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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Early career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revolutionary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Revolutionary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piano_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piano_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Piano Institute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piano_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budding_composer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budding_composer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Budding composer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budding_composer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_sorrows_and_professional_disenchantment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_sorrows_and_professional_disenchantment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.4 Private sorrows and professional disenchantment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_sorrows_and_professional_disenchantment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Years_of_travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Years_of_travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Years of travel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Years_of_travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gothenburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gothenburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Gothenburg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gothenburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bereavement,_remarriage_and_return_to_Prague" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bereavement,_remarriage_and_return_to_Prague"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Bereavement, remarriage and return to Prague </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bereavement,_remarriage_and_return_to_Prague-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_prominence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_prominence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 National prominence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_prominence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seeking_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seeking_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Seeking recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seeking_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera_maestro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera_maestro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 Opera maestro </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera_maestro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.3 Opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_decade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_decade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Final decade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_decade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deafness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deafness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Deafness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deafness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_flowering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_flowering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 Late flowering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_flowering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Illness and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Music </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Music subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Piano_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piano_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Piano works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piano_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocal_and_choral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocal_and_choral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Vocal and choral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocal_and_choral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chamber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chamber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Chamber </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chamber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orchestral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orchestral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Orchestral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orchestral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Opera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_and_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_and_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Character and reputation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_and_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bedřich Smetana</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" > 85 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بدرجيخ سميتنا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بدرجيخ سميتنا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrjix_Smetana" title="Bedrjix Smetana – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bedrjix Smetana" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бедржих Сметана – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бедржих Сметана" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бедржых Сметана – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бедржых Сметана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бедржих Сметана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бедржих Сметана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87_%CE%A3%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Μπέντριχ Σμέτανα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπέντριχ Σμέτανα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrich_Smetana" title="Bedrich Smetana – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bedrich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بدریخ اسمتانا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بدریخ اسمتانا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%93%9C%EB%A5%B4%EC%A7%80%ED%9D%90_%EC%8A%A4%EB%A9%94%ED%83%80%EB%82%98" title="베드르지흐 스메타나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베드르지흐 스메타나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%AB%D5%AD_%D5%8D%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Բեդրժիխ Սմետանա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեդրժիխ Սմետանա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%93%D7%96%27%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%94" title="בדז'יך סמטנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בדז'יך סמטנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ბედრჟიხ სმეტანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბედრჟიხ სმეტანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бедржих Сметана – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бедржих Сметана" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Сметана Бедржих – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сметана Бедржих" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridericus_Smetana" title="Fridericus Smetana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fridericus Smetana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedr%C5%BEihs_Smetana" title="Bedržihs Smetana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bedržihs Smetana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Беджих Сметана – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Беджих Сметана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="बेद्रिच स्मेताना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बेद्रिच स्मेताना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بيدريخ سميتانا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيدريخ سميتانا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бедржих Сметана – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бедржих Сметана" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8A" title="ベドルジハ・スメタナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベドルジハ・スメタナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਬੈਡਰਿਚ ਸਮੇਟਾਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੈਡਰਿਚ ਸਮੇਟਾਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Сметана, Бедржих – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сметана, Бедржих" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrich_Smetana" title="Bedrich Smetana – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bedrich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Беджих Сметана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Беджих Сметана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrich_Smetana" title="Bedrich Smetana – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bedrich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="பெட்ரிக் சிமேத்தானா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெட்ரிக் சிமேத்தானா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%8C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="แบ็ดฌิค สแมตานา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบ็ดฌิค สแมตานา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бедржіх Сметана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бедржіх Сметана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bedřich Smetana" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%B5%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%BE%8E%E5%A1%94%E9%82%A3" title="贝德里赫·斯美塔那 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贝德里赫·斯美塔那" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%AD%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%BE%8E%E5%A1%94%E9%82%A3" title="比德歷·斯美塔那 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="比德歷·斯美塔那" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedr%C5%BE%C4%97chos_Smetana" title="Bedržėchos Smetana – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bedržėchos Smetana" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%A4%9A%E4%BC%8A%E9%BD%90%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%BE%8E%E5%A1%94%E9%82%A3" title="贝多伊齐·斯美塔那 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贝多伊齐·斯美塔那" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q48173#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Czech composer (1824–1884)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Smetana" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Smetana_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Smetana (disambiguation)">Smetana (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smetana_LCCN2014716851_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of middle-aged man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Smetana_LCCN2014716851_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Smetana_LCCN2014716851_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Smetana_LCCN2014716851_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Smetana_LCCN2014716851_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Smetana_LCCN2014716851_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Smetana_LCCN2014716851_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3173" data-file-height="4123" /></a><figcaption>Smetana, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1878 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="signature written in ink in a flowing script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_signature.svg/170px-Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_signature.svg/255px-Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_signature.svg/340px-Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></figcaption></figure> Bedřich Smetana (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌbɛdərʒɪx ˈsmɛtənə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BED-ər-zhikh SMET-ə-nə</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Czech: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">[ˈbɛdr̝ɪx ˈsmɛtana]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/ba\/Cs-Bedrich_Smetana.ogg\/Cs-Bedrich_Smetana.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cs-Bedrich Smetana.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Cs-Bedrich_Smetana.ogg/Cs-Bedrich_Smetana.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Cs-Bedrich_Smetana.ogg" title="File:Cs-Bedrich Smetana.ogg">ⓘ</a>; 2 March 1824 – 12 May 1884) was a Czech composer who pioneered the development of a musical style that became closely identified with his people's aspirations to a cultural and political "revival". He has been regarded in his homeland as the father of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Czech Lands">Czech music</a>. Internationally he is best known for his 1866 opera <a href="/wiki/The_Bartered_Bride" title="The Bartered Bride">The Bartered Bride</a> and for the symphonic cycle <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1_vlast" title="Má vlast">Má vlast</a> ("My Fatherland"), which portrays the history, legends and landscape of the composer's native <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>. It contains the famous <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poem</a> "<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1_vlast#Vltava" title="Má vlast">Vltava</a>", also popularly known by its German name "Die Moldau" (in English, "The Moldau"). Smetana was naturally gifted as a composer, and gave his first public performance at the age of six. After conventional schooling, he studied music under <a href="/wiki/Josef_Proksch" title="Josef Proksch">Josef Proksch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>. His first nationalistic music was written during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire">1848 Prague uprising</a>, in which he briefly participated. After failing to establish his career in Prague, he left for Sweden, where he set up as a teacher and choirmaster in <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>, and began to write large-scale orchestral works. In the early 1860s, a more liberal political climate in Bohemia encouraged Smetana to return permanently to Prague. He threw himself into the musical life of the city, primarily as a champion of the new genre of Czech opera. In 1866 his first two operas, <a href="/wiki/The_Brandenburgers_in_Bohemia" title="The Brandenburgers in Bohemia">The Brandenburgers in Bohemia</a> and The Bartered Bride, were premiered at Prague's new <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Theatre_(Prague)" title="Provisional Theatre (Prague)">Provisional Theatre</a>, the latter achieving great popularity. In that same year, Smetana became the theatre's principal conductor, but the years of his conductorship were marked by controversy. Factions within the city's musical establishment considered his identification with the progressive ideas of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> inimical to the development of a distinctively Czech opera style. This opposition interfered with his creative work, and may have hastened a decline in health that precipitated his resignation from the theatre in 1874. By the end of 1874, Smetana had become completely deaf but, freed from his theatre duties and the related controversies, he began a period of sustained composition that continued for almost the rest of his life. His contributions to Czech music were increasingly recognised and honoured, but a mental collapse early in 1884 led to his incarceration in an asylum and subsequent death. His reputation as the founding father of Czech music has endured in his native country, where advocates have raised his status above that of his contemporaries and successors. However, relatively few of Smetana's works are in the international repertory, and most foreign commentators tend to regard <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a> as a more significant Czech composer. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_background_and_childhood">Family background and childhood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family background and childhood">edit</a>]</div> Bedřich Smetana, first named Friedrich Smetana, was born on 2 March 1824, in <a href="/wiki/Litomy%C5%A1l" title="Litomyšl">Litomyšl</a> (German: Leitomischl), east of Prague near the traditional border between <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, then provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Habsburg Empire</a>. He was the third child, and first son, of František Smetana and his third wife Barbora Linková. František had fathered eight children in two earlier marriages, five daughters surviving infancy; he and Barbora had ten more children, of whom seven reached adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-Clap9-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Large395-5">[5]</a> At this time, under Habsburg rule, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> was the official language of Bohemia. František knew <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> but, for business and social reasons, rarely used it; and his children were ignorant of correct Czech until much later in their lives.<a href="#cite_note-Large,_p._3-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AntoninMachek-FrantisekSmetana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/AntoninMachek-FrantisekSmetana.jpg/220px-AntoninMachek-FrantisekSmetana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/AntoninMachek-FrantisekSmetana.jpg/330px-AntoninMachek-FrantisekSmetana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/AntoninMachek-FrantisekSmetana.jpg/440px-AntoninMachek-FrantisekSmetana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>František Smetana by <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Machek" title="Antonín Machek">Antonín Machek</a> (1832)</figcaption></figure> The Smetana family came from the <a href="/wiki/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9" title="Hradec Králové">Hradec Králové</a> (German: Königgrätz) region of Bohemia. František had initially learned the trade of a brewer, and had acquired moderate wealth during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> by supplying clothing and provisions to the French Army. He subsequently managed several breweries before coming to Litomyšl in 1823 as brewer to <a href="/wiki/Waldstein_family" title="Waldstein family">Count Waldstein</a>, whose Renaissance castle dominates the town.<a href="#cite_note-Clap9-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steen694-7">[7]</a> František Smetana played violin in a string quartet, and Barbora Smetana was a dancer.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov1-8">[8]</a> Bedřich was introduced to music by his father and in October 1830, at the age of six, gave his first public performance. At a concert held in Litomyšl's Philosophical Academy he played a piano arrangement of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a>'s overture to <a href="/wiki/La_muette_de_Portici" title="La muette de Portici">La muette de Portici</a>, to a rapturous reception.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 1831 the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Jind%C5%99ich%C5%AFv_Hradec" title="Jindřichův Hradec">Jindřichův Hradec</a> in the south of Bohemia—the region where, a generation later, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> grew up.<a href="#cite_note-Steen694-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Large5-11">[11]</a> Here, Smetana attended the local elementary school and later the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a>. He also studied violin and piano, discovering the works of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>, and began composing simple pieces, of which one, a dance (Kvapiček, or "Little Galop"), survives in sketch form.<a href="#cite_note-Large5-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clap13-12">[12]</a> In 1835, František retired to <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cechtice#Sights" title="Čechtice">Růžkovy Lhotice Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clap13-12">[12]</a> There being no suitable local school, Smetana was sent to the gymnasium at <a href="/wiki/Jihlava" title="Jihlava">Jihlava</a>, where he was homesick and unable to study. He then transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Premonstratensian" class="mw-redirect" title="Premonstratensian">Premonstratensian</a> school at <a href="/wiki/Havl%C3%AD%C4%8Dk%C5%AFv_Brod" title="Havlíčkův Brod">Německý Brod</a>, where he was happier and made good progress.<a href="#cite_note-Clap13-12">[12]</a> Among the friends he made here was the future Czech revolutionary poet <a href="/wiki/Karel_Havl%C3%AD%C4%8Dek_Borovsk%C3%BD" title="Karel Havlíček Borovský">Karel Havlíček Borovský</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> whose departure for Prague in 1838 may have influenced Smetana's own desire to experience life in the capital. The following year, with František's approval, he enrolled at Prague's Academic Grammar School under <a href="/wiki/Josef_Jungmann" title="Josef Jungmann">Josef Jungmann</a>, a distinguished poet and linguist who was a leading figure in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Revival" title="Czech National Revival">movement for Czech national revival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Large7-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apprentice_musician">Apprentice musician</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Apprentice musician">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_steps">First steps</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First steps">edit</a>]</div> Smetana arrived in Prague in the autumn of 1839. Finding Jungmann's school uncongenial (he was mocked by his classmates for his country manners),<a href="#cite_note-Large7-14">[14]</a> he soon began missing classes. He attended concerts, visited the opera, listened to military bands and joined an amateur string quartet for whom he composed simple pieces.<a href="#cite_note-Large7-14">[14]</a> After Liszt gave a series of piano recitals in the city, Smetana became convinced that he would find satisfaction only in a musical career.<a href="#cite_note-Large7-14">[14]</a> He confided to his journal that he wanted "to become a Mozart in composition and a Liszt in technique".<a href="#cite_note-Schonberg77-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rosa56-16">[16]</a> However, the Prague idyll ended when František discovered his son's truancy and removed him from the city.<a href="#cite_note-Large7-14">[14]</a> František at this time saw music as a diverting pastime, not as a career choice.<a href="#cite_note-Large,_p._3-6">[6]</a> Smetana was placed temporarily with his uncle in <a href="/wiki/Nov%C3%A9_M%C4%9Bsto_nad_Metuj%C3%AD" title="Nové Město nad Metují">Nové Město</a>, where he enjoyed a brief romance with his cousin Louisa. He commemorated their passion in Louisa's Polka, Smetana's earliest complete composition that has survived.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> An older cousin, Josef Smetana, a teacher at the Premonstratensian School in <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a> (German: Pilsen), then offered to supervise the boy's remaining schooling, and in the summer of 1840 Smetana departed for Plzeň.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov1-8">[8]</a> He remained there until he completed his schooling in 1843. His skills as a pianist were in great demand at the town's many soirées, and he enjoyed a hectic social life.<a href="#cite_note-Rosa56-16">[16]</a> This included a number of romances, the most important of which was with Kateřina Kolářová, whom he had known briefly in his early childhood. Smetana was entirely captivated with her, writing in his journal: "When I am not with her I am sitting on hot coals and have no peace".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> He composed several pieces for her, among which are two <a href="/wiki/Quadrille" title="Quadrille">Quadrilles</a>, a song duet, and an incomplete piano study for the left hand.<a href="#cite_note-Large19-19">[19]</a> He also composed his first orchestral piece, a B-flat minuet.<a href="#cite_note-Clap15-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Student_and_teacher">Student and teacher</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Student and teacher">edit</a>]</div> By the time Smetana completed his schooling, his father's fortunes had declined. Although František now agreed that his son should follow a musical career, he could not provide financial support.<a href="#cite_note-Rosa56-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Large19-19">[19]</a> In August 1843 Smetana departed for Prague with twenty <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_florin" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian florin">florins</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and no immediate prospects.<a href="#cite_note-Clap17-23">[23]</a> Kateřina Kolářová's mother introduced Smetana to Josef Proksch, then head of the Prague Music Institute (where Kateřina was studying), with whom he began composition lessons.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Large19-19">[19]</a> In January 1844 Proksch agreed to take Smetana as a pupil, and at the same time the young musician's financial difficulties were eased when he secured an appointment as music teacher to the family of a nobleman, Count Thun.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov1-8">[8]</a> During the course of his studies, Proksch introduced Smetana to both Liszt and <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov1-8">[8]</a> For the next three years, besides teaching piano to the Thun children, Smetana studied theory and composition under Proksch. The works he composed in these years include songs, dances, <a href="/wiki/Bagatelle_(music)" title="Bagatelle (music)">bagatelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impromptu" title="Impromptu">impromptus</a> and the G minor Piano Sonata.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In 1846 Smetana attended concerts given in Prague by Berlioz, and in all likelihood met the French composer at a reception arranged by Proksch.<a href="#cite_note-Clap19-25">[25]</a> At the home of Count Thun he met <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">Clara Schumann</a>, and showed them his G minor sonata, but failed to win their approval for this work—they detected too much of Berlioz in it.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov1-8">[8]</a> Meanwhile, his friendship with Kateřina blossomed. In June 1847, on resigning his position in the Thun household, Smetana recommended her as his replacement. He then set out on a tour of Western Bohemia, hoping to establish a reputation as a concert pianist.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Revolutionary">edit</a>]</div> Smetana's concert tour to Western Bohemia was poorly supported, so he abandoned it and returned to Prague, where he made a living from private pupils and occasional appearances as an accompanist in chamber concerts.<a href="#cite_note-Clap19-25">[25]</a> He also began work on his first major orchestral work, the Overture in D major.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Praha_Barricades_Charles_Bridge_panel_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Praha_Barricades_Charles_Bridge_panel_1848.jpg/220px-Praha_Barricades_Charles_Bridge_panel_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Praha_Barricades_Charles_Bridge_panel_1848.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption>Barricades on the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bridge" title="Charles Bridge">Charles Bridge</a>, Prague, 1848. Smetana was briefly a participant in the uprising.</figcaption></figure> For a brief period in 1848, Smetana was a revolutionary. In the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Habsburg_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas">climate of political change and upheaval</a> that swept through Europe in that year, a pro-democracy movement in Prague led by Smetana's old friend Karel Havlíček was urging an end to Habsburg absolutist rule and for more political autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-Large42-28">[28]</a> A Citizens' Army ("Svornost") was formed to defend the city against possible attack. Smetana wrote a series of patriotic works, including two <a href="/wiki/March_(music)" title="March (music)">marches</a> dedicated respectively to the Czech National Guard and the Students' Legion of the University of Prague, and The Song of Freedom to words by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Koll%C3%A1r" title="Ján Kollár">Ján Kollár</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Steen696-29">[29]</a> In June 1848, as the Habsburg armies moved to suppress rebellious tendencies, Prague came under attack from the Austrian forces led by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_I,_Prince_of_Windisch-Gr%C3%A4tz" title="Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz">the Prince of Windisch-Grätz</a>. As a member of Svornost, Smetana helped to man the barricades on the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bridge" title="Charles Bridge">Charles Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Large42-28">[28]</a> The nascent uprising was quickly crushed, but Smetana avoided the imprisonment or exile received by leaders such as Havlíček.<a href="#cite_note-Large42-28">[28]</a> During his brief spell with Svornost, he met the writer and leading radical, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Sabina" title="Karel Sabina">Karel Sabina</a>, who would later provide <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretti</a> for Smetana's first two operas.<a href="#cite_note-Large42-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Piano_Institute">Piano Institute</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Piano Institute">edit</a>]</div> Early in 1848, Smetana wrote to <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, whom he had not yet met, asking him to accept the dedication of a new piano work, Six Characteristic Pieces, and recommend it to a publisher. He also requested a loan of 400 florins, to enable him to open a music school. Liszt replied cordially, accepting the dedication and promising to help find a publisher, but he offered no financial assistance.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ottlov2-31">[31]</a> This encouragement was the beginning of a friendship that was of great value to Smetana in his subsequent career.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Despite Liszt's lack of financial support, Smetana was able to start a Piano Institute in late August 1848, with twelve students.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> After a period of struggle the Institute began to flourish and became briefly fashionable, particularly among supporters of <a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Czech nationalism</a>, in whose eyes Smetana was developing a reputation. Proksch wrote of Smetana's support for his people's cause, and said that he "could well become the transformer of my ideas in the Czech language."<a href="#cite_note-Large48-34">[34]</a> In 1849 the institute was relocated to the home of Kateřina's parents, and began to attract distinguished visitors; Liszt came regularly, and the former Austrian emperor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand</a>, who had settled in Prague, attended the school's matinée concerts.<a href="#cite_note-Large48-34">[34]</a> Smetana's performances in these concerts became a recognised feature of Prague's musical life. In this time of relative financial stability Smetana married his beloved, the young pianist Kateřina Kolářová, on 27 August 1849. Four daughters were born to the couple between 1851 and 1855.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov2-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Budding_composer">Budding composer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Budding composer">edit</a>]</div> In 1850, notwithstanding his revolutionary sentiments, Smetana accepted the post of Court Pianist in Ferdinand's establishment in <a href="/wiki/Prague_Castle" title="Prague Castle">Prague Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Steen696-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Large48-34">[34]</a> He continued teaching in the Piano Institute, and devoted himself increasingly to composition. His works, mainly for the piano, included the three-part Wedding Scenes, some of the music of which was later used in The Bartered Bride.<a href="#cite_note-Large51-35">[35]</a> He also wrote numerous short experimental pieces collected under the name Album Leaves, and a series of <a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">polkas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Large51-35">[35]</a> During 1853–54 he worked on a major orchestral piece, the Triumphal Symphony, composed to commemorate the wedding of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov2-31">[31]</a> The symphony was rejected by the Imperial Court, possibly on the grounds that the brief musical references to the <a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied#Melody" title="Deutschlandlied">Austrian national anthem</a> were not sufficiently prominent. Undeterred, Smetana hired an orchestra at his own expense to perform the symphony at the Konvikt Hall in Prague on 26 February 1855. The work was coolly received, and the concert was a financial failure.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Private_sorrows_and_professional_disenchantment">Private sorrows and professional disenchantment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Private sorrows and professional disenchantment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smetana1854portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Smetana1854portrait.jpg/220px-Smetana1854portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Smetana1854portrait.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Oil portrait of Smetana by <a href="/wiki/Geskel_Saloman" title="Geskel Saloman">Geskel Saloman</a> (1854)</figcaption></figure> In the years between 1854 and 1856 Smetana suffered a series of personal blows. In July 1854 his second daughter, Gabriela, died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. A year later his eldest daughter Bedřiška, who at the age of four was showing signs of musical precocity, died of <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clap22-37">[37]</a> Smetana wrote his <a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_in_G_Minor_(Smetana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano Trio in G Minor (Smetana)">Piano Trio in G minor</a> as a tribute to her memory; it was performed in Prague on 3 December 1855 and, according to the composer, was received "harshly" by the critics, although Liszt praised it.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Smetana's sorrows continued; just after Bedřiška's death a fourth daughter, Kateřina, had been born but she, too, died in June 1856. By this time Smetana's wife Kateřina had also been diagnosed with tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-Clap22-37">[37]</a> In July 1856, Smetana received news of the death in exile of his revolutionary friend Karel Havlíček.<a href="#cite_note-Large67-39">[39]</a> The political climate in Prague was a further source of gloom; hopes of a more enlightened government and social reform following Franz Joseph's accession in 1848 had faded as <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire#The_Bach_years" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian absolutism reasserted itself</a> under <a href="/wiki/Baron_Alexander_von_Bach" title="Baron Alexander von Bach">Baron Alexander von Bach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Large67-39">[39]</a> Despite the good name of the Piano Institute, Smetana's status as a concert pianist was generally considered below that of contemporaries such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dreyschock" title="Alexander Dreyschock">Alexander Dreyschock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Large67-39">[39]</a> Critics acknowledged Smetana's "delicate, crystalline touch", closer in style to <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a> than Liszt, but believed that his physical frailty was a serious drawback to his concert-playing ambitions.<a href="#cite_note-Large51-35">[35]</a> His main performance success during this period was his playing of Mozart's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._20_(Mozart)" title="Piano Concerto No. 20 (Mozart)">D minor Piano Concerto</a> at a concert celebrating the centenary of Mozart's birth, in January 1856.<a href="#cite_note-Large67-39">[39]</a> His disenchantment with Prague was growing and, perhaps influenced by Dreyschock's accounts of opportunities in Sweden, Smetana decided to seek success there. On 11 October 1856, after writing to his parents that "Prague did not wish to acknowledge me, so I left it", he departed for <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov3-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Years_of_travel">Years of travel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Years of travel">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gothenburg">edit</a>]</div> Smetana initially went to Gothenburg without Kateřina. Writing to Liszt, he said that the people there were musically unsophisticated, but he saw this as an opportunity "for an impact I could never have achieved in Prague."<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov3-40">[40]</a> Within a few weeks of his arrival, he had given his first recital, opened a music school that was rapidly overwhelmed by applications,<a href="#cite_note-Large71-41">[41]</a> and become conductor of the Gothenburg Society for Classical Choral Music.<a href="#cite_note-Large71-41">[41]</a> In a few months Smetana had achieved both professional and social recognition in the city, although he found little time for composition; two intended orchestral works, provisionally entitled Frithjof and The Viking's Voyage, were sketched but abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6teborg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/G%C3%B6teborg.jpg/220px-G%C3%B6teborg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/G%C3%B6teborg.jpg/330px-G%C3%B6teborg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/G%C3%B6teborg.jpg/440px-G%C3%B6teborg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>, Sweden, Smetana's base between 1856 and 1861</figcaption></figure> In summer 1857, Smetana came home to Prague and found Kateřina in failing health. In June, Smetana's father František died.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> That autumn Smetana returned to Gothenburg, with Kateřina and their surviving daughter Žofie, but before doing so he visited Liszt in <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>. The occasion was the Karl August Goethe-Schiller Jubilee celebrations; Smetana attended performances of Liszt's <a href="/wiki/Faust_Symphony" title="Faust Symphony">Faust Symphony</a> and the symphonic poem Die Ideale, which invigorated and inspired him.<a href="#cite_note-Large,_p._79-44">[44]</a> Liszt was Smetana's principal teacher throughout the latter's creative life, and at this time was crucially able to revive his spirits and rescue him from the relative artistic isolation of Gothenburg.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov3-40">[40]</a> Back in Sweden, Smetana found among his new pupils a young housewife, Fröjda Benecke, who briefly became his muse and his mistress. In her honour Smetana transcribed two songs from <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert's</a> <a href="/wiki/Die_sch%C3%B6ne_M%C3%BCllerin" title="Die schöne Müllerin">Die schöne Müllerin</a> cycle, and transformed one of his own early piano pieces into a polka entitled Vision at the Ball.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> He also began composing on a more expansive scale. In 1858 he completed the symphonic poem Richard III, his first major orchestral composition since the Triumphal Symphony. He followed this with Wallenstein's Camp, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wallenstein_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallenstein (play)">Wallenstein drama trilogy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and began a third symphonic poem <a href="/wiki/Hakon_Jarl_(Smetana)" title="Hakon Jarl (Smetana)">Hakon Jarl</a>, based on the tragic drama by Danish poet <a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Adam Oehlenschläger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clap28-47">[47]</a> Smetana also wrote two large-scale piano works: Macbeth and the Witches, and an Étude in C in the style of Liszt.<a href="#cite_note-Large84-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bereavement,_remarriage_and_return_to_Prague">Bereavement, remarriage and return to Prague</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bereavement, remarriage and return to Prague">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Smetana_-_polka_a_minor_op_12.ogg" title="File:Smetana - polka a minor op 12.ogg">Polka in A minor from Memories of Bohemia in Polka Form, Op. 12, 1859</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="177" data-mwtitle="Smetana_-_polka_a_minor_op_12.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Smetana_-_polka_a_minor_op_12.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Smetana_-_polka_a_minor_op_12.ogg/Smetana_-_polka_a_minor_op_12.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Piano: Veronika Ptáčková</div></div></div></div> </div> Kateřina's health gradually worsened and in the spring of 1859 failed completely. Homeward bound, she died at <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> on 19 April 1859. Smetana wrote that she had died "gently, without our knowing anything until the quiet drew my attention to her."<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> After placing Žofie with Kateřina's mother, Smetana spent time with Liszt in Weimar, where he was introduced to the music of the comic opera <a href="/wiki/Der_Barbier_von_Bagdad" title="Der Barbier von Bagdad">Der Barbier von Bagdad</a>, by Liszt's pupil <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cornelius" title="Peter Cornelius">Peter Cornelius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> This work would influence Smetana's own later career as an opera composer.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Later that year he stayed with his younger brother Karel, and fell in love with Karel's sister-in-law <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbora_(Bettina)_Ferdinandiov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbora (Bettina) Ferdinandiová (page does not exist)">Barbora (Bettina) Ferdinandiová</a> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettina_Smetanov%C3%A1" class="extiw" title="cs:Bettina Smetanová">cs</a>], sixteen years his junior. He proposed marriage, and having secured her promise returned to Gothenburg for the 1859–60 winter.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov3-40">[40]</a> The marriage took place the following year, on 10 July 1860, after which Smetana and his new wife returned to Sweden for a final season. This culminated in April 1861 with a piano performance in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, attended by the Swedish royal family. The couple's first daughter, Zdeňka, was born in September 1861.<a href="#cite_note-Clap28-47">[47]</a> Meanwhile, the defeat of Franz Joseph's army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino" title="Battle of Solferino">Solferino</a> in 1859 had weakened the Habsburg Empire and led to the fall from power of Baron von Bach.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> This had gradually brought a more enlightened atmosphere to Prague, and by 1861 Smetana was seeing prospects of a better future for Czech nationalism and culture.<a href="#cite_note-Schonberg77-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clap28-47">[47]</a> Before deciding his own future, in September he set out on a concert tour of the Netherlands and Germany. He was still hoping to secure a reputation as a pianist, but once again he experienced failure.<a href="#cite_note-Clap28-47">[47]</a> Back in Prague, he conducted performances of Richard III and Wallenstein's Camp in the <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDof%C3%ADn_Palace" title="Žofín Palace">Žofín Palace</a> concert hall in January 1862, to a muted reception. Critics accused him of adhering too closely to the "New German" school represented primarily by Liszt;<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Smetana responded that "a prophet is without honour in his own land."<a href="#cite_note-Clap28-47">[47]</a> In March 1862 he made a last brief visit to Gothenburg, but the city no longer held his interest; it appeared to him a provincial backwater and, whatever the difficulties, he now determined to seek his musical future in Prague: "My home has rooted itself into my heart so much that only there do I find real contentment. It is to this that I will sacrifice myself."<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_prominence">National prominence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: National prominence">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seeking_recognition">Seeking recognition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Seeking recognition">edit</a>]</div> In 1861, it was announced that a Provisional Theatre would be built in Prague, as a home for Czech opera.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov1-8">[8]</a> Smetana saw this as an opportunity to write and stage opera that would reflect Czech national character, similar to the portrayals of Russian life in <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Mikhail Glinka</a>'s operas.<a href="#cite_note-Schonberg77-15">[15]</a> He hoped that he might be considered for the theatre's conductorship, but the post went to <a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomuk_Ma%C3%BDr" title="Jan Nepomuk Maýr">Jan Nepomuk Maýr</a>, apparently because the conservative faction in charge of the project considered Smetana a "dangerous modernist", in thrall to avant garde composers such as Liszt and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clap32-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Smetana then turned his attention to an opera competition, organised by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_von_Harrach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan von Harrach (page does not exist)">Jan von Harrach</a> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Nepomuk_z_Harrachu" class="extiw" title="cs:Jan Nepomuk z Harrachu">cs</a>], which offered prizes of 600 florins each for the best comic and historical operas based on Czech culture.<a href="#cite_note-Clap32-55">[55]</a> With no useful model on which to base his work—Czech opera as a genre scarcely existed—Smetana had to create his own style. He engaged Karel Sabina, his comrade from the 1848 barricades, as his librettist,<a href="#cite_note-Large140-57">[57]</a> and received Sabina's text in February 1862, a story of the 13th century invasion of Bohemia by <a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg" title="Otto II, Margrave of Brandenburg">Otto of Brandenburg</a>. In April 1863 he submitted the score, under the title of The Brandenburgers in Bohemia.<a href="#cite_note-Large140-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ottlov4-58">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Na_Rejdi%C5%A1ti_str,_Prague_Old_Town.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Na_Rejdi%C5%A1ti_str%2C_Prague_Old_Town.jpg/220px-Na_Rejdi%C5%A1ti_str%2C_Prague_Old_Town.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Na_Rejdi%C5%A1ti_str%2C_Prague_Old_Town.jpg/330px-Na_Rejdi%C5%A1ti_str%2C_Prague_Old_Town.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Na_Rejdi%C5%A1ti_str%2C_Prague_Old_Town.jpg/440px-Na_Rejdi%C5%A1ti_str%2C_Prague_Old_Town.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1790" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prague_Conservatory" title="Prague Conservatory">Prague Conservatoire</a> (modern photograph): Smetana's bid to become its director failed.</figcaption></figure> At this stage in his career, Smetana's command of Czech was poor. His generation of Czechs was educated in German,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and he had difficulty expressing himself in what was supposedly his native tongue.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov4-58">[58]</a> To overcome these linguistic deficiencies he studied Czech grammar, and made a point of writing and speaking in Czech every day. He had become Chorus Master of the nationalistic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hlahol_Choral_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hlahol Choral Society (page does not exist)">Hlahol Choral Society</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlahol" class="extiw" title="de:Hlahol">de</a>] soon after his return from Sweden, and as his fluency in Czech developed he composed patriotic choruses for the Society; The Three Riders and The Renegade were performed at concerts in early 1863.<a href="#cite_note-Large121-60">[60]</a> In March of that year Smetana was elected president of the music section of <a href="/wiki/Um%C4%9Bleck%C3%A1_beseda" title="Umělecká beseda">Umělecká beseda</a>, a society for Czech artists.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov4-58">[58]</a> By 1864 he was proficient enough in Czech to be appointed as music critic to the main Czech-language newspaper Národní listy.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Meanwhile, Bettina had given birth to another daughter, Božena.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> On 23 April 1864, Smetana conducted Berlioz's <a href="/wiki/Choral_symphony" title="Choral symphony">choral symphony</a> <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_et_Juliette_(Berlioz)" title="Roméo et Juliette (Berlioz)">Roméo et Juliette</a> at a concert celebrating the <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> tercentenary, adding to the programme his own March for the Shakespearean Festival.<a href="#cite_note-Clap32-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ottlov4-58">[58]</a> That year, Smetana's bid to become Director of the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Conservatory" title="Prague Conservatory">Prague Conservatory</a> failed. He had set high hopes on this appointment: "My friends are trying to persuade me that this post might have been especially created for me," he wrote to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Philip_Valentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Philip Valentin (page does not exist)">Isaac Philip Valentin</a> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Philip_Valentin" class="extiw" title="sv:Isaac Philip Valentin">sv</a>].<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Again his hopes were thwarted by his association with the perceived radical Liszt, and the appointing committee chose the conservative patriot <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Krej%C4%8D%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Krejčí (page does not exist)">Josef Krejčí</a> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Krej%C4%8D%C3%AD_(skladatel)" class="extiw" title="cs:Josef Krejčí (skladatel)">cs</a>] for the post.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dvorak_Bedrich_Smetana_and_friends_in_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dvorak_Bedrich_Smetana_and_friends_in_1865.jpg/220px-Dvorak_Bedrich_Smetana_and_friends_in_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dvorak_Bedrich_Smetana_and_friends_in_1865.jpg/330px-Dvorak_Bedrich_Smetana_and_friends_in_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dvorak_Bedrich_Smetana_and_friends_in_1865.jpg/440px-Dvorak_Bedrich_Smetana_and_friends_in_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>Bedřich Smetana Among his Friends, 1865; oil painting by <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k_(painter)" title="František Dvořák (painter)">František Dvořák</a></figcaption></figure> Almost three years passed before Smetana was declared the winner of Harrach's opera competition.<a href="#cite_note-Clap32-55">[55]</a> Before then, on 5 January 1866, The Brandenburgers had been performed to an enthusiastic reception at the Provisional Theatre—over strong opposition from Maýr, who had refused to rehearse or conduct the piece. The idiom was too advanced for Maýr's liking, and the opera was eventually staged under the composer's own direction.<a href="#cite_note-Clap32-55">[55]</a> "I was called on stage nine times," Smetana wrote, recording that the house was sold out and that the critics were full of praise.<a href="#cite_note-Large145-65">[65]</a> Music historian <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Newmarch" title="Rosa Newmarch">Rosa Newmarch</a> believes that, although The Brandenburgers has not stood the test of time, it contains all the germs of Smetana's operatic art.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opera_maestro">Opera maestro</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Opera maestro">edit</a>]</div> In July 1863, Sabina had delivered the libretto for a second opera, a light comedy entitled <a href="/wiki/The_Bartered_Bride" title="The Bartered Bride">The Bartered Bride</a>, which Smetana composed during the next three years. Because of the success of The Brandenburgers, the management of the Provisional Theatre readily agreed to stage the new opera, which was premiered on 30 May 1866 in its original two-act version with spoken dialogue.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov4-58">[58]</a> The opera went through several revisions and restructures before reaching the definitive three-act form that in due course established Smetana's international reputation.<a href="#cite_note-Large167-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The opera's first performance was a failure; it was held on one of the hottest evenings of the year, on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>, with Bohemia under imminent threat of invasion by <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> troops. Unsurprisingly the occasion was poorly attended, and receipts failed to cover costs.<a href="#cite_note-Large165-69">[69]</a> When presented at the Provisional Theatre in its final form, in September 1870, it was a tremendous public success.<a href="#cite_note-Newmarch,_p._69-70">[70]</a> Back in 1866, as the composer of The Brandenburgers with its overtones of German military aggression, Smetana thought he might be targeted by the invading Prussians, so he absented himself from Prague until hostilities ceased.<a href="#cite_note-Large165-69">[69]</a> He returned in September, and almost immediately achieved a long-standing ambition—appointment as principal conductor of the Provisional Theatre, at an annual salary of 1,200 florins.<a href="#cite_note-Clap34-71">[71]</a> In the absence of a body of suitable Czech opera, Smetana in his first season presented standard works by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a>, Mozart, <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a> and Glinka, with a revival of his own Bartered Bride.<a href="#cite_note-Large167-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clap34-71">[71]</a> The quality of Smetana's production of Glinka's <a href="/wiki/A_Life_for_the_Tsar" title="A Life for the Tsar">A Life for the Tsar</a> angered Glinka's champion <a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Mily Balakirev</a>, who expressed himself forcefully. This caused prolonged hostility between the two men.<a href="#cite_note-Clap34-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> On 28 February 1868 Smetana conducted another national opera by another Slavic composer, <a href="/wiki/Halka" title="Halka">Halka</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Stanisław Moniuszko</a>. On 16 May 1868 Smetana, representing Czech musicians, helped to lay the foundation stone for the future <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_(Prague)" title="National Theatre (Prague)">National Theatre</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Newmarch,_p._69-70">[70]</a> he had written a Festive Overture for the occasion. That same evening Smetana's third opera, <a href="/wiki/Dalibor_(opera)" title="Dalibor (opera)">Dalibor</a>, was premièred at Prague's <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Town_Theatre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Town Theatre (page does not exist)">New Town Theatre</a> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novom%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_divadlo" class="extiw" title="cs:Novoměstské divadlo">cs</a>].<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov4-58">[58]</a> Although its initial reception was warm, its reviews were poor, and Smetana resigned himself to its failure.<a href="#cite_note-Large197-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition">Opposition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a>]</div> Early in his Provisional Theatre conductorship Smetana had made a powerful enemy in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franti%C5%A1ek_Pivoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="František Pivoda (page does not exist)">František Pivoda</a> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Pivoda" class="extiw" title="cs:František Pivoda">cs</a>], the director of the Prague School of Singing. Formerly a supporter of Smetana, Pivoda was aggrieved when the conductor recruited singing talent from abroad rather than from Pivoda's school.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In an increasingly bitter public correspondence, Pivoda said Smetana was using his position to further his own career, at the expense of other composers.<a href="#cite_note-Clap40-76">[76]</a> Pivoda then took issue with Dalibor, calling it an example of extreme "Wagnerism" and thus unsuited as a model for Czech national opera.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> "Wagnerism" meant the adoption of Wagner's theories of a continuous role for the orchestra and the building of an integrated musical drama, rather than a stringing together of lyrical numbers.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov4-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newmarch65-78">[78]</a> The Provisional Theatre's chairman, <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Ladislav_Rieger" title="František Ladislav Rieger">František Ladislav Rieger</a>, had first accused Smetana of Wagnerist tendencies after the first performance of The Brandenburgers,<a href="#cite_note-Large145-65">[65]</a> and the issue eventually divided Prague's musical society. The music critic <a href="/wiki/Otakar_Hostinsk%C3%BD" title="Otakar Hostinský">Otakar Hostinský</a> believed that Wagner's theories should be the basis of the national opera, and argued that Dalibor was the beginning of the "correct" direction. The opposite camp, led by Pivoda, supported the principles of <a href="/wiki/Italian_opera" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a>, in which the voice rather than the orchestra was the predominant dramatic device.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov4-58">[58]</a> Even within the theatre itself there was division. Rieger led a campaign to eject Smetana from the conductorship and reappoint Maýr, and in December 1872 a petition signed by 86 subscribers to the theatre called for Smetana's resignation.<a href="#cite_note-Clap40-76">[76]</a> Strong support from vice-chairman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton%C3%ADn_%C4%8C%C3%AD%C5%BEek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonín Čížek (page does not exist)">Antonín Čížek</a> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_%C4%8C%C3%AD%C5%BEek_II." class="extiw" title="cs:Antonín Čížek II.">cs</a>], and an ultimatum from prominent musicians among whom was <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a>, ensured Smetana's survival. In January 1873 he was reappointed, with a bigger salary and increased responsibility as artistic director.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov4-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clap40-76">[76]</a> Smetana gradually brought more operas by emergent Czech composers to the theatre, but little of his own work.<a href="#cite_note-Clap40-76">[76]</a> By 1872 he had completed his monumental fourth opera, <a href="/wiki/Libu%C5%A1e_(opera)" title="Libuše (opera)">Libuše</a>, his most ambitious work to date,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> but was withholding its premiere for the future opening of the forthcoming National Theatre.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The machinations of Pivoda and his supporters distracted Smetana from composition,<a href="#cite_note-Clap40-76">[76]</a> and he had further vexation when The Bartered Bride was produced in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, in January 1871. Although the audience was enthusiastic,<a href="#cite_note-Clap40-76">[76]</a> press reports were hostile, one describing the work as "no better than that of a gifted fourteen-year-old boy."<a href="#cite_note-Large171-81">[81]</a> Smetana was deeply offended, and blamed his old adversary, Balakirev, for inciting negative feelings against the opera.<a href="#cite_note-Large171-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_decade">Final decade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Final decade">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smetana-old-age.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Smetana-old-age.jpg/170px-Smetana-old-age.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Smetana-old-age.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>Smetana in about 1883, near the end of his life</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deafness">Deafness</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Deafness">edit</a>]</div> In the respite following his reappointment, Smetana concentrated on his fifth opera, <a href="/wiki/The_Two_Widows" title="The Two Widows">The Two Widows</a>, composed between June 1873 and January 1874.<a href="#cite_note-Clap41-82">[82]</a> After its first performance at the Provisional Theatre on 27 March 1874, Smetana's supporters presented him with a decorative baton.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov4-58">[58]</a> But his opponents continued to attack him, comparing his conductorship unfavourably with the Maýr regime and saying that under Smetana "Czech opera sickens to death at least once annually."<a href="#cite_note-Clap41-82">[82]</a> By the summer Smetana was ill; a throat infection was followed by a rash and an apparent blockage to the ears. By mid-August, unable to work, he transferred his duties to his deputy, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_%C4%8Cech" title="Adolf Čech">Adolf Čech</a>. A press announcement stated that Smetana had "become ill as a result of nervous strain caused by certain people recently."<a href="#cite_note-Clap41-82">[82]</a> In September, Smetana told the theatre he would resign his appointment unless his health improved.<a href="#cite_note-Clap43-83">[83]</a> He had become totally deaf in his right ear, and in October lost all hearing in his left ear also. After his subsequent resignation the theatre offered him an annual pension of 1,200 florins for the continued right to perform his operas, an arrangement Smetana reluctantly accepted.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Money raised in Prague by former students, and by former lover Fröjda Benecke in Gothenburg, amounted to 1,244 florins.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> This allowed Smetana to seek medical treatment abroad, but to no avail.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov4-58">[58]</a> In January 1875 he wrote in his journal: "If my disease is incurable, then I should prefer to be liberated from this life."<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> His spirits were further lowered at this time by a deterioration in his relationship with Bettina, mainly over money matters.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> "I cannot live under the same roof as a person who hates and persecutes me", he informed her.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Although divorce was considered, the couple stayed unhappily together.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_flowering">Late flowering</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Late flowering">edit</a>]</div> In worsening health, Smetana continued to compose. From 1875 he stayed as a guest in <a href="/wiki/Jabkenice" title="Jabkenice">Jabkenice</a>, the home of his eldest daughter Žofie, where he was able to work undisturbed in tranquil surroundings. From June 1876 he, Bettina, and their two daughters left Prague for Jabkenice permanently.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Before leaving Prague he had begun a cycle of six symphonic poems, called <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1_vlast" title="Má vlast">Má vlast</a> ("My Fatherland"),<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> and had completed the first two, Vyšehrad and Vltava, which had both been performed in Prague during 1875.<a href="#cite_note-Clap47-92">[92]</a> In Jabkenice, Smetana composed four more movements, the complete cycle being first performed on 5 November 1882 under the baton of Adolf Čech.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov5-93">[93]</a> Other major works composed in these years were the <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._1_(Smetana)" title="String Quartet No. 1 (Smetana)">E minor String Quartet, From My Life</a>, a series of Czech dances for piano, several choral pieces and three more operas: <a href="/wiki/The_Kiss_(opera)" title="The Kiss (opera)">The Kiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_(opera)" title="The Secret (opera)">The Secret</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Wall" title="The Devil's Wall">The Devil's Wall</a>, all of which received their first performances between 1876 and 1882.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov5-93">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_divadlo_prg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_divadlo_prg.jpg/220px-N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_divadlo_prg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_divadlo_prg.jpg/330px-N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_divadlo_prg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_divadlo_prg.jpg/440px-N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_divadlo_prg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_(Prague)" title="National Theatre (Prague)">National Theatre</a> in Prague</figcaption></figure> The long-delayed premiere of Smetana's opera Libuše finally arrived when the National Theatre opened on 11 June 1881. He had not initially been given tickets, but at the last minute was asked into the theatre director's box. The audience received the work enthusiastically, and Smetana was called to the stage repeatedly.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Shortly after this event the new theatre was destroyed by fire; despite his infirmities, Smetana helped to raise funds for the rebuilding.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov5-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The restored theatre reopened on 18 November 1883, again with Libuše.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov5-93">[93]</a> These years saw Smetana's growing recognition as the principal exponent of Czech national music.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov5-93">[93]</a> This status was celebrated by several events during Smetana's final years. On 4 January 1880, a special concert in Prague marked the 50th anniversary of his first public performance; Smetana attended, and played his Piano Trio in G minor from 1855. In May 1882 The Bartered Bride was given its 100th performance, an unprecedented event in the history of Czech opera. It was so popular that a repeat "100th performance" was staged. A gala concert and banquet was arranged to honour Smetana's 60th birthday in March 1884, but he was too ill to attend.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov5-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Illness and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smetana_Bedrich_Gravestone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Smetana_Bedrich_Gravestone.jpg/220px-Smetana_Bedrich_Gravestone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Smetana_Bedrich_Gravestone.jpg/330px-Smetana_Bedrich_Gravestone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Smetana_Bedrich_Gravestone.jpg/440px-Smetana_Bedrich_Gravestone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Smetana's gravestone at the <a href="/wiki/Vy%C5%A1ehrad_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyšehrad cemetery">Vyšehrad cemetery</a>, Prague. The date format is "cc<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>⁠d/m⁠yy".</figcaption></figure> In 1879, Smetana had written to a friend, the Czech poet <a href="/wiki/Jan_Neruda" title="Jan Neruda">Jan Neruda</a>, revealing fears of the onset of madness.<a href="#cite_note-Large370-97">[97]</a> By the winter of 1882–83 he was experiencing depression, insomnia, and hallucinations, together with giddiness, cramp and a temporary loss of speech.<a href="#cite_note-Large370-97">[97]</a> In 1883 he began writing a new symphonic suite, Prague Carnival, but could get no further than an Introduction and a Polonaise.<a href="#cite_note-Clap54-98">[98]</a> He started a new opera, <a href="/wiki/Viola_(opera)" title="Viola (opera)">Viola</a>, based on the character in Shakespeare's <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night" title="Twelfth Night">Twelfth Night</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> but wrote only fragments as his mental state gradually deteriorated.<a href="#cite_note-Clap54-98">[98]</a> In October 1883 his behaviour at a private reception in Prague disturbed his friends;<a href="#cite_note-Clap54-98">[98]</a> by the middle of February 1884 he had ceased to be coherent, and was periodically violent.<a href="#cite_note-Large394-100">[100]</a> On 23 April his family, unable to nurse him any longer, removed him to the Kateřinky Lunatic Asylum in Prague, where he died on 12 May 1884.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov5-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Large394-100">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prague_07-2016_Smetana_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Prague_07-2016_Smetana_Museum.jpg/220px-Prague_07-2016_Smetana_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Prague_07-2016_Smetana_Museum.jpg/330px-Prague_07-2016_Smetana_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Prague_07-2016_Smetana_Museum.jpg/440px-Prague_07-2016_Smetana_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3353" data-file-height="4191" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_Museum" title="Bedřich Smetana Museum">Bedřich Smetana Museum</a> on the banks of the Vltava, Prague</figcaption></figure> The hospital registered the cause of death as senile dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Large394-100">[100]</a> However, Smetana's family believed that his physical and mental decline was due to <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Large394-100">[100]</a> An analysis of the autopsy report, published by the German neurologist Dr Ernst Levin in 1972, came to the same conclusion.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Tests carried out by Prof. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emanuel_Vl%C4%8Dek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emanuel Vlček (page does not exist)">Emanuel Vlček</a> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Vl%C4%8Dek" class="extiw" title="cs:Emanuel Vlček">cs</a>] in the late 20th century on samples of muscular tissue from Smetana's exhumed body provided further evidence of the disease. However, this research has been challenged by Czech physician Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Ramba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiří Ramba (page does not exist)">Jiří Ramba</a> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Ramba" class="extiw" title="cs:Jiří Ramba">cs</a>], who has argued that Vlček's tests do not provide a basis for a reliable conclusion, citing the age and state of the tissues and highlighting reported symptoms of Smetana's that were incompatible with syphilis.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Smetana's funeral took place on 15 May, at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_before_T%C3%BDn" title="Church of Our Lady before Týn">Týn Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_(Prague)" title="Old Town (Prague)">Prague's Old Town</a>. The subsequent procession to the <a href="/wiki/Vy%C5%A1ehrad_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyšehrad cemetery">Vyšehrad Cemetery</a> was led by members of the Hlahol, bearing torches, and was followed by a large crowd.<a href="#cite_note-Large394-100">[100]</a> The grave later became a place of pilgrimage for musical visitors to Prague.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> On the funeral evening, a scheduled performance of The Bartered Bride at the National Theatre was allowed to proceed, the stage draped with black cloth as a mark of respect.<a href="#cite_note-Large394-100">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graf_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_(1824-1884).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Graf_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_%281824-1884%29.jpg/220px-Graf_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_%281824-1884%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Graf_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_%281824-1884%29.jpg/330px-Graf_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_%281824-1884%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Graf_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_%281824-1884%29.jpg/440px-Graf_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_%281824-1884%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3807" data-file-height="5872" /></a><figcaption>Grave of Smetana at the National Cemetery in Vyšehrad, Prague</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Left_side_of_grave_monument_of_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_(1824-1884).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Left_side_of_grave_monument_of_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_%281824-1884%29.jpg/220px-Left_side_of_grave_monument_of_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_%281824-1884%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Left_side_of_grave_monument_of_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_%281824-1884%29.jpg/330px-Left_side_of_grave_monument_of_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_%281824-1884%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Left_side_of_grave_monument_of_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_%281824-1884%29.jpg/440px-Left_side_of_grave_monument_of_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_%281824-1884%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3674" data-file-height="5508" /></a><figcaption>Left side of Smetana's grave</figcaption></figure> Smetana was survived by Bettina, their daughters Zdeňka and Božena, and by Žofie. None of them played any significant role in Smetana's musical life. Bettina lived until 1908; Žofie, who had married Josef Schwarz in 1874, predeceased her stepmother, dying in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-Large395-5">[5]</a> The younger daughters eventually married, living out their lives away from the public eye.<a href="#cite_note-Large395-5">[5]</a> A permanent memorial to Smetana's life and work is the <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_Museum" title="Bedřich Smetana Museum">Bedřich Smetana Museum</a> in Prague, founded in 1926 within the Charles University's Institute for Musicology.<a href="#cite_note-museum-104">[104]</a> In 1936 the museum moved to the former Waterworks building on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Vltava" title="Vltava">Vltava</a>, and since 1976 has been part of the Czech Museum of Music.<a href="#cite_note-museum-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="List of compositions by Bedřich Smetana">List of compositions by Bedřich Smetana</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="List of operas by Bedřich Smetana">List of operas by Bedřich Smetana</a></div> The basic materials from which Smetana fashioned his art, according to Newmarch, were nationalism, realism and romanticism.<a href="#cite_note-Newmarch90-105">[105]</a> A particular feature of all his later music is its descriptive character—all his major compositions outside his operas are written to programmes, and many are specifically autobiographical.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Smetana's champions have recognised the major influences on his work as Liszt, Wagner and Berlioz—the "progressives"—while those same advocates have often played down the significance of "traditionalist" composers such as Rossini, Donizetti, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell10-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piano_works">Piano works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Piano works">edit</a>]</div> All but a handful of Smetana's compositions before his departure for Gothenburg are piano works.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Some of these early pieces have been dismissed by music historian Harold Schonberg as "bombastic virtuoso rhetoric derived from Liszt".<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Under Proksch, however, Smetana acquired more polish, as revealed in works such as the G minor Sonata of 1846 and the E-flat Polka of the same year. The set of Six Characteristic Pieces of 1848 was dedicated to Liszt, who described it as "the most outstanding, finely felt and finely finished pieces that have recently come to my note."<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In this period Smetana planned a cycle of so-called "album leaves", short pieces in every major and minor key, after the manner of Chopin's Preludes.<a href="#cite_note-Clap58-111">[111]</a> The project became somewhat disorganised; in the pieces completed, some keys are repeated while others are unrepresented.<a href="#cite_note-Clap58-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ottlov9-112">[112]</a> After Smetana's final return from Gothenburg, when he committed himself primarily to the development of Czech opera, he wrote nothing for the piano for 13 years.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov9-112">[112]</a> In his last decade Smetana composed three substantial piano cycles. The first, from 1875, was entitled Dreams. It was dedicated to former pupils of Smetana's, who had raised funds to cover medical expenses, and is also a tribute to the composer's models of the 1840s—Schumann, Chopin and Liszt.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov9-112">[112]</a> Smetana's last major piano works were the two Czech Dances cycles of 1877 and 1879. The first of these had the purpose, as Smetana explained to his publisher, of "idealising the polka, as Chopin in his day did with the mazurka."<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov9-112">[112]</a> The second cycle is a medley of dances, each given a specific title so that people would know "which dances with real names we Czechs have."<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov9-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocal_and_choral">Vocal and choral</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Vocal and choral">edit</a>]</div> Smetana's early songs are settings of German poems for single voice. Apart from his 1848 Song of Freedom, he did not begin to write pieces for a full choir until after his Gothenburg sojourn, when he composed numerous works for the Hlahol choral society, mostly for unaccompanied male voices.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Smetana's choral music is generally nationalistic in character, ranging in scale from the short Ceremonial Chorus written after the death of the composer's revolutionary friend Havlíček, to the setting of Song of the Sea, a substantial work with the character of a choral drama.<a href="#cite_note-Clap87-114">[114]</a> Towards the end of his life Smetana returned to simple song-writing, with five Evening Songs (1879) to words by the poet <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzslav_H%C3%A1lek" title="Vítězslav Hálek">Vítězslav Hálek</a>. His final completed work, Our Song (1883), is the last of four settings of texts by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Srb-Debrnov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Srb-Debrnov (page does not exist)">Josef Srb-Debrnov</a> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Srb-Debrnov" class="extiw" title="cs:Josef Srb-Debrnov">cs</a>]. Despite the state of Smetana's health, this is a happy celebration of Czech song and dance. The piece was lost for many years, and only received its first performance after rediscovery in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chamber">Chamber</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Chamber">edit</a>]</div> Apart from a juvenile fantasia for violin and piano, Smetana composed only four chamber works, yet each had a deep personal significance.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov8-116">[116]</a> The Piano Trio in G minor of 1855 was composed after the death of his daughter Bedřiška; its style is close to that of Robert Schumann, with hints of Liszt, and the overall tone is elegiac.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> It was 20 years before he returned to the chamber genre with his first String Quartet. This E minor work, subtitled <a href="/wiki/From_My_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="From My Life">From My Life</a>, was autobiographical in character, illustrating the composer's youthful enthusiasm for his art, his friendships and loves and, in a change of mood, the onset of his deafness represented by a long harmonic E in the final movement above ominous string tremolos.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> His <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._2_(Smetana)" title="String Quartet No. 2 (Smetana)">second String Quartet</a>, in D minor, written in 1882–83 in defiance of his physician's orders to refrain from all musical activity,<a href="#cite_note-Large376-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> was composed in short snatches, "a swirl of music of a person who has lost his hearing."<a href="#cite_note-Clap68-121">[121]</a> It represents Smetana's frustrations with his life, but is not wholly gloomy, and includes a bright polka.<a href="#cite_note-Clap68-121">[121]</a> It was one of his final compositions; between the two quartets he wrote a violin and piano duet From the homeland, a mixture of melancholy and happiness with strong affinity to Czech folk material.<a href="#cite_note-Clap68-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orchestral">Orchestral</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Orchestral">edit</a>]</div> Dissatisfied with his first large-scale orchestral work, the D major Overture of 1848,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Smetana studied passages from Beethoven, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a>, Weber and Berlioz before producing his Triumphal Symphony of 1853.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov7-123">[123]</a> Though this is dismissed by Rosa Newmarch as "an <a href="/wiki/Epithalamium" title="Epithalamium">epithalamium</a> for a Habsburg Prince",<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Smetana's biographer <a href="/wiki/Brian_Large" title="Brian Large">Brian Large</a> identifies much in the piece that characterises the composer's more mature works.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Despite the symphony's rejection by the Court and the lukewarm reception on its premiere, Smetana did not abandon the work. It was well received in Gothenburg in 1860,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> and a revised version was performed in Prague in 1882, without the "triumphal" tag, under Adolf Čech.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov7-123">[123]</a> The piece is now sometimes called the Festive Symphony. Smetana's visit to Liszt at Weimar in the summer of 1857, where he heard the latter's Faust Symphony and Die Ideale, caused a material reorientation of Smetana's orchestral music. These works gave Smetana answers to many compositional problems relating to the structure of orchestral music,<a href="#cite_note-Large,_p._79-44">[44]</a> and suggested a means for expressing literary subjects by a synthesis between music and text, rather than by simple musical illustration.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov7-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> These insights enabled Smetana to write the three Gothenburg symphonic poems, (Richard III, Wallenstein's Camp and Hakon Jarl),<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov7-123">[123]</a> works that transformed Smetana from a composer primarily of salon pieces to a modern <a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">neo-Romantic</a>, capable of handling large-scale forces and demonstrating the latest musical concepts.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov7-123">[123]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedrich_Smetana_-_ma_vlast_-_iii._sarka.ogg" title="File:Bedrich Smetana - ma vlast - iii. sarka.ogg">Má vlast – Šárka</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="668" data-mwtitle="Bedrich_Smetana_-_ma_vlast_-_iii._sarka.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Bedrich_Smetana_-_ma_vlast_-_iii._sarka.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Bedrich_Smetana_-_ma_vlast_-_iii._sarka.ogg/Bedrich_Smetana_-_ma_vlast_-_iii._sarka.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Smetana,_M%C3%A1_vlast_-_Vltava_-_The_Moldau.ogg" title="File:Smetana, Má vlast - Vltava - The Moldau.ogg">Má vlast – Vltava</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="771" data-mwtitle="Smetana,_Má_vlast_-_Vltava_-_The_Moldau.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Smetana%2C_M%C3%A1_vlast_-_Vltava_-_The_Moldau.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/Smetana%2C_M%C3%A1_vlast_-_Vltava_-_The_Moldau.ogg/Smetana%2C_M%C3%A1_vlast_-_Vltava_-_The_Moldau.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> </div> From 1862 Smetana was largely occupied with opera and, apart from a few short pieces,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> did not return to purely orchestral music before beginning Má vlast in 1872. In his introduction to the Collected Edition Score, František Bartol brackets Má vlast with the opera Libuše as "direct symbols of [the] consummating national struggle".<a href="#cite_note-Clap76-129">[129]</a> Má vlast is the first of Smetana's mature large-scale works that is independent of words, and its musical ideas are bolder than anything he had tried before.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> To musicologist John Clapham, the cycle presents "a cross-section of Czech history and legend and impressions of its scenery, and ... conveys vividly to us Smetana's view of the ethos and greatness of the nation."<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Despite its nationalistic associations this work has, according to Newmarch, carried Smetana's name further afield than anything he wrote, with the exception of The Bartered Bride Overture.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Smetana dedicated Má vlast to the city of Prague; after its first performance in November 1882 it was acclaimed by the Czech musical public as the true representation of Czech national style.<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov7-123">[123]</a> Its Vltava (or "The Moldau" in German) movement, depicting the river that runs through Prague towards its junction with the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, is Smetana's best-known and most internationally popular orchestral composition.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera">Opera</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Opera">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="List of operas by Bedřich Smetana">List of operas by Bedřich Smetana</a></div> Smetana had virtually no precursors in Czech opera apart from <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_%C5%A0kroup" title="František Škroup">František Škroup</a>, whose works had rarely lasted beyond one or two performances.<a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell6-134">[134]</a> In his mission to create a new canon, rather than using traditional folksong Smetana turned to the popular dance music of his youth, especially the polka, to establish his link with the vernacular.<a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell6-134">[134]</a> He drew on existing European traditions, notably Slavonic and French,<a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell6-134">[134]</a> but made only scarce use of arias, preferring to base his scores on ensembles and choruses.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prodana_cover_1919.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Prodana_cover_1919.JPG/170px-Prodana_cover_1919.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Prodana_cover_1919.JPG/255px-Prodana_cover_1919.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Prodana_cover_1919.JPG/340px-Prodana_cover_1919.JPG 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="1233" /></a><figcaption>A 1919 edition of the score of <a href="/wiki/The_Bartered_Bride" title="The Bartered Bride">The Bartered Bride</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Smetana_-_Bartered_Bride_overture.ogg" title="File:Smetana - Bartered Bride overture.ogg">Overture: The Bartered Bride</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="389" data-mwtitle="Smetana_-_Bartered_Bride_overture.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Smetana_-_Bartered_Bride_overture.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Smetana_-_Bartered_Bride_overture.ogg/Smetana_-_Bartered_Bride_overture.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> </div> Although a follower of Wagner's reforms of the operatic genre, which he believed would be its salvation,<a href="#cite_note-Newmarch65-78">[78]</a> Smetana rejected accusations of excessive Wagnerism, claiming that he was sufficiently occupied with "Smetanism, for that is the only honest style!"<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The predominantly "national" character of the first four operas is tempered by the lyrical romanticism of those written later,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> particularly the last three, composed in the years of Smetana's deafness. The first of this final trio, The Kiss, written when Smetana was receiving painful medical treatment, is described by Newmarch as a work of serene beauty, in which tears and smiles alternate throughout the score.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Smetana's librettist for "The Kiss" was the young feminist <a href="/wiki/Eli%C5%A1ka_Kr%C3%A1snohorsk%C3%A1" title="Eliška Krásnohorská">Eliška Krásnohorská</a>, who also supplied the texts for his final two operas. She dominated the ailing composer, who had no say in the subject-matter, the voice types or the balance between solos, duets and ensembles.<a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell6-134">[134]</a> Nevertheless, critics have noted few signs of a decline in Smetana's powers in these works, while his increasing proficiency in Czech meant that his settings of the language are much superior to those of his earlier operas.<a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell6-134">[134]</a> Smetana's eight operas created the bedrock of the Czech opera repertory, but of these only The Bartered Bride is performed regularly outside the composer's homeland. After reaching Vienna in 1892,<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> and London in 1895,<a href="#cite_note-Newmarch67-140">[140]</a> it rapidly became part of the repertory of every major opera company worldwide. Newmarch argues that The Bartered Bride, while not a "gem of the first order", is nevertheless "a perfectly cut and polished stone of its kind."<a href="#cite_note-Newmarch67-140">[140]</a> Its trademark overture, which Newmarch says "lifts us off our feet with its madcap vivacity",<a href="#cite_note-Newmarch67-140">[140]</a> was composed in a piano version before Smetana received the draft libretto. Clapham believes that this has few precedents in the entire history of opera.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Smetana himself was later inclined to disparage his achievement: "The Bartered Bride was merely child's play, written straight off the reel".<a href="#cite_note-Newmarch67-140">[140]</a> In the view of the critic <a href="/wiki/William_Ritter_(writer)" title="William Ritter (writer)">William Ritter</a>, Smetana's creative powers reached their zenith with his third opera, Dalibor.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception">Reception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smetana_Hall_in_Municipal_House.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Smetana_Hall_in_Municipal_House.JPG/220px-Smetana_Hall_in_Municipal_House.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Smetana_Hall_in_Municipal_House.JPG/330px-Smetana_Hall_in_Municipal_House.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Smetana_Hall_in_Municipal_House.JPG/440px-Smetana_Hall_in_Municipal_House.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Smetana Hall in the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_House" title="Municipal House">Municipal House</a></figcaption></figure> Even in his own homeland the general public was slow to recognise Smetana. As a young composer and pianist he was well regarded in Prague musical circles, and had the approval of Liszt, Proksch and others, but the public's lack of acknowledgement was a principal factor behind his self-imposed exile in Sweden. After his return he was not taken particularly seriously,<a href="#cite_note-Large121-60">[60]</a> and was hard put to get audiences for his new works, hence his "prophet without honour" remark after the nearly empty hall and indifferent reception of Richard III and Wallenstein's Camp at Žofín Island in January 1862.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Smetana's first noteworthy public success was his initial opera The Brandenburgers in Bohemia, in 1866 when he was already 42 years old. His second opera, The Bartered Bride, survived the unfortunate mistiming of its opening night and became an enduring popular triumph. The different style of his third opera, Dalibor, closer to that of Wagnerian music drama, was not readily understood by the public and was condemned by critics who believed that Czech opera should be based on folk-song.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clapham36-145">[145]</a> It disappeared from the repertory after only a handful of performances.<a href="#cite_note-Clapham36-145">[145]</a> Thereafter the machinations that accompanied Smetana's tenure as Provisional Theatre conductor restricted his creative output until 1874. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musik_Meile_Wien,_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_(29).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Musik_Meile_Wien%2C_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_%2829%29.jpg/170px-Musik_Meile_Wien%2C_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_%2829%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Musik_Meile_Wien%2C_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_%2829%29.jpg/255px-Musik_Meile_Wien%2C_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_%2829%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Musik_Meile_Wien%2C_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_%2829%29.jpg/340px-Musik_Meile_Wien%2C_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_%2829%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4290" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Walk of Fame Vienna star for Smetana in Vienna</figcaption></figure> In his final decade, the most fruitful of his compositional career despite his deafness and increasing ill-health, Smetana belatedly received national recognition. Of his later operas, The Two Widows and The Secret were warmly received,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> while The Kiss was greeted by an "overwhelming ovation".<a href="#cite_note-Ottlov5-93">[93]</a> The ceremonial opera Libuše was received with thunderous applause for the composer; by this time (1881) the disputes around his music had declined, and the public was ready to honour him as the founder of Czech music.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Nevertheless, the first few performances in October 1882 of an evidently under-rehearsed The Devil's Wall were chaotic,<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> and the composer was left feeling "dishonoured and dispirited."<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> This disappointment was swiftly mitigated by the acclaim that followed the first performance of the complete Má vlast cycle in November: "Everyone rose to his feet and the same storm of unending applause was repeated after each of the six parts ... At the end of Blaník [the final part] the audience was beside itself and the people could not bring themselves to take leave of the composer."<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Smetana has a star on the "Walk of Fame" in Vienna, opened to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Theater_an_der_Wien" title="Theater an der Wien">Theater an der Wien</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The asteroid <a href="/wiki/2047_Smetana" title="2047 Smetana">2047 Smetana</a> was named in his honour.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_and_reputation">Character and reputation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Character and reputation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prague_Vltava_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Prague_Vltava_2001.jpg/220px-Prague_Vltava_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Prague_Vltava_2001.jpg/330px-Prague_Vltava_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Prague_Vltava_2001.jpg/440px-Prague_Vltava_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vltava" title="Vltava">Vltava</a> river, flowing through Prague</figcaption></figure> Smetana's biographers describe him as physically frail and unimpressive in appearance yet, at least in his youth, he had a joie-de-vivre that women evidently found attractive.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> He was also excitable, passionate and strong-willed, determined to make his career in music whatever the hardships, over the wishes of his father who wanted him to become a brewer or a civil servant.<a href="#cite_note-Large19-19">[19]</a> Throughout his career he stood his ground; when under the severest of criticism for the "Wagnerism" in Dalibor he responded by writing Libuše, even more firmly based on the scale and concept of Wagnerian music drama.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> His personal life became stressful; his marriage to Bettina was loveless, and effectively broke down altogether in the years of illness and relative poverty towards the end of his life.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Little of his relationships with his children is on record, although on the day that he was transferred to the asylum, Žofie was "crying as though her heart would break".<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> There is broad agreement among most commentators that Smetana created a canon of Czech opera where none had previously existed, and that he developed a style of music in all his compositions that equated with the emergent Czech national spirit.<a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell10-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> A modified view is presented by the music writer Michael Steen, who questions whether "nationalistic music" can in fact exist: "We should recognise that, whereas music is infinitely expressive, on its own it is not good at describing concrete, earthly objects or concepts."<a href="#cite_note-Steen690-159">[159]</a> He concludes that much is dependent upon what listeners are conditioned to hear.<a href="#cite_note-Steen690-159">[159]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Litomy%C5%A1l_Smetana_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/2021_Litomy%C5%A1l_Smetana_statue.jpg/150px-2021_Litomy%C5%A1l_Smetana_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/2021_Litomy%C5%A1l_Smetana_statue.jpg/225px-2021_Litomy%C5%A1l_Smetana_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/2021_Litomy%C5%A1l_Smetana_statue.jpg/300px-2021_Litomy%C5%A1l_Smetana_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>Smetana statue in <a href="/wiki/Litomy%C5%A1l" title="Litomyšl">Litomyšl</a></figcaption></figure> According to the musicologist <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(professor_of_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tyrrell (professor of music)">John Tyrrell</a>, Smetana's close identification with Czech nationalism and the tragic circumstances of his last years, have affected the objectivity of assessments of his work, particularly in his native land.<a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell10-107">[107]</a> Tyrrell argues that the almost iconic status awarded to Smetana in his homeland "monumentalized him into a figure where any criticism of his life or work was discouraged" by the Czech authorities, even as late as the last part of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell10-107">[107]</a> As a result, Tyrrell argues, a view of Czech music has been propagated that plays down the contributions of contemporaries and successors such as Dvořák, <a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Suk_(composer)" title="Josef Suk (composer)">Josef Suk</a> and other, lesser known, composers.<a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell10-107">[107]</a> This is at odds with perceptions in the outside world, where Dvořák is far more frequently played and much better known. Harold Schonberg observes that "Smetana was the one who founded Czech music, but Antonín Dvořák ... was the one who popularized it."<a href="#cite_note-Schonberg77-15">[15]</a> Smetana has been regarded in his homeland as the father of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Czech Lands">Czech music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana,_Prague" title="Statue of Bedřich Smetana, Prague">Statue of Bedřich Smetana, Prague</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> Notes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/smetana">"Smetana"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. Retrieved 13 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Smetana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fsmetana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220826094024/https://www.dictionary.com/">"Smetana, Bedřich"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Smetana,+Bed%C5%99ich">the original</a> on 26 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smetana%2C+Bed%C5%99ich&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FSmetana%2C%2BBed%25C5%2599ich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Smetana">"Smetana"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 13 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Smetana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FSmetana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clap9-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clap9_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap9_4-1">b</a> Clapham (1972), pp. 9–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-Large395-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Large395_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large395_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large395_5-2">c</a> Large, p. 395 </li> <li id="cite_note-Large,_p._3-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Large,_p._3_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large,_p._3_6-1">b</a> Large, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-Steen694-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steen694_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steen694_7-1">b</a> Steen, p. 694 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottlov1-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov1_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov1_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov1_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov1_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov1_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov1_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov1_8-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttlováPospíšilTyrrellSt_Pierre2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ottlová, Marta; Pospíšil, Milan; Tyrrell, John; St Pierre, Kelly (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-3000000151">"Smetana, Bedrich"</a>. In St Pierre, Kelly (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fomo%2F9781561592630.013.3000000151">10.1093/omo/9781561592630.013.3000000151</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781561592630" title="Special:BookSources/9781561592630"><bdi>9781561592630</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smetana%2C+Bedrich&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fomo%2F9781561592630.013.3000000151&rft.isbn=9781561592630&rft.aulast=Ottlov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft.au=Posp%C3%AD%C5%A1il%2C+Milan&rft.au=Tyrrell%2C+John&rft.au=St+Pierre%2C+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-3000000151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Clapham (1972), p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Newmarch, p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-Large5-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Large5_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large5_11-1">b</a> Large, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clap13-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clap13_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap13_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap13_12-2">c</a> Clapham (1972), pp. 13–14 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Large, pp. 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-Large7-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Large7_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large7_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large7_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large7_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large7_14-4">e</a> Large, pp. 7–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schonberg77-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schonberg77_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schonberg77_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schonberg77_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schonberg77_15-3">d</a> Schonberg, p. 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosa56-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosa56_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosa56_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosa56_16-2">c</a> Newmarch, p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Large, pp. 10–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Large, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-Large19-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Large19_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large19_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large19_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large19_19-3">d</a> Large, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clap15-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Clap15_20-0">^</a> Clapham (1972), pp. 15–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Newmarch, p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> It is difficult to equate the value of a mid-19th century Austro-Hungarian florin to 21st century dollars or sterling. A general assessment might be made on the basis of Smetana's annual salary in 1866, when he was appointed conductor of the Czech Provisional Theatre – 1,200 florins. Clapham (1972), p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clap17-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Clap17_23-0">^</a> Clapham (1972), p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Large, pp. 29–35 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clap19-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clap19_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap19_25-1">b</a> Clapham (1972), p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Large, p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Clapham (1972), p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-Large42-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Large42_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large42_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large42_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large42_28-3">d</a> Large, pp. 42–43 </li> <li id="cite_note-Steen696-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steen696_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steen696_29-1">b</a> Steen, p. 696 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Steen, pp. 695–96 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottlov2-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov2_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov2_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov2_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttlová" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ottlová, Marta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/">"Smetana, Bedrich"</a>. Grove Music Online, ed. Laura Macy. Retrieved 12 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smetana%2C+Bedrich&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online%2C+ed.+Laura+Macy&rft.aulast=Ottlov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fpublic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> (Section 2) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Clapham (1972), p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Large, p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-Large48-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Large48_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large48_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large48_34-2">c</a> Large, pp. 48–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-Large51-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Large51_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large51_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large51_35-2">c</a> Large, pp. 51–54 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Large, pp. 57–62 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clap22-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clap22_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap22_37-1">b</a> Clapham (1972), p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Large, pp. 63–65 </li> <li id="cite_note-Large67-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Large67_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large67_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large67_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large67_39-3">d</a> Large, pp. 67–69 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottlov3-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov3_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov3_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov3_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov3_40-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttlová" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ottlová, Marta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/">"Smetana, Bedrich"</a>. Grove Music Online, ed. Laura Macy. Retrieved 12 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smetana%2C+Bedrich&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online%2C+ed.+Laura+Macy&rft.aulast=Ottlov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fpublic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> (Section 3) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Large71-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Large71_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large71_41-1">b</a> Large, pp. 71–75 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Large. p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Clapham (1972), p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-Large,_p._79-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Large,_p._79_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large,_p._79_44-1">b</a> Large, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Large, pp. 80–82 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Newmarch, p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clap28-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clap28_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap28_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap28_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap28_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap28_47-4">e</a> Clapham (1972), pp. 28–30 </li> <li id="cite_note-Large84-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Large84_48-0">^</a> Large, pp. 84–94 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Large, pp. 95–97 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Gerald Abraham</a>, Smetana had met Cornelius at Weimar two years previously, while the latter was working on Der Barbier. Reportedly the two composers discussed the need for "a modern type of comic opera as a complement to Wagner." Abraham, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Large, pp. 98–99 and p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Large, p. 114 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Clapham (1980) p. 393 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Large, p. 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clap32-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clap32_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap32_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap32_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap32_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap32_55-4">e</a> Clapham (1972), pp. 32–33 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Large, p. 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-Large140-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Large140_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large140_57-1">b</a> Large, pp. 140–43 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottlov4-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov4_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov4_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov4_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov4_58-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov4_58-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov4_58-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov4_58-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov4_58-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov4_58-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov4_58-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov4_58-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttlová" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ottlová, Marta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/">"Smetana, Bedrich"</a>. Grove Music Online, ed. Laura Macy. Retrieved 12 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smetana%2C+Bedrich&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online%2C+ed.+Laura+Macy&rft.aulast=Ottlov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fpublic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> (Section 4) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Grout, p. 532 </li> <li id="cite_note-Large121-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Large121_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large121_60-1">b</a> Large, pp. 121–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Newmarch, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Clapham (1972), p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Large, p. 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Clapham (1980), p. 394 </li> <li id="cite_note-Large145-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Large145_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large145_65-1">b</a> Large, p. 145 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Newmarch, p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-Large167-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Large167_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large167_67-1">b</a> Large, pp. 167–68 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Large, pp. 399–408 </li> <li id="cite_note-Large165-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Large165_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large165_69-1">b</a> Large, pp. 165–67 </li> <li id="cite_note-Newmarch,_p._69-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newmarch,_p._69_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newmarch,_p._69_70-1">b</a> Newmarch, p. 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clap34-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clap34_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap34_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap34_71-2">c</a> Clapham (1972), pp. 34–36 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Large, pp. 209–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-Large197-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Large197_73-0">^</a> Large, p. 197 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Steen, p. 701 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Clapham (1980) p. 394 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clap40-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clap40_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap40_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap40_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap40_76-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap40_76-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap40_76-5">f</a> Clapham (1972), pp. 38–40 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Newmarch, p. 71 </li> <li id="cite_note-Newmarch65-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newmarch65_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newmarch65_78-1">b</a> Newmarch, p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Clapham (1972), p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Large, p. 220 </li> <li id="cite_note-Large171-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Large171_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large171_81-1">b</a> Large, p. 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clap41-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clap41_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap41_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap41_82-2">c</a> Clapham (1972), pp. 41–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clap43-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Clap43_83-0">^</a> Clapham (1972), pp. 43–45 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Clapham (1972), p. 44. It appears (Clapham, 1972, pp. 48–49) that this pension was withheld from time to time, causing Smetana much financial hardship. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Large, pp. 294–95 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Large, p. 303 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Large, pp. 322–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Large, p. 374, from an undated letter to Bettina </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Large, p. 374 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Steen, p. 702 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Originally, the work was entitled simply Vlast ("Fatherland"). The pronoun had been added by May 1883. Large, pp. 266–67 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clap47-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Clap47_92-0">^</a> Clapham (1972), p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottlov5-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov5_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov5_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov5_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov5_93-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov5_93-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov5_93-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov5_93-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov5_93-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttlová" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ottlová, Marta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/">"Smetana, Bedrich"</a>. Grove Music Online, ed. Laura Macy. Retrieved 12 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smetana%2C+Bedrich&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online%2C+ed.+Laura+Macy&rft.aulast=Ottlov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fpublic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> (Section 5) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Clapham (1972), p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Large, pp. 222–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Steen, pp. 702–03 </li> <li id="cite_note-Large370-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Large370_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large370_97-1">b</a> Large, pp. 370–72 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clap54-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clap54_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap54_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap54_98-2">c</a> Clapham (1972), pp. 54–56 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Newmarch, p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-Large394-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Large394_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large394_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large394_100-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large394_100-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large394_100-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large394_100-5">f</a> Large, pp. 390–94 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Clapham (1972), p. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamba2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ramba, Jiří (2009). Slavné české lebky (Famous Czech Skulls) (in Czech) (2nd ed.). Prague: Galén. pp. 151–299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7262-325-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-7262-325-9"><bdi>978-80-7262-325-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavn%C3%A9+%C4%8Desk%C3%A9+lebky+%28Famous+Czech+Skulls%29&rft.place=Prague&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E299&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gal%C3%A9n&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-80-7262-325-9&rft.aulast=Ramba&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Newmarch, p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-museum-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-museum_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-museum_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727054507/http://www.nm.cz/expozice-detail.php?f_id=72">"Bedřich Smetana (1824–1884) – his life and work"</a>. Národní Muzeum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nm.cz/expozice-detail.php?f_id=72">the original</a> on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bed%C5%99ich+Smetana+%281824%E2%80%931884%29+%E2%80%93+his+life+and+work&rft.pub=N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD+Muzeum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nm.cz%2Fexpozice-detail.php%3Ff_id%3D72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newmarch90-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Newmarch90_105-0">^</a> Newmarch, pp. 90–91 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Newmarch, pp. 100–01 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyrrell10-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell10_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell10_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell10_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell10_107-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell10_107-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyrrell" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tyrrell, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/">"Smetana, Bedrich"</a>. Grove Music Online, ed. Laura Macy. Retrieved 12 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smetana%2C+Bedrich&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online%2C+ed.+Laura+Macy&rft.aulast=Tyrrell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fpublic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> (Section 10 (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> See Large, pp. 425–30 Appendix G: Works in order of composition </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Schonberg, p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Large, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clap58-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clap58_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap58_111-1">b</a> Clapham (1972), pp. 58–64 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottlov9-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov9_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov9_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov9_112-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov9_112-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov9_112-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttlová" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ottlová, Marta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/">"Smetana, Bedrich"</a>. Grove Music Online, ed. Laura Macy. Retrieved 12 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smetana%2C+Bedrich&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online%2C+ed.+Laura+Macy&rft.aulast=Ottlov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fpublic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> (Section 9) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Large, pp. 122–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clap87-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Clap87_114-0">^</a> Clapham (1972), pp. 87–89 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Large, p. 378 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottlov8-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov8_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttlová" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ottlová, Marta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/">"Smetana, Bedrich"</a>. Grove Music Online, ed. Laura Macy. Retrieved 12 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smetana%2C+Bedrich&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online%2C+ed.+Laura+Macy&rft.aulast=Ottlov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fpublic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> (Section 8) </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Clapham (1972), pp. 65–66 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz1997" class="citation journal cs1">Katz, Derek (1997). "Smetana's Second String Quartet: Voice of Madness or Triumph of Spirit". The Musical Quarterly. 81 (4): 516–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2F81.4.516">10.1093/mq/81.4.516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Smetana%27s+Second+String+Quartet%3A+Voice+of+Madness+or+Triumph+of+Spirit&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E516-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmq%2F81.4.516&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Large376-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Large376_119-0">^</a> Large, pp. 376–77 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Clapham (1972), p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clap68-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clap68_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap68_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clap68_121-2">c</a> Clapham (1972), pp. 68–70 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Large, p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottlov7-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov7_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov7_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov7_123-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov7_123-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov7_123-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottlov7_123-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttlová" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ottlová, Marta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/">"Smetana, Bedrich"</a>. Grove Music Online, ed. Laura Macy. Retrieved 12 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smetana%2C+Bedrich&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online%2C+ed.+Laura+Macy&rft.aulast=Ottlov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fpublic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> (Section 7) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Newmarch, p. 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Large, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Large, p. 108 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Large, p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Clapham (1972), p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clap76-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Clap76_129-0">^</a> Clapham (1972), pp. 76–84 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Large, p. 288 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Clapham (1972), p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Newmarch, p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Clapham, p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyrrell6-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell6_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell6_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell6_134-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell6_134-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell6_134-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyrrell" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tyrrell, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/">"Smetana, Bedrich"</a>. Grove Music Online, ed. Laura Macy. Retrieved 12 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smetana%2C+Bedrich&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online%2C+ed.+Laura+Macy&rft.aulast=Tyrrell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fpublic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> (Section 6) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Grout, p. 534 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Letter to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_%C4%8Cech" title="Adolf Čech">Adolf Čech</a> 4 December 1882, quoted in Clapham (1972), p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Clapham (1972), p. 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Newmarch, pp. 83–84 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyrrell" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tyrrell, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/">"The Bartered Bride (Prodaná nevěsta)"</a>. Grove Music Online, ed. Laura Macy. Retrieved 10 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Bartered+Bride+%28Prodan%C3%A1+nev%C4%9Bsta%29&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online%2C+ed.+Laura+Macy&rft.aulast=Tyrrell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fpublic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Newmarch67-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newmarch67_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newmarch67_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newmarch67_140-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newmarch67_140-3">d</a> Newmarch, p. 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Clapham (1972), p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Newmarch, p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Large, p. 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Large, pp. 204–05 </li> <li id="cite_note-Clapham36-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clapham36_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clapham36_145-1">b</a> Clapham (1972), p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Clapham (1972) p. 41 and p. 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Large, p. 348 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Clapham (1972), p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Large, p. 370 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Large, p. 268 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.had.si/blog/2010/03/07/music-mile-vienna-vienna-walk-of-fame/">"Music Mile Vienna – Vienna Walk of Fame"</a>. 7 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Music+Mile+Vienna+%E2%80%93+Vienna+Walk+of+Fame&rft.date=2010-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.had.si%2Fblog%2F2010%2F03%2F07%2Fmusic-mile-vienna-vienna-walk-of-fame%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"(2047) Smetana". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer. 2003. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-29925-7_2048">10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_2048</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-29925-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-29925-7"><bdi>978-3-540-29925-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%282047%29+Smetana&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Minor+Planet+Names&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-29925-7_2048&rft.isbn=978-3-540-29925-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Large, p. 3 and p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Large, p. 205 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Large, pp. 304–05 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Large, p. 391 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Clapham (1972), p. 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Large, preface p. xvii </li> <li id="cite_note-Steen690-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steen690_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steen690_159-1">b</a> Steen, pp. 690–91 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMordden1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Mordden" title="Ethan Mordden">Mordden, Ethan</a> (29 May 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoorchestra00mord">A Guide to Orchestral Music : The Handbook for Non-Musicians: The Handbook for Non-Musicians</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoorchestra00mord/page/204">204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802030-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802030-1"><bdi>978-0-19-802030-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 February 2018 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Orchestral+Music+%3A+The+Handbook+for+Non-Musicians%3A+The+Handbook+for+Non-Musicians&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1980-05-29&rft.isbn=978-0-19-802030-1&rft.aulast=Mordden&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguidetoorchestra00mord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9B49AQAAIAAJ">"BBC Music Magazine"</a>. BBC Magazines. 3 February 2018. p. 47. Retrieved 3 February 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Music+Magazine&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=BBC+Magazines&rft.date=2018-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9B49AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> Sources <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham, Gerald</a> (1968). Slavonic and Romantic Music. London: Faber and Faber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavonic+and+Romantic+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClapham1980" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Clapham, John (1980). "Bedrich Smetana". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a> (Special English edition). Vol. 17. London: Macmillan. pp. 391–403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1"><bdi>978-0-333-23111-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bedrich+Smetana&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians+%28Special+English+edition%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E403&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-333-23111-1&rft.aulast=Clapham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClapham1972" class="citation book cs1">Clapham, John (1972). Smetana (Master Musicians series). London: J.M. Dent. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-460-03133-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-460-03133-2"><bdi>978-0-460-03133-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smetana+%28Master+Musicians+series%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.M.+Dent&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-460-03133-2&rft.aulast=Clapham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroutWegel_Williams2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Jay_Grout" title="Donald Jay Grout">Grout, Donald Jay</a>; Wegel Williams, Hermine (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofop0004grou">A Short History of Opera</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofop0004grou/page/534">534</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11958-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11958-0"><bdi>978-0-231-11958-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 June 2009. <q>Karel Sebor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Opera&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=534&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11958-0&rft.aulast=Grout&rft.aufirst=Donald+Jay&rft.au=Wegel+Williams%2C+Hermine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistoryofop0004grou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz1997" class="citation journal cs1">Katz, Derek (1997). "Smetana's Second String Quartet: Voice of Madness or Triumph of Spirit". The Musical Quarterly. 81 (4): 516–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2F81.4.516">10.1093/mq/81.4.516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Smetana%27s+Second+String+Quartet%3A+Voice+of+Madness+or+Triumph+of+Spirit&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E516-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmq%2F81.4.516&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> (subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarge1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Large" title="Brian Large">Large, Brian</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/smetana00larg/page/n7/mode/2up">Smetana</a>. London: Duckworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-0512-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-0512-7"><bdi>978-0-7156-0512-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smetana&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-0512-7&rft.aulast=Large&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsmetana00larg%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewmarch1942" class="citation book cs1">Newmarch, Rosa (1942). The Music of Czechoslovakia. Oxford: OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-77563-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-77563-5"><bdi>978-0-306-77563-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3291947">3291947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+Czechoslovakia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3291947&rft.isbn=978-0-306-77563-5&rft.aulast=Newmarch&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttlováPospíšilTyrrellSt_Pierre2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ottlová, Marta; Pospíšil, Milan; Tyrrell, John; St Pierre, Kelly (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-3000000151">"Smetana, Bedrich"</a>. In St Pierre, Kelly (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fomo%2F9781561592630.013.3000000151">10.1093/omo/9781561592630.013.3000000151</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781561592630" title="Special:BookSources/9781561592630"><bdi>9781561592630</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smetana%2C+Bedrich&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fomo%2F9781561592630.013.3000000151&rft.isbn=9781561592630&rft.aulast=Ottlov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft.au=Posp%C3%AD%C5%A1il%2C+Milan&rft.au=Tyrrell%2C+John&rft.au=St+Pierre%2C+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-3000000151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> (subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamba2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ramba, Jiří (2009). Slavné české lebky (Famous Czech Skulls) (in Czech) (2nd ed.). Prague: Galén. pp. 151–299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7262-325-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-7262-325-9"><bdi>978-80-7262-325-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavn%C3%A9+%C4%8Desk%C3%A9+lebky+%28Famous+Czech+Skulls%29&rft.place=Prague&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E299&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gal%C3%A9n&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-80-7262-325-9&rft.aulast=Ramba&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchonberg1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Schonberg" title="Harold C. Schonberg">Schonberg, Harold C.</a> (1975). The Lives of the Great Composers, Vol. II. London: Futura Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86007-723-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86007-723-7"><bdi>978-0-86007-723-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Great+Composers%2C+Vol.+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Futura+Publications&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-86007-723-7&rft.aulast=Schonberg&rft.aufirst=Harold+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt_Pierre2017" class="citation book cs1">St Pierre, Kelly (2017). Bedřich Smetana: Myth, Music, and Propaganda. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-510-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-510-6"><bdi>978-1-58046-510-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bed%C5%99ich+Smetana%3A+Myth%2C+Music%2C+and+Propaganda&rft.place=Rochester%2C+NY&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-58046-510-6&rft.aulast=St+Pierre&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616135701/http://www.nm.cz/expozice-detail.php?f_id=72">"Stálé expozice Národního muzea"</a> (in Czech). Národní muzeum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nm.cz/expozice-detail.php?f_id=72">the original</a> on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St%C3%A1l%C3%A9+expozice+N%C3%A1rodn%C3%ADho+muzea&rft.pub=N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD+muzeum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nm.cz%2Fexpozice-detail.php%3Ff_id%3D72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteen2003" class="citation book cs1">Steen, Michael (2003). The Lives and Times of the Great Composers. London: Icon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-679-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-679-9"><bdi>978-1-84046-679-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+and+Times+of+the+Great+Composers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Icon+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84046-679-9&rft.aulast=Steen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyrrell" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">Tyrrell, John</a>. "The Bartered Bride (Prodaná nevěsta)". In Laura Macy (ed.). Grove Music Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Bartered+Bride+%28Prodan%C3%A1+nev%C4%9Bsta%29&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.aulast=Tyrrell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> (subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyrrell" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tyrrell, John. "Smetana, Bedrich". In Laura Macy (ed.). Grove Music Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smetana%2C+Bedrich&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.aulast=Tyrrell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABed%C5%99ich+Smetana" class="Z3988"> (subscription required)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bedřich Smetana">Bedřich Smetana</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Smetana,_Bed%C5%99ich" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Smetana, Bedřich">Free scores by Smetana</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0806845/">Bedrich Smetana</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Template talk:Bedřich Smetana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bedřich Smetana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bedřich_Smetana279" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bedřich Smetana</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="List of compositions by Bedřich Smetana">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Brandenburgers_in_Bohemia" title="The Brandenburgers in Bohemia">The Brandenburgers in Bohemia</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bartered_Bride" title="The Bartered Bride">The Bartered Bride</a> (1866) <a href="/wiki/The_Bartered_Bride_discography" title="The Bartered Bride discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalibor_(opera)" title="Dalibor (opera)">Dalibor</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libu%C5%A1e_(opera)" title="Libuše (opera)">Libuše</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Widows" title="The Two Widows">The Two Widows</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kiss_(opera)" title="The Kiss (opera)">The Kiss</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_(opera)" title="The Secret (opera)">The Secret</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Wall" title="The Devil's Wall">The Devil's Wall</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_(opera)" title="Viola (opera)">Viola</a> (1884, incomplete)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orchestral works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakon_Jarl_(Smetana)" title="Hakon Jarl (Smetana)">Hakon Jarl</a> (1860–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1_vlast" title="Má vlast">Má vlast</a> (1872–79)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chamber music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_in_G_minor_(Smetana)" title="Piano Trio in G minor (Smetana)">Piano Trio in G minor</a> (1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._1_(Smetana)" title="String Quartet No. 1 (Smetana)">String Quartet No. 1</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._2_(Smetana)" title="String Quartet No. 2 (Smetana)">String Quartet No. 2</a> (1882–83)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana_Museum" title="Bedřich Smetana Museum">Bedřich Smetana Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smetana_Quartet" title="Smetana Quartet">Smetana Quartet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bartered_Bride_(1932_film)" title="The Bartered Bride (1932 film)">The Bartered Bride</a> (1932 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalibor_(film)" title="Dalibor (film)">Dalibor</a> (1956 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_folk_music" title="Moravian folk music">Moravian folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sko%C4%8Dn%C3%A1" title="Skočná">Skočná</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Category:Bedřich Smetana">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romantic_music538" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romantic_music" title="Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romantic_music" title="Template talk:Romantic music"><abbr title="Discuss this 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<li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Atterberg" title="Kurt Atterberg">Atterberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bazzini" title="Antonio Bazzini">Bazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Beach" title="Amy Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Auguste_de_B%C3%A9riot" title="Charles Auguste de Bériot">Bériot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bertin" title="Louise Bertin">Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield_Chadwick" title="George Whitefield Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Chaminade" title="Cécile Chaminade">Chaminade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Chausson" title="Ernest Chausson">Chausson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Crusell" title="Bernhard Crusell">Crusell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_David" title="Félicien David">Félicien David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)" title="Ferdinand David (musician)">Ferdinand David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Delibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Delius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Denza" title="Luigi Denza">Denza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">d'Indy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Farrenc" title="Louise Farrenc">Farrenc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Foote" title="Arthur Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Franz" title="Robert Franz">Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani" title="Mauro Giuliani">Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Glazunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Melchor_Gomis" title="José Melchor Gomis">J. Gomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gretchaninov" title="Alexander Gretchaninov">Gretchaninov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Herbert" title="Victor Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_H%C3%A9rold" title="Ferdinand Hérold">Hérold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kalivoda" title="Jan Kalivoda">Kalivoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Kreisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau" title="Friedrich Kuhlau">Kuhlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toivo_Kuula" title="Toivo Kuula">Kuula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lachner" title="Franz Lachner">Lachner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lalo" title="Édouard Lalo">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Leoncavallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Lumbye" title="Hans Christian Lumbye">Lumbye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko" title="Mykola Lysenko">Lysenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Madetoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Masarnau_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Santiago Masarnau Fernández">Masarnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Massenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante" title="Saverio Mercadante">Mercadante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_M%C3%A9reaux" title="Amédée Méreaux">Méreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Niedermeyer" title="Louis Niedermeyer">Niedermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Offenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini" title="Giovanni Pacini">Pacini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knowles_Paine" title="John Knowles Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Popper" title="David Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Prudent" title="Émile Prudent">Prudent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Raff" title="Joachim Raff">Raff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Reinecke" title="Carl Reinecke">Reinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Respighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ries" title="Ferdinand Ries">Ries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rode" title="Pierre Rode">Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Sarasate" title="Pablo de Sarasate">Sarasate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I" title="Johann Strauss I">J. Strauss I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">J. Strauss II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">R. Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Taneyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_T%C3%A1rrega" title="Francisco Tárrega">Tárrega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Tobias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps" title="Henri Vieuxtemps">Vieuxtemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Vaughan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Ysaÿe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_guitar" title="Romantic guitar">Romantic guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra#Early_Romantic_orchestra" title="Orchestra">Romantic orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(classical_music)" title="Ballade (classical music)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_piece" title="Character piece">Character piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_prelude" title="Chorale prelude">Chorale prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">Mazurka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_song" title="Orchestral song">Orchestral song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantische_Oper" title="Romantische Oper">Romantic opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">Symphonic poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">Symphony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianist_movement" title="Indianist movement">Indianist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_the_Belyayev_circle" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle">Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_The_Five" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five">Tchaikovsky and The Five</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)">Classical music</a></div><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Template:Modernism (music)">Modernist music</a> → </div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romantic_music" title="Category:Romantic music">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism556" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism556" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a> →</div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romanticism" title="Category:Romanticism">Category</a> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Musical_nationalism37" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Musical_nationalism" title="Template:Musical nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Musical_nationalism" title="Template talk:Musical nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Musical_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Musical nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Musical_nationalism37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Czech Republic <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bedřich Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Leoš Janáček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF" title="Bohuslav Martinů">Bohuslav Martinů</a></li></ul></li> <li>Denmark <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Gade" title="Niels Gade">Niels Gade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Carl Nielsen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Estonia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Rudolf Tobias</a></li></ul></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Leevi Madetoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Jean Sibelius</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romain_Bussine" title="Romain Bussine">Romain Bussine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hungary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Kod%C3%A1ly" title="Zoltán Kodály">Zoltán Kodály</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Netherlands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Zweers" title="Bernard Zweers">Bernard Zweers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Norway <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Edvard Grieg</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Stanisław Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Henryk Wieniawski</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Enescu" title="George Enescu">George Enescu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Mikhail Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dargomyzhsky" title="Alexander Dargomyzhsky">Alexander Dargomyzhsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_(composers)" title="The Five (composers)">The Five</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Mily Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">César Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Modest Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Alexander Borodin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Slovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Cikker" title="Ján Cikker">Ján Cikker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Moyzes" title="Alexander Moyzes">Alexander Moyzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Sucho%C5%88" title="Eugen Suchoň">Eugen Suchoň</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Alb%C3%A9niz" title="Isaac Albéniz">Isaac Albéniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Manuel de Falla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Granados" title="Enrique Granados">Enrique Granados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Rodrigo" title="Joaquín Rodrigo">Joaquín Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Turina" title="Joaquín Turina">Joaquín Turina</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hugo Alfvén">Hugo Alfvén</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Parry" title="Joseph Parry">Joseph Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Villiers_Stanford" title="Charles Villiers Stanford">Charles Villiers Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(composer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (composer)">Alexander Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ginastera" title="Alberto Ginastera">Alberto Ginastera</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Antônio Carlos Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mignone" title="Francisco Mignone">Francisco Mignone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Heitor Villa-Lobos</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Vivier" title="Claude Vivier">Claude Vivier</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ponce" title="Manuel Ponce">Manuel Ponce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Carlos Chávez">Carlos Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvestre_Revueltas" title="Silvestre Revueltas">Silvestre Revueltas</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Parker" title="Horatio Parker">Horatio Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48173#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4275" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48173#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4275" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48173#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121441890">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/95207407">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/17846/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJx4hCgmm3HBtX7hgYT8md">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118615017">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50053339">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138998513">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138998513">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621485">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35966945">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jk01120043&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1015250">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/104982">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070136602">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90229639">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000037234&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000054183&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=234328">Greece</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=71397">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000031873">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199625606">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/42gjf2mn2887xv7">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810591136205606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/226857">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007268151405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000059385">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058508483806706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14019246">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04028125?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6eb5695e-cf7b-4b94-b441-a09901127ef9">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/0d94bebb-53a3-4b13-9a3d-45b37032a641">KulturNav</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102111">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118615017">FID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1166573">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118615017.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118615017">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032202997">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6s75h5q">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/144306">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Czech_Republic" title="Portal:Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/21px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/32px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/42px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Bedřich Smetana at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" class="extiw" title="c:Bedřich Smetana">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Bedřich Smetana">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bedřich_Smetana&oldid=1273294490">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bedřich_Smetana&oldid=1273294490</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Category:Bedřich Smetana">Bedřich Smetana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1824_births" title="Category:1824 births">1824 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1884_deaths" title="Category:1884 deaths">1884 deaths</a></li><li><a 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