman</a></i> (1774). Included in Volume I of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Classics" title="Harvard Classics">Harvard Classics</a> since 1909, it is considered a prominent American spiritual work. It has also been admired for the power and clarity of its prose by non-Quakers such as the philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, the poet <a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing_(poet)" title="William Ellery Channing (poet)">William Ellery Channing</a>, and the essayist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lamb" title="Charles Lamb">Charles Lamb</a>, who urged a friend to "get the writings of John Woolman by heart."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Journal</i> has been continuously in print since 1774, published in numerous editions; the most recent scholarly edition was published in 1989. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Woolman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Woolman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Woolman was born in 1720, originally from <a href="/wiki/Rancocas,_New_Jersey" title="Rancocas, New Jersey">Rancocas, New Jersey</a>, into a family who were members of the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Religious Society of Friends</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>). His father, Samuel Woolman, was a farmer. The 150-acre Woolman farm sat on the north bank of the north branch of <a href="/wiki/Rancocas_Creek" title="Rancocas Creek">Rancocas Creek</a> close to the western border of <a href="/wiki/Rancocas_State_Park" title="Rancocas State Park">Rancocas State Park</a>. Woolman's maternal and paternal grandparents were early Quaker settlers in <a href="/wiki/Burlington_County,_New_Jersey" title="Burlington County, New Jersey">Burlington County, New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his youth, he happened upon a robin's nest that held hatchlings. Woolman began throwing rocks at the mother robin to see if he could hit her. After killing the mother bird, he was filled with remorse, thinking of the baby birds who had no chance of survival without her. He got the nest down from the tree and quickly killed the hatchlings, believing it to be the most merciful thing to do. This experience weighed on his heart. He was inspired to love and protect all living things from then on.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Woolman married Sarah Ellis, a fellow Quaker, in a ceremony at the Chesterfield Friends Meeting, and they had a daughter whom they named Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-Memorial_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memorial-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His choice to lead a "life of simplicity" meant making sacrifices for his family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Woolman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a young man, Woolman began work as a clerk for a merchant. When he was 23, his employer asked him to write a bill of sale for an <a href="/wiki/Enslaved_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Enslaved person">enslaved person</a>. Though he told his employer that he thought that slaveholding was inconsistent with <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, he wrote the bill of sale. </p><p>By the age of 26, he had become an independent and successful tradesman. He refused to write the part of another customer's will which would have bequeathed or transferred the ownership of a slave, and instead convinced the owner to set the enslaved person free by <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a>. Many Friends (fellow Quakers) believed that slavery was a sin. Other Friends kept slaves but considered trading in slaves to be sinful. </p><p>Woolman eventually retired from business (i.e., "merchandising") because he viewed profit-making as distracting from his religion. He wrote that he took up the trade of tailor in order to have more free time to travel and witness to fellow Quakers about his concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testimony_of_Simplicity">Testimony of Simplicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Woolman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Testimony of Simplicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Woolman was committed to the Friends' <a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_simplicity" title="Testimony of simplicity">Testimony of Simplicity</a>. While in his 20s, he decided that the retail trade demanded too much of his time. He believed he had a calling to preach "truth and light" among Friends and others. In his <i>Journal</i>, he said that he quit the shop as it was "attended with much outward care and cumber," that his "mind was weaned from the desire of outward greatness," and that "where the heart is set on greatness, success in business did not satisfy the craving."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woolman gave up his career as a tradesman and supported himself as a tailor; he also maintained a productive orchard. </p><p>He addressed issues of economic injustice and oppression in his <i>Journal</i> and other writings, and knew international trade had local effects. Despite supporting himself as a tailor, Woolman refused to use or wear dyed fabrics, because he had learned that many workers in the dye industry were poisoned by some of the noxious substances used. He is quoted as saying, "May we look upon our treasures, the furniture of our houses, and our garments, and try whether the seeds of war have nourishment in these our possessions." <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Woolman decided to minister to Friends and others in remote areas on the frontier. In 1746, he went on his first ministry trip with Isaac Andrews. They traveled about 1500 miles round-trip in three months, going as far south as North Carolina. He preached on many topics, including slavery, during this and other such trips. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-slavery_activities">Anti-slavery activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Woolman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anti-slavery activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1754 Woolman published <i><a href="//archive.org/details/considerationson00wool/considerationson00wool" class="extiw" title="iarchive:considerationson00wool/considerationson00wool">Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes</a></i>. He continued to refuse to draw up wills that bequeathed ownership of slaves to heirs. Over time, and working on a personal level, he individually convinced many Quaker slaveholders to free their slaves. As Woolman traveled, when he accepted hospitality from a slaveholder, he insisted on paying the slaves for their work in attending him. He refused to be served with silver cups, plates, and utensils, as he believed that slaves in other regions were forced to dig such precious minerals and gems for the rich. He observed that some owners used the labor of their slaves to enjoy lives of ease, which he found to be the worst situation not only for the slaves but for the moral and spiritual condition of the owners. He could condone those owners who treated their slaves gently or worked alongside them.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Woolman worked within the Friends' tradition of seeking the guidance of the Spirit of Christ and patiently waiting to achieve unity in the Spirit. As he went from one Friends’ meeting to another, he expressed his concern about slaveholding. Gradually various Quaker Meetings began to see the evils of slavery; their minutes increasingly reflecting their condemnation of the practice. Quaker records bear witness to his and a few others' success – by the time the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">1776–1783 revolution</a> was over, almost all North American Quakers had freed their slaves, and those few Quakers who had been engaged in the trading or shipment of slaves had ceased such activities as well.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testimony_of_Peace">Testimony of Peace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Woolman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Testimony of Peace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He lived out the Friends' Peace Testimony by protesting the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–1763), the North American front of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. In 1755, he decided to oppose paying those colonial taxes that supported the war and urged <a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">tax resistance</a> among fellow Quakers in the Philadelphia Meeting, even at a time when American settlers on the frontier were being raided by French and allied Native Americans. Some Quakers joined him in his protest, and the Meeting sent a letter on this issue to other groups. In one of his prophetic dreams, recorded in his <i>Journal</i>, Woolman negotiated between two heads of state in an effort to prevent an outbreak of war.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_welfare">Animal welfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Woolman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Animal welfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Woolman was an advocate of <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a>. He was not <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian</a>, as he did eat meat.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He opposed the overworking of <a href="/wiki/Draft_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft animals">draft animals</a> and avoided stage-coaches as he believed the horses were abused.<sup id="cite_ref-Helstosky_2015_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helstosky_2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woolman commented that "true religion consisted in an inward life, wherein the heart doth love and reverence God the Creator, and learns to exercise true justice and goodness not only toward all men, but also toward the brute creatures."<sup id="cite_ref-Helstosky_2015_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helstosky_2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_days">Final days</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Woolman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Final days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Woolman's final journey was to England in 1772. During the voyage he stayed in <a href="/wiki/Steerage" title="Steerage">steerage</a> and spent time with the crew, rather than in the better accommodations enjoyed by some passengers. He attended the British <a href="/wiki/Yearly_Meeting" title="Yearly Meeting">London Yearly Meeting</a>. The Friends resolved to include an abolitionist statement in their <a href="/wiki/Epistle_(Quaker)" title="Epistle (Quaker)">Epistle</a> (a type of letter sent to Quakers in other places). Woolman traveled to York, but he had contracted smallpox and died there. He was buried in York on October 9, 1772.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is strong doubt whether the portrait shown here (and very often elsewhere) can be of John Woolman. There is no known depiction of John Woolman but the authentic silhouette of his brother Uriah shows a very different face to this elderly, wizened subject.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Woolman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Essays</dt></dl> <ul><li>"<a href="//archive.org/details/considerationson00wool/considerationson00wool" class="extiw" title="iarchive:considerationson00wool/considerationson00wool">Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes</a>", 1753</li> <li>"Some Considerations on Keeping Negroes, Part Second", 1762</li> <li>"Considerations on Pure Wisdom and Human Policy, on Labor, on Schools, and on the Right Use of the Lord's Outward Gifts", 1768</li> <li>"Considerations on the True Harmony of Mankind, and How it is to be Maintained", 1770</li></ul> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_John_Woolman" title="The Journal of John Woolman">The Journal of John Woolman</a></i>, published posthumously in 1774 by Joseph Crukshank, a Philadelphia Quaker printer. Several subsequent editions are available, including the respected Whittier edition of 1871. The modern standard scholarly edition is <i>The Journal and Major Essays of John Woolman,</i> ed., Phillips P. Moulton, Friends United Press, 1989.</li> <li><i>Serious Considerations on Various Subjects of Importance by John Woolman, of Mount-Holly, New-Jersey, with some of his dying expressions,</i> published posthumously in 1805 by Collins, Perkins and Co., New York.</li> <li>Gummere, Amelia Mott (1922). <i>The Journal and Essays of John Woolman</i>. New York: The Macmillan Company.</li> <li>Proud, James, ed. (2010). <i>John Woolman and the Affairs of Truth: the Journalist's Essays, Epistles, and Ephemera.</i> San Francisco, CA: Inner Light Books</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Woolman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his lifetime, Woolman did not succeed in eradicating slavery even within the Society of Friends in colonial America. However, his personal efforts helped change Quaker viewpoints during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a>. In 1790, after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the Pennsylvania Society of Friends petitioned the United States Congress for the abolition of slavery. While unsuccessful at the national level, Quakers contributed to Pennsylvania's abolition of slavery. In addition, in the first two decades after the war, they were active together with Methodist and Baptist preachers in the Upper South in persuading many slaveholders to manumit their slaves. The percentage of free people of color rose markedly during those decades, for instance, from less than one to nearly ten percent in Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The "fair treatment of people of all races" is today an integral part of the Friends' Testimony of Equality.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Woolman_House_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_Woolman_House_1.jpg/220px-John_Woolman_House_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_Woolman_House_1.jpg/330px-John_Woolman_House_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_Woolman_House_1.jpg/440px-John_Woolman_House_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1131" /></a><figcaption>The John Woolman Memorial, 99 Branch St., <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holly,_New_Jersey" title="Mount Holly, New Jersey">Mount Holly, New Jersey</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=John_Woolman&params=39.999_N_74.776875_W_type:landmark_globe:earth_region:US-NJ"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°59′56″N</span> <span class="longitude">74°46′37″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.999000°N 74.776875°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.999000; -74.776875</span></span></span></a></span></span>) </figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <i>Journal of John Woolman</i> has been included since the first year of publication in 1909 in Volume I of <i>The <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Classics" title="Harvard Classics">Harvard Classics</a>,</i> together with <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin">His Autobiography</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Some_Fruits_of_Solitude_in_Reflections_and_Maxims" title="Some Fruits of Solitude in Reflections and Maxims">Fruits of Solitude</a>.</i> This was published by P.F. Collier and Sons of New York. Woolman's Journal is considered a prominent American spiritual work and is the longest-published book in the history of North America other than the Bible, having been continuously in print since 1774.</li> <li>The John Woolman Memorial Association was formed in Mount Holly to promote his teachings. It sponsors an annual lecture and has published a volume of Woolman genealogy, with additional volumes planned.<sup id="cite_ref-Memorial_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memorial-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The John Woolman Memorial in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holly,_New_Jersey" title="Mount Holly, New Jersey">Mount Holly, New Jersey</a> is located near one of his former orchards. A brick house built between 1771 and 1783, reportedly for one of Woolman's daughters and her husband, it is operated as a house museum and memorial.<sup id="cite_ref-Memorial_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memorial-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Memorial's parent organization also compiles an ongoing genealogical study of Woolman's descendants; notable among them are actor <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve">Christopher Reeve</a> and Collett Everman Woolman, a pioneer and innovator of air mail and aerial crop-dusting, and founder of Delta Airlines.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1963, the <a href="/wiki/John_Woolman_School" title="John Woolman School">John Woolman School</a> was founded in his honor in <a href="/wiki/Nevada_City,_California" title="Nevada City, California">Nevada City, California</a> as a college-preparatory boarding school, serving students in grades 10–12.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Woolman Institute was established at <a href="/wiki/Wilmington_College_(Ohio)" title="Wilmington College (Ohio)">Wilmington College</a> during the 1980s.</li> <li>2003, a group of scholars of peace and justice studies founded the John Woolman College of Active Peace, which seeks to 'mainstream' many Quaker (and other) concepts of peace and peacemaking into higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The John Woolman room at <a href="/wiki/Friends_House" title="Friends House">Friends House</a>, London, UK is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Woolman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cady, Edwin H (1966). <i>John Woolman: The Mind of the Quaker Saint</i>. New York: Washington Square.</li> <li>Clarkson, John (1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofrisepro01clar"><i>The History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave-Trade by the British Parliament: In Two Volumes.</i></a> London: <a href="/wiki/Longman,_Hurst,_Rees,_and_Orm" class="mw-redirect" title="Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orm">Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orm</a>, 1808; vol. 1, pp. 150–164.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Fager, Charles</a> (1993). <i>John Woolman and the Slave Girl</i>. Kimo, children's book.</li> <li>Gross, David M (2008). <i>American Quaker War Tax Resistance,</i> Create Space, documentary history with compilation of primary documents</li> <li>Heller, Mike, ed. (2003). <i>The Tendering Presence: Essays on John Woolman</i>. Wallingford, PA: <a href="/wiki/Pendle_Hill_Quaker_Center_for_Study_and_Contemplation" title="Pendle Hill Quaker Center for Study and Contemplation">Pendle Hill</a>.</li> <li>Kershner, Jon R. <i>John Woolman and the Government of Christ: A Colonial Quaker's Vision for the British Atlantic World</i> (Oxford University Press, 2018).</li> <li>Plank, Geoffrey. (2012) <i>John Woolman's Path to the Peaceable Kingdom: A Quaker in the British Empire</i> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>; 2012)</li> <li>Plank, Geoffrey. "The first person in antislavery literature: John Woolman, his clothes and his journal." <i>Slavery and Abolition</i> 30.1 (2009): 67-91.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Reynolds" title="Reginald Reynolds">Reynolds, Reginald</a> (1948). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wisdomofjohnwool00reyn">The Wisdom of John Woolman / With a Selection from His Writings as a Guide to the Seekers of Today</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Home_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker Home Service">Quaker Home Service</a> (1973, 1980). <i>Some Stories about John Woolman, 1720–1772</i>.</li> <li>Slaughter, Thomas P. (2008). <i>The Beautiful Soul of John Woolman, Apostle of Abolition</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Hill_and_Wang" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill and Wang">Hill and Wang</a>.</li> <li>Swayne, Amelia. (1942). <i>John Woolman</i>. Friends General Conference Committee on Education.</li> <li><i>The Descendants of John & Elizabeth (Borton) Woolman, married 1684, of Burlington County, New Jersey</i>, Burlington, New Jersey: John Woolman Memorial Association, 1997</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Woolman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancestry.com/interactive/3753/quakergenvolii-001646?pid=100161&backurl=http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv%3D1%26dbid%3D3753%26h%3D100161%26tid%3D68221259%26pid%3D310140660650%26hid%3D100263635307%26usePUB%3Dtrue%26_phsrc%3DIZw526%26_phstart%3Ddefault%26usePUBJs%3Dtrue&treeid=68221259&personid=310140660650&hintid=100263635307&usePUB=true&_phsrc=IZw526&_phstart=default&usePUBJs=true">"Quaker Meeting Records"</a>. <i>Ancestry.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancestry.com&rft.atitle=Quaker+Meeting+Records&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.com%2Finteractive%2F3753%2Fquakergenvolii-001646%3Fpid%3D100161%26backurl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ancestry.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsse.dll%3Findiv%253D1%2526dbid%253D3753%2526h%253D100161%2526tid%253D68221259%2526pid%253D310140660650%2526hid%253D100263635307%2526usePUB%253Dtrue%2526_phsrc%253DIZw526%2526_phstart%253Ddefault%2526usePUBJs%253Dtrue%26treeid%3D68221259%26personid%3D310140660650%26hintid%3D100263635307%26usePUB%3Dtrue%26_phsrc%3DIZw526%26_phstart%3Ddefault%26usePUBJs%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Woolman" class="Z3988"></span> The date in the original record is the 19th day of Eighth Month 1720. Modern readers often take this to mean August, but before the British Empire's adoption of the Gregorian Calendar in 1752, "Eighth Month" was Quaker parlance for October. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.swarthmore.edu/friends-historical-library/quaker-calendar">https://www.swarthmore.edu/friends-historical-library/quaker-calendar</a> for more information.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Woolman,_John_(DNB00)">"Woolman, John"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woolman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FWoolman%2C_John_%28DNB00%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Woolman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Descendants of John & Elizabeth (Borton) Woolman, married 1684, of Burlington County, New Jersey</i>, Burlington, New Jersey: The John Woolman Memorial Association, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Journal and Major Essays of John Woolman,</i> ed., Phillips P. Moulton, Friends United Press, 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Memorial-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Memorial_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memorial_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memorial_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://woolmancentral.com">John Woolman Memorial</a>, John Woolman Memorial Association website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoukes1961" class="citation book cs1">Loukes, Harold (1961). <i>Friends Face Reality</i>. London: Bannisdale Press. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friends+Face+Reality&rft.place=London&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Bannisdale+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Loukes&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Woolman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whittier 1872 edition, chapter 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qfp.quaker.org.uk/chapter/23/"><i>Quaker faith and practice</i></a> (5th ed.). 23.16: Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain. 1995. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0852452691" title="Special:BookSources/978-0852452691"><bdi>978-0852452691</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quaker+faith+and+practice&rft.place=23.16&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Yearly+Meeting+of+the+Religious+Society+of+Friends+%28Quakers%29+in+Britain&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0852452691&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqfp.quaker.org.uk%2Fchapter%2F23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Woolman" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. David Houston, "John Woolman's Efforts in Behalf of Freedom." <i>Journal of Negro History</i> 2.2 (1917): 126-138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas P. Slaughter, <i>The Beautiful Soul of John Woolman, Apostle of Abolition</i> (2008) p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gross, David M. (2008). <i>American Quaker War Tax Resistance,</i> Create Space, pp. 65–68, 77–79, 88–89, 94–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart,_Margaret_E.1991" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, Margaret E. (1991). "John Woolman's "Kindness beyond Expression": Collective Identity vs. Individualism and White Supremacy". <i>Early American Literature</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 251–275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+American+Literature&rft.atitle=John+Woolman%27s+%22Kindness+beyond+Expression%22%3A+Collective+Identity+vs.+Individualism+and+White+Supremacy&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=251-275&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Margaret+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Woolman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlank,_Geoffrey2007" class="citation journal cs1">Plank, Geoffrey (2007). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Flame of Life Was Kindled in All Animal and Sensitive Creatures": One Quaker Colonist's View of Animal Life". <i>Church History</i>. <b>76</b> (3): 569–590. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009640700500584">10.1017/S0009640700500584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=%22The+Flame+of+Life+Was+Kindled+in+All+Animal+and+Sensitive+Creatures%22%3A+One+Quaker+Colonist%27s+View+of+Animal+Life&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=569-590&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009640700500584&rft.au=Plank%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Woolman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helstosky_2015-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Helstosky_2015_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helstosky_2015_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Helstosky, Carol. (2015). <i>The Routledge History of Food</i>. Routledge. p. 180. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-62847-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-62847-1">978-0-415-62847-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slaughter, Thomas P. (2008). <i>The Beautiful Soul of John Woolman, Apostle of Abolition,</i> New York: Hill and Wang, p. 378</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet Whitney, <i>John Woolman, Quaker</i> (1943), and M Gummere, <i>Journal and Essays of John Woolman</i> (1922). </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Kolchin, <i>American Slavery, 1619–1877,</i> Hill and Wang, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://woolmancentral.com/tidbit6.html">"Tidbit6"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tidbit6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwoolmancentral.com%2Ftidbit6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Woolman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woolman.org">"John Woolman School"</a>, official website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://woolman.ning.com">John Woolman College</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825035848/http://woolman.ning.com/">Archived</a> 2012-08-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.friendshouse.co.uk/meeting-rooms/">"Meeting Rooms"</a>. <i>Friends House</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Friends+House&rft.atitle=Meeting+Rooms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.friendshouse.co.uk%2Fmeeting-rooms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Woolman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Woolman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionist_forerunners" title="List of abolitionist forerunners">List of abolitionist forerunners</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Woolman&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/John_Woolman" class="extiw" title="c:John Woolman">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Woolman" class="extiw" title="q:John Woolman">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Woolman" class="extiw" title="s:Author:John Woolman">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/WooJour.html">John Woolman, <i>The Journal of John Woolman</i></a>, in Vol. I, <i>The Harvard Classics</i>, New York: P.F. Collier and Sons, 1909 edition, online e-text (1994) at University of Virginia Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quakerinfo.com/woolman.shtml">"John Woolman, Quintessential Quaker"</a>, review, Quaker Info website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qis.net/~daruma/woolman1.html">"John Woolman"</a>, bio</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://woolmancentral.com">Woolman Central</a>, John Woolman Memorial Association official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825035848/http://woolman.ning.com/">John Woolman College of Active Peace</a>, educational consortium dedicated to teaching Woolman's Theory of Active Peace</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sniggle.net/Experiment/index.php?entry=woolman">"Excerpts from 'The Journal of John Woolman'", 1872 edition</a>, <i>The Picket Line:</i> tax resistance website, primary documents and excerpts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/38764">Works by John Woolman</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Woolman%2C%20John%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Woolman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Woolman%2C%20John%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Woolman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Woolman%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Woolman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Woolman%2C%20John%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Woolman%22%29%20OR%20%28%221720-1772%22%20AND%20Woolman%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about John Woolman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/6151">Works by John Woolman</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://RichDrama.com/AClearLeading">A Clear Leading</a>, a one-man play written and performed by <a href="/wiki/Rich_Swingle" title="Rich Swingle">Rich Swingle</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barclay" title="Robert Barclay">Robert Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Benezet" title="Anthony Benezet">Anthony Benezet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Brinton" title="Howard Brinton">Howard Brinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cadbury" title="John Cadbury">John Cadbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Coffin" title="Levi Coffin">Levi Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Conway_(philosopher)" title="Anne Conway (philosopher)">Anne Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Corder" title="Susanna Corder">Susanna Corder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dean" title="James Dean">James Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Judi Dench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Evans_(Quaker_minister)" title="Joshua Evans (Quaker minister)">Joshua Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fell" title="Margaret Fell">Margaret Fell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fry" title="Elizabeth Fry">Elizabeth Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Gurney" title="Joseph John Gurney">Joseph John Gurney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Harrison" title="Ruth Harrison">Ruth Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Heath" title="Carl Heath">Carl Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hicks" title="Edward Hicks">Edward Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Hicks" title="Elias Hicks">Elias Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hodgkin" title="Henry Hodgkin">Henry Hodgkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Jones_(writer)" title="Rufus Jones (writer)">Rufus Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Raymond_Kelly_(Quaker_mystic)" title="Thomas Raymond Kelly (Quaker mystic)">Thomas R. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah_Kingsley" title="Zephaniah Kingsley">Zephaniah Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lay" title="Benjamin Lay">Benjamin Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Matthews" title="Dave Matthews">Dave Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Nayler" title="James Nayler">James Nayler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Palmer" title="Parker Palmer">Parker Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pleasants" title="Robert Pleasants">Robert Pleasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross" title="Betsy Ross">Betsy Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Coffin_Starbuck" title="Mary Coffin Starbuck">Mary Coffin Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessamyn_West_(writer)" title="Jessamyn West (writer)">Jessamyn West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbur_(Quaker_minister)" title="John Wilbur (Quaker minister)">John Wilbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Woolman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yearly_Meeting" title="Yearly Meeting">Yearly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_meeting" title="Monthly meeting">Monthly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Quaker_Action_Group" title="A Quaker Action Group">A Quaker Action Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_Yearly_Meeting" title="Britain Yearly Meeting">Britain Yearly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Yearly_Meeting_of_Friends" title="Central Yearly Meeting of Friends">Central Yearly Meeting of Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends" title="Conservative Friends">Conservative Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">Evangelical Friends Church International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_Committee_on_National_Legislation" title="Friends Committee on National Legislation">Friends Committee on National Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_General_Conference" title="Friends General Conference">Friends General Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation" title="Friends World Committee for Consultation">Friends World Committee for Consultation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheist_Quakers" title="Nontheist Quakers">Nontheist Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Council_for_European_Affairs" title="Quaker Council for European Affairs">Quaker Council for European Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Quaker Peace and Social Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_United_Nations_Office" title="Quaker United Nations Office">Quaker United Nations Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakerism_in_Sichuan" title="Quakerism in Sichuan">Szechwan Yearly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Gathering_of_Young_Friends" title="World Gathering of Young Friends">World Gathering of Young Friends</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testimonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_peace" title="Testimony of peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_equality" title="Testimony of equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_integrity" title="Testimony of integrity">Integrity ("Truth")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimony of Simplicity">Simplicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_North_America" title="Quakers in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Latin_America" title="Quakers in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Europe" title="Quakers in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Africa" title="Quakers in Africa">Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quaker_businesses,_organizations_and_charities" title="List of Quaker businesses, organizations and charities">Businesses, organizations and charities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_science" title="Quakers in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_(Quaker)" title="Clerk (Quaker)">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_decision-making" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker decision-making">Decision Making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline_(Quaker)" title="Book of Discipline (Quaker)"><i>Faith and Practice</i> or <i>Book of Discipline</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quakers" title="History of the Quakers">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Experiment" title="Holy Experiment">Holy Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Quakerism" title="Homosexuality and Quakerism">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inward_light" title="Inward light">Inward light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_meeting_house" title="Friends meeting house">Meeting houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection#Quaker_teaching" title="Christian perfection">Perfectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Query_(Quaker)" title="Query (Quaker)">Query</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Friends_schools" title="List of Friends schools">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Tapestry" title="Quaker Tapestry">Tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_wedding" title="Quaker wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_views_on_women" title="Quaker views on women">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Friends_Service_Committee_Nobel_nominees" title="List of American Friends Service Committee Nobel nominees">ASFC Nobel nominees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q509027#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q509027#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q509027#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118771302">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79065339">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16692467r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16692467r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an51888187">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0006011&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1274209">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/894094">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071490930">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm14cd47405hg4r">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810566808205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/83610">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007309639705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14072658">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8c82a05d-ecff-4b61-a8c0-41d1c478a880">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1526926">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118771302">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/058611932">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6t72g07">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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