CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91c733d418b5d4a5',cH: 'vr9QLv6rKVXp0wz4NEUUFGjQLOKXOYSlzpRRmBBEiGA-1741320200-1.2.1.1-9cSFPdAU8LlZaKJx9xDEd1Z.xwaMjoR4UY7vslRIlALXPBOKftlj6YlibPb9kdeg',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=constant&__cf_chl_tk=jLP8Akn2TqgtTTZGL0QG8FoC1.lULvCihZvd8jJPpSM-1741320200-1.0.1.1-6LNw3y6sbPWz.572bo1kWyZfmDHkBemVmE5lpjb4Jeo",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1741320200',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=constant&__cf_chl_f_tk=jLP8Akn2TqgtTTZGL0QG8FoC1.lULvCihZvd8jJPpSM-1741320200-1.0.1.1-6LNw3y6sbPWz.572bo1kWyZfmDHkBemVmE5lpjb4Jeo",md: "SA4Jspk1_zJn0MsurLdhhAAoGxAG_QM6U6QAVbEboDM-1741320200-1.2.1.1-x7TdzwPA93yZk2o2tmr5xLjSK1aLiWX_mBtJmSU5RIpCBjufe5rx3knMzerKWrZ62bCSPG63K7Vcc2OJG2oxO5ZTs7XCWAg16Y0QgQLyHg2Gn1u.42Rn5bTl1wfUFQKgNvpqxmH8q2au231icSt9ZPhrkim3VRhpfYSiWVVyHqOr9E3yqvthDr2U5616fHUsmOWXvtlRbpUctrqbIDZf2yNfI7HYUKhi7nudHwfdM52JJlH4K4ouqTh4pSPwij5z4MVxrxVukYb0XSYx26Q0RqEAfvLlV0QIY2_AKp0npHu5gd_9LCa.hgh6FVZ0Dj67pyu4kTyXJC3kdFP__unEraIkM7n9Ivw1CMpB2MuNJfO4Rqe.ABEhvDNCKcjGsGPI7q00s4aeGSnXi9_ue0bhSGHisJN4yrNnwn40kRqib.NrO7uyhLIixhxrhvYXPIl1JtA2tsVMByRqtq0p_atPWwB3RE0f9c.LdHOUY0bfsZQ8KQt.DfyuSdRXadPVZS_2Nu0MJ3p0Bt8Gk.eW.lacPjouTlThs9v2F2q4Xhm9XebCAUbGrvwnWLwlLJsSnn3naEWCMCMdOM7vPV35EqNzGDpfimvSekfMGkw9jqnhFETTkrx2HSAndVZEWz351vxNJOGyQCuoB6yHR1prqI0hLwKsPkUdgwezeDFtGzuj7Q3TrgQG1LZ9weu7JALM0TacXRkD_lKZe3Hn9wl5Oa8U82ewM.lUhBAleaT5t40x71nZR16N1KCvAYZgYuY5qz6VIJm3olDH01QyVenTpxj1EazBp0wsME0iILYJd7szQGIQM49PDu3CrsNqnAXTcQiJVas0hTxi7xQcFblkRcjpXnk7zJxrGoSy7auCPtpHaNJEe1n8K07Dn4nWgd3ZxILd8FBq4GvDdnVSrxAXvxOexEnJlJ4dpsUdYKySh8lEqGqYPYUiph61X3XhkyCvP2aqfkCv4tQhtvC57oeUb5CuVGDJiaCgbbJp0RQ_Euh4KImb.ohz_PNM5uLjDbizUFgvYP7iCR1DwA1RA.erD5DbAeXqfpyA1aIPCsclOlYnbzx5Qd8Q1U1wOmEZl6OgkSehLuKtU2xyfidZ_hL.Ws.PRjEQTwc9noaOooQoHDWiuJCOFNYIvcJ85RkO.rPRoMrwgjSsFmCmccFNh3XId_ss1h8xMLLHQQSmwVGuA8qSldvc9dIUCYuCxNsID_oDoh5Lml2HXcGOkcXOacYlRWqh0X.DVQYOVirKLDGzonovItXC4hLZF.7U3_JS9V4HgrPG",mdrd: "ZOaLl5fca6etgiUNJUzbHzVe8iZ0tPqsTb28NGddyWM-1741320200-1.2.1.1-XdSRKVExtwT7vF48Mr3qA.Yw3yYE_yF0vYl_Z5YUn1mN7rYThSzNorNDnHTnXyqJREQMEJoI293D1kx5yc7WxtNm76us.kFKvKKC4Jd7ru9CSvhL5CkGqM3p86RFCxhDkmHQfEvBM40FDmVuVTmznPajeTLjnIV0qGzMGRWFh4Fbkc3tfv41P3ju3wyV1_aX364E6srhovDS5Kavs3Kt_.8YPHzA02Gguxp_TrW9jKwl_awLeLZgHlzdWLw1.6v6QMQpqHbYNq9cipZG.hCpTOTsA_jVGKVHCdHgi4g2uSjQYDUqj9yKgIIT1uYNMjLjStFZXOh6khd5ZvNRffA.mAsHb2iHIuUJMZsWAyWIWjpiXHANWu5eCnFYHmJDceIhiOMsHgDr7dzTmK5PDQo_OSRwjen8Me1Cwcfp3_KOWEYirbb5c7xHmixSxkSAKWirVg2hp.p.CbGgqU_jDn9ZtDGgzaybYoKUKsA.OfZ52PcQbguw9fzt003h_PBKrtUJ52SvdHg1aWlUTIF7Np2iUaPgOXYpKlKcDb04KNs3dXEOMLVRD0tcsQ5wtT7jPGkPHYTsy64A.hjdbZ6Qk1k7pR8nF.UJPcPrCWuVvOybn0DqN4bkixKpygdxo9tvypUdupyJ_ariWyL9svmYPduuG38QcAtHassvF0fXBFXSWIbzrFlvCfeveiF81xDWxJzvpxlvQq67UGy1tYI1gpQZbdtJFlmQp65vpOTNn9zorF43m5PCHpu_F5hQ1Wqv.blR2k4BGsDTzTYTZIlya2J.GgQeKrx.h7r4tR55YkuOYL2T6HDKXMeh5czeEMc6my9NBDTb68fWu0iKxz2EVYFXw0V.c8rfZQG0J8S_LLHhtZNtP7u_AoGJFWCvmkoIZ5Ie_oC2UavftMnehdC4N_tlgOFLl.JFek_ioAAZhkT3XF0MuGygZQy7LWyKwTM4GiC.g_kf3nMooez_OTGKNZwh.mWx9uu_o3pE.EM3Ylk5BDw2dJMRdfzykGmlHiKi5gzkUwK2QZ1Vjqv5v6CPpcfpWmx2d7CUJuo6mzcriXAFDdt_iMW5O766BSEV1NOFTLUskgpDb3EbWb9wsVldGpiK6wYCzszqVzMNwJulTCguK36wn_ebEI84QxP_FGZ79swkFtpau6b7Rdsa0ZgEbBG0FpxsNEFfE84N7VhydbKsOyPcxRyIWmNHZjHY72jO4vjZT5JAGa54jcXG8jHAmrHWdg7kjK0MVJ4QK5T6C2NmiQcdzyLyvG92XUWYGEfJlNES8nJJY_bjXRosz.M4KmASmztQOg8qn7eUz7eid6UKZ.YhxHRdUXa_J2zYXI7uBGhO.lxE5KETfP9CLJs8Y7_2OPcrcn_MfPj0Z23vS7LBtk6K.5QlnYqhkigJGcHvzUVS_i6kf8PKjCJJdEuiDvfCf8kP2H9SZ.ewJTl41Xm2t9HG50Owb23wasqt50cZv9S6ps9zAXG0R9KPAPB6Cm9MRGLnJOgto3TfQavEvA8hdVEtf4rrLBZJR3odp_aF_X_PnAwPut7VBjZ0aRXNZFrwgWZDZ3s3pbFtsySiG32WBwxOJGvTJ9MoYAxi3YPI.sU6pfrnvMwoU8JoNH8QMgM1fHlwSiHlWtrxDmTq36_2iw5RJbIkwqyBJQHj4UCLM_gG0QpVUVdhA7oNQalBE9JK81eGUgMaep.BFkLk7YHVjNBJ6FMLpr0MBd2Th0FkjJqYCw7VuQDqwmbF24K7M4VQRelrbuhis4TzRfHqD5EQEIU2gnSDjxOFqRkqqY8Qpzcq_3F7TK8Yjjk0vT8G31ygT_X18JA8aVZM7w6Wmo7qVbyNysHyQ5cdN3Gnan.gVjiYer2effQ8uNcE.8ikWAWnxGwe.3nEccdZ.jQbgHkpB2K9WuO0X6bfFd8z4eR6wV4EJ7UicI7gCjH7YDncGKIprLIB4Jw.wgYiWvh.JkxIC3Bq2FrLLO7jy1DtfaCYbUcu"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91c733d418b5d4a5';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=constant&__cf_chl_rt_tk=jLP8Akn2TqgtTTZGL0QG8FoC1.lULvCihZvd8jJPpSM-1741320200-1.0.1.1-6LNw3y6sbPWz.572bo1kWyZfmDHkBemVmE5lpjb4Jeo" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>