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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Impact and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AB_(%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A)" title="تشارليس بووث (مصلح اجتماعي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارليس بووث (مصلح اجتماعي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Booth" title="Charles Booth – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Charles Booth" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Booth" title="Charles Booth – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charles Booth" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Booth" title="Charles Booth – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Charles Booth" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Booth" title="Charles Booth – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Booth" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Booth" title="Charles Booth – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles Booth" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Booth" title="Charles Booth – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Charles Booth" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Booth" title="Charles Booth – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Booth" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B6%80%EC%8A%A4" title="찰스 부스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찰스 부스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Booth_(pereformasi_sosial)" title="Charles Booth (pereformasi sosial) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Charles Booth (pereformasi sosial)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Booth" title="Charles Booth – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles Booth" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AB" title="تشارلز بوث – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز بوث" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="チャールス・ブース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールス・ブース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Booth" title="Charles Booth – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charles Booth" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Booth" title="Charles Booth – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles Booth" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7" title="Бут, Чарлз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бут, Чарлз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Booth" title="Charles Booth – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles Booth" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q555978#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British social researcher and philanthropist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn">Charles Booth</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Charles_Booth,_Social_Reformer_Wellcome_M0013547.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Portrait_of_Charles_Booth%2C_Social_Reformer_Wellcome_M0013547.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Charles_Booth%2C_Social_Reformer_Wellcome_M0013547.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Portrait_of_Charles_Booth%2C_Social_Reformer_Wellcome_M0013547.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Charles_Booth%2C_Social_Reformer_Wellcome_M0013547.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Portrait_of_Charles_Booth%2C_Social_Reformer_Wellcome_M0013547.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Charles_Booth%2C_Social_Reformer_Wellcome_M0013547.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2764" data-file-height="3826" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1840-03-30</span>)</span>30 March 1840<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Liverpool, Lancashire, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 November 1916<span style="display:none">(1916-11-23)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Thringstone, Leicestershire, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Thringstone#Saint_Andrew's_Parish_Church" title="Thringstone">St Andrew's, Thringstone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Shipowner and social reformer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Life and Labour of the People in London</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Mary <i>née</i> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Macaulay">Macaulay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Medal" title="Guy Medal">Guy Medal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles James Booth</b> (30 March 1840 – 23 November 1916) was a British <a href="/wiki/Shipowner" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipowner">shipowner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comtean</a> <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">social researcher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">reformer</a>, best known for his innovative philanthropic studies on working-class life in London towards the end of the 19th century. </p><p>During the 1860s Booth became interested in the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a>, the founder of modern sociology, and converted to his <a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Humanity" title="Religion of Humanity">Religion of Humanity</a>, affiliated with members of the <a href="/wiki/London_Positivist_Society" title="London Positivist Society">London Positivist Society</a>, and wrote <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivist</a> prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was captivated by Comte's idea that in the future, scientific industrialists would be in control of the social leadership instead of the church ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-Spartacus_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spartacus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booth's work, followed by that of <a href="/wiki/Seebohm_Rowntree" title="Seebohm Rowntree">Seebohm Rowntree</a>, influenced <a href="/wiki/Government_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Government policy">government policy</a> regarding poverty in the early 20th century and helped initiate <a href="/wiki/Old_Age_Pensions_Act_1908" title="Old Age Pensions Act 1908">Old Age pensions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_school_meals" class="mw-redirect" title="Free school meals">free school meals</a> for the poorest children. In addition, his research would also demonstrate how poverty was influenced by religion, education, and administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott1917195–200_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott1917195–200-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Booth is best known for his multi-volume book <i><a href="/wiki/Life_and_Labour_of_the_People_in_London" title="Life and Labour of the People in London">Life and Labour of the People in London</a></i> (1902), which focuses on the statistics he collected regarding poverty in London. <i>Life and Labour</i> "discusses a range of social conditions in which it reported that it appeared people are likely to be poor or on the margins of poverty."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpicker1990_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpicker1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booth is also recognised for influencing the transition of social attitudes from the Victorian Age to the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshallSimeySimey1961421_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshallSimeySimey1961421-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to his investigations on poverty, some honour Charles Booth as one of the founding fathers of social administration, and regard his work crucial when studying social policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpicker1990_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpicker1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Booth_Family.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Booth_Family.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Booth_Family.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Booth_Family.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Booth_Family.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Booth_Family.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Booth_Family.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the Booth family</figcaption></figure> <p>Born at <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, on 30 March 1840 to Charles Booth and Emily Fletcher, his father was a wealthy shipowner and corn merchant as well as being a prominent <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-booth.lse.ac.uk_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booth.lse.ac.uk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Institution School">Royal Institution School</a> in Liverpool before being apprenticed in the family business at the age of sixteen.<sup id="cite_ref-booth.lse.ac.uk_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booth.lse.ac.uk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined his brother, Alfred Booth, in the <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">leather trade</a> in 1862 and together they established a successful <a href="/wiki/Shipping_line" title="Shipping line">shipping line</a>, in which Charles remained actively involved until his retirement in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200714–15_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200714–15-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Booth became alienated from the dominant, nonconformist business class of Liverpool into which he had been born.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200715_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200715-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Booth's father died in 1860, bequeathing him control of the family business. He entered the skinning and leather business with his elder brother <a href="/wiki/Booth_baronets" title="Booth baronets">Alfred</a>, and they set up <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Booth_and_Company" title="Alfred Booth and Company">Alfred Booth and Company</a> establishing offices in Liverpool and New York City with a £20,000 inheritance.<sup id="cite_ref-booth.lse.ac.uk_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booth.lse.ac.uk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">1865</a> Booth campaigned for the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberals</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toxteth" title="Toxteth">Toxteth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, albeit unsuccessfully.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaves200531_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaves200531-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After learning the shipping trade, Booth was able to persuade Alfred and his sister Emily to invest in <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamships</a> and established a service to <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a> in Brazil. Then in 1866 Charles and Alfred Booth commenced the start of a shipping service between Brazil and Europe named the Booth Steamship Company.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles himself went on the first voyage to Brazil on 14 February 1866. He was also involved in the building of a harbor at <a href="/wiki/Manaus" title="Manaus">Manaus</a> which overcame seasonal fluctuations in water levels. Booth described this as his "monument" (to shipping) when he visited Manaus for the last time in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman-Butler1972177_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman-Butler1972177-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booth would write letters to his wife describing the business problems that would rise such as personnel management, decision making, and factory relocation; this laid a foundation for the fundamentals of business ethics. Booth Shipping Line's biggest rival was R. Singlehurst and Company, but Booth kept calm while managing business affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-booth.lse.ac.uk_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booth.lse.ac.uk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Booth initially engaged in politics, canvassing unsuccessfully for the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">General Election of 1865</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> victory in municipal elections in 1866, his interest in active politics waned. This result changed Booth's attitude, when he concluded that he could contribute more by commissioning social studies, rather than by being a representative in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-booth.lse.ac.uk_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booth.lse.ac.uk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_research">Social research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Life_and_Labour_of_the_People_in_London" title="Life and Labour of the People in London">Life and Labour of the People in London</a></div> <p>In 1886, influenced earlier by <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a>, Booth embarked on his major survey of London life and labour conditions for which he became famous and commonly regarded as initiating the systematic study of poverty in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200715_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200715-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booth was critical of the existing statistical data on poverty. By analyzing <a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Census in the United Kingdom">census</a> returns he argued that they were unsatisfactory, later being invited to sit on a parliamentary committee in 1891 which suggested improvements that could be made to them.<sup id="cite_ref-booth.lse.ac.uk_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booth.lse.ac.uk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the scale of the survey, results were published serially but it took over fifteen years before the full seventeen volume edition was published. His work on the study and his concern with the problems of poverty led to an involvement in campaigning for old-age pensions and promoting the decasualisation of labour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200715_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200715-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Booth publicly criticised the claims of <a href="/wiki/H._M._Hyndman" class="mw-redirect" title="H. M. Hyndman">Henry Hyndman</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation" title="Social Democratic Federation">Social Democratic Federation</a>, Britain's first socialist party. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Pall_Mall_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Pall Mall Gazette">Pall Mall Gazette</a></i> of 1885, Hyndman stated that 25% of Londoners lived in abject poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedElman2017xxviii_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedElman2017xxviii-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survey of life and labour began with a pilot study in <a href="/wiki/Tower_Hamlets" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower Hamlets">Tower Hamlets</a>. Booth then hired numerous researchers to assist with the full study of the whole of London, which investigated the three main topics of poverty, occupations, and religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200715_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200715-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his researchers were his cousin <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Potter" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatrice Potter">Beatrice Potter</a> (Beatrice Webb) and the chapter on women's work was conducted by the budding economist <a href="/wiki/Clara_Collet" title="Clara Collet">Clara Collet</a>. This research, which looked at the incidence of pauperism in the <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End of London</a>, showed that 35% were living in abject poverty –<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> even higher than the original figure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (March 2018)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)#Dubious" title="Talk:Charles Booth (social reformer)">discuss</a></i>]</sup> This work was published under the title <i>Life and Labour of the People</i> in 1889. A second volume, entitled <i>Labour and Life of the People</i>, covering the rest of London, appeared in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-reversal_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reversal-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booth also popularised the idea of a "<a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty line</a>", a concept conceived by the <a href="/wiki/London_School_Board" title="London School Board">London School Board</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillie1996715–730_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillie1996715–730-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booth set this line at 10 to 20 shillings a week, which he considered to be the minimum amount necessary for a family of 4 or 5 people to subsist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle2014116_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle2014116-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the first two volumes were published Booth expanded his research. This investigation was carried out by Booth himself with his team of researchers. Nonetheless, Booth continued to oversee his successful shipping business which funded his <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropic work</a>. The fruit of this research was a second expanded edition of his original work, published as <i><a href="/wiki/Life_and_Labour_of_the_People_in_London" title="Life and Labour of the People in London">Life and Labour of the People in London</a></i> in nine volumes between 1892 and 1897. A third edition (now expanded to seventeen volumes) appeared in 1902–3.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedElman2017341_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedElman2017341-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Booth used his work to argue for the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pensions in the United Kingdom">Old Age Pensions</a> which he described as "limited socialism". Booth suggested that such reforms would help prevent a socialist revolution from occurring in Britain. Booth was far from tempted by the ideals of socialism, but had sympathy with the working classes and, as part of his investigations, he took lodgings with working-class families and recorded his thoughts and findings in his diaries.<sup id="cite_ref-NA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="London_poverty_maps">London poverty maps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: London poverty maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Booth_map_of_Whitechapel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Booth_map_of_Whitechapel.jpg/220px-Booth_map_of_Whitechapel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Booth_map_of_Whitechapel.jpg/330px-Booth_map_of_Whitechapel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Booth_map_of_Whitechapel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Part of Booth's map of <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel" title="Whitechapel">Whitechapel</a>, 1889. The red areas are "well-to-do"; the black areas are "semi-criminal".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Booth_poverty_map_colour_key.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Booth_poverty_map_colour_key.jpg" decoding="async" width="380" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="107" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Colour key for Booth's <a href="/wiki/Poverty_map" title="Poverty map">poverty map</a>.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>From 1886 to 1903, while Charles Booth was conducting his landmark survey on the life and labour of London's poorest inhabitants he created poverty maps to illustrate the conditions of the lives of these people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2020_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booth's maps were based on observations of differences in lifestyle and focused on qualitative factors: food, clothing, shelter, and relative deprivation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFearon2002_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFearon2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booth and his team of researchers visited every street in London to assess each household's class. The household's class was determined by the letters A–H, with A–D constituting want, and E-H representing comfort. Booth's maps colour-coded every street to determine and demonstrate the level of poverty or comfort. The colour-coding was also used to highlight the social conditions of the households on the streets. The objective was to expose to Victorian society the social evil, which is the problem of poverty. The maps have a strong impact on the poverty debate. Many who analyzed the maps noted how there existed greater concentrations of poverty south of the Thames, compared to the East End Slums. The colour palette of the maps also played a large role in how poverty was viewed. Areas with high concentrations of poverty were given dense and dark colours, while areas that were considered comfortable were given bright colours such as pink, blue, and red. The maps were attempting to demonstrate that the issue of poverty was a manageable problem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimball2006353–381_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimball2006353–381-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The importance of Booth's work in <a href="/wiki/Social_statistics" title="Social statistics">social statistics</a> was recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society" title="Royal Statistical Society">Royal Statistical Society</a> when in 1892 he was elected <a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">President</a> and was awarded its first <a href="/wiki/Guy_Medal" title="Guy Medal">Guy Medal</a> in Gold. In 1899 he was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a>. </p><p>For the purposes of poverty measurement, Booth divided the working population into eight classes, from the poorest to the best off, labeled A–H. These categories summarised economic circumstances but also had a moral dimension, with "A" representing the "feckless, deviant or criminal" groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200716_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200716-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Religious_Influences"_series"><span id=".22Religious_Influences.22_series"></span>"Religious Influences" series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: "Religious Influences" series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1897, Charles Booth had spent a significant amount of money and a decade of his life studying the life conditions of the poor of late <a href="/wiki/Victorian_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian London">Victorian London</a>. When reaching the final years of his survey, Booth asked himself this question: "What role can religion play in these conditions?" This question then led to 6 years of him and his team conducting 1,800 interviews focusing on London's religious and secular leaders. With all the information collected Booth and his team created seven volumes called the "Religious Influences" series. The series showed how there was less conflict in the late 19th-century debate over "charity organisation". Booth and his team of investigators discovered how the clergymen, women, and working people enjoyed engaging in the strict allocation of charity. The churchmen had the responsibility of selecting who needed charity. Many believed that overindulgence would lead to corruption. The Booth team were advocates for charity organisations but also believed that to "form character" that it would be beneficial to give little to nothing. The Booth interviews focused more on the money that the churchmen gave to those in poverty and had no current job than the actual influence on the church's "religious influence". Booth believed that the charity the church was giving to the poor was being wasted. Therefore, towards the end of his survey, Booth makes the proposition to abolish church relief work, and that officials would have the responsibility to assist those who would benefit greatly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrydon2006489–518_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrydon2006489–518-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Booth <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_declined_a_British_honour" title="List of people who have declined a British honour">declined</a> subsequent offers from <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">PM</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> of elevation to the <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer" title="Hereditary peer">peerage</a> (barony then viscountcy) to sit in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. Booth engaged in <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Education_League" title="National Education League">Birmingham Education League</a> (1869-1877), a survey which looked into levels of work and education in Liverpool. The survey found that 25,000 children in Liverpool were neither in school or work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeden201015_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeden201015-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1904, Booth was sworn of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">Privy Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although his attitudes towards poverty might make him seem fairly Left-wing, Booth became more conservative in his views in later life. While some of his investigators, such as <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a>, became Socialists as a result of their research, Booth was critical of the way in which the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_government_1905%E2%80%9315" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal government 1905–15">Liberal Government</a> appeared to support Trade Unions after winning the <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906 General Election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CHARLES_BOOTH_1840-1916_PIONEER_IN_SOCIAL_RESEARCH_lived_here.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/CHARLES_BOOTH_1840-1916_PIONEER_IN_SOCIAL_RESEARCH_lived_here.jpg/250px-CHARLES_BOOTH_1840-1916_PIONEER_IN_SOCIAL_RESEARCH_lived_here.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/CHARLES_BOOTH_1840-1916_PIONEER_IN_SOCIAL_RESEARCH_lived_here.jpg/375px-CHARLES_BOOTH_1840-1916_PIONEER_IN_SOCIAL_RESEARCH_lived_here.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/CHARLES_BOOTH_1840-1916_PIONEER_IN_SOCIAL_RESEARCH_lived_here.jpg/500px-CHARLES_BOOTH_1840-1916_PIONEER_IN_SOCIAL_RESEARCH_lived_here.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">Blue plaque</a> in memory of Charles Booth at 6 Grenville Place, London SW7.</figcaption></figure> <p>Booth purchased <a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a>'s painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Light_of_the_World_(painting)" title="The Light of the World (painting)"><i>The Light of The World</i></a></i>, which he donated to the <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">Dean and Chapter of St Paul's</a> in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in 1912 Booth stood down as chairman of Alfred Booth and Company in favour of his nephew <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Allen_Booth" title="Alfred Allen Booth">Alfred Allen Booth</a> but in 1915 returned willingly to work under wartime exigencies despite growing evidence of heart disease. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 19 April 1871, Charles Booth married Mary Macaulay, and the couple settled in London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200715_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200715-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The niece of the historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay,_1st_Baron_Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay">Thomas Babington Macaulay</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-booth.lse.ac.uk_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booth.lse.ac.uk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she was a cousin of the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabian socialist">Fabian socialist</a> and author, <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a>. Mary had a reputation for being well-educated and intelligent. Also, Mary was an advisor to Booth in his business affairs and played an active role in contributing to <a href="/wiki/Life_and_Labour_of_the_People_in_London" title="Life and Labour of the People in London">Booth's survey of London life and labour conditions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-booth.lse.ac.uk_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booth.lse.ac.uk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles and Mary Booth had 7 children, 3 sons, and 4 daughters. His eldest daughter Antonia married <a href="/wiki/The_Hon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hon">the Hon</a> <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Macnaghten" title="Malcolm Macnaghten">Malcolm Macnaghten</a>, and others married into the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Ritchie" title="Richmond Ritchie">Ritchie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gore_Browne" title="Thomas Gore Browne">Gore Browne</a> families.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1886, the Booth family moved to <a href="/wiki/Grace_Dieu_Manor" title="Grace Dieu Manor">Grace Dieu Manor</a> near <a href="/wiki/Thringstone" title="Thringstone">Thringstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a>, and this is where Charles retired to.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before he died he hosted many family gatherings in order to be surrounded by his friends, children and grandchildren.<sup id="cite_ref-booth.lse.ac.uk_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booth.lse.ac.uk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on 23 November 1916 of a stroke and was buried in Saint Andrew's churchyard. A memorial dedicated to him stands on Thringstone village green, and a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> has been erected on his house in <a href="/wiki/South_Kensington" title="South Kensington">South Kensington</a>: 6 <a href="/wiki/Grenville_Place" title="Grenville Place">Grenville Place</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_and_legacy">Impact and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impact and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Life and Labour of the People in London</i> can be seen as one of the founding texts of British sociology, drawing on both <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">quantitative</a> (statistical) methods and <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">qualitative</a> methods (particularly <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnography</a>). It influenced <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Hull_House" title="Hull House">Hull House</a> reformers, <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_School_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago School (sociology)">Chicago School of sociology</a> (notably the work of <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Park" title="Robert E. Park">Robert E. Park</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">community studies</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Community_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Community Studies">Institute of Community Studies</a> in East London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeegan1988301–311_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeegan1988301–311-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Booth's poverty maps revealed that there is a spatial component to poverty as well as an environmental context of poverty. Before his maps, environmental explanations of poverty mainly interested health professionals; Booth brought environmental issues into an empirical sociological investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200716_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200716-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBales1994_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBales1994-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to Booth's influence on the field of sociology, he influenced other academics as well. <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Llewellyn-Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert Llewellyn-Smith">Sir Hubert Llewellyn Smith</a>'s repeat London survey was inspired by Booth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbernethy2013_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbernethy2013-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Booth's work served as an impetus for <a href="/wiki/Seebohm_Rowntree" title="Seebohm Rowntree">Seebohm Rowntree</a> (1871 – 1954); he also influenced <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a> (1858 – 1943) and <a href="/wiki/Helen_Bosanquet" title="Helen Bosanquet">Helen Bosanquet</a> (1860 – 1925).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200716–17_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200716–17-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a> appoints academics to the Charles Booth Chair of Social Sciences and has a collection of his manuscripts and typescript.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> keeps his work on an online searchable <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a>, planned to include Booth's unpublished notebooks, recommended by participants in <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a 2021 BBC Radio broadcast on his work as vivid narratives of Booth's methods and personal response to his discoveries, but omitted from his formal publications.<sup id="cite_ref-PovertyMap_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PovertyMap-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The London poverty maps survey has been negatively criticised for its methodology: According to Professor Paul Spicker in 1990<sup id="cite_ref-Spicker_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spicker-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "it is important to note that Charles Booth's studies of poverty are widely misrepresented in the literature of social policy. His work is commonly bracketed with <a href="/wiki/Seebohm_Rowntree" title="Seebohm Rowntree">Rowntree</a>'s but his methods were quite different. His definition of poverty was explicitly relative; he based the description of poverty on class rather than income. He did not attempt to define need nor to identify <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence level">subsistence levels</a> of income on the basis of minimum needs; his "<a href="/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a>" was used as an indicator of poverty, not a definition. His approach was to identify the sorts of condition in which people were poor and to describe those conditions in a variety of ways. To this end he used a wide range of qualitative and quantitative methods in an attempt to add depth and weight to his descriptions of poverty."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpicker199021–38_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpicker199021–38-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Booth used school board visitors—those who undertook to ensure the attendance of children at school—to collect information on the circumstances of families. However, his extrapolation from these findings to families without school-age children was speculative. Moreover, his "definitions" of the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty level">poverty levels</a> of household "classes" were general <a href="/wiki/Descriptive_statistics" title="Descriptive statistics">descriptive categories</a>, which did not equate to specific criteria. Although the seventeen volumes were dense with often fascinating detail, it was primarily descriptive rather than analytical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200716_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200716-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Booth's 1902 study included <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> references to the impact of Jewish immigration, comparing it to the "slow rising of a flood" and that "no Gentile could live in the same house with these poor foreign Jews, and even as neighbors they are unpleasant; and, since people of this race, though sometimes quarrelsome amongst themselves, are extremely gregarious and sociable, each small street or group of houses invaded tends to become entirely Jewish".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1994166_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman1994166-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, Booth also received criticism for his London Poverty Maps, showing in dark and opaque colours the houses and streets where poor people lived. The palette made the areas appear as cancer or a disease to be eradicated, creating a negative connotation for that community. Nevertheless, the scaling of the map made it appear that fixing the problem would be manageable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimball2006353–381_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimball2006353–381-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Booth is often compared to Seebohm Rowntree due to their concepts on poverty. Even though Rowntree's work draws upon Booth's investigation, many writers on poverty generally turn their attention towards Rowntree's, because his concept clearly addressed the problem of defining a <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence level">subsistence level</a> of poverty. Both Booth and Rowntree were positivists; however, many differences between Booth and Rowntree's methodology existed. While Booth classified people by their <a href="/wiki/Source_of_income_discrimination" title="Source of income discrimination">source of income</a>, Rowntree made distinctions through class and specifically categorised groups by their economic relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpicker1990_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpicker1990-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Life and Labour of the People</i>, 1st ed., Vol. I. (1889).</li> <li><i>Labour and Life of the People</i>, 1st ed., Vol II. (1891).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_and_Labour_of_the_People_in_London" title="Life and Labour of the People in London">Life and Labour of the People in London</a></i>, 2nd ed., (1892–97); 9 vols.</li> <li><i>Life and Labour of the People in London</i>, 3rd ed., (1902–03); 17 vols.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booth_baronets" title="Booth baronets">Booth baronets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Booth_and_Company" title="Alfred Booth and Company">Alfred Booth and Company</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-reversal-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reversal_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The reversal of the words in the title of the second volume was due to the original title "Life and Labour" being claimed by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smiles" title="Samuel Smiles">Samuel Smiles</a> who wrote a similarly titled book in 1887</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2018_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2018">Wilson 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spartacus-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spartacus_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/PHbooth.htm">"Charles Booth"</a>. <i>Spartacus Educational</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spartacus+Educational&rft.atitle=Charles+Booth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FPHbooth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Booth+%28social+reformer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott1917195–200-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbott1917195–200_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbbott1917">Abbott 1917</a>, pp. 195–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpicker1990-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpicker1990_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpicker1990_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpicker1990_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpicker1990">Spicker 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshallSimeySimey1961421-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshallSimeySimey1961421_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshallSimeySimey1961">Marshall, Simey & Simey 1961</a>, p. 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-booth.lse.ac.uk-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-booth.lse.ac.uk_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booth.lse.ac.uk_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booth.lse.ac.uk_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booth.lse.ac.uk_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booth.lse.ac.uk_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booth.lse.ac.uk_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booth.lse.ac.uk_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booth.lse.ac.uk_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booth.lse.ac.uk_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://booth.lse.ac.uk/learn-more/who-was-charles-booth">"Who was Charles Booth?"</a>. <i>Charles Booth's London</i>. <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charles+Booth%27s+London&rft.atitle=Who+was+Charles+Booth%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooth.lse.ac.uk%2Flearn-more%2Fwho-was-charles-booth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Booth+%28social+reformer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200714–15-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200714–15_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott2007">Scott 2007</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200715-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200715_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200715_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200715_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200715_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200715_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott2007">Scott 2007</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaves200531-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaves200531_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaves2005">Caves 2005</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Booth">"Charles Booth, British sociologist"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Charles+Booth%2C+British+sociologist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FCharles-Booth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Booth+%28social+reformer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman-Butler1972177-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman-Butler1972177_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman-Butler1972">Norman-Butler 1972</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedElman2017xxviii-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedElman2017xxviii_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedElman2017">Fried & Elman 2017</a>, p. xxviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillie1996715–730-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillie1996715–730_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillie1996">Gillie 1996</a>, pp. 715–730.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle2014116-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle2014116_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle2014">Boyle 2014</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedElman2017341-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedElman2017341_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedElman2017">Fried & Elman 2017</a>, p. 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NA-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NA_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F57840">"Booth, Charles (1840-1916), shipowner and social investigator"</a>. <i>discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i>. The National Archives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Booth%2C+Charles+%281840-1916%29%2C+shipowner+and+social+investigator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF57840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Booth+%28social+reformer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2020-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2020_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon.2020">Anon. 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFearon2002-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFearon2002_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFearon2002">Fearon 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimball2006353–381-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimball2006353–381_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimball2006353–381_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKimball2006">Kimball 2006</a>, pp. 353–381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200716-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200716_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200716_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200716_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott2007">Scott 2007</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrydon2006489–518-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrydon2006489–518_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrydon2006">Brydon 2006</a>, pp. 489–518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeden201015-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeden201015_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeden2010">Freeden 2010</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Booth">www.britannica.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warwick.ac.uk/services/library/mrc/archives_online/exhibitions/city">"The Victorian City (HI371)"</a>. <i>warwick.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warwick.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+Victorian+City+%28HI371%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarwick.ac.uk%2Fservices%2Flibrary%2Fmrc%2Farchives_online%2Fexhibitions%2Fcity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Booth+%28social+reformer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stpauls.co.uk/history-collections/the-collections/collections-highlights/the-light-of-the-world">"The Light of the World - St Paul's Cathedral"</a>. <i>Stpauls.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-737289-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-737289-8"><bdi>978-0-00-737289-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tyranny+of+Numbers%3A+Why+Counting+Can%27t+Make+Us+Happy&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-00-737289-8&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRgehAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Booth+%28social+reformer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrydon2006" class="citation journal cs1">Brydon, Thomas R. C. (2006). "Charles Booth, Charity Control, and the London Churches, 1897–1903". <i>The Historian</i>. <b>68</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">489–</span>518. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2006.00156.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.2006.00156.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2370">0018-2370</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24454245">24454245</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145609002">145609002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=Charles+Booth%2C+Charity+Control%2C+and+the+London+Churches%2C+1897%E2%80%931903&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E518&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0018-2370&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145609002%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24454245%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2006.00156.x&rft.aulast=Brydon&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Booth+%28social+reformer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaves2005" class="citation book cs1">Caves, Roger W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xrD1iuM_2LgC&pg=PA31"><i>Encyclopedia of the City</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25225-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25225-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25225-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25225-6&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=Roger+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxrD1iuM_2LgC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Booth+%28social+reformer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeegan1988" class="citation journal cs1">Deegan, Mary Jo (1988). "W.E.B. Du Bois and the women of hull-house, 1895–1899". <i>The American Sociologist</i>. <b>19</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">301–</span>311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02691827">10.1007/BF02691827</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145330710">145330710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Sociologist&rft.atitle=W.E.B.+Du+Bois+and+the+women+of+hull-house%2C+1895%E2%80%931899&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E311&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02691827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145330710%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Deegan&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Booth+%28social+reformer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFearon2002" class="citation journal cs1">Fearon, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3g26f143">"Charles Booth, Mapping London's Poverty, 1885–1903. 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Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05501-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05501-6"><bdi>978-0-300-05501-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Englishmen+and+Jews%3A+Social+Relations+and+Political+Culture%2C+1840-1914&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05501-6&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKuh_QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Booth+%28social+reformer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreeden2010" class="citation journal cs1">Freeden, Michael (Summer 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberalhistory.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/67_Summer_2010.pdf">"The Liberal Party and the New Liberalism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Liberal History</i> (67).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Liberal+History&rft.atitle=The+Liberal+Party+and+the+New+Liberalism&rft.ssn=summer&rft.issue=67&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Freeden&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliberalhistory.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F10%2F67_Summer_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Booth+%28social+reformer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedElman2017" class="citation book cs1">Fried, Albert; Elman, Richard M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mGElDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT28"><i>Routledge Revivals: Charles Booth's London (1969): A Portrait of the Poor at the Turn of the Century, Drawn from His "Life and Labour of the People in London"</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-98157-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-98157-6"><bdi>978-1-351-98157-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Revivals%3A+Charles+Booth%27s+London+%281969%29%3A+A+Portrait+of+the+Poor+at+the+Turn+of+the+Century%2C+Drawn+from+His+%22Life+and+Labour+of+the+People+in+London%22&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-98157-6&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Elman%2C+Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmGElDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Booth+%28social+reformer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillie1996" class="citation journal cs1">Gillie, Alan (1996). "The Origin of the Poverty Line". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_History_Review" title="The Economic History Review">The Economic History Review</a></i>. <b>49</b> (4): 715–730 [p. 726]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1996.tb00589.x">10.1111/j.1468-0289.1996.tb00589.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Poverty+Line&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=715-730+p.+726&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1996.tb00589.x&rft.aulast=Gillie&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Booth+%28social+reformer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKimball2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kimball, Miles A. (October 2006). "London through Rose-Colored Graphics: Visual Rhetoric and Information Graphic Design in Charles Booth's Maps of London Poverty". <i>Journal of Technical Writing and Communication</i>. <b>36</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">353–</span>381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2190%2Fk561-40p2-5422-ptg2">10.2190/k561-40p2-5422-ptg2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2816">0047-2816</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145634256">145634256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Technical+Writing+and+Communication&rft.atitle=London+through+Rose-Colored+Graphics%3A+Visual+Rhetoric+and+Information+Graphic+Design+in+Charles+Booth%27s+Maps+of+London+Poverty&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E353-%3C%2Fspan%3E381&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145634256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0047-2816&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2190%2Fk561-40p2-5422-ptg2&rft.aulast=Kimball&rft.aufirst=Miles+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Booth+%28social+reformer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshallSimeySimey1961" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall, T. 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(June 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ej/article/71/282/421-422/5249179">"Charles Booth, Social Scientist"</a>. <i>The Economic Journal</i>. <b>71</b> (282): 421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2228788">10.2307/2228788</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2228788">2228788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Charles+Booth%2C+Social+Scientist.&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=282&rft.pages=421&rft.date=1961-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2228788&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2228788%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=T.+H.&rft.au=Simey%2C+T.+S.&rft.au=Simey%2C+M.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fej%2Farticle%2F71%2F282%2F421-422%2F5249179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Booth+%28social+reformer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorman-Butler1972" class="citation book cs1">Norman-Butler, Belinda (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/victorianaspirat0000norm/page/177"><i>Victorian Aspirations</i></a></span>. London: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780049230590" title="Special:BookSources/9780049230590"><bdi>9780049230590</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Aspirations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780049230590&rft.aulast=Norman-Butler&rft.aufirst=Belinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvictorianaspirat0000norm%2Fpage%2F177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Booth+%28social+reformer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott2007" class="citation book cs1">Scott, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ljqAAgAAQBAJ"><i>Fifty Key Sociologists: The Formative Theorists</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-26218-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-26218-2"><bdi>978-1-134-26218-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Key+Sociologists%3A+The+Formative+Theorists&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-26218-2&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DljqAAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Booth+%28social+reformer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpicker1990" class="citation journal cs1">Spicker, Paul (May 1990). "Charles Booth: the examination of poverty". <i>Social Policy & Administration</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9515.1990.tb00322.x">10.1111/j.1467-9515.1990.tb00322.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10059%2F881">10059/881</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Policy+%26+Administration&rft.atitle=Charles+Booth%3A+the+examination+of+poverty&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=1990-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10059%2F881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9515.1990.tb00322.x&rft.aulast=Spicker&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Booth+%28social+reformer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2018" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Matthew (2018). <i>Moralising Space</i>. Routledge research in planning and urban design. New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315449128">10.4324/9781315449128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-44912-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-44912-8"><bdi>978-1-315-44912-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moralising+Space&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.series=Routledge+research+in+planning+and+urban+design&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315449128&rft.isbn=978-1-315-44912-8&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Booth+%28social+reformer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_Booth" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles Booth">Charles Booth</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Booth,_Charles" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Booth, Charles">Booth, Charles</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://booth.lse.ac.uk/">Charles Booth's London: Poverty maps and police notebooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics_and_Political_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="London School of Economics and Political Science">LSE</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Booth%2C%20Charles%20James%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Booth%2C%20Charles%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Booth%2C%20C%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20James%20Booth%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20J%2E%20Booth%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22C%2E%20J%2E%20Booth%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Booth%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20Booth%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20James%20Booth%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20J%2E%20Booth%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20J%2E%20Booth%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20James%20Booth%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Booth%2C%20Charles%20James%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Booth%2C%20Charles%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Booth%2C%20C%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Booth%2C%20C%2E%20James%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20Booth%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Booth%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20James%20Booth%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20J%2E%20Booth%22%20OR%20title%3A%22C%2E%20J%2E%20Booth%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20Booth%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20James%20Booth%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20J%2E%20Booth%22%20OR%20description%3A%22C%2E%20J%2E%20Booth%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Booth%2C%20Charles%20James%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Booth%2C%20Charles%20J%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20Booth%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Booth%2C%20Charles%22%29%20OR%20%28%221840-1916%22%20AND%20Booth%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Charles Booth</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArchive&search=IN=MS797">Charles Booth Papers at Senate House Library, University of London</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus-educational.com/PHbooth.htm">Spartacus description of Booth's life</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061209112932/http://mubs.mdx.ac.uk/Staff/Personal_pages/Ifan1/Booth/">Charles Booth and poverty mapping in late nineteenth century London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_University" title="Middlesex University">Middlesex University Business School</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Riis" title="Jacob Riis">Jacob Riis</a> – wrote about the conditions of the poor and working classes on the other side of the Atlantic</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Guy_Medallists67" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Guy_Medal" title="Template:Guy Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guy_Medal" title="Template talk:Guy Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guy_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guy Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Guy_Medallists67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Medal" title="Guy Medal">Guy Medallists</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Gold_medallists67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gold medallists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Booth</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Giffen" title="Robert Giffen">Robert Giffen</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jervoise_Athelstane_Baines" title="Jervoise Athelstane Baines">Jervoise Athelstane Baines</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Francis Ysidro Edgeworth</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Craigie" title="Patrick Craigie">Patrick G. Craigie</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udny_Yule" title="Udny Yule">G. Udny Yule</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._H._C._Stevenson" title="T. H. C. Stevenson">T. H. C. Stevenson</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_William_Flux" title="Alfred William Flux">A. William Flux</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">A. L. Bowley</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Greenwood" title="Major Greenwood">Major Greenwood</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">R. A. Fisher</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Bradford_Hill" title="Austin Bradford Hill">A. Bradford Hill</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Pearson" title="Egon Pearson">E. S. Pearson</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Yates" title="Frank Yates">Frank Yates</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Jeffreys" title="Harold Jeffreys">Harold Jeffreys</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Neyman" title="Jerzy Neyman">Jerzy Neyman</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Kendall" title="Maurice Kendall">M. G. Kendall</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Bartlett" title="M. S. Bartlett">M. S. Bartlett</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Cram%C3%A9r" title="Harald Cramér">Harald Cramér</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cox_(statistician)" title="David Cox (statistician)">David Cox</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Alfred_Barnard" title="George Alfred Barnard">G. A. Barnard</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._D._Allen" title="R. G. D. Allen">Roy Allen</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_George_Kendall" title="David George Kendall">D. G. Kendall</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Daniels_(statistician)" title="Henry Daniels (statistician)">Henry Daniels</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Benjamin" title="Bernard Benjamin">Bernard Benjamin</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Plackett" title="Robin Plackett">Robin Plackett</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Armitage_(statistician)" title="Peter Armitage (statistician)">Peter Armitage</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._P._Box" title="George E. P. Box">George E. P. Box</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Whittle_(mathematician)" title="Peter Whittle (mathematician)">Peter Whittle</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Healy_(statistician)" title="Michael Healy (statistician)">Michael Healy</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Lindley" title="Dennis Lindley">Dennis Lindley</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelder" title="John Nelder">John Nelder</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Durbin" title="James Durbin">James Durbin</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Rao" title="C. R. Rao">C. R. Rao</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kingman" title="John Kingman">John Kingman</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Efron" title="Bradley Efron">Bradley Efron</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(statistician)" title="Adrian Smith (statistician)">Adrian Smith</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Buckland" title="Stephen Buckland">Stephen Buckland</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Spiegelhalter" title="David Spiegelhalter">David Spiegelhalter</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reid" title="Nancy Reid">Nancy Reid</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Silver_medallists67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Silver medallists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Glover_(statistician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Glover (statistician) (page does not exist)">John Glover</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustus_Sauerbeck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustus Sauerbeck (page does not exist)">Augustus Sauerbeck</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">A. L. Bowley</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._J._Atkinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. J. Atkinson (page does not exist)">F. J. Atkinson</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._S._Loch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. S. Loch (page does not exist)">C. S. Loch</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Crawford_(statistician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Crawford (statistician) (page does not exist)">Richard Crawford</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Welton" title="Thomas A. Welton">Thomas A. Welton</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Hawthorn_Hooker" title="Reginald Hawthorn Hooker">R. H. Hooker</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Guyot" title="Yves Guyot">Yves Guyot</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._A._Thomas" title="D. A. Thomas">D. A. Thomas</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Henry_Rew" title="R. Henry Rew">R. H. Rew</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._H._Shaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. H. Shaw (page does not exist)">W. H. Shaw</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N._A._Humphreys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N. A. Humphreys (page does not exist)">N. A. Humphreys</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brabrook" title="Edward Brabrook">Edward Brabrook</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Wood_(statistician)" title="George Henry Wood (statistician)">G. H. Wood</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._Dudfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. Dudfield (page does not exist)">R. Dudfield</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._Rowson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. Rowson (page does not exist)">S. Rowson</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chapman_(economist)" title="Sydney Chapman (economist)">S. J. Chapman</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Shield_Nicholson" title="Joseph Shield Nicholson">J. S. Nicholson</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Stamp,_1st_Baron_Stamp" title="Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp">J. C. Stamp</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_William_Flux" title="Alfred William Flux">A. William Flux</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_William_Macrosty" title="Henry William Macrosty">H. W. Macrosty</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Newbold" title="Ethel Newbold">Ethel Newbold</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Edward_Soper" title="Herbert Edward Soper">H. E. Soper</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._H._Jones_(economist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. H. Jones (economist) (page does not exist)">J. H. Jones</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Charles_Snow" title="Ernest Charles Snow">Ernest Charles Snow</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_George_Hawtrey" title="Ralph George Hawtrey">R. G. Hawtrey</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._C._Ramsbottom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. C. Ramsbottom (page does not exist)">E. C. Ramsbottom</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Isserlis" title="Leon Isserlis">L. Isserlis</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Leak" title="Hector Leak">H. Leak</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Kendall" title="Maurice Kendall">M. G. Kendall</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Campion" title="Harry Campion">Harry Campion</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._A._A._Menzler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. A. A. Menzler (page does not exist)">F. A. A. Menzler</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Bartlett" title="M. S. Bartlett">M. S. Bartlett</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Oscar_Irwin" title="Joseph Oscar Irwin">J. O. Irwin</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._C._Tippett" title="L. H. C. Tippett">L. H. C. Tippett</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_George_Kendall" title="David George Kendall">D. G. Kendall</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Daniels_(statistician)" title="Henry Daniels (statistician)">Henry Daniels</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Alfred_Barnard" title="George Alfred Barnard">G. A. Barnard</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._C._Fieller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. C. Fieller (page does not exist)">E. C. Fieller</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cox_(statistician)" title="David Cox (statistician)">D. R. Cox</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Vasudeo_Sukhatme" title="Pandurang Vasudeo Sukhatme">P. V. Sukhatme</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._P._Box" title="George E. P. Box">George E. P. Box</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Rao" title="C. R. Rao">C. R. Rao</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Whittle_(mathematician)" title="Peter Whittle (mathematician)">Peter Whittle</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Lindley" title="Dennis Lindley">Dennis Lindley</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Plackett" title="Robin Plackett">Robin Plackett</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Durbin" title="James Durbin">James Durbin</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelder" title="John Nelder">John Nelder</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Armitage_(statistician)" title="Peter Armitage (statistician)">Peter Armitage</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Healy_(statistician)" title="Michael Healy (statistician)">Michael Healy</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Stone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Stone (page does not exist)">M. Stone</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kingman" title="John Kingman">John Kingman</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wynn" title="Henry Wynn">Henry Wynn</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Besag" title="Julian Besag">Julian Besag</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Gittins" title="John C. Gittins">J. C. Gittins</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._Bissell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Bissell (page does not exist)">A. Bissell</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Pridmore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. Pridmore (page does not exist)">W. Pridmore</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Peto" title="Richard Peto">Richard Peto</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Copas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Copas (page does not exist)">John Copas</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aitchison" title="John Aitchison">John Aitchison</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Kelly_(mathematician)" title="Frank Kelly (mathematician)">F. P. Kelly</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Clayton" title="David Clayton">David Clayton</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._L._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. L. Smith (page does not exist)">R. L. Smith</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nicholas_Curnow" title="Robert Nicholas Curnow">Robert Nicholas Curnow</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(statistician)" title="Adrian Smith (statistician)">A. F. M. Smith</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Spiegelhalter" title="David Spiegelhalter">David Spiegelhalter</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Silverman" title="Bernard Silverman">B. W. Silverman</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steffen_Lauritzen" title="Steffen Lauritzen">Steffen Lauritzen</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Diggle" title="Peter Diggle">Peter Diggle</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Goldstein" title="Harvey Goldstein">Harvey Goldstein</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Green_(statistician)" title="Peter Green (statistician)">Peter Green</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Gilks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Gilks (page does not exist)">Walter Gilks</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Dawid" title="Philip Dawid">Philip Dawid</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hand_(statistician)" title="David Hand (statistician)">David Hand</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanti_Mardia" title="Kanti Mardia">Kanti Mardia</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Donnelly" title="Peter Donnelly">Peter Donnelly</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_McCullagh" title="Peter McCullagh">Peter McCullagh</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Titterington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Titterington (page does not exist)">Michael Titterington</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Tong" title="Howell Tong">Howell Tong</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Roberts_(statistician)" title="Gareth Roberts (statistician)">Gareth Roberts</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Richardson" title="Sylvia Richardson">Sylvia Richardson</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_M._Johnstone" title="Iain M. Johnstone">Iain M. Johnstone</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gavin_Hall" title="Peter Gavin Hall">P. G. Hall</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Firth_(statistician)" title="David Firth (statistician)">David Firth</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_D._Ripley" title="Brian D. Ripley">Brian Ripley</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianqing_Fan" title="Jianqing Fan">Jianqing Fan</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_C._Davison" title="Anthony C. Davison">Anthony Davison</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reid" title="Nancy Reid">Nancy Reid</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Shephard" title="Neil Shephard">Neil Shephard</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_B%C3%BChlmann" title="Peter Bühlmann">Peter Bühlmann</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Murphy" title="Susan Murphy">Susan Murphy</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnaud_Doucet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnaud Doucet (page does not exist)">Arnaud Doucet</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A5vard_Rue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Håvard Rue (page does not exist)">Håvard Rue</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fearnhead" title="Paul Fearnhead">Paul Fearnhead</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bronze_medallists67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bronze medallists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Gemmell_Cochran" title="William Gemmell Cochran">William Gemmell Cochran</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._F._George&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. F. George (page does not exist)">R. F. George</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._J._Jennett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. J. Jennett (page does not exist)">W. J. Jennett</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Armitage_(statistician)" title="Peter Armitage (statistician)">Peter Armitage</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Durbin" title="James Durbin">James Durbin</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._Downton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. Downton (page does not exist)">F. Downton</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Plackett" title="Robin Plackett">Robin Plackett</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._C._Pike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. C. Pike (page does not exist)">M. C. Pike</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._G._Moore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. G. Moore (page does not exist)">P. G. Moore</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._J._Bartholomew" title="D. J. Bartholomew">D. J. Bartholomew</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._N._Wilkinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. N. Wilkinson (page does not exist)">G. N. Wilkinson</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._F._Bissell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. F. Bissell (page does not exist)">A. F. Bissell</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._L._Goldsmith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. L. Goldsmith (page does not exist)">P. L. Goldsmith</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(statistician)" title="Adrian Smith (statistician)">A. F. M. Smith</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Dawid" title="Philip Dawid">Philip Dawid</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._M._F._Smith" title="T. M. F. Smith">T. M. F. Smith</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._Fox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. J. Fox (page does not exist)">A. J. Fox</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._J._Pocock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. J. Pocock (page does not exist)">S. J. Pocock</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_McCullagh" title="Peter McCullagh">Peter McCullagh</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Silverman" title="Bernard Silverman">Bernard Silverman</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Spiegelhalter" title="David Spiegelhalter">David Spiegelhalter</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Forbes_Hendry" title="David Forbes Hendry">D. F. Hendry</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Green_(statistician)" title="Peter Green (statistician)">Peter Green</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._C._Darby" class="mw-redirect" title="S. C. Darby">S. C. Darby</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Gore" class="mw-redirect" title="S. M. Gore">S. M. Gore</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Isham" title="Valerie Isham">Valerie Isham</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._G._Kenward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. G. Kenward (page does not exist)">M. G. Kenward</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._Jennison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. Jennison (page does not exist)">C. Jennison</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Tawn" title="Jonathan Tawn">Jonathan Tawn</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._F._A._Poultney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. F. A. Poultney (page does not exist)">R. F. A. Poultney</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_M._Johnstone" title="Iain M. Johnstone">Iain M. Johnstone</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._N._S._Matthews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. N. S. Matthews (page does not exist)">J. N. S. Matthews</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Roberts_(statistician)" title="Gareth Roberts (statistician)">Gareth Roberts</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._Firth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D. Firth (page does not exist)">D. Firth</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P._W._F._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. W. F. Smith (page does not exist)">P. W. F. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Forster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Forster (page does not exist)">J. Forster</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Wakefield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Wakefield (page does not exist)">J. Wakefield</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Nason" title="Guy Nason">Guy Nason</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geert_Molenberghs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geert Molenberghs (page does not exist)">Geert Molenberghs</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Lynn_(statistician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Lynn (statistician) (page does not exist)">Peter Lynn</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Best" title="Nicky Best">Nicola Best</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Brooks_(statistician)" title="Steve Brooks (statistician)">Steve Brooks</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Stephens_(statistician)" title="Matthew Stephens (statistician)">Matthew Stephens</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fearnhead" title="Paul Fearnhead">Paul Fearnhead</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiona_Steele" title="Fiona Steele">Fiona Steele</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Holmes_(mathematician)" title="Chris Holmes (mathematician)">Chris Holmes</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omiros_Papaspiliopoulos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omiros Papaspiliopoulos (page does not exist)">Omiros Papaspiliopoulos</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolai_Meinshausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolai Meinshausen (page does not exist)">Nicolai Meinshausen</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Samworth" title="Richard Samworth">Richard Samworth</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Fryzlewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piotr Fryzlewicz (page does not exist)">Piotr Fryzlewicz</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_Yuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ming Yuan (page does not exist)">Ming Yuan</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchi_Lv" title="Jinchi Lv">Jinchi Lv</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingying_Fan" title="Yingying Fan">Yingying Fan</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peng_Ding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peng Ding (page does not exist)">Peng Ding</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Peters_(statistician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonas Peters (statistician) (page does not exist)">Jonas Peters</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_McCrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rachel McCrea (page does not exist)">Rachel McCrea</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_E._Jacob&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre E. Jacob (page does not exist)">Pierre E. Jacob</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajan_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajan Shah (page does not exist)">Rajan Shah</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society444" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1834–1836 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">The Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li>1836–1838 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lemon" title="Charles Lemon">Sir Charles Lemon, Bt</a></li> <li>1838–1840 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wentworth-Fitzwilliam,_5th_Earl_Fitzwilliam" title="Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam">The Earl FitzWilliam</a></li> <li>1840–1842 <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_2nd_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 2nd Earl of Harrowby">Viscount Sandon</a></li> <li>1842–1843 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">The Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li>1843–1845 <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury">Lord Ashley</a></li> <li>1845–1847 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spring_Rice,_1st_Baron_Monteagle_of_Brandon" title="Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon">The Lord Monteagle of Brandon</a></li> <li>1847–1849 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wentworth-Fitzwilliam,_5th_Earl_Fitzwilliam" title="Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam">The Earl FitzWilliam</a></li> <li>1849–1851 <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_2nd_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 2nd Earl of Harrowby">The Earl of Harrowby</a></li> <li>1851–1853 <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jones-Loyd,_1st_Baron_Overstone" title="Samuel Jones-Loyd, 1st Baron Overstone">The Lord Overstone</a></li> <li>1853–1855 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wentworth-Fitzwilliam,_5th_Earl_Fitzwilliam" title="Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam">The Earl FitzWilliam</a></li> <li>1855–1857 <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_2nd_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 2nd Earl of Harrowby">The Earl of Harrowby</a></li> <li>1857–1859 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Lord Stanley</a></li> <li>1859–1861 <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord John Russell</a></li> <li>1861–1863 <a href="/wiki/John_Pakington,_1st_Baron_Hampton" title="John Pakington, 1st Baron Hampton">Sir John Pakington, Bt</a></li> <li>1863–1865 <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Sykes" title="William Henry Sykes">William Henry Sykes</a></li> <li>1865–1867 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Monckton_Milnes,_1st_Baron_Houghton" title="Richard Monckton Milnes, 1st Baron Houghton">The Lord Houghton</a></li> <li>1867–1869 <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></li> <li>1869–1871 <a href="/wiki/William_Newmarch" title="William Newmarch">William Newmarch</a></li> <li>1871–1873 <a href="/wiki/William_Farr" title="William Farr">William Farr</a></li> <li>1873–1875 <a href="/wiki/William_Guy" title="William Guy">William Guy</a></li> <li>1875–1877 <a href="/wiki/James_Heywood_(philanthropist)" title="James Heywood (philanthropist)">James Heywood</a></li> <li>1877–1879 <a href="/wiki/George_Shaw-Lefevre,_1st_Baron_Eversley" class="mw-redirect" title="George Shaw-Lefevre, 1st Baron Eversley">George Shaw-Lefevre</a></li> <li>1879–1880 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brassey,_1st_Earl_Brassey" title="Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey">Thomas Brassey</a></li> <li>1880–1882 <a href="/wiki/James_Caird_(1816-1892)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Caird (1816-1892)">James Caird</a></li> <li>1882–1884 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Giffen" title="Robert Giffen">Robert Giffen</a></li> <li>1884–1886 <a href="/wiki/Rawson_W._Rawson" title="Rawson W. Rawson">Rawson W. Rawson</a></li> <li>1886–1888 <a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">George Goschen</a></li> <li>1888–1890 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_Balfour" title="Thomas Graham Balfour">Thomas Graham Balfour</a></li> <li>1890–1892 <a href="/wiki/Frederic_J._Mouat" title="Frederic J. Mouat">Frederic J. Mouat</a></li> <li>1892–1894 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Booth</a></li> <li>1894–1896 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrer,_1st_Baron_Farrer" title="Thomas Farrer, 1st Baron Farrer">The Lord Farrer</a></li> <li>1896–1897 <a href="/wiki/John_Biddulph_Martin" title="John Biddulph Martin">John Biddulph Martin</a></li> <li>1897 <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Edmund_Bateman" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Edmund Bateman">Alfred Edmund Bateman</a></li> <li>1897–1899 <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Courtney,_1st_Baron_Courtney_of_Penwith" title="Leonard Courtney, 1st Baron Courtney of Penwith">Leonard Courtney</a></li> <li>1899–1900 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fowler,_1st_Viscount_Wolverhampton" title="Henry Fowler, 1st Viscount Wolverhampton">Henry Fowler</a></li> <li>1900–1902 <a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">The Lord Avebury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1902–1904 <a href="/wiki/Patrick_George_Craigie" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick George Craigie">Patrick George Craigie</a></li> <li>1904–1905 <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Powell,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Powell, 1st Baronet">Sir Francis Powell, Bt</a></li> <li>1905–1906 <a href="/wiki/William_Onslow,_4th_Earl_of_Onslow" title="William Onslow, 4th Earl of Onslow">The Earl of Onslow</a></li> <li>1906–1907 <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Martin,_1st_Baronet,_of_Overbury_Court" title="Sir Richard Martin, 1st Baronet, of Overbury Court">Richard Martin</a></li> <li>1907–1909 <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Dilke,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Dilke, 2nd Baronet">Sir Charles Dilke, Bt</a></li> <li>1909–1910 <a href="/wiki/Jervoise_Athelstane_Baines" title="Jervoise Athelstane Baines">Jervoise Athelstane Baines</a></li> <li>1910–1912 <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Hamilton" title="Lord George Hamilton">Lord George Hamilton</a></li> <li>1912–1914 <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Francis Ysidro Edgeworth</a></li> <li>1914–1915 <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Welby,_1st_Baron_Welby" title="Reginald Welby, 1st Baron Welby">The Lord Welby</a></li> <li>1915–1916 <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Hamilton" title="Lord George Hamilton">Lord George Hamilton</a></li> <li>1916–1918 <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mallet" title="Bernard Mallet">Bernard Mallet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Registrar General">Registrar General</a></li> <li>1918–1920 <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Herbert Samuel</a></li> <li>1920–1922 <a href="/wiki/R._Henry_Rew" title="R. Henry Rew">R. Henry Rew</a></li> <li>1922–1924 <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Emmott,_1st_Baron_Emmott" title="Alfred Emmott, 1st Baron Emmott">The Lord Emmott</a></li> <li>1924–1926 <a href="/wiki/Udny_Yule" title="Udny Yule">Udny Yule</a></li> <li>1926–1928 <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Vincent,_1st_Viscount_D%27Abernon" title="Edgar Vincent, 1st Viscount D'Abernon">The Viscount D'Abernon</a></li> <li>1928–1930 <a href="/wiki/A._William_Flux" class="mw-redirect" title="A. William Flux">A. William Flux</a></li> <li>1930–1932 <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Stamp,_1st_Baron_Stamp" title="Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp">Sir Josiah Stamp</a></li> <li>1932–1934 <a href="/wiki/James_Meston,_1st_Baron_Meston" title="James Meston, 1st Baron Meston">The Lord Meston</a></li> <li>1934–1936 <a href="/wiki/Major_Greenwood" title="Major Greenwood">Major Greenwood</a></li> <li>1936–1938 <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Young,_1st_Baron_Kennet" title="Hilton Young, 1st Baron Kennet">The Lord Kennet</a></li> <li>1938–1940 <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">Arthur Lyon Bowley</a></li> <li>1940–1941 <a href="/wiki/Henry_William_Macrosty" title="Henry William Macrosty">Henry William Macrosty</a></li> <li>1941 <a href="/wiki/Hector_Leak" title="Hector Leak">Hector Leak</a></li> <li>1941–1943 <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a></li> <li>1943–1945 <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Charles_Snow" title="Ernest Charles Snow">Ernest Charles Snow</a></li> <li>1945–1947 <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marquis,_1st_Earl_of_Woolton" title="Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton">The Lord Woolton</a></li> <li>1947–1949 <a href="/wiki/David_Heron_(statistician)" title="David Heron (statistician)">David Heron</a></li> <li>1949–1950 <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Heyworth,_1st_Baron_Heyworth" title="Geoffrey Heyworth, 1st Baron Heyworth">Sir Geoffrey Heyworth</a></li> <li>1950–1952 <a href="/wiki/Austin_Bradford_Hill" title="Austin Bradford Hill">Austin Bradford Hill</a></li> <li>1952–1954 <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a></li> <li>1954–1955 <a href="/wiki/William_Piercy,_1st_Baron_Piercy" title="William Piercy, 1st Baron Piercy">The Lord Piercy</a></li> <li>1955–1957 <a href="/wiki/Egon_Pearson" title="Egon Pearson">Egon Pearson</a></li> <li>1957–1959 <a href="/wiki/Harry_Campion" title="Harry Campion">Harry Campion</a></li> <li>1959–1960 <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Beaver" title="Hugh Beaver">Hugh Beaver</a></li> <li>1960–1962 <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Kendall" title="Maurice Kendall">Maurice Kendall</a></li> <li>1962–1964 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Oscar_Irwin" title="Joseph Oscar Irwin">Joseph Oscar Irwin</a></li> <li>1964–1965 <a href="/wiki/Paul_Chambers_(industrialist)" title="Paul Chambers (industrialist)">Sir Paul Chambers</a></li> <li>1965–1966 <a href="/wiki/L._H._C._Tippett" title="L. H. C. Tippett">L. H. C. Tippett</a></li> <li>1966–1967 <a href="/wiki/M._S._Bartlett" title="M. S. Bartlett">M. S. Bartlett</a></li> <li>1967–1968 <a href="/wiki/Frank_Yates" title="Frank Yates">Frank Yates</a></li> <li>1968–1969 <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cockfield,_Baron_Cockfield" title="Arthur Cockfield, Baron Cockfield">Arthur Cockfield</a></li> <li>1969–1970 <a href="/wiki/R._G._D._Allen" title="R. G. D. Allen">R. G. D. Allen</a></li> <li>1970–1971 <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Benjamin" title="Bernard Benjamin">Bernard Benjamin</a></li> <li>1971–1972 <a href="/wiki/George_Alfred_Barnard" title="George Alfred Barnard">George Alfred Barnard</a></li> <li>1972–1973 <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a></li> <li>1973–1974 <a href="/wiki/D._J._Finney" title="D. J. Finney">D. J. Finney</a></li> <li>1974–1975 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Daniels_(statistician)" title="Henry Daniels (statistician)">Henry Daniels</a></li> <li>1975–1977 <a href="/wiki/Stella_Cunliffe" title="Stella Cunliffe">Stella Cunliffe</a></li> <li>1977–1978 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wynn" title="Henry Wynn">Henry Wynn</a></li> <li>1978–1980 <a href="/wiki/Claus_Moser,_Baron_Moser" title="Claus Moser, Baron Moser">Sir Claus Moser</a></li> <li>1980–1982 <a href="/wiki/David_Cox_(statistician)" title="David Cox (statistician)">David Cox</a></li> <li>1982–1984 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Armitage_(statistician)" title="Peter Armitage (statistician)">Peter Armitage</a></li> <li>1984–1985 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bodmer" title="Walter Bodmer">Walter Bodmer</a></li> <li>1985–1986 <a href="/wiki/John_Nelder" title="John Nelder">John Nelder</a></li> <li>1986–1987 <a href="/wiki/James_Durbin" title="James Durbin">James Durbin</a></li> <li>1987–1989 <a href="/wiki/John_Kingman" title="John Kingman">John Kingman</a></li> <li>1989–1991 <a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Moore" title="Peter G. Moore">Peter G. Moore</a></li> <li>1991–1993 <a href="/wiki/T._M._F._Smith" title="T. M. F. Smith">T. M. F. Smith</a></li> <li>1993–1995 <a href="/wiki/D._J._Bartholomew" title="D. J. Bartholomew">D. J. Bartholomew</a></li> <li>1995–1997 <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(statistician)" title="Adrian Smith (statistician)">Adrian Smith</a></li> <li>1997–1999 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nicholas_Curnow" title="Robert Nicholas Curnow">Robert Nicholas Curnow</a></li> <li>1999–2001 <a href="/wiki/Denise_Lievesley" title="Denise Lievesley">Denise Lievesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001–2003 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Green_(statistician)" title="Peter Green (statistician)">Peter Green</a></li> <li>2003–2005 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andy_Grieve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andy Grieve (page does not exist)">Andy Grieve</a></li> <li>2005–2007 <a href="/wiki/Tim_Holt_(statistician)" title="Tim Holt (statistician)">Tim Holt</a></li> <li>2008–2009 <a href="/wiki/David_Hand_(statistician)" title="David Hand (statistician)">David Hand</a></li> <li>2010–2010 <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Silverman" title="Bernard Silverman">Bernard Silverman</a> (resigned Feb 2010; replaced <i>pro tem</i> by David Hand)</li> <li>2011–2012 <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Isham" title="Valerie Isham">Valerie Isham</a></li> <li>2013–2014 <a href="/wiki/John_Pullinger" title="John Pullinger">John Pullinger</a></li> <li>2014–2016 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Diggle" title="Peter Diggle">Peter Diggle</a></li> <li>2017–2018 <a href="/wiki/David_Spiegelhalter" title="David Spiegelhalter">David Spiegelhalter</a></li> <li>2019– <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Ashby" title="Deborah Ashby">Deborah Ashby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society" title="Category:Presidents of the Royal Statistical Society">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Statistical Society">List</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visualization_of_technical_information112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Visualization" title="Template:Visualization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Visualization" title="Template talk:Visualization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Visualization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Visualization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visualization_of_technical_information112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a> of technical information</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_data_visualization" title="Biological data visualization">Biological data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_imaging" title="Chemical imaging">Chemical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_mapping" title="Crime mapping">Crime mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">Data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Educational visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_visualization" title="Flow visualization">Flow visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">Information visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_diagram" title="Mathematical diagram">Mathematical visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_graphics" title="Molecular graphics">Molecular graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Product visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">Scientific visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_visualization" title="Social visualization">Social visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_visualization" title="Software visualization">Software visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume visualization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">Diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_of_a_function" title="Graph of a function">Graph of a function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" title="Plot (graphics)">Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankey_diagram" title="Sankey diagram">Sankey diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schematic" title="Schematic">Schematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_formula" title="Skeletal formula">Skeletal formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Statistical graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_illustration" title="Technical illustration">Technical illustration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Ren%C3%A9_de_Fourcroy" title="Charles-René de Fourcroy">Charles-René de Fourcroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupin" title="Charles Dupin">Charles Dupin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Adolphe Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Michel_Guerry" title="André-Michel Guerry">André-Michel Guerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Playfair" title="William Playfair">William Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">August Kekulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Charles Joseph Minard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis Amasa Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Venn" title="John Venn">John Venn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Byrne_(mathematician)" title="Oliver Byrne (mathematician)">Oliver Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry_Phineas_Riall_Sankey" title="Matthew Henry Phineas Riall Sankey">Matthew Sankey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow" title="John Snow">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Pohlke" title="Karl Wilhelm Pohlke">Karl Wilhelm Pohlke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Loua" title="Toussaint Loua">Toussaint Loua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder">Edward Walter Maunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gantt" title="Henry Gantt">Henry Gantt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">Arthur Lyon Bowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_G._Funkhouser" title="Howard G. Funkhouser">Howard G. Funkhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Peddle" title="John B. Peddle">John B. Peddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_O._Lorenz" title="Max O. Lorenz">Max O. Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kahn" title="Fritz Kahn">Fritz Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Beck" title="Harry Beck">Harry Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Raisz" title="Erwin Raisz">Erwin Raisz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bertin" title="Jacques Bertin">Jacques Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Modley" title="Rudolf Modley">Rudolf Modley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Robinson" title="Arthur H. Robinson">Arthur H. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eleanor_Spear" title="Mary Eleanor Spear">Mary Eleanor Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Anderson" title="Edgar Anderson">Edgar Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Fisher" title="Howard T. Fisher">Howard T. Fisher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borden_Dent" title="Borden Dent">Borden Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Holmes" title="Nigel Holmes">Nigel Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Cleveland" title="William S. Cleveland">William S. Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Robertson" title="George G. Robertson">George G. Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_H._McCormick" title="Bruce H. McCormick">Bruce H. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Plaisant" title="Catherine Plaisant">Catherine Plaisant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Card" title="Stuart Card">Stuart Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hanrahan" title="Pat Hanrahan">Pat Hanrahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Friendly" title="Michael Friendly">Michael Friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wainer" title="Howard Wainer">Howard Wainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_A._Pickover" title="Clifford A. Pickover">Clifford A. Pickover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Furnas" title="George Furnas">George Furnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheelagh_Carpendale" title="Sheelagh Carpendale">Sheelagh Carpendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Brewer" title="Cynthia Brewer">Cynthia Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_D._Mackinlay" title="Jock D. Mackinlay">Jock D. Mackinlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacEachren" title="Alan MacEachren">Alan MacEachren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Goodsell" title="David Goodsell">David Goodsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan-Liu_Ma" title="Kwan-Liu Ma">Kwan-Liu Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maltz" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Maltz">Michael Maltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Wilkinson" title="Leland Wilkinson">Leland Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Inselberg" title="Alfred Inselberg">Alfred Inselberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Fry" title="Ben Fry">Ben Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Heer" title="Jeffrey Heer">Jeffrey Heer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Hullman" title="Jessica Hullman">Jessica Hullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kindlmann" title="Gordon Kindlmann">Gordon Kindlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Koblin" title="Aaron Koblin">Aaron Koblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_R._Johnson" title="Christopher R. Johnson">Christopher R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lima" title="Manuel Lima">Manuel Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McCandless" title="David McCandless">David McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Martino" title="Mauro Martino">Mauro Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maeda" title="John Maeda">John Maeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriah_Meyer" title="Miriah Meyer">Miriah Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Munzner" title="Tamara Munzner">Tamara Munzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ade_Olufeko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ade Olufeko">Ade Olufeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanspeter_Pfister" title="Hanspeter Pfister">Hanspeter Pfister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosling" title="Hans Rosling">Hans Rosling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Silva_(computer_scientist)" title="Claudio Silva (computer scientist)">Claudio Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Stefaner" title="Moritz Stefaner">Moritz Stefaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Vi%C3%A9gas" title="Fernanda Viégas">Fernanda Viégas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_M._Wattenberg" title="Martin M. Wattenberg">Martin Wattenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Wong" title="Bang Wong">Bang Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Wickham" title="Hadley Wickham">Hadley Wickham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartjunk" title="Chartjunk">Chartjunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_coding_in_data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Color coding in data visualization">Color coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_(computer_science)" title="Computer graphics (computer science)">in computer science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPK_coloring" title="CPK coloring">CPK coloring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_organizer" title="Graphic organizer">Graphic organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging science">Imaging science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_art" title="Information art">Information art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">Information graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misleading_graph" title="Misleading graph">Misleading graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_drawing" title="Patent drawing">Patent drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">Scientific modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_cartography" title="Volume cartography">Volume cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume rendering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555978#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2154" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555978#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555978#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108603891">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/120730771">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/56751/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhMpBqbpPgcv4R6GmwQv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119180170">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80079620">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12359082b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12359082b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620397">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35020279">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002153862&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068021755">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/64jmvk3q34x3tfj">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810600390305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007274367505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13922487">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01948557?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/794524">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032590091">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6pk4qrz">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)&oldid=1281977573">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)&oldid=1281977573</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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