CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hauling-out - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f48cf97a-3a64-4263-b911-d885d7d9cd5b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hauling-out","wgTitle":"Hauling-out","wgCurRevisionId":1258122682,"wgRevisionId":1258122682,"wgArticleId":19167821,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pinnipeds","Ethology"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hauling-out","wgRelevantArticleId":19167821,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1} }},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5682553","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready", "user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Sea_lion_group_at_haulout.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="829"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sea_lion_group_at_haulout.jpg/800px-Sea_lion_group_at_haulout.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="552"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sea_lion_group_at_haulout.jpg/640px-Sea_lion_group_at_haulout.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="442"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hauling-out - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauling-out"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hauling-out&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauling-out"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hauling-out rootpage-Hauling-out skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hauling-out" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hauling-out" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hauling-out" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hauling-out" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weddell_seals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weddell_seals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Weddell seals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weddell_seals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walruses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walruses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Walruses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walruses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ringed_seal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ringed_seal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ringed seal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ringed_seal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harbour_seal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harbour_seal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Harbour seal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harbour_seal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hauling-out</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauling-out" title="Hauling-out – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hauling-out" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5682553#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hauling-out" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hauling-out" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hauling-out"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauling-out&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauling-out&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hauling-out"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauling-out&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauling-out&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hauling-out" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hauling-out" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauling-out&oldid=1258122682" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauling-out&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hauling-out&id=1258122682&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHauling-out"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHauling-out"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hauling-out&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauling-out&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5682553" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Marine mammal behaviour</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Haulout" redirects here. For the short documentary, see <a href="/wiki/Haulout_(film)" title="Haulout (film)">Haulout (film)</a>.</div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_lion_group_at_haulout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sea_lion_group_at_haulout.jpg/300px-Sea_lion_group_at_haulout.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sea_lion_group_at_haulout.jpg/450px-Sea_lion_group_at_haulout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sea_lion_group_at_haulout.jpg/600px-Sea_lion_group_at_haulout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">Sea lion</a> group at haulout</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbor_seals_at_haulout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Harbor_seals_at_haulout.jpg/250px-Harbor_seals_at_haulout.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Harbor_seals_at_haulout.jpg/375px-Harbor_seals_at_haulout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Harbor_seals_at_haulout.jpg/500px-Harbor_seals_at_haulout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harbor_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbor seals">Harbor seals</a> at haulout</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hauling out</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">behaviour</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">pinnipeds</a> (<a href="/wiki/True_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="True seals">true seals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_lions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea lions">sea lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fur_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Fur seals">fur seals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Walruses">walruses</a>) temporarily leaving the water.<sup id="cite_ref-:Hoelzel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Hoelzel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:A_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:A-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hauling-out typically occurs between periods of <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">foraging</a> activity.<sup id="cite_ref-:Hoelzel_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Hoelzel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:Kovacs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Kovacs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:Gales_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Gales-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than remain in the water, pinnipeds haul out onto land or sea ice for reasons such as <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a> and rest.<sup id="cite_ref-:Gales_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Gales-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:A_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:A-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hauling out is necessary in seals for mating (with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Baikal_seal" title="Baikal seal">Baikal seal</a><sup id="cite_ref-:Hoelzel_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Hoelzel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and giving birth (although a distinction is generally made between reproductive aggregations, termed "<a href="/wiki/Rookeries" class="mw-redirect" title="Rookeries">rookeries</a>", and non-reproductive aggregations, termed "haul-outs").<sup id="cite_ref-:Gales_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Gales-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:Loughlin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Loughlin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other benefits of hauling out may include <a href="/wiki/Predator_avoidance" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator avoidance">predator avoidance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a>, social activity, <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasite</a> reduction and rest.<sup id="cite_ref-:Gales_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Gales-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:A_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:A-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:Loughlin_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Loughlin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is much variation in haul-out patterns among different seal <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:Hoelzel_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Hoelzel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haul-out sites may be segregated by age and sex within the same species.<sup id="cite_ref-:Kovacs_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Kovacs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many species of pinniped have only a few localized rookeries where they breed, but periodically occupy hundreds of haul-out sites throughout the range.<sup id="cite_ref-:Loughlin_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Loughlin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_fur_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian fur seal">Australian fur seals</a> breed on only nine islands in <a href="/wiki/Bass_Strait" title="Bass Strait">Bass Strait</a> but also occupy up to 50 haul-out sites in south-east Australian waters,<sup id="cite_ref-:Gales_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Gales-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lions" class="mw-redirect" title="Steller sea lions">Steller sea lions</a> have around 50 rookeries throughout their range, but several hundred haul-out sites.<sup id="cite_ref-:Loughlin_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Loughlin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hauling-out behaviour provides numerous benefits to pinnipeds besides reproduction. This behaviour has been shown to be used for activities such as thermoregulation, predator avoidance, <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">moulting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a>, and resting.<sup id="cite_ref-:A_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:A-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haul-out frequency, duration, and site location (i.e. sea-ice, floating-ice, and terrestrial) are all influenced by physical constraints (i.e. air temperature, wind speed, and time of day) and biological constraints (i.e. moulting, age, and sex).<sup id="cite_ref-:A_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:A-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variations in hauling-out behaviour exist among pinnipeds for reasons such as geographical location.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauling-out&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weddell_seals">Weddell seals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauling-out&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Weddell seals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weddell_Seal_(js)1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Weddell_Seal_%28js%291.jpg/220px-Weddell_Seal_%28js%291.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Weddell_Seal_%28js%291.jpg/330px-Weddell_Seal_%28js%291.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Weddell_Seal_%28js%291.jpg/440px-Weddell_Seal_%28js%291.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5595" data-file-height="3633" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal</a> on terrestrial haul-out site.</figcaption></figure> <p>Haul-out sites of <a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seals</a> are not necessarily geographically distinct from one another and vary due to physical factors (i.e. food availability) and biological factors (i.e. age).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weddell seals are high latitude <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> inhabitants, allowing them to haul-out onto ice as adults year round for foraging.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to other pinnipeds, Weddell seals haul-out for reasons such as feeding, rest, avoidance of predators, and thermoregulation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seasonal variation has been indicated to influence the haul-out patterns of this species, environmental factors such as air temperature and wind speed trigger a shift from long-duration <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_cycle" title="Diurnal cycle">diurnal</a> haul-outs to short-duration <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following moulting season the number of haul-outs performed increases allowing the seals to benefit from the increased air temperature and thus decreasing the energetic cost of growing new hair.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The haul-out patterns of female Weddell seal are heavily influenced by the age of their pups.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first week post <a href="/wiki/Parturition" class="mw-redirect" title="Parturition">parturition</a>, haul-out frequency is high and females remain hauled-out for longer periods prior to the pups starting to swim. Haul-out frequency decreases as the pups are <a href="/wiki/Wean" class="mw-redirect" title="Wean">weaned</a> and mating begins.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walruses">Walruses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauling-out&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Walruses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noaa-walrus9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Noaa-walrus9.jpg/220px-Noaa-walrus9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Noaa-walrus9.jpg/330px-Noaa-walrus9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Noaa-walrus9.jpg/440px-Noaa-walrus9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="1216" /></a><figcaption>Group of <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walruses</a> on sea-ice haul-out.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walruses</a> tend to occupy both terrestrial and sea ice haul-out sites, alternating between the two depending on resource availability.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walruses haul-out onto land primarily for birthing, moulting, nursing, and resting, meanwhile using sea-ice haul-out sites for foraging and predator avoidance.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These physiological factors are correlated with both the duration and frequency of haul-outs among walruses.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea ice sites are more commonly used for shorter and more frequent haul-outs compared to terrestrial sites, which are commonly used to fulfill more time-consuming requirements (i.e. breeding and birthing).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hauling-out is also used as a method of thermoregulation, therefore it is influenced by various environmental factors such as wind speed, temperature, and even time of day.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accounting for these environmental factors, walruses more frequently haul-out from late morning to early evening and avoid hauling-out during weather periods of intense cold or high winds.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haul-out frequency is at a <a href="/wiki/Maxima_and_minima" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxima and minima">maximum</a> for walruses during the summer using terrestrial haul-out sites as sea ice sites are then further from foraging grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As female walruses haul-out for parturition, the males are <a href="/wiki/Territorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial">territorial</a> of the haul-out site surrounding the female <a href="/wiki/Herd" title="Herd">herd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these instances, hauling-out provides an opportunity for more <a href="/wiki/Aggressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggressive">aggressive</a> and territorial males to mate.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ringed_seal">Ringed seal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauling-out&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ringed seal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pusa_hispida_hispida_NOAA_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pusa_hispida_hispida_NOAA_1.jpg/220px-Pusa_hispida_hispida_NOAA_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pusa_hispida_hispida_NOAA_1.jpg/330px-Pusa_hispida_hispida_NOAA_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pusa_hispida_hispida_NOAA_1.jpg/440px-Pusa_hispida_hispida_NOAA_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">Ringed seal</a> on sea-ice haul-out.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">Ringed seal</a> hauling-out occurs throughout any point in the year, however it reaches a maximum during the spring.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison to other pinniped species, ringed seals haul-out with a shorter duration year round.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ringed seals have a <a href="/wiki/Diel" class="mw-redirect" title="Diel">diel</a> haul-out pattern in which they spend more time hauled-out during the night, an uncommon feature among <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">pinnipeds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hauling-out spikes an increase in the herding behaviour of ringed seals, particularly in the Ladoga subspecies.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subspecies of the ringed seal prefer different haul-out sites depending on their geographical location and environmental constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, 5 subspecies of ringed seals prefer hauling-out onto land-fast ice, however <i>Phoca hispida ochotensis</i> prefers drifting pack ice, meanwhile <i>Phoca hispida hispida</i> occupies both land-fast ice and far offshore areas of relatively stable ice.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of ringed seals however use terrestrial haul-out sites to create birth layers in the snow for newborn seal pups.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harbour_seal">Harbour seal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauling-out&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Harbour seal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbor_seal_rocks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Harbor_seal_rocks.jpg/220px-Harbor_seal_rocks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Harbor_seal_rocks.jpg/330px-Harbor_seal_rocks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Harbor_seal_rocks.jpg/440px-Harbor_seal_rocks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2747" data-file-height="2263" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harbour_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour seal">Harbour seals</a> on <a href="/wiki/Intertidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertidal">intertidal</a> site</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Harbour_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour seal">Harbour seals</a> are the most abundant pinniped in the eastern <a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="North Pacific Ocean">North Pacific Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:A_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:A-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much like other pinnipeds, harbour seals haul-out for reasons such as thermoregulation, breeding, mating, moulting, resting, and foraging.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:A_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:A-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They commonly haul-out onto <a href="/wiki/Intertidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertidal">intertidal</a> ledges, <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaches">beaches</a>, and ice floes year round.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haul-out sites are often revisited on a regular basis by the same herd<sup id="cite_ref-:A_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:A-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are heavily affected by tide height.<sup id="cite_ref-:A_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:A-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harbour seals are likely to move haul-out sites in response to inclement weather conditions (i.e. wind chill and wave size) to more favourable sites in rocky reefs, mudflats, and beaches that are exposed during lower tides.<sup id="cite_ref-:A_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:A-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequency and duration of the behaviour is at a maxima during early afternoon when lower tides and higher air temperatures are prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-:A_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:A-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During parturition and weaning, females spend more time hauled-out ashore until their pups begin to swim, meanwhile males spend less time hauled-out and maintain aquatic <a href="/wiki/Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Territories">territories</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-:A_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:A-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moulting and predation risk also increase the time spent hauled-out.<sup id="cite_ref-:A_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:A-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the increased time ashore for females and decreased time ashore or males during birthing and weaning, biological constraints such as age and sex have not been shown to effect harbour seal haul-outs.<sup id="cite_ref-:A_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:A-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both male and female harbour seals of all ages are consistent with time spent hauled-out.<sup id="cite_ref-:A_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:A-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harbour seals commonly inhabit regions susceptible to human <a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(ecology)" title="Disturbance (ecology)">disturbances</a> (i.e. industries such as the <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a>), a factor that has been studied and shown to alter haul-out patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human disturbances negatively influence the duration and frequency of harbour seal haul-outs, decreasing the occurrence of this behaviour as human interference increases.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hauling-out&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:Hoelzel-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Hoelzel_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Hoelzel_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Hoelzel_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Hoelzel_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoelzel, A. Rus. (2002). <i>Marine Mammal Biology: An Evolutionary Approach</i>. Blackwell Publishing. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-05232-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-05232-5">978-0-632-05232-5</a>. p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:A-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:A_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:A_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:A_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:A_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:A_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:A_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:A_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:A_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:A_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:A_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:A_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:A_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:A_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:A_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:A_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondonVer_HoefJefferiesLance2012" class="citation journal cs1">London, Josh M.; Ver Hoef, Jay M.; Jefferies, Steven J.; Lance, Monique M.; Boveng, Peter L. (June 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3377645">"Haul-Out Behavior of Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) in Hood Canal, Washington"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (6): e38180. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...738180L">2012PLoSO...738180L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0038180">10.1371/journal.pone.0038180</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3377645">3377645</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22723851">22723851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Haul-Out+Behavior+of+Harbor+Seals+%28Phoca+vitulina%29+in+Hood+Canal%2C+Washington&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e38180&rft.date=2012-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3377645%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22723851&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0038180&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...738180L&rft.aulast=London&rft.aufirst=Josh+M.&rft.au=Ver+Hoef%2C+Jay+M.&rft.au=Jefferies%2C+Steven+J.&rft.au=Lance%2C+Monique+M.&rft.au=Boveng%2C+Peter+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3377645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHauling-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Kovacs-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Kovacs_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Kovacs_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovacsJonasWelke1990" class="citation journal cs1">Kovacs, Kit M.; Jonas, Krista M.; Welke, Sylvia E. (1990). "Sex and age segregation by <i>Phoca vitulina concolor</i> at haul-out sites during the breeding season in the Passamaquoddy Bay region, New Brunswick". <i>Marine Mammal Science</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 204–214. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990MMamS...6..204K">1990MMamS...6..204K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-7692.1990.tb00244.x">10.1111/j.1748-7692.1990.tb00244.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Mammal+Science&rft.atitle=Sex+and+age+segregation+by+Phoca+vitulina+concolor+at+haul-out+sites+during+the+breeding+season+in+the+Passamaquoddy+Bay+region%2C+New+Brunswick&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=204-214&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1748-7692.1990.tb00244.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990MMamS...6..204K&rft.aulast=Kovacs&rft.aufirst=Kit+M.&rft.au=Jonas%2C+Krista+M.&rft.au=Welke%2C+Sylvia+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHauling-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Gales-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Gales_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Gales_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Gales_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Gales_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Gales_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gales, Nick; Gales, Nicholas; Hindell, Mark; & Kirkwood, Roger. (2003). <i>Marine Mammals: Fisheries, Tourism and Management Issues</i>. CSIRO Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06953-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06953-4">978-0-643-06953-4</a>. p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Loughlin-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Loughlin_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Loughlin_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Loughlin_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Loughlin_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoughlinRughFiscus1984" class="citation journal cs1">Loughlin, Thomas R.; Rugh, David J.; Fiscus, Clifford H. (1984). "Northern Sea Lion Distribution and Abundance: 1956-80". <i>The Journal of Wildlife Management</i>. <b>48</b> (3): 729–740. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3801420">10.2307/3801420</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3801420">3801420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Wildlife+Management&rft.atitle=Northern+Sea+Lion+Distribution+and+Abundance%3A+1956-80&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=729-740&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3801420&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3801420%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Loughlin&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft.au=Rugh%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Fiscus%2C+Clifford+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHauling-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasDeMaster1983" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Jeanette; DeMaster, Douglas (1983). "Diel haul-out patterns of Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) females and their pups". <i>Canadian Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>61</b> (9): 2084–2086. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983CaJZ...61.2084T">1983CaJZ...61.2084T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fz83-273">10.1139/z83-273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Diel+haul-out+patterns+of+Weddell+seal+%28Leptonychotes+weddelli%29+females+and+their+pups&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2084-2086&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fz83-273&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983CaJZ...61.2084T&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Jeanette&rft.au=DeMaster%2C+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHauling-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoehemeBakerFedakÂrthun2016" class="citation journal cs1">Boeheme, Lars; Baker, Amy; Fedak, Mike; Ârthun, Marius; Nicholls, Keith; Robinson, Patrick; Costa, Dan; Biuw, Martin; Photopoulou, Theoni (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4873014">"Bimodal Winter Haul-Out Patterns of Adult Weddell Seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) in the Southern Weddell Sea"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>11</b> (5): e0155817. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1155817B">2016PLoSO..1155817B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0155817">10.1371/journal.pone.0155817</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4873014">4873014</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27196097">27196097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Bimodal+Winter+Haul-Out+Patterns+of+Adult+Weddell+Seals+%28Leptonychotes+weddellii%29+in+the+Southern+Weddell+Sea&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e0155817&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4873014%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27196097&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0155817&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PLoSO..1155817B&rft.aulast=Boeheme&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft.au=Baker%2C+Amy&rft.au=Fedak%2C+Mike&rft.au=%C3%82rthun%2C+Marius&rft.au=Nicholls%2C+Keith&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Costa%2C+Dan&rft.au=Biuw%2C+Martin&rft.au=Photopoulou%2C+Theoni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4873014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHauling-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdevitzChadwickFischbachGarlich-Miller2009" class="citation journal cs1">Udevitz, Mark; Chadwick, Jay; Fischbach, Anthony; Garlich-Miller, Joel (2009). "Modeling haul-out behavior of walruses in Bering Sea ice". <i>Canadian Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>87</b> (12): 1111–1128. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009CaJZ...87.1111U">2009CaJZ...87.1111U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2FZ09-098">10.1139/Z09-098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Modeling+haul-out+behavior+of+walruses+in+Bering+Sea+ice&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1111-1128&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2FZ09-098&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009CaJZ...87.1111U&rft.aulast=Udevitz&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Chadwick%2C+Jay&rft.au=Fischbach%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Garlich-Miller%2C+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHauling-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBornTeilmannRiget2002" class="citation journal cs1">Born, E. W.; Teilmann, J.; Riget, F. (2002). "Haul-out activity of Ringed seals (Phoca hispida) determined form satellite telemetry". <i>Marine Mammal Science</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 167–181. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002MMamS..18..167B">2002MMamS..18..167B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-7692.2002.tb01026.x">10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01026.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Mammal+Science&rft.atitle=Haul-out+activity+of+Ringed+seals+%28Phoca+hispida%29+determined+form+satellite+telemetry&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=167-181&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1748-7692.2002.tb01026.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002MMamS..18..167B&rft.aulast=Born&rft.aufirst=E.+W.&rft.au=Teilmann%2C+J.&rft.au=Riget%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHauling-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakeBurtonHindell1997" class="citation journal cs1">Lake, S.E.; Burton, H.R.; Hindell, M.A. (1997). "Influence of time of day and month on Weddell seal haul-out patterns at the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica". <i>Polar Biology</i>. <b>18</b> (5): 319–324. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PoBio..18..319L">1997PoBio..18..319L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs003000050194">10.1007/s003000050194</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20280920">20280920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Biology&rft.atitle=Influence+of+time+of+day+and+month+on+Weddell+seal+haul-out+patterns+at+the+Vestfold+Hills%2C+Antarctica&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=319-324&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20280920%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs003000050194&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997PoBio..18..319L&rft.aulast=Lake&rft.aufirst=S.E.&rft.au=Burton%2C+H.R.&rft.au=Hindell%2C+M.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHauling-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonKovacsLydersen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hamilton, Charmain; Kovacs, Kit; Lydersen, Christian (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps11089">"Year-round haul-out behaviour of male walruses Odobenus rosmarus in the Northern Barents Sea"</a>. <i>Marine Ecology Progress Series</i>. <b>519</b>: 251–263. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MEPS..519..251H">2015MEPS..519..251H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps11089">10.3354/meps11089</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Ecology+Progress+Series&rft.atitle=Year-round+haul-out+behaviour+of+male+walruses+Odobenus+rosmarus+in+the+Northern+Barents+Sea&rft.volume=519&rft.pages=251-263&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fmeps11089&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015MEPS..519..251H&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Charmain&rft.au=Kovacs%2C+Kit&rft.au=Lydersen%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3354%252Fmeps11089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHauling-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharrierBurletAubin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Charrier, Isabelle; Burlet, Armandine; Aubin, Thierry (2011). "Social vocal communication in captive Pacific walruses Odobenus rosmarus divergens". <i>Mammalian Biology</i>. <b>76</b> (5): 622–627. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MamBi..76..622C">2011MamBi..76..622C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mambio.2010.10.006">10.1016/j.mambio.2010.10.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Biology&rft.atitle=Social+vocal+communication+in+captive+Pacific+walruses+Odobenus+rosmarus+divergens&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=622-627&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mambio.2010.10.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011MamBi..76..622C&rft.aulast=Charrier&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft.au=Burlet%2C+Armandine&rft.au=Aubin%2C+Thierry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHauling-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:10_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, T. G. "Population dynamics of the ringed seal in the Canadian eastern Arctic". <i>Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin</i>. <b>181</b>: 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fisheries+Research+Board+of+Canada+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Population+dynamics+of+the+ringed+seal+in+the+Canadian+eastern+Arctic&rft.volume=181&rft.pages=55&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=T.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHauling-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSipiläMedvedevHyvärinen1996" class="citation journal cs1">Sipilä, Tero; Medvedev, Nikolai; Hyvärinen, Heikki (1996). "The Ladoga seal (Phoca hispida ladogensis Nordq.)". <i>Hydrobiologia</i>. <b>322</b> (1–3): 193–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00031827">10.1007/bf00031827</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26024676">26024676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrobiologia&rft.atitle=The+Ladoga+seal+%28Phoca+hispida+ladogensis+Nordq.%29&rft.volume=322&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=193-198&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00031827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26024676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sipil%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=Tero&rft.au=Medvedev%2C+Nikolai&rft.au=Hyv%C3%A4rinen%2C+Heikki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHauling-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithStirling1975" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Thomas; Stirling, Ian (1975). "The breeding habitat of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida). The birth lair and associated structures". <i>Canadian Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>53</b> (9): 1297–1305. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975CaJZ...53.1297S">1975CaJZ...53.1297S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fz75-155">10.1139/z75-155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=The+breeding+habitat+of+the+ringed+seal+%28Phoca+hispida%29.+The+birth+lair+and+associated+structures&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1297-1305&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fz75-155&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975CaJZ...53.1297S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Stirling%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHauling-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerhune1987" class="citation journal cs1">Terhune, John (1987). "Meteorological influences on harbour seal haul-out". <i>Aquatic Mammals</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 114–118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquatic+Mammals&rft.atitle=Meteorological+influences+on+harbour+seal+haul-out&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=114-118&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Terhune&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHauling-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHärkönen1987" class="citation journal cs1">Härkönen, T. J. (1987). "Influence of feeding on haul-out patterns and sizes of sub-populations in harbour seals". <i>Netherlands Journal of Sea Research</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 331–339. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987NJSR...21..331H">1987NJSR...21..331H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0077-7579%2887%2990007-x">10.1016/0077-7579(87)90007-x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Netherlands+Journal+of+Sea+Research&rft.atitle=Influence+of+feeding+on+haul-out+patterns+and+sizes+of+sub-populations+in+harbour+seals&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=331-339&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0077-7579%2887%2990007-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987NJSR...21..331H&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4rk%C3%B6nen&rft.aufirst=T.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHauling-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hauling-out&oldid=1258122682">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hauling-out&oldid=1258122682</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pinnipeds" title="Category:Pinnipeds">Pinnipeds</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethology" title="Category:Ethology">Ethology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 06:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hauling-out&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-knhz5","wgBackendResponseTime":123,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.427","walltime":"0.511","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1972,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":36868,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":684,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":77525,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 445.044 1 -total"," 64.11% 285.314 1 Template:Reflist"," 41.37% 184.117 15 Template:Cite_journal"," 20.76% 92.402 1 Template:Short_description"," 15.51% 69.048 2 Template:ISBN"," 12.82% 57.047 2 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 10.70% 47.628 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.61% 29.411 5 Template:Main_other"," 6.12% 27.250 1 Template:Redirect"," 5.75% 25.585 1 Template:SDcat"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.243","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5511553,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dhbcv","timestamp":"20241122152126","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hauling-out","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hauling-out","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5682553","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5682553","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-09-04T03:11:03Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T06:52:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c3\/Sea_lion_group_at_haulout.jpg","headline":"marine mammal behavior"}</script> </body> </html>