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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canonical_five" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canonical_five"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Canonical five </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canonical_five-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Whitechapel_murders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Whitechapel_murders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Later Whitechapel murders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Whitechapel_murders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_alleged_victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_alleged_victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Other alleged victims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_alleged_victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Investigation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Investigation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Investigation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Whitechapel_Vigilance_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whitechapel_Vigilance_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Whitechapel Vigilance Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whitechapel_Vigilance_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_profiling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_profiling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Criminal profiling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_profiling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Suspects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Letters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jack the Ripper: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" > 79 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jack the Ripper" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="جاك السفاح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جاك السفاح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_l%27Estripador" title="Jack l'Estripador – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jack l'Estripador" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qar%C4%B1nde%C5%9F%C9%99n_Cek" title="Qarındeşən Cek – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qarındeşən Cek" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="জ্যাক দ্য রিপার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জ্যাক দ্য রিপার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jack the Ripper" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Джак Изкормвача – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джак Изкормвача" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Jack the Ripper" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Trbosjek" title="Jack Trbosjek – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jack Trbosjek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yann_an_Toullgofer" title="Yann an Toullgofer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yann an Toullgofer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_l%27Esbudellador" title="Jack l'Esbudellador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jack l'Esbudellador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Rozparova%C4%8D" title="Jack Rozparovač – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jack Rozparovač" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jack the Ripper" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jack the Ripper" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jack the Ripper" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappija_Jack" title="Rappija Jack – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rappija Jack" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BA_%CE%BF_%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Τζακ ο Αντεροβγάλτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζακ ο Αντεροβγάλτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_el_Destripador" title="Jack el Destripador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jack el Destripador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C4%89jo_la_Bu%C4%89isto" title="Joĉjo la Buĉisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Joĉjo la Buĉisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Tripa-ateratzailea" title="Jack Tripa-ateratzailea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jack Tripa-ateratzailea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%A9_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84" title="جک قاتل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جک قاتل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_l%27%C3%89ventreur" title="Jack l'Éventreur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jack l'Éventreur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Jack the Ripper" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoc_an_Reubainnear" title="Seoc an Reubainnear – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Seoc an Reubainnear" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_o_Destripador" title="Jack o Destripador – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jack o Destripador" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AD_%EB%8D%94_%EB%A6%AC%ED%8D%BC" title="잭 더 리퍼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잭 더 리퍼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%84_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Ջեք Պատռող – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեք Պատռող" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0" title="जैक द रिपर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जैक द रिपर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Trbosjek" title="Jack Trbosjek – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jack Trbosjek" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jack the Ripper" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobbi_kvi%C3%B0rista" title="Kobbi kviðrista – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kobbi kviðrista" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_lo_squartatore" title="Jack lo squartatore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jack lo squartatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A9" title="ג'ק המרטש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ק המרטש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಜ್ಯಾಕ್‌ ದಿ ರಿಪ್ಪರ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜ್ಯಾಕ್‌ ದಿ ರಿಪ್ಪರ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%99_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ჯეკ მფატრავი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯეკ მფატრავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jack the Ripper" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Jack the Ripper" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeks_Uz%C5%A1%C4%B7%C4%93rd%C4%93js" title="Džeks Uzšķērdējs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeks Uzšķērdējs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEekas_Skerdikas" title="Džekas Skerdikas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džekas Skerdikas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasfelmetsz%C5%91_Jack" title="Hasfelmetsző Jack – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hasfelmetsző Jack" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Џек Мевосек – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џек Мевосек" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_l%27%C3%89ventreur" title="Jack l'Éventreur – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jack l'Éventreur" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC" title="ജാക്ക് ദ് റിപ്പർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജാക്ക് ദ് റിപ്പർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jack the Ripper" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jack the Ripper" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0" title="ज्याक द रिपर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ज्याक द रिपर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%87%E3%82%8A%E8%A3%82%E3%81%8D%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="切り裂きジャック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="切り裂きジャック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_%E2%80%98o_Squartatore" title="Jack ‘o Squartatore – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Jack ‘o Squartatore" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jack the Ripper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_l%27%C3%8Abieilleux" title="Jacques l'Êbieilleux – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Jacques l'Êbieilleux" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_l%27Esventraire" title="Jack l'Esventraire – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jack l'Esventraire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0" title="ਜੈਕ ਦਾ ਰਿਪਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੈਕ ਦਾ ਰਿਪਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba_Rozpruwacz" title="Kuba Rozpruwacz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kuba Rozpruwacz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack,_o_Estripador" title="Jack, o Estripador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jack, o Estripador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Spintec%C4%83torul" title="Jack Spintecătorul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jack Spintecătorul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Джек-потрошитель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джек-потрошитель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%AF_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="ජැක් ද රිපර් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජැක් ද රිපර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jack the Ripper" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%DA%AA_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="جيڪ دي رپر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جيڪ دي رپر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Rozparova%C4%8D" title="Jack Rozparovač – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jack Rozparovač" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Razpara%C4%8D" title="Jack Razparač – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jack Razparač" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%A9_%DA%95%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1_(%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C)" title="جاک ڕیپەر (بکوژی زنجیرەیی) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جاک ڕیپەر (بکوژی زنجیرەیی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Џек Трбосек – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џек Трбосек" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Trbosjek" title="Jack Trbosjek – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jack Trbosjek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viilt%C3%A4j%C3%A4-Jack" title="Viiltäjä-Jack – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viiltäjä-Jack" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Uppsk%C3%A4raren" title="Jack Uppskäraren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jack Uppskäraren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="கிழிப்பர் ஜேக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிழிப்பர் ஜேக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_aqettal" title="Jack aqettal – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Jack aqettal" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="జాక్ ది రిప్పర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జాక్ ది రిప్పర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="แจ็กเดอะริปเปอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แจ็กเดอะริปเปอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C4%B1nde%C5%9Fen_Jack" title="Karındeşen Jack – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karındeşen Jack" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA-%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Джек-Різник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джек-Різник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="جیک سفاح – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیک سفاح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jack the Ripper" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%B3%E5%89%94%E8%80%85%E5%82%91%E5%85%8B" title="刳剔者傑克 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="刳剔者傑克" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jack the Ripper" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E8%86%9B%E6%89%8B%E6%9D%B0%E5%85%8B" title="开膛手杰克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="开膛手杰克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%AE%BA%E6%89%8B%E7%A9%8D%E5%85%8B" title="劏人殺手積克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="劏人殺手積克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E8%86%9B%E6%89%8B%E5%82%91%E5%85%8B" title="開膛手傑克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="開膛手傑克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43963#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Jack_the_Ripper" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> 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title="Wikipedia:Bots">Bots</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount">2,516,564 edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> Move 1 url. <a href="/wiki/User:GreenC/WaybackMedic_2.5" title="User:GreenC/WaybackMedic 2.5">Wayback Medic 2.5</a> per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:URLREQ#educationengland.org.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:URLREQ">WP:URLREQ#educationengland.org.uk</a></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_the_Ripper&diff=next&oldid=1215401207" title="Jack the Ripper" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 164:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 164:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:The Penny Illustrated Paper - September 8, 1888 - Jack the Ripper.jpg|180px|thumb|8 September 1888 edition of the ''[[Penny Illustrated Paper]]'' depicting the discovery of the body of the first canonical Ripper victim, [[Mary Ann Nichols]]]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:The Penny Illustrated Paper - September 8, 1888 - Jack the Ripper.jpg|180px|thumb|8 September 1888 edition of the ''[[Penny Illustrated Paper]]'' depicting the discovery of the body of the first canonical Ripper victim, [[Mary Ann Nichols]]]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The Ripper murders mark an important watershed in the treatment of crime by journalists.<ref name=odnb/><ref name=w&b20/> Jack the Ripper was not the [[Serial killer#History|first serial killer]], but his case was the first to create a worldwide media frenzy.<ref name=odnb>[[Richard Davenport-Hines|Davenport-Hines, Richard]] (2004). [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/38744 "Jack the Ripper (fl. 1888)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725143844/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/38744 |date=25 July 2015 }}, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Oxford University Press. Subscription required for online version.</ref><ref name=w&b20>Woods and Baddeley, pp. 20, 52</ref> The [[Elementary Education Act 1880]] (which had extended upon a [[Elementary Education Act 1870|previous Act]]) made school attendance compulsory regardless of [[Social class|class]]. As such, by 1888, more [[working-class]] people in England and Wales were [[Literacy|literate]].<ref>{{cite web |url=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">www.educationengland</del>.org<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.uk</del>/history/chapter06.html |title=Education in England: A History |publisher=educationengland.org.uk |date=1 June 1998 |access-date=14 September 2020 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226232031/http://www.educationengland.org.uk/history/chapter06.html |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The Ripper murders mark an important watershed in the treatment of crime by journalists.<ref name=odnb/><ref name=w&b20/> Jack the Ripper was not the [[Serial killer#History|first serial killer]], but his case was the first to create a worldwide media frenzy.<ref name=odnb>[[Richard Davenport-Hines|Davenport-Hines, Richard]] (2004). [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/38744 "Jack the Ripper (fl. 1888)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725143844/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/38744 |date=25 July 2015 }}, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Oxford University Press. Subscription required for online version.</ref><ref name=w&b20>Woods and Baddeley, pp. 20, 52</ref> The [[Elementary Education Act 1880]] (which had extended upon a [[Elementary Education Act 1870|previous Act]]) made school attendance compulsory regardless of [[Social class|class]]. As such, by 1888, more [[working-class]] people in England and Wales were [[Literacy|literate]].<ref>{{cite web |url=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">education-uk</ins>.org/history/chapter06.html |title=Education in England: A History |publisher=educationengland.org.uk |date=1 June 1998 |access-date=14 September 2020 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226232031/http://www.educationengland.org.uk/history/chapter06.html |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Tax reforms in the 1850s had enabled the publication of inexpensive newspapers with a wider circulation.<ref>Begg, ''Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History'', p. 208</ref> These mushroomed in the later Victorian era to include mass-circulation newspapers costing as little as a [[Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin)|halfpenny]], along with popular magazines such as ''[[The Illustrated Police News]]'' which made the Ripper the beneficiary of previously unparalleled publicity.<ref>Curtis, L. Perry, Jr. (2001). ''Jack the Ripper and the London Press''. Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-08872-8}}</ref> Consequently, at the height of the investigation, over one million copies<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/wicked-deeds/201401/jack-the-ripper-identified |title=Jack the Ripper |publisher=psychologytoday.com |date=27 January 2004 |access-date=23 January 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331082352/https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/wicked-deeds/201401/jack-the-ripper-identified |url-status=live }}</ref> of newspapers with extensive coverage devoted to the Whitechapel murders were sold each day.<ref>{{cite news|title=Murderers Who Haunt the Screen|url=https://www.borehamwoodtimes.co.uk/news/1051836.murderers-who-haunt-the-screen/|access-date=23 January 2020|work=Borehamwood & Elstree Times|date=30 November 2006|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308030305/https://www.borehamwoodtimes.co.uk/news/1051836.murderers-who-haunt-the-screen/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, many of the articles were [[Sensationalism|sensationalistic]] and speculative, and false information was regularly printed as fact.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.casebook.org/press_reports/star/s880908.html |title=Horror Upon Horror. Whitechapel is Panic-stricken at Another Fiendish Crime. A Fourth Victim of the Maniac |publisher=casebook.org |date=1 January 2010 |access-date=1 June 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118044730/https://casebook.org/press_reports/star/s880908.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, several articles speculating as to the identity of the Ripper alluded to local [[Xenophobia|xenophobic]] rumours that the perpetrator was either Jewish or foreign.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.casebook.org/ripper_media/book_reviews/non-fiction/cjmorley/149.html |title=John Pizer |publisher=casebook.org |date=1 January 2010 |access-date=1 June 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124183718/https://www.casebook.org/ripper_media/book_reviews/non-fiction/cjmorley/149.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2018/10/who-was-jack-ripper| title= Who Was Jack the Ripper?| author= Ignacio Peyro| website= nationalgeographic.co.uk| date= 29 October 2018| access-date= 1 June 2020| archive-date= 31 March 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210331082322/https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2018/10/who-was-jack-ripper| url-status= live}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Tax reforms in the 1850s had enabled the publication of inexpensive newspapers with a wider circulation.<ref>Begg, ''Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History'', p. 208</ref> These mushroomed in the later Victorian era to include mass-circulation newspapers costing as little as a [[Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin)|halfpenny]], along with popular magazines such as ''[[The Illustrated Police News]]'' which made the Ripper the beneficiary of previously unparalleled publicity.<ref>Curtis, L. Perry, Jr. (2001). ''Jack the Ripper and the London Press''. Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-08872-8}}</ref> Consequently, at the height of the investigation, over one million copies<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/wicked-deeds/201401/jack-the-ripper-identified |title=Jack the Ripper |publisher=psychologytoday.com |date=27 January 2004 |access-date=23 January 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331082352/https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/wicked-deeds/201401/jack-the-ripper-identified |url-status=live }}</ref> of newspapers with extensive coverage devoted to the Whitechapel murders were sold each day.<ref>{{cite news|title=Murderers Who Haunt the Screen|url=https://www.borehamwoodtimes.co.uk/news/1051836.murderers-who-haunt-the-screen/|access-date=23 January 2020|work=Borehamwood & Elstree Times|date=30 November 2006|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308030305/https://www.borehamwoodtimes.co.uk/news/1051836.murderers-who-haunt-the-screen/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, many of the articles were [[Sensationalism|sensationalistic]] and speculative, and false information was regularly printed as fact.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.casebook.org/press_reports/star/s880908.html |title=Horror Upon Horror. Whitechapel is Panic-stricken at Another Fiendish Crime. A Fourth Victim of the Maniac |publisher=casebook.org |date=1 January 2010 |access-date=1 June 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118044730/https://casebook.org/press_reports/star/s880908.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, several articles speculating as to the identity of the Ripper alluded to local [[Xenophobia|xenophobic]] rumours that the perpetrator was either Jewish or foreign.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.casebook.org/ripper_media/book_reviews/non-fiction/cjmorley/149.html |title=John Pizer |publisher=casebook.org |date=1 January 2010 |access-date=1 June 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124183718/https://www.casebook.org/ripper_media/book_reviews/non-fiction/cjmorley/149.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2018/10/who-was-jack-ripper| title= Who Was Jack the Ripper?| author= Ignacio Peyro| website= nationalgeographic.co.uk| date= 29 October 2018| access-date= 1 June 2020| archive-date= 31 March 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210331082322/https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2018/10/who-was-jack-ripper| url-status= live}}</ref></div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 22:40, 24 March 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unidentified serial killer in London in 1888</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the serial killer. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jack the Ripper (disambiguation)">Jack the Ripper (disambiguation)</a>. For the murders in or near Whitechapel between 1888 and 1891, see <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_murders" title="Whitechapel murders">Whitechapel murders</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jack the Ripper</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:JacktheRipper1888.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a man with a pulled-up collar and pulled-down hat walking alone on a street watched by a group of well-dressed men behind him" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/JacktheRipper1888.jpg/220px-JacktheRipper1888.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/JacktheRipper1888.jpg/330px-JacktheRipper1888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/JacktheRipper1888.jpg/440px-JacktheRipper1888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="1245" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">"With the Vigilance Committee in the East End: A Suspicious Character" from <a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a>, 13 October 1888</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Unknown</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>"The Whitechapel Murderer"</li><li>"Leather Apron"</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data">Unknown (possibly <a href="/wiki/Sexual_sadism_disorder" title="Sexual sadism disorder">sexual sadism</a> and/or rage)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Victims</th><td class="infobox-data">Unknown (5 canonical)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">1888–1891 (1888: 5 canonical)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Whitechapel" title="Whitechapel">Whitechapel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spitalfields" title="Spitalfields">Spitalfields</a>, London, England (5 canonical)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Jack the Ripper was an unidentified <a href="/wiki/Serial_killer" title="Serial killer">serial killer</a> active in and around the impoverished <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel" title="Whitechapel">Whitechapel</a> district of London, England, in 1888. In both criminal case files and the contemporaneous journalistic accounts, the killer was also called the Whitechapel Murderer and Leather Apron. Attacks ascribed to Jack the Ripper typically involved women working as prostitutes who lived and worked in the slums of the <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End of London</a>. Their throats were cut prior to abdominal mutilations. The removal of internal organs from at least three of the victims led to speculation that their killer had some anatomical or surgical knowledge. Rumours that the murders were connected intensified in September and October 1888, and numerous letters were received by media outlets and <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a> from individuals purporting to be the murderer. The name "Jack the Ripper" originated in the "<a href="/wiki/Dear_Boss_letter" title="Dear Boss letter">Dear Boss letter</a>" written by an individual claiming to be the murderer, which was disseminated in the press. The letter is widely believed to have been a hoax and may have been written by journalists to heighten interest in the story and increase their newspapers' circulation. The "<a href="/wiki/From_Hell_letter" title="From Hell letter">From Hell letter</a>" received by <a href="/wiki/George_Lusk" title="George Lusk">George Lusk</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Vigilance_Committee" title="Whitechapel Vigilance Committee">Whitechapel Vigilance Committee</a> came with half of a preserved human kidney, purportedly taken from one of the victims. The public came increasingly to believe in the existence of a single serial killer known as Jack the Ripper, mainly because of both the extraordinarily brutal nature of the murders and media coverage of the crimes. Extensive newspaper coverage bestowed widespread and enduring international notoriety on the Ripper, and the legend solidified. A police investigation into a <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_murders" title="Whitechapel murders">series of eleven brutal murders</a> committed in Whitechapel and <a href="/wiki/Spitalfields" title="Spitalfields">Spitalfields</a> between 1888 and 1891 was unable to connect all the killings conclusively to the murders of 1888. Five victims—<a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Nichols" title="Mary Ann Nichols">Mary Ann Nichols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Chapman" title="Annie Chapman">Annie Chapman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stride" title="Elizabeth Stride">Elizabeth Stride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Eddowes" title="Catherine Eddowes">Catherine Eddowes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Kelly" title="Mary Jane Kelly">Mary Jane Kelly</a>—are known as the "canonical five" and their murders between 31 August and 9 November 1888 are often considered the most likely to be linked. The murders were never solved, and the legends surrounding these crimes became a combination of historical research, <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">pseudohistory</a>, capturing public imagination to the present day. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JacktheRipperWhitechapelcirca1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/JacktheRipperWhitechapelcirca1890.jpg/180px-JacktheRipperWhitechapelcirca1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/JacktheRipperWhitechapelcirca1890.jpg/270px-JacktheRipperWhitechapelcirca1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/JacktheRipperWhitechapelcirca1890.jpg/360px-JacktheRipperWhitechapelcirca1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Women and children congregate in front of one of the Whitechapel <a href="/wiki/Common_lodging-house" title="Common lodging-house">common lodging-houses</a> close to where Jack the Ripper murdered two of his victims<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> In the mid-19th century, England experienced an influx of <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish immigrants</a> who swelled the populations of the major cities, including the <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End of London</a>. From 1882, <a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Jewish refugees</a> fleeing <a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">pogroms in the Russian Empire</a> and other areas of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> emigrated into the same area.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The parish of <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel" title="Whitechapel">Whitechapel</a> in the East End became increasingly overcrowded, with the population increasing to approximately 80,000 inhabitants by 1888.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3">[3]</a> Work and housing conditions worsened, and a significant economic <a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">underclass</a> developed.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Fifty-five per cent of children born in the East End died before they were five years old.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Robbery, violence, and <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_dependence" title="Alcohol dependence">alcohol dependency</a> were commonplace,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3">[3]</a> and the endemic poverty drove many women to <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a> to survive on a daily basis.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In October 1888, London's <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Service">Metropolitan Police Service</a> estimated that there were 62 <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">brothels</a> and 1,200 women working as prostitutes in Whitechapel,<a href="#cite_note-Evans-and-Skinner-p1-7">[7]</a> with approximately 8,500 people residing in the 233 <a href="/wiki/Common_lodging-house" title="Common lodging-house">common lodging-houses</a> within Whitechapel every night,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3">[3]</a> with the nightly price for a <a href="/wiki/Four_penny_coffin" title="Four penny coffin">coffin bed</a> being <a href="/wiki/Fourpence_(British_coin)" title="Fourpence (British coin)">fourpence</a> (equivalent to £2 in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and the cost of sleeping upon a "lean-to" or "hang-over" rope stretched across the dormitory being two pence per person.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The economic problems in Whitechapel were accompanied by a steady rise in <a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">social tensions</a>. Between 1886 and 1889, frequent demonstrations led to police intervention and public unrest, such as <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1887)" title="Bloody Sunday (1887)">Bloody Sunday (1887)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a>, crime, <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, social disturbance, and severe deprivation influenced public perceptions that Whitechapel was a notorious den of <a href="/wiki/Immorality" title="Immorality">immorality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Such perceptions were strengthened in 1888 when the series of vicious and grotesque murders attributed to "Jack the Ripper" received unprecedented coverage in the media.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Murders">Murders</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_murders" title="Whitechapel murders">Whitechapel murders</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitechapel_Spitalfields_7_murders.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Victorian map of London marked with seven dots within a few streets of each other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Whitechapel_Spitalfields_7_murders.JPG/220px-Whitechapel_Spitalfields_7_murders.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Whitechapel_Spitalfields_7_murders.JPG/330px-Whitechapel_Spitalfields_7_murders.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Whitechapel_Spitalfields_7_murders.JPG/440px-Whitechapel_Spitalfields_7_murders.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3315" data-file-height="2020" /></a><figcaption>The sites of the first seven Whitechapel murders – <a href="/wiki/Osborn_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Osborn Street">Osborn Street</a> (centre right), <a href="/wiki/George_Yard" class="mw-redirect" title="George Yard">George Yard</a> (centre left), <a href="/wiki/Hanbury_Street" title="Hanbury Street">Hanbury Street</a> (top), <a href="/wiki/Buck%27s_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Buck's Row">Buck's Row</a> (far right), <a href="/wiki/Berner_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Berner Street">Berner Street</a> (bottom right), <a href="/wiki/Mitre_Square" title="Mitre Square">Mitre Square</a> (bottom left), and <a href="/wiki/Dorset_Street_(Spitalfields)" title="Dorset Street (Spitalfields)">Dorset Street</a> (middle left)</figcaption></figure> The large number of attacks against women in the East End during this time adds uncertainty to how many victims were murdered by the same individual.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Eleven separate murders, stretching from 3 April 1888 to 13 February 1891, were included in a Metropolitan Police investigation and were known collectively in the police docket as the "Whitechapel murders".<a href="#cite_note-met-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Opinions vary as to whether these murders should be linked to the same culprit, but five of the eleven Whitechapel murders, known as the "canonical five", are widely believed to be the work of the Ripper.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Most experts point to deep <a href="/wiki/Slashing_(crime)" title="Slashing (crime)">slash wounds</a> to the throat, followed by extensive abdominal and genital-area mutilation, the removal of internal organs, and progressive facial mutilations as the distinctive features of the Ripper's <a href="/wiki/Modus_operandi" title="Modus operandi">modus operandi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keppel-17">[17]</a> The first two cases in the Whitechapel murders file, those of <a href="/wiki/Emma_Elizabeth_Smith" title="Emma Elizabeth Smith">Emma Elizabeth Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martha_Tabram" title="Martha Tabram">Martha Tabram</a>, are not included in the canonical five.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Smith was robbed and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexually assaulted</a> in <a href="/wiki/Osborn_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Osborn Street">Osborn Street</a>, Whitechapel, at approximately 1:30 a.m. on 3 April 1888.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> She had been bludgeoned about the face and received a cut to her ear.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> A blunt object was also inserted into her <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>, rupturing her <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</a>. She developed <a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">peritonitis</a> and died the following day at <a href="/wiki/London_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="London Hospital">London Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Smith stated that she had been attacked by two or three men, one of whom she described as a teenager.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> This attack was linked to the later murders by the press,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> but most authors attribute Smith's murder to general East End <a href="/wiki/Gang#Gang_violence" title="Gang">gang violence</a> unrelated to the Ripper case.<a href="#cite_note-met-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-odnb-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Tabram was murdered on a staircase landing in George Yard, Whitechapel, on 7 August 1888;<a href="#cite_note-begg35-26">[26]</a> she had suffered 39 stab wounds to her throat, lungs, heart, liver, <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>, stomach, and abdomen, with additional knife wounds inflicted to her breasts and vagina.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> All but one of Tabram's wounds had been inflicted with a bladed instrument such as a <a href="/wiki/Penknife" title="Penknife">penknife</a>, and with one possible exception, all the wounds had been inflicted by a right-handed individual.<a href="#cite_note-begg35-26">[26]</a> Tabram had not been <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">raped</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The savagery of the Tabram murder, the lack of an obvious <a href="/wiki/Motive_(law)" title="Motive (law)">motive</a>, and the closeness of the location and date to the later canonical Ripper murders led police to link this murder to those later committed by Jack the Ripper.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> However, this murder differs from the later canonical murders because although Tabram had been repeatedly stabbed, she had not suffered any slash wounds to her throat or abdomen.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Many experts do not connect Tabram's murder with the later murders because of this difference in the wound pattern.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canonical_five">Canonical five</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Canon_(basic_principle)" title="Canon (basic principle)">canonical</a> five Ripper victims are <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Nichols" title="Mary Ann Nichols">Mary Ann Nichols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Chapman" title="Annie Chapman">Annie Chapman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stride" title="Elizabeth Stride">Elizabeth Stride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Eddowes" title="Catherine Eddowes">Catherine Eddowes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Kelly" title="Mary Jane Kelly">Mary Jane Kelly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The body of Mary Ann Nichols was discovered at about 3:40 a.m. on Friday 31 August 1888 in Buck's Row (now <a href="/wiki/Durward_Street" title="Durward Street">Durward Street</a>), Whitechapel. Nichols had last been seen alive approximately one hour before the discovery of her body by a Mrs. Emily Holland, with whom she had previously shared a bed at a common lodging-house in Thrawl Street, Spitalfields, walking in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Road" title="Whitechapel Road">Whitechapel Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Her throat was severed by two deep cuts, one of which completely severed all the <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> down to the <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebrae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Her vagina had been stabbed twice,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and the lower part of her abdomen was partly ripped open by a deep, jagged wound, causing her bowels to protrude.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Several other incisions inflicted to both sides of her abdomen had also been caused by the same knife; each of these wounds had been inflicted in a downward thrusting manner.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Hanbury.jpg/220px-Hanbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Hanbury.jpg/330px-Hanbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Hanbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>29 <a href="/wiki/Hanbury_Street" title="Hanbury Street">Hanbury Street</a>. The door through which <a href="/wiki/Annie_Chapman" title="Annie Chapman">Annie Chapman</a> and her murderer walked to the yard where her body was discovered is beneath the numerals of the property sign.</figcaption></figure> One week later, on Saturday 8 September 1888, the body of Annie Chapman was discovered at approximately 6 a.m. near the steps to the doorway of the back yard of 29 <a href="/wiki/Hanbury_Street" title="Hanbury Street">Hanbury Street</a>, Spitalfields. As in the case of Nichols, the throat was severed by two deep cuts.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Her abdomen had been cut entirely open, with a section of the flesh from her stomach being placed upon her left shoulder and another section of skin and flesh—plus her <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestines</a>—being removed and placed above her right shoulder.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Chapman's autopsy also revealed that her <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> and sections of her <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">bladder</a> and vagina<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> had been removed.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">inquest</a> into Chapman's murder, Elizabeth Long described having seen Chapman standing outside 29 Hanbury Street at about 5:30 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> in the company of a dark-haired man wearing a brown <a href="/wiki/Deerstalker" title="Deerstalker">deer-stalker hat</a> and dark overcoat, and of a "shabby-<a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">genteel</a>" appearance.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> According to this eyewitness, the man had asked Chapman, "Will you?" to which Chapman had replied, "Yes."<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes were both killed in the early morning hours of Sunday 30 September 1888. Stride's body was discovered at approximately 1 a.m. in Dutfield's Yard, off Berner Street (now <a href="/wiki/Henriques_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Henriques Street">Henriques Street</a>) in Whitechapel.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The cause of death was a single clear-cut incision, measuring six inches across her neck which had severed her left <a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery" title="Carotid artery">carotid artery</a> and her <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a> before terminating beneath her right jaw.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The absence of any further mutilations to her body has led to uncertainty as to whether Stride's murder was committed by the Ripper, or whether he was interrupted during the attack.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Several witnesses later informed police they had seen Stride in the company of a man in or close to Berner Street on the evening of 29 September and in the early hours of 30 September,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> but each gave differing descriptions: some said that her companion was fair, others dark; some said that he was shabbily dressed, others well-dressed.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CatherineEddowesJacktheRipperCanomicleVictimFourMitreSq.30091888a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/CatherineEddowesJacktheRipperCanomicleVictimFourMitreSq.30091888a.jpg/170px-CatherineEddowesJacktheRipperCanomicleVictimFourMitreSq.30091888a.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/CatherineEddowesJacktheRipperCanomicleVictimFourMitreSq.30091888a.jpg/255px-CatherineEddowesJacktheRipperCanomicleVictimFourMitreSq.30091888a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/CatherineEddowesJacktheRipperCanomicleVictimFourMitreSq.30091888a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Contemporaneous police drawing of the body of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Eddowes" title="Catherine Eddowes">Catherine Eddowes</a>, as discovered in <a href="/wiki/Mitre_Square" title="Mitre Square">Mitre Square</a></figcaption></figure> Eddowes's body was found in a corner of <a href="/wiki/Mitre_Square" title="Mitre Square">Mitre Square</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, three-quarters of an hour after the discovery of the body of Elizabeth Stride.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Her throat was severed from ear to ear and her abdomen ripped open by a long, deep and jagged wound before her intestines had been placed over her right shoulder, with a section of the intestine being completely detached and placed between her body and left arm.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The left kidney and the major part of Eddowes's uterus had been removed, and her face had been disfigured, with her nose severed, her cheek slashed, and cuts measuring a quarter of an inch and a half an inch respectively vertically incised through each of her eyelids.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> A triangular incision—the <a href="/wiki/Apex_(geometry)" title="Apex (geometry)">apex</a> of which pointed towards Eddowes's eye—had also been carved upon each of her cheeks,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and a section of the <a href="/wiki/Auricle_(anatomy)" title="Auricle (anatomy)">auricle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earlobe" title="Earlobe">lobe</a> of her right ear was later recovered from her clothing.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">police surgeon</a> who conducted the <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">post mortem</a> upon Eddowes's body stated his opinion these mutilations would have taken "at least five minutes" to complete.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> A local cigarette salesman named <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lawende" title="Joseph Lawende">Joseph Lawende</a> had passed by a narrow walkway to Mitre Square named Church Passage with two friends shortly before the murder;<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> he later described seeing a fair-haired man of medium build with a shabby appearance with a woman who may have been Eddowes.<a href="#cite_note-lawende-57">[57]</a> Lawende's companions were unable to confirm his description.<a href="#cite_note-lawende-57">[57]</a> The murders of Stride and Eddowes ultimately became known as the "double event".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> A section of Eddowes's bloodied apron was found at the entrance to a tenement in Goulston Street, Whitechapel, at 2:55 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> A chalk inscription upon the wall directly above this piece of apron read: "The Juwes are The men That Will not be Blamed for nothing."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> This graffito became known as the <a href="/wiki/Goulston_Street_graffito" title="Goulston Street graffito">Goulston Street graffito</a>. The message appeared to imply that a <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jew</a> or Jews in general were responsible for the series of murders, but it is unclear whether the graffito was written by the murderer on dropping the section of apron, or was merely incidental and nothing to do with the case.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Such graffiti were commonplace in Whitechapel. <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Police_of_the_Metropolis" title="Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis">Police Commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Warren" title="Charles Warren">Sir Charles Warren</a> feared that the graffito might spark antisemitic riots and ordered the writing washed away before dawn.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The extensively mutilated and <a href="/wiki/Disembowelment" title="Disembowelment">disembowelled</a> body of Mary Jane Kelly was discovered lying on the bed in the single room where she lived at 13 Miller's Court, off <a href="/wiki/Dorset_Street_(Spitalfields)" title="Dorset Street (Spitalfields)">Dorset Street</a>, Spitalfields, at 10:45 a.m. on Friday 9 November 1888.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Her face had been "hacked beyond all recognition",<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> with her throat severed down to the spine, and the abdomen almost emptied of its organs.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Her uterus, kidneys and one breast had been placed beneath her head, and other <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">viscera</a> from her body placed beside her foot,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> about the bed and sections of her abdomen and thighs upon a bedside table. The heart was missing from the crime scene.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Multiple ashes found within the fireplace at 13 Miller's Court suggested Kelly's murderer had burned several combustible items to illuminate the single room as he mutilated her body. A recent fire had been severe enough to melt the <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a> between a kettle and its spout, which had fallen into the grate of the fireplace.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaryJaneKelly_Ripper_100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photograph of an eviscerated human body lying on a bed. The face is mutilated." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/MaryJaneKelly_Ripper_100.jpg/220px-MaryJaneKelly_Ripper_100.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/MaryJaneKelly_Ripper_100.jpg/330px-MaryJaneKelly_Ripper_100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/MaryJaneKelly_Ripper_100.jpg/440px-MaryJaneKelly_Ripper_100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>Official police photograph of the body of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Kelly" title="Mary Jane Kelly">Mary Jane Kelly</a> as discovered in 13 Miller's Court, <a href="/wiki/Spitalfields" title="Spitalfields">Spitalfields</a>, 9 November 1888</figcaption></figure> Each of the canonical five murders was perpetrated at night, on or close to a weekend, either at the end of a month or a week (or so) after.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The mutilations became increasingly severe as the series of murders proceeded, except for that of Stride, whose attacker may have been interrupted.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Nichols was not missing any organs; Chapman's uterus and sections of her bladder and vagina were taken; Eddowes had her uterus and left kidney removed and her face mutilated; and Kelly's body was extensively <a href="/wiki/Evisceration_(autotomy)" title="Evisceration (autotomy)">eviscerated</a>, with her face "gashed in all directions" and the <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> of her neck being severed to the bone, although the heart was the sole body organ missing from this crime scene.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Historically, the belief these five canonical murders were committed by the same perpetrator is derived from contemporaneous documents which link them together to the exclusion of others.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In 1894, Sir <a href="/wiki/Melville_Macnaghten" title="Melville Macnaghten">Melville Macnaghten</a>, Assistant <a href="/wiki/Chief_Constable" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Constable">Chief Constable</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Service">Metropolitan Police Service</a> and Head of the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department" title="Criminal Investigation Department">Criminal Investigation Department</a> (CID), wrote a report that stated: "the Whitechapel murderer had 5 victims—& 5 victims only".<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Similarly, the canonical five victims were linked together in a letter written by police surgeon <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bond_(British_physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Bond (British physician)">Thomas Bond</a> to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(police_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Anderson (police official)">Robert Anderson</a>, head of the London CID, on 10 November 1888.<a href="#cite_note-bond-76">[76]</a> Some researchers have posited that some of the murders were undoubtedly the work of a single killer, but an unknown larger number of killers acting independently were responsible for the other crimes.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Authors Stewart P. Evans and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumbelow" title="Donald Rumbelow">Donald Rumbelow</a> argue that the canonical five is a "Ripper myth" and that three cases (Nichols, Chapman, and Eddowes) can be definitely linked to the same perpetrator, but that less certainty exists as to whether Stride and Kelly were also murdered by the same individual.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Conversely, others suppose that the six murders between Tabram and Kelly were the work of a single killer.<a href="#cite_note-Keppel-17">[17]</a> Percy Clark, assistant to the examining <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathologist</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Bagster_Phillips" title="George Bagster Phillips">George Bagster Phillips</a>, linked only three of the murders and thought that the others were perpetrated by "weak-minded individual[s] ... induced to emulate the crime".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Macnaghten did not join the police force until the year after the murders, and his memorandum contains serious factual errors about possible suspects.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_Whitechapel_murders">Later Whitechapel murders</h3></div> Mary Jane Kelly is generally considered to be the Ripper's final victim, and it is assumed that the crimes ended because of the culprit's death, imprisonment, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">institutionalisation</a>, or emigration.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The Whitechapel murders file details another four murders that occurred after the canonical five: those of Rose Mylett, Alice McKenzie, the Pinchin Street torso, and Frances Coles.<a href="#cite_note-begg35-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Strangling" title="Strangling">strangled</a> body of 26-year-old Rose Mylett<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> was found in Clarke's Yard, High Street, <a href="/wiki/Poplar,_London" title="Poplar, London">Poplar</a> on 20 December 1888.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> There was no sign of a struggle, and the police believed that she had either accidentally hanged herself with her collar while in a <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">drunken stupor</a> or committed suicide.<a href="#cite_note-mylett-85">[85]</a> However, faint markings left by a cord on one side of her neck suggested Mylett had been strangled.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> At the inquest into Mylett's death, the jury returned a verdict of murder.<a href="#cite_note-mylett-85">[85]</a> Alice McKenzie was murdered shortly after midnight on 17 July 1889 in Castle Alley, Whitechapel. She had suffered two stab wounds to her neck, and her left <a href="/wiki/External_carotid_artery" title="External carotid artery">carotid artery</a> had been severed. Several minor bruises and cuts were found on her body, which also bore a seven-inch long superficial wound extending from her left breast to her <a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">navel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> One of the examining pathologists, Thomas Bond, believed this to be a Ripper murder, though his colleague George Bagster Phillips, who had examined the bodies of three previous victims, disagreed.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Opinions among writers are also divided between those who suspect McKenzie's murderer copied the modus operandi of Jack the Ripper to deflect suspicion from himself,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and those who ascribe this murder to Jack the Ripper.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> "The Pinchin Street torso" was a decomposing headless and legless torso of an unidentified woman aged between 30 and 40 discovered beneath a railway arch in Pinchin Street, Whitechapel, on 10 September 1889.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Bruising about the victim's back, hip, and arm indicated the decedent had been extensively beaten shortly before her death. The victim's abdomen was also extensively mutilated, although her genitals had not been wounded.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> She appeared to have been killed approximately one day prior to the discovery of her torso.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The dismembered sections of the body are believed to have been transported to the railway arch, hidden under an old chemise.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frances_Coles_1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Frances_Coles_1891.jpg/180px-Frances_Coles_1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Frances_Coles_1891.jpg/270px-Frances_Coles_1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Frances_Coles_1891.jpg/360px-Frances_Coles_1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Frances Coles was found with her throat cut under a railway arch in Whitechapel on 13 February 1891.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></figcaption></figure> At 2:15 a.m. on 13 February 1891, PC Ernest Thompson discovered a 25-year-old prostitute named Frances Coles lying beneath a railway arch at Swallow Gardens, Whitechapel.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Her throat had been deeply cut but her body was not mutilated, leading some to believe Thompson had disturbed her assailant. Coles was still alive, although she died before medical help could arrive.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> A 53-year-old <a href="/wiki/Stoker_(occupation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoker (occupation)">stoker</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Sadler" title="James Thomas Sadler">James Thomas Sadler</a>, had earlier been seen drinking with Coles,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> and the two are known to have argued approximately three hours before her death. Sadler was arrested by the police and charged with her murder. He was briefly thought to be the Ripper,<a href="#cite_note-coles-100">[100]</a> but was later discharged from court for lack of evidence on 3 March 1891.<a href="#cite_note-coles-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_alleged_victims">Other alleged victims</h3></div> In addition to the eleven Whitechapel murders, commentators have linked other attacks to the Ripper. In the case of "Fairy Fay", it is unclear whether this attack was real or fabricated as a part of Ripper lore.<a href="#cite_note-Hunted-101">[101]</a> "Fairy Fay" was a nickname given to an unidentified<a href="#cite_note-TheFacts-102">[102]</a> woman whose body was allegedly found in a doorway close to Commercial Road on 26 December 1887<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> "after a stake had been thrust through her abdomen",<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> but there were no recorded murders in Whitechapel at or around Christmas 1887.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> "Fairy Fay" seems to have been created through a confused press report of the murder of Emma Elizabeth Smith, who had a stick or other blunt object shoved into her vagina.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Most authors agree that the victim "Fairy Fay" never existed.<a href="#cite_note-Hunted-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheFacts-102">[102]</a> A 38-year-old widow named Annie Millwood was admitted to the Whitechapel Workhouse Infirmary with numerous stab wounds to her legs and lower torso on 25 February 1888,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> informing staff she had been attacked with a <a href="/wiki/Pocketknife" title="Pocketknife">clasp knife</a> by an unknown man.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> She was later discharged, but died from apparently natural causes on 31 March.<a href="#cite_note-TheFacts-102">[102]</a> Millwood was later postulated to be the Ripper's first victim, although this attack cannot be definitively linked to the perpetrator.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Another suspected precanonical victim was a young dressmaker named Ada Wilson,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> who reportedly survived being stabbed twice in the neck with a clasp knife<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> upon the doorstep of her home in <a href="/wiki/Bow,_London" title="Bow, London">Bow</a> on 28 March 1888 by a man who had demanded money from her.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> A further possible victim, 40-year-old Annie Farmer, resided at the same lodging house as Martha Tabram<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> and reported an attack on 21 November 1888. She had received a superficial cut to her throat. Although an unknown man with blood on his mouth and hands had run out of this lodging house, shouting, "Look at what she has done!" before two eyewitnesses heard Farmer scream,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> her wound was light, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Self-inflicted_wound" title="Self-inflicted wound">self-inflicted</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> "The <a href="/wiki/Whitehall_Mystery" title="Whitehall Mystery">Whitehall Mystery</a>" was a term coined for the discovery of a headless torso of a woman on 2 October 1888 in the basement of the new <a href="/wiki/Norman_Shaw_Buildings" title="Norman Shaw Buildings">Metropolitan Police headquarters</a> being built in <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>. An arm and shoulder belonging to the body were previously discovered floating in the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> near <a href="/wiki/Pimlico" title="Pimlico">Pimlico</a> on 11 September, and the left leg was subsequently discovered buried near where the torso was found on 17 October.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The other limbs and head were never recovered and the body was never identified. The mutilations were similar to those in the Pinchin Street torso case, where the legs and head were severed but not the arms.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitehall_murder_school_illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of three men discovering the torso of a woman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Whitehall_murder_school_illustration.jpg/220px-Whitehall_murder_school_illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Whitehall_murder_school_illustration.jpg/330px-Whitehall_murder_school_illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Whitehall_murder_school_illustration.jpg/440px-Whitehall_murder_school_illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>"The <a href="/wiki/Whitehall_Mystery" title="Whitehall Mystery">Whitehall Mystery</a>" of October 1888</figcaption></figure> Both the Whitehall Mystery and the Pinchin Street case may have been part of a series of murders known as the "<a href="/wiki/Thames_Torso_Murders" title="Thames Torso Murders">Thames Mysteries</a>", committed by a single serial killer dubbed the "Torso killer".<a href="#cite_note-gordon-120">[120]</a> It is debatable whether Jack the Ripper and the "Torso killer" were the same person or separate serial killers active in the same area.<a href="#cite_note-gordon-120">[120]</a> The modus operandi of the Torso killer differed from that of the Ripper, and police at the time discounted any connection between the two.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Only one of the four victims linked to the Torso killer, Elizabeth Jackson, was ever identified. Jackson was a 24-year-old prostitute from <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_London" title="Chelsea, London">Chelsea</a> whose various body parts were collected from the River Thames over a three-week period between 31 May and 25 June 1889.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> On 29 December 1888, the body of a seven-year-old boy named John Gill was found in a stable block in <a href="/wiki/Manningham,_Bradford" title="Manningham, Bradford">Manningham, Bradford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Gill had been missing since 27 December. His legs had been severed, his abdomen opened, his intestines partly drawn out, and his heart and one ear removed. Similarities with the Ripper murders led to press speculation that the Ripper had killed him.<a href="#cite_note-gill-125">[125]</a> The boy's employer, 23-year-old milkman William Barrett, was twice arrested for the murder but was released due to <a href="/wiki/Burden_of_proof_(law)" title="Burden of proof (law)">insufficient evidence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gill-125">[125]</a> No-one was ever prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-gill-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Brown_(murder_victim)" title="Carrie Brown (murder victim)">Carrie Brown</a> (nicknamed "<a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>", reportedly for her habit of quoting Shakespeare's <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" title="Shakespeare's sonnets">sonnets</a>) was strangled with clothing and then mutilated with a knife on 24 April 1891 in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brown-126">[126]</a> Her body was found with a large tear through her groin area and superficial cuts on her legs and back. No organs were removed from the scene, though an ovary was found upon the bed, either purposely removed or unintentionally dislodged.<a href="#cite_note-brown-126">[126]</a> At the time, the murder was compared to those in Whitechapel, though the Metropolitan Police eventually ruled out any connection.<a href="#cite_note-brown-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigation">Investigation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F.G.Abberline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sketch of a whiskered man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/F.G.Abberline.jpg/170px-F.G.Abberline.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/F.G.Abberline.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Inspector <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Abberline" title="Frederick Abberline">Frederick Abberline</a></figcaption></figure> The vast majority of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police" title="City of London Police">City of London Police</a> files relating to their investigation into the Whitechapel murders were destroyed in <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The surviving <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> files allow a detailed view of investigative procedures in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canter12-128">[128]</a> A large team of policemen conducted house-to-house inquiries throughout Whitechapel. Forensic material was collected and examined. Suspects were identified, traced, and either examined more closely or eliminated from the inquiry. Modern police work follows the same pattern.<a href="#cite_note-canter12-128">[128]</a> More than 2,000 people were interviewed, "upwards of 300" people were investigated, and 80 people were detained.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Following the murders of Stride and Eddowes, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police#List_of_commissioners" title="City of London Police">Commissioner of the City Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Fraser_(police_officer)" title="James Fraser (police officer)">Sir James Fraser</a>, offered a reward of £500 for the arrest of the Ripper.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The investigation was initially conducted by the Metropolitan Police Whitechapel (H) Division <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department" title="Criminal Investigation Department">Criminal Investigation Department</a> (CID) headed by Detective Inspector <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Reid" title="Edmund Reid">Edmund Reid</a>. After the murder of Nichols, Detective Inspectors <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Abberline" title="Frederick Abberline">Frederick Abberline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore_(police_officer)" title="Henry Moore (police officer)">Henry Moore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Simon_Andrews" title="Walter Simon Andrews">Walter Andrews</a> were sent from Central Office at <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a> to assist. The City of London Police were involved under Detective Inspector James McWilliam after the Eddowes murder, which occurred within the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The overall direction of the murder enquiries was hampered by the fact that the newly appointed head of the CID, <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Commissioner_of_Police_of_the_Metropolis" title="Assistant Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis">Assistant Commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(police_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Anderson (police official)">Robert Anderson</a>, was on leave in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> between 7 September and 6 October, during the time when Chapman, Stride, and Eddowes were killed.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> This prompted <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">Colonel</a> Sir Charles Warren, the <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Police_of_the_Metropolis" title="Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis">Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police</a>, to appoint Chief Inspector <a href="/wiki/Donald_Swanson" title="Donald Swanson">Donald Swanson</a> to coordinate the enquiry from Scotland Yard.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Butchers, slaughterers, surgeons, and physicians were suspected because of the manner of the mutilations. A surviving note from Major Henry Smith, Acting Commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police" title="City of London Police">City Police</a>, indicates that the alibis of local butchers and slaughterers were investigated, with the result that they were eliminated from the inquiry.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> A report from Inspector Swanson to the Home Office confirms that 76 butchers and slaughterers were visited, and that the inquiry encompassed all their employees for the previous six months.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Some contemporaneous figures, including <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, thought the pattern of the murders indicated that the culprit was a butcher or cattle drover on one of the cattle boats that plied between London and mainland Europe. Whitechapel was close to the <a href="/wiki/London_Docks" title="London Docks">London Docks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> and usually such boats docked on Thursday or Friday and departed on Saturday or Sunday.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The cattle boats were examined but the dates of the murders did not coincide with a single boat's movements and the transfer of a crewman between boats was also ruled out.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ripper_cartoon_punch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a blind-folded policeman with arms outstretched in the midst of a bunch of ragamuffin ruffians" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ripper_cartoon_punch.jpg/220px-Ripper_cartoon_punch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ripper_cartoon_punch.jpg/330px-Ripper_cartoon_punch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ripper_cartoon_punch.jpg/440px-Ripper_cartoon_punch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Blind_man%27s_buff" title="Blind man's buff">Blind man's buff</a>": <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a> cartoon by <a href="/wiki/John_Tenniel" title="John Tenniel">John Tenniel</a> (22 September 1888) criticising the police's alleged incompetence. The failure of the police to capture the killer reinforced the attitude held by radicals that the police were inept and mismanaged.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whitechapel_Vigilance_Committee">Whitechapel Vigilance Committee</h3></div> In September 1888, a group of volunteer citizens in <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">London's East End</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Vigilance_Committee" title="Whitechapel Vigilance Committee">Whitechapel Vigilance Committee</a>. They patrolled the streets looking for suspicious characters, partly because of dissatisfaction with the failure of police to apprehend the perpetrator, and also because some members were concerned that the murders were affecting businesses in the area.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The Committee petitioned the government to raise a reward for information leading to the arrest of the killer, offered their own reward of £50 (the equivalent of between £5,900 and £86,000 in 2021)<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> for information leading to his capture,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> and hired private detectives to question witnesses independently.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_profiling">Criminal profiling</h3></div> At the end of October, Robert Anderson asked police surgeon Thomas Bond to give his opinion on the extent of the murderer's surgical skill and knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The opinion offered by Bond on the character of the "Whitechapel murderer" is the earliest surviving <a href="/wiki/Offender_profiling" title="Offender profiling">offender profile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canter5-145">[145]</a> Bond's assessment was based on his own examination of the most extensively mutilated victim and the post mortem notes from the four previous canonical murders.<a href="#cite_note-bond-76">[76]</a> He wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">All five murders no doubt were committed by the same hand. In the first four the throats appear to have been cut from left to right, in the last case owing to the extensive mutilation it is impossible to say in what direction the fatal cut was made, but arterial blood was found on the wall in splashes close to where the woman's head must have been lying. All the circumstances surrounding the murders lead me to form the opinion that the women must have been lying down when murdered and in every case the throat was first cut.<a href="#cite_note-bond-76">[76]</a></blockquote> Bond was strongly opposed to the idea that the murderer possessed any kind of scientific or anatomical knowledge, or even "the technical knowledge of a butcher or horse slaughterer".<a href="#cite_note-bond-76">[76]</a> In his opinion, the killer must have been a man of solitary habits, subject to "periodical attacks of homicidal and erotic <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a>", with the character of the mutilations possibly indicating "<a href="/wiki/Satyriasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyriasis">satyriasis</a>".<a href="#cite_note-bond-76">[76]</a> Bond also stated that "the homicidal impulse may have developed from a revengeful or brooding condition of the mind, or that religious mania may have been the original disease but I do not think either hypothesis is likely".<a href="#cite_note-bond-76">[76]</a> There is no evidence the perpetrator engaged in sexual activity with any of the victims,<a href="#cite_note-Keppel-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> yet <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologists</a> suppose that the penetration of the victims with a knife and "leaving them on display in sexually <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">degrading</a> positions with the wounds exposed" indicates that the perpetrator derived sexual pleasure from the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Keppel-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> This view is challenged by others, who dismiss such hypotheses as insupportable supposition.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In addition to the contradictions and unreliability of contemporaneous accounts, attempts to identify the murderer are hampered by the lack of any surviving <a href="/wiki/Forensic_identification" title="Forensic identification">forensic evidence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">DNA analysis</a> on extant letters is inconclusive;<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> the available material has been handled many times and is too contaminated to provide meaningful results.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> There have been mutually incompatible claims that <a href="/wiki/DNA_profiling" title="DNA profiling">DNA evidence</a> points conclusively to two different suspects: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Kosminski#DNA_evidence_claims" title="Aaron Kosminski">Aaron Kosminski</a> (a Whitechapel barber) and artist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sickert" title="Walter Sickert">Walter Sickert</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Scientific_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific methodology">scientific methodology</a> used to advance both of these claims by their proponents has also been criticised.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suspects">Suspects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_suspects" title="Jack the Ripper suspects">Jack the Ripper suspects</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JacktheRipperPuck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cartoon of a man holding a bloody knife looking contemptuously at a display of half-a-dozen supposed and dissimilar likenesses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/JacktheRipperPuck.jpg/170px-JacktheRipperPuck.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/JacktheRipperPuck.jpg/255px-JacktheRipperPuck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/JacktheRipperPuck.jpg/340px-JacktheRipperPuck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Speculation as to the identity of Jack the Ripper: cover of the 21 September 1889 issue of <a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a> magazine, by cartoonist <a href="/wiki/William_Mecham" title="William Mecham">Tom Merry</a></figcaption></figure> The concentration of the killings around weekends and public holidays and within a short distance of each other has indicated to many that the Ripper was in regular employment and lived locally.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Others have opined that the killer was an educated upper-class man, possibly a doctor or an <a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">aristocrat</a> who ventured into Whitechapel from a more well-to-do area.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Such theories draw on cultural perceptions such as fear of the medical profession, a mistrust of modern science, or the exploitation of the poor by the rich.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The term "Ripperology" was coined to describe the study and analysis of the Ripper case in an effort to determine his identity, and the murders have inspired <a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_in_fiction" title="Jack the Ripper in fiction">numerous works of fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Suspects proposed years after the murders include virtually anyone remotely connected to the case by contemporaneous documents, as well as many famous names who were never considered in the police investigation, including <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Albert Victor">Prince Albert Victor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sickert" title="Walter Sickert">Walter Sickert</a>, and author <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Everyone alive at the time is now long dead, and modern authors are free to accuse anyone "without any need for any supporting historical evidence".<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Suspects named in contemporaneous police documents include three in <a href="/wiki/Melville_Macnaghten" title="Melville Macnaghten">Sir Melville Macnaghten</a>'s 1894 memorandum, but the evidence against each of these individuals is, at best, <a href="/wiki/Circumstantial_evidence" title="Circumstantial evidence">circumstantial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> There are many, varied theories about the actual identity and profession of Jack the Ripper, but authorities are not agreed upon any of them, and the number of named suspects reaches over one hundred.<a href="#cite_note-whiteway-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Despite continued interest in the case, the Ripper's identity remains unknown.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letters">Letters</h2></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ripper_letters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Ripper letters (page does not exist)">Template:Ripper letters</a> Over the course of the Whitechapel murders, the police, newspapers, and other individuals received hundreds of letters regarding the case.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Some letters were well-intentioned offers of advice as to how to catch the killer, but the vast majority were either hoaxes or generally useless.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Hundreds of letters claimed to have been written by the killer himself,<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> and three of these in particular are prominent: the <a href="/wiki/Dear_Boss_letter" title="Dear Boss letter">"Dear Boss" letter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saucy_Jacky_postcard" title="Saucy Jacky postcard">"Saucy Jacky" postcard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/From_Hell_letter" title="From Hell letter">"From Hell" letter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The "Dear Boss" letter, dated 25 September and <a href="/wiki/Postmark" title="Postmark">postmarked</a> 27 September 1888, was received that day by the <a href="/wiki/Central_News_Agency_(London)" title="Central News Agency (London)">Central News Agency</a>, and was forwarded to Scotland Yard on 29 September.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Initially, it was considered a hoax, but when Eddowes was found three days after the letter's postmark with a section of one ear obliquely cut from her body, the promise of the author to "clip the ladys (<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>) ears off" gained attention.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Eddowes's ear appears to have been nicked by the killer incidentally during his attack, and the letter writer's threat to send the ears to the police was never carried out.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The name "Jack the Ripper" was first used in this letter by the signatory and gained worldwide notoriety after its publication.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Most of the letters that followed copied this letter's tone,<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> with some authors adopting pseudonyms such as "George of the High Rip Gang"<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> and "Jack Sheridan, the Ripper."<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Some sources claim that another letter dated 17 September 1888 was the first to use the name "Jack the Ripper",<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> but most experts believe that this was a fake inserted into police records in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FromHellLetter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scrawled and misspelled note reading: From hell—Mr Lusk—Sir I send you half the kidne I took from one woman prasarved it for you tother piece I fried and ate it was very nise I may send you the bloody knif that took it out if you only wate a whil longer—Signed Catch me when you can Mishter Lusk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/FromHellLetter.jpg/170px-FromHellLetter.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/FromHellLetter.jpg/255px-FromHellLetter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/FromHellLetter.jpg/340px-FromHellLetter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/From_Hell_letter" title="From Hell letter">From Hell</a>" letter</figcaption></figure> The "Saucy Jacky" postcard was postmarked 1 October 1888 and was received the same day by the Central News Agency. The handwriting was similar to the "Dear Boss" letter,<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> and mentioned the canonical murders committed on 30 September, which the author refers to by writing "double event this time".<a href="#cite_note-saucy-179">[179]</a> It has been argued that the postcard was posted before the murders were publicised, making it unlikely that a <a href="/wiki/Crank_(person)" title="Crank (person)">crank</a> would hold such knowledge of the crime.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> However, it was postmarked more than 24 hours after the killings occurred, long after details of the murders were known and publicised by journalists, and had become general community gossip by the residents of Whitechapel.<a href="#cite_note-saucy-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The "From Hell" letter was received by <a href="/wiki/George_Lusk" title="George Lusk">George Lusk</a>, leader of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee, on 16 October 1888.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> The handwriting and style is unlike that of the "Dear Boss" letter and "Saucy Jacky" postcard.<a href="#cite_note-hell-183">[183]</a> The letter came with a small box in which Lusk discovered half of a human kidney, preserved in "spirits of wine" (<a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>).<a href="#cite_note-hell-183">[183]</a> Eddowes's left kidney had been removed by the killer. The writer claimed that he "fried and ate" the missing kidney half. There is disagreement over the kidney; some contend that it belonged to Eddowes, while others argue that it was a macabre practical joke.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The kidney was examined by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Horrocks_Openshaw" title="Thomas Horrocks Openshaw">Thomas Openshaw</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_London_Hospital" title="Royal London Hospital">London Hospital</a>, who determined that it was human and from the left side, but (contrary to false newspaper reports) he could not determine any other biological characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Openshaw subsequently also received <a href="/wiki/Openshaw_Letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Openshaw Letter">a letter signed "Jack the Ripper"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Scotland Yard published facsimiles of the "Dear Boss" letter and the postcard on 3 October, in the ultimately vain hope that a member of the public would recognise the handwriting.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Charles Warren explained in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Lushington" title="Godfrey Lushington">Godfrey Lushington</a>, Permanent <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department">Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department</a>: "I think the whole thing a hoax but of course we are bound to try & ascertain the writer in any case."<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> On 7 October 1888, <a href="/wiki/George_Robert_Sims" title="George Robert Sims">George R. Sims</a> in the Sunday newspaper <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Referee" title="Sunday Referee">Referee</a> implied scathingly that the letter was written by a journalist "to hurl the circulation of a newspaper sky high".<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Police officials later claimed to have identified a specific journalist as the author of both the "Dear Boss" letter and the postcard.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> The journalist was identified as Tom Bullen in a letter from Chief Inspector <a href="/wiki/John_Littlechild" title="John Littlechild">John Littlechild</a> to George R. Sims dated 23 September 1913.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[n 1]</a> A journalist named Fred Best reportedly confessed in 1931 that he and a colleague at <a href="/wiki/The_Star_(1888)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Star (1888)">The Star</a> had written the letters signed "Jack the Ripper" to heighten interest in the murders and "keep the business alive".<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Penny_Illustrated_Paper_-_September_8,_1888_-_Jack_the_Ripper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_Penny_Illustrated_Paper_-_September_8%2C_1888_-_Jack_the_Ripper.jpg/180px-The_Penny_Illustrated_Paper_-_September_8%2C_1888_-_Jack_the_Ripper.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_Penny_Illustrated_Paper_-_September_8%2C_1888_-_Jack_the_Ripper.jpg/270px-The_Penny_Illustrated_Paper_-_September_8%2C_1888_-_Jack_the_Ripper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_Penny_Illustrated_Paper_-_September_8%2C_1888_-_Jack_the_Ripper.jpg/360px-The_Penny_Illustrated_Paper_-_September_8%2C_1888_-_Jack_the_Ripper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1962" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>8 September 1888 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Penny_Illustrated_Paper" title="Penny Illustrated Paper">Penny Illustrated Paper</a> depicting the discovery of the body of the first canonical Ripper victim, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Nichols" title="Mary Ann Nichols">Mary Ann Nichols</a></figcaption></figure> The Ripper murders mark an important watershed in the treatment of crime by journalists.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-w&b20-197">[196]</a> Jack the Ripper was not the <a href="/wiki/Serial_killer#History" title="Serial killer">first serial killer</a>, but his case was the first to create a worldwide media frenzy.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-w&b20-197">[196]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Elementary_Education_Act_1880" title="Elementary Education Act 1880">Elementary Education Act 1880</a> (which had extended upon a <a href="/wiki/Elementary_Education_Act_1870" title="Elementary Education Act 1870">previous Act</a>) made school attendance compulsory regardless of <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a>. As such, by 1888, more <a href="/wiki/Working-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Working-class">working-class</a> people in England and Wales were <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> Tax reforms in the 1850s had enabled the publication of inexpensive newspapers with a wider circulation.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> These mushroomed in the later Victorian era to include mass-circulation newspapers costing as little as a <a href="/wiki/Halfpenny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin)">halfpenny</a>, along with popular magazines such as <a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_Police_News" title="The Illustrated Police News">The Illustrated Police News</a> which made the Ripper the beneficiary of previously unparalleled publicity.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> Consequently, at the height of the investigation, over one million copies<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> of newspapers with extensive coverage devoted to the Whitechapel murders were sold each day.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> However, many of the articles were <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalistic</a> and speculative, and false information was regularly printed as fact.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> In addition, several articles speculating as to the identity of the Ripper alluded to local <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobic</a> rumours that the perpetrator was either Jewish or foreign.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> In early September, six days after the murder of Mary Ann Nichols, <a href="/wiki/The_Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Manchester Guardian">The Manchester Guardian</a> reported: "Whatever information may be in the possession of the police they deem it necessary to keep secret ... It is believed their attention is particularly directed to ... a notorious character known as 'Leather Apron'."<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> Journalists were frustrated by the unwillingness of the CID to reveal details of their investigation to the public, and so resorted to writing reports of questionable veracity.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> Imaginative descriptions of "Leather Apron" appeared in the press,<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> but rival journalists dismissed these as "a mythical outgrowth of the reporter's fancy".<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Pizer" title="John Pizer">John Pizer</a>, a local Jew who made footwear from leather, was known by the name "Leather Apron"<a href="#cite_note-pizer-210">[209]</a> and was arrested, even though the investigating inspector reported that "at present there is no evidence whatsoever against him".<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> He was soon released after the confirmation of his alibis.<a href="#cite_note-pizer-210">[209]</a> After the publication of the "Dear Boss" letter, "Jack the Ripper" supplanted "Leather Apron" as the name adopted by the press and public to describe the killer.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> The name "Jack" was already used to describe another fabled London attacker: "<a href="/wiki/Spring-heeled_Jack" title="Spring-heeled Jack">Spring-heeled Jack</a>", who supposedly leapt over walls to strike at his victims and escape as quickly as he came.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> The invention and adoption of a nickname for a particular killer became standard media practice with examples such as <a href="/wiki/The_Axeman_of_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="The Axeman of New Orleans">the Axeman of New Orleans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Strangler" title="Boston Strangler">Boston Strangler</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Beltway_sniper_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Beltway sniper attacks">Beltway Sniper</a>. Examples derived from Jack the Ripper include the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vacher" title="Joseph Vacher">French Ripper</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peter_K%C3%BCrten" title="Peter Kürten">Düsseldorf Ripper</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hardy" title="Anthony Hardy">Camden Ripper</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blackout_Ripper" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackout Ripper">Blackout Ripper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Stripper" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack the Stripper">Jack the Stripper</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sutcliffe" title="Peter Sutcliffe">Yorkshire Ripper</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Chikatilo" title="Andrei Chikatilo">Rostov Ripper</a>. Sensational press reports combined with the fact that no one was ever convicted of the murders have confused scholarly analysis and created a legend that casts a shadow over later serial killers.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack-the-Ripper-The-Nemesis-of-Neglect-Punch-London-Charivari-cartoon-poem-1888-09-29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A phantom brandishing a knife floats through a slum street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jack-the-Ripper-The-Nemesis-of-Neglect-Punch-London-Charivari-cartoon-poem-1888-09-29.jpg/220px-Jack-the-Ripper-The-Nemesis-of-Neglect-Punch-London-Charivari-cartoon-poem-1888-09-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jack-the-Ripper-The-Nemesis-of-Neglect-Punch-London-Charivari-cartoon-poem-1888-09-29.jpg/330px-Jack-the-Ripper-The-Nemesis-of-Neglect-Punch-London-Charivari-cartoon-poem-1888-09-29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jack-the-Ripper-The-Nemesis-of-Neglect-Punch-London-Charivari-cartoon-poem-1888-09-29.jpg/440px-Jack-the-Ripper-The-Nemesis-of-Neglect-Punch-London-Charivari-cartoon-poem-1888-09-29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>The 'Nemesis of Neglect': Jack the Ripper depicted as a phantom stalking Whitechapel, and as an embodiment of social neglect, in a <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a> cartoon of 1888</figcaption></figure> The nature of the Ripper murders and the impoverished lifestyle of the victims<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> drew attention to the poor living conditions in the East End<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> and galvanised public opinion against the overcrowded, insanitary slums.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> In the two decades after the murders, the worst of the slums were cleared and demolished,<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> but the streets and some buildings survive, and the legend of the Ripper is still promoted by various guided tours of the murder sites and other locations pertaining to the case.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> For many years, the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Bells_(public_house)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Bells (public house)">Ten Bells</a> public house in <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Street,_London" title="Commercial Street, London">Commercial Street</a> (which had been frequented by at least one of the canonical Ripper victims) was the focus of such tours.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> In the immediate aftermath of the murders and later, "Jack the Ripper became the children's bogey man."<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> Depictions were often phantasmic or monstrous. In the 1920s and 1930s, he was depicted in film dressed in everyday clothes as a man with a hidden secret, preying on his unsuspecting victims; atmosphere and evil were suggested through lighting effects and shadowplay.<a href="#cite_note-bloom-222">[221]</a> By the 1960s, the Ripper had become "the symbol of a predatory aristocracy",<a href="#cite_note-bloom-222">[221]</a> and was more often portrayed in a top hat dressed as a gentleman. <a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> as a whole became the villain, with the Ripper acting as a manifestation of upper-class exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> The image of the Ripper merged with or borrowed symbols from horror stories, such as <a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a>'s cloak or <a href="/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein">Victor Frankenstein</a>'s organ harvest.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> The fictional world of the Ripper can fuse with multiple genres, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> to <a href="/wiki/Assault!_Jack_the_Ripper" title="Assault! Jack the Ripper">Japanese erotic horror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> Jack the Ripper features in <a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack the Ripper fiction">hundreds of works of fiction</a> and works which straddle the boundaries between fact and fiction, including the Ripper letters and a hoax diary: <a href="/wiki/The_Diary_of_Jack_the_Ripper" class="mw-redirect" title="The Diary of Jack the Ripper">The Diary of Jack the Ripper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> The Ripper appears in novels, short stories, poems, comic books, games, songs, plays, operas, television programmes, and films. More than 100 non-fiction works deal exclusively with the Jack the Ripper murders, making this case one of the most written-about in the true-crime genre.<a href="#cite_note-whiteway-161">[161]</a> The term "ripperology" was coined by <a href="/wiki/Colin_Wilson" title="Colin Wilson">Colin Wilson</a> in the 1970s to describe the study of the case by professionals and amateurs.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> The periodicals Ripperana, Ripperologist, and Ripper Notes publish their research.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> In 2006, a <a href="/wiki/BBC_History" title="BBC History">BBC History magazine</a> poll selected Jack the Ripper as the worst Briton in history.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_Museum" title="Jack the Ripper Museum">Jack the Ripper Museum</a> opened in east London. It attracted criticism from both <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets" title="London Borough of Tower Hamlets">Tower Hamlets</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/John_Biggs_(London_politician)" title="John Biggs (London politician)">John Biggs</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> and protestors.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> Similar protests occurred in 2021 when the second of two "Jack The Chipper" fish and chip shops opened in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwich, London">Greenwich</a>, with some patrons threatening to boycott the premises.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/16px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/24px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/33px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="427" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:London" title="Portal:London">London portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_in_fiction" title="Jack the Ripper in fiction">Jack the Ripper in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fugitives_from_justice_who_disappeared" title="List of fugitives from justice who disappeared">List of fugitives from justice who disappeared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_murderers_by_number_of_victims" title="List of murderers by number of victims">List of murderers by number of victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serial_killers_before_1900" title="List of serial killers before 1900">List of serial killers before 1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serial_killers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of serial killers in the United Kingdom">List of serial killers in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> The full name of this individual is believed to be Thomas J. Bulling.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Serial Killers: True Crime <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7835-0001-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7835-0001-0">978-0-7835-0001-0</a> p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Kershen, Anne J., "The Immigrant Community of Whitechapel at the Time of the Jack the Ripper Murders", in Werner, pp. 65–97; Vaughan, Laura, "Mapping the East End Labyrinth", in Werner, p. 225 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-2">c</a> Honeycombe, The Murders of the Black Museum: 1870-1970, p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://booth.lse.ac.uk/">Life and Labour of the People in London (London: Macmillan, 1902–1903)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110203033328/http://booth.lse.ac.uk/">Archived</a> 3 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (The <a href="/wiki/Charles_Booth_(philanthropist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Booth (philanthropist)">Charles Booth</a> on-line archive) retrieved 5 August 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> London, Novels and Social Writings, p. 147 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11773060/Jack-the-Ripper-Why-does-a-serial-killer-who-disembowelled-women-deserve-a-museum.html">"Jack the Ripper: Why Does a Serial Killer Who Disembowelled Women Deserve a Museum?"</a>. The Telegraph. 30 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308162417/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11773060/Jack-the-Ripper-Why-does-a-serial-killer-who-disembowelled-women-deserve-a-museum.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Jack+the+Ripper%3A+Why+Does+a+Serial+Killer+Who+Disembowelled+Women+Deserve+a+Museum%3F&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fwomen%2Fwomens-life%2F11773060%2FJack-the-Ripper-Why-does-a-serial-killer-who-disembowelled-women-deserve-a-museum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans-and-Skinner-p1-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Evans-and-Skinner-p1_7-0">^</a> Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 1; Police report dated 25 October 1888, MEPO 3/141 ff. 158–163, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 283; Fido, p. 82; Rumbelow, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Rumbelow, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Rumbelow, Jack the Ripper: The Complete Casebook, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 131–149; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 38–42; Rumbelow, pp. 21–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Marriott, John, "The Imaginative Geography of the Whitechapel murders", in Werner, pp. 31–63 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Haggard, Robert F. (1993), "Jack the Ripper As the Threat of Outcast London", Essays in History, vol. 35, Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Woods and Baddeley, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-met-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-met_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-met_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.met.police.uk/Article/The-Crimes/1400015321521/1400015321521">The Crimes</a>, London Metropolitan Police, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170129070443/http://content.met.police.uk/Article/The-Crimes/1400015321521/1400015321521">archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2017, retrieved 1 October 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimes&rft.pub=London+Metropolitan+Police&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.met.police.uk%2FArticle%2FThe-Crimes%2F1400015321521%2F1400015321521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Cook, pp. 33–34; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Cook, p. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-Keppel-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keppel_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keppel_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keppel_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keppel_17-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeppelWeisBrownWelch2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Keppel" title="Robert D. Keppel">Keppel, Robert D.</a>; Weis, Joseph G.; Brown, Katherine M.; Welch, Kristen (2005), "The Jack the Ripper murders: a modus operandi and signature analysis of the 1888–1891 Whitechapel murders", Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 2 (1): 1–21, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjip.22">10.1002/jip.22</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Investigative+Psychology+and+Offender+Profiling&rft.atitle=The+Jack+the+Ripper+murders%3A+a+modus+operandi+and+signature+analysis+of+the+1888%E2%80%931891+Whitechapel+murders&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjip.22&rft.aulast=Keppel&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft.au=Weis%2C+Joseph+G.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Katherine+M.&rft.au=Welch%2C+Kristen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 47–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/23570055/map_of_whitechapel_murders_body_of_mary/">"Locality of the Whitechapel Women-Murders"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reynold%27s+News&rft.atitle=Locality+of+the+Whitechapel+Women-Murders&rft.date=1888-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2F23570055%2Fmap_of_whitechapel_murders_body_of_mary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, pp. 29–30 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 27–28; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 47–50; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 4–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 28; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 4–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> e.g. <a href="/wiki/The_Star_(1888)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Star (1888)">The Star</a>, 8 September 1888, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 155–156 and Cook, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_24-4">e</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Davenport-Hines" title="Richard Davenport-Hines">Davenport-Hines, Richard</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/38744">"Jack the Ripper (fl. 1888)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150725143844/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/38744">Archived</a> 25 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Subscription required for online version. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 29–31; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 47–50; Marriott, Trevor, pp. 5–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-begg35-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-begg35_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-begg35_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-begg35_26-2">c</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-50631-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-50631-X">0-582-50631-X</a> p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> The Crimes, Detection and Death of Jack the Ripper <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-566-19537-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-566-19537-9">978-1-566-19537-9</a> p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 51–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Waddell, p. 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 51–55; Marriott, Trevor, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> 3000 Facts about Historic Figures <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-244-67383-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-244-67383-3">978-0-244-67383-3</a> p. 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Whittington-Egan, The Murder Almanac, p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.casebook.org/dissertations/rn-old-wounds.html">"Old Wounds: Re-examining the Buck's Row Murder"</a>. casebook.org. 2 April 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125102816/https://casebook.org/dissertations/rn-old-wounds.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Wounds%3A+Re-examining+the+Buck%27s+Row+Murder&rft.pub=casebook.org&rft.date=2004-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.casebook.org%2Fdissertations%2Frn-old-wounds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.casebook.org/press_reports/east_london_observer/elo880901.html">"Another Horrible Tragedy in Whitechapel"</a>. casebook.org. 2 April 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118032855/https://casebook.org/press_reports/east_london_observer/elo880901.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Another+Horrible+Tragedy+in+Whitechapel&rft.pub=casebook.org&rft.date=2004-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.casebook.org%2Fpress_reports%2Feast_london_observer%2Felo880901.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Eddleston, p. 21; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 60–61; Rumbelow, pp. 24–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Rumbelow, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Honeycombe, The Murders of the Black Museum: 1870-1970, pp. 55-56 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Jack the Ripper – Through the Mists of Time <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-782-28168-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-782-28168-9">978-1-782-28168-9</a> p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Marriott, Trevor, pp. 26–29; Rumbelow, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Jack the Ripper <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-760-78716-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-760-78716-8">978-0-760-78716-8</a> p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 153; Cook, p. 163; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 98; Marriott, Trevor, pp. 59–75 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Holmes, Profiling Violent Crimes: An Investigative Tool, p. 233 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Naming Jack the Ripper: New Crime Scene Evidence, A Stunning Forensic Breakthrough <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-447-26423-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-447-26423-1">978-1-447-26423-1</a> p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Cook, p. 157; Marriott, Trevor, pp. 81–125 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Wilson et al., p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 176–184 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33276502/birmingham-daily-post/">"The Whitechapel Murders: Rewards Offered"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birmingham+Daily+Post&rft.atitle=The+Whitechapel+Murders%3A+Rewards+Offered&rft.date=1888-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F33276502%2Fbirmingham-daily-post%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 177 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Foul Deeds and Suspicious Deaths in London's East End <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-845-63001-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-845-63001-0">978-1-845-63001-0</a> p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Jack the Ripper – Through the Mists of Time <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-782-28168-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-782-28168-9">978-1-782-28168-9</a> p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.casebook.org/victims/eddowes.html">"Catherine Eddowes a.k.a. Kate Kelly"</a>. casebook.org. 1 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113212406/https://www.casebook.org/victims/eddowes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catherine+Eddowes+a.k.a.+Kate+Kelly&rft.pub=casebook.org&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.casebook.org%2Fvictims%2Feddowes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Medical report in Coroner's Inquests, no. 135, Corporation of London Records, quoted in Evans and Skinner, pp. 205–207 and Fido, pp. 70–74 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-lawende-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lawende_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lawende_57-1">b</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 193–194; Chief Inspector Swanson's report, 6 November 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Evans and Skinner, pp. 185–188 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> e.g. Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 30; Rumbelow, p. 118 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Ripper Notes: The Legend Continues <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-978-91122-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-978-91122-5">978-0-978-91122-5</a> p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Eddleston, p. 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Cook, p. 143; Fido, pp. 47–52; Sugden, p. 254 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Letter from Charles Warren to Godfrey Lushington, Permanent <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department">Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department</a>, 6 November 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 183–184 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/68216583/the-lancaster-gazette/">"The Whitechapel Murders: A Startling Discovery"</a>. The Lancaster Gazette. 13 October 1888. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancaster+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+Whitechapel+Murders%3A+A+Startling+Discovery&rft.date=1888-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F68216583%2Fthe-lancaster-gazette%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24865209/body-of-mary-jane-kelly-whitechapel/">"The Seventh Murder in Whitechapel: A Story of Unparalleled Atrocity"</a>. The Pall Mall Gazette. 10 November 1888. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pall+Mall+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+Seventh+Murder+in+Whitechapel%3A+A+Story+of+Unparalleled+Atrocity&rft.date=1888-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F24865209%2Fbody-of-mary-jane-kelly-whitechapel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Foul Deeds and Suspicious Deaths in London's East End <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-781-59662-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-781-59662-3">978-1-781-59662-3</a> p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Holmes, Profiling Violent Crimes: An Investigative Tool, p. 239 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, pp. 292–293 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Thomas Bond "notes of examination of body of woman found murdered & mutilated in Dorset Street" MEPO 3/3153 ff. 12–14, quoted in Sugden, pp. 315, 319 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Eddleston, p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> e.g. Daily Telegraph, 10 November 1888, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 339–340 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Macnaghten's notes quoted by Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 584–587; Fido, p. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Eddleston, p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Cook, p. 151; Woods and Baddeley, p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Macnaghten's notes quoted by Cook, p. 151; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 584–587 and Rumbelow, p. 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-bond-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bond_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bond_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bond_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bond_76-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bond_76-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bond_76-5">f</a> Letter from Thomas Bond to Robert Anderson, 10 November 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 360–362 and Rumbelow, pp. 145–147 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> e.g. Cook, pp. 156–159, 199 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Evans and Rumbelow, p. 260 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Interview in the East London Observer, 14 May 1910, quoted in Cook, pp. 179–180 and Evans and Rumbelow, p. 239 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Marriott, Trevor, pp. 231–234; Rumbelow, p. 157 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/24865296/jack_the_ripper_whitechapel_murderer/">"The Whitechapel Murders: The Belief that the Perpetrator of the Crimes is Now Dead"</a>. Sioux City Journal. 8 July 1895. Retrieved 4 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sioux+City+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Whitechapel+Murders%3A+The+Belief+that+the+Perpetrator+of+the+Crimes+is+Now+Dead&rft.date=1895-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2F24865296%2Fjack_the_ripper_whitechapel_murderer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jack-the-ripper.org/frances-coles.htm">"Frances Coles: Murdered 13 February 1891"</a>. jack-the-ripper.org. 2 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208073756/https://www.jack-the-ripper.org/frances-coles.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frances+Coles%3A+Murdered+13+February+1891&rft.pub=jack-the-ripper.org&rft.date=2010-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jack-the-ripper.org%2Ffrances-coles.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Alias Jack the Ripper: Beyond the Usual Whitechapel Suspects <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-476-62973-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-476-62973-5">978-1-476-62973-5</a> p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Jack the Ripper: The Forgotten Victims <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-306-47495-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-306-47495-5">978-1-306-47495-5</a> p. 125 </li> <li id="cite_note-mylett-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mylett_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mylett_85-1">b</a> Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 245–246; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 422–439 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 314 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.casebook.org/victims/mylett.html">"Rose Mylett (1862–1888)"</a>. casebook.org. 1 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020105857/https://www.casebook.org/victims/mylett.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rose+Mylett+%281862%E2%80%931888%29&rft.pub=casebook.org&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.casebook.org%2Fvictims%2Fmylett.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.casebook.org/victims/mckenzie.html">"Alice McKenzie a.k.a. "Clay Pipe" Alice, Alice Bryant"</a>. casebook.org. 1 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123011653/https://www.casebook.org/victims/mckenzie.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alice+McKenzie+a.k.a.+%22Clay+Pipe%22+Alice%2C+Alice+Bryant&rft.pub=casebook.org&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.casebook.org%2Fvictims%2Fmckenzie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 208–209; Rumbelow, p. 131 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Evans and Rumbelow, p. 209 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Marriott, Trevor, p. 195 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Eddleston, p. 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 316 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> The Thames Torso Murders of Victorian London <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-476-61665-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-476-61665-0">978-1-476-61665-0</a> p. 159 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Evans and Rumbelow, p. 210; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 480–515 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Fido, p. 113; Evans and Skinner (2000), pp. 551–557 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Waddell, p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 317 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75368668/cheshire-observer/">"The Whitechapel Tragedy"</a>. The Cheshire Observer. 28 February 1891. Retrieved 11 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cheshire+Observer&rft.atitle=The+Whitechapel+Tragedy&rft.date=1891-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F75368668%2Fcheshire-observer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coles-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coles_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coles_100-1">b</a> Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 218–222; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 551–568 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunted-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hunted_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunted_101-1">b</a> Evans, Stewart P.; Connell, Nicholas (2000). The Man Who Hunted Jack the Ripper. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902791-05-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-902791-05-3">1-902791-05-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheFacts-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheFacts_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheFacts_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheFacts_102-2">c</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, pp. 21–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.casebook.org/dissertations/importance-fairy.html">"The Importance of Fairy Fay, and Her Link to Emma Smith"</a>. casebook.org. 1 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123010829/https://www.casebook.org/dissertations/importance-fairy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Importance+of+Fairy+Fay%2C+and+Her+Link+to+Emma+Smith&rft.pub=casebook.org&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.casebook.org%2Fdissertations%2Fimportance-fairy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Fido, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> The name "Fairy Fay" was first used by Terrence Robinson in <a href="/wiki/Reynold%27s_News" title="Reynold's News">Reynold's News</a>, 29 October 1950, "for want of a better name". </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Sugden pp. 5–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> The Eastern Post and City Chronicle, 7 April 1888 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Beadle, William (2009), Jack the Ripper: Unmasked, London: John Blake, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84454-688-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84454-688-6">978-1-84454-688-6</a>, p. 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Beadle, p. 77; Fido, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> e.g. East London Advertiser, 31 March 1888 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Beadle, p. 207 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, pp. 311–312 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Beadle, p. 207; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 202; Fido, p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.casebook.org/victims/afarmer.html">"Casebook: Annie Farmer"</a>. casebook.org. 2 April 2004. Retrieved 11 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casebook%3A+Annie+Farmer&rft.pub=casebook.org&rft.date=2004-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.casebook.org%2Fvictims%2Fafarmer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 142–144 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/10/29/scotland-yard-is-built-on-a-crime-scene-related-to-an-unsolved-murder-the-whitehall-mystery/">"Scotland Yard is Built on a Crime Scene Related to an Unsolved Murder: The Whitehall Mystery"</a>. The Vintage News. 29 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806162728/https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/10/29/scotland-yard-is-built-on-a-crime-scene-related-to-an-unsolved-murder-the-whitehall-mystery/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Vintage+News&rft.atitle=Scotland+Yard+is+Built+on+a+Crime+Scene+Related+to+an+Unsolved+Murder%3A+The+Whitehall+Mystery&rft.date=2016-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thevintagenews.com%2F2016%2F10%2F29%2Fscotland-yard-is-built-on-a-crime-scene-related-to-an-unsolved-murder-the-whitehall-mystery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gordon-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gordon_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gordon_120-1">b</a> Gordon, R. Michael (2002), The Thames Torso Murders of Victorian London, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1348-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1348-5">978-0-7864-1348-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 210–213 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.casebook.org/victims/ejackson.html">"Elizabeth Jackson"</a>. casebook.org. 2 April 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123084134/https://www.casebook.org/victims/ejackson.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+Jackson&rft.pub=casebook.org&rft.date=2004-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.casebook.org%2Fvictims%2Fejackson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Gordon, R. Michael (2003), The American Murders of Jack the Ripper, Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98155-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98155-6">978-0-275-98155-6</a>, pp. xxii, 190 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/15601386.unsettling-tale-of-murder-in-victorian-bradford/">"Unsettling Tale of Murder in Victorian Bradford"</a>. Telegraph and Argus. 21 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308222345/https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/15601386.unsettling-tale-of-murder-in-victorian-bradford/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph+and+Argus&rft.atitle=Unsettling+Tale+of+Murder+in+Victorian+Bradford&rft.date=2017-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk%2Fnews%2F15601386.unsettling-tale-of-murder-in-victorian-bradford%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gill-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gill_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gill_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gill_125-2">c</a> Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 136 </li> <li id="cite_note-brown-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brown_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_126-2">c</a> Vanderlinden, Wolf (2003–04). "The New York Affair", in Ripper Notes part one No. 16 (July 2003); part two No. 17 (January 2004), part three No. 19 (July 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9759129-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9759129-0-9">0-9759129-0-9</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.casebook.org/intro.html">"Home: Introduction to the Case"</a>. casebook.org. 1 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113142706/https://www.casebook.org/intro.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home%3A+Introduction+to+the+Case&rft.pub=casebook.org&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.casebook.org%2Fintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canter12-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canter12_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canter12_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanter1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Canter" title="David Canter">Canter, David</a> (1994). Criminal Shadows: Inside the Mind of the Serial Killer. London, England: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-255215-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-255215-9"><bdi>0-00-255215-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Shadows%3A+Inside+the+Mind+of+the+Serial+Killer&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-00-255215-9&rft.aulast=Canter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Inspector <a href="/wiki/Donald_Swanson" title="Donald Swanson">Donald Swanson</a>'s report to the Home Office, 19 October 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 205; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 113; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 125 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 184 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100204014147/http://www.met.police.uk/history/ripper.htm">The Enduring Mystery of Jack the Ripper</a>, London Metropolitan Police, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.met.police.uk/history/ripper.htm">the original</a> on 4 February 2010, retrieved 31 January 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enduring+Mystery+of+Jack+the+Ripper&rft.pub=London+Metropolitan+Police&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.met.police.uk%2Fhistory%2Fripper.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 675 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 205; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 84–85 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Rumbelow, p. 274 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Inspector Donald Swanson's report to the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a>, 19 October 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 206 and Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 125 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Marriott, John, "The Imaginative Geography of the Whitechapel murders", in Werner, p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Rumbelow, p. 93; Daily Telegraph, 10 November 1888, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 341 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Robert Anderson to Home Office, 10 January 1889, 144/221/A49301C ff. 235–6, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 399 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Jack the Ripper – Through the Mists of Time <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-782-28168-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-782-28168-9">978-1-782-28168-9</a> p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOfficerWilliamson2023" class="citation cs2">Officer, Lawrence H.; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ukcompare/result.php?year_source=1888&amount=50&year_result=2021">Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present</a>, MeasuringWorth, retrieved 19 February 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+Ways+to+Compute+the+Relative+Value+of+a+UK+Pound+Amount%2C+1270+to+Present&rft.pub=MeasuringWorth&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Officer&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+H.&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Samuel+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fcalculators%2Fukcompare%2Fresult.php%3Fyear_source%3D1888%26amount%3D50%26year_result%3D2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> e.g. Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 245–252 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 186–187; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 359–360 </li> <li id="cite_note-canter5-145"><a href="#cite_ref-canter5_145-0">^</a> Canter, pp. 5–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Woods and Baddeley, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> See also later contemporary editions of <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing" title="Richard von Krafft-Ebing">Richard von Krafft-Ebing</a>'s Psychopathia Sexualis, quoted in Woods and Baddeley, p. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 187–188, 261; Woods and Baddeley, pp. 121–122 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Cook, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Marks, Kathy (18 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/was-jack-the-ripper-a-woman-478597.html">"Was Jack the Ripper a Woman?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212073430/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/was-jack-the-ripper-a-woman-478597.html">Archived</a> 12 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>, retrieved 5 May 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Meikle, p. 197; Rumbelow, p. 246 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnor,_Steven2014" class="citation cs2">Connor, Steven (7 September 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/has-jack-the-rippers-identity-really-been-revealed-using-dna-evidence-9717036.html">"Jack the Ripper: Has Notorious Serial Killer's Identity Been Revealed by New DNA Evidence?"</a>, The Independent, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712100659/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/has-jack-the-rippers-identity-really-been-revealed-using-dna-evidence-9717036.html">archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2020, retrieved 1 September 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Jack+the+Ripper%3A+Has+Notorious+Serial+Killer%27s+Identity+Been+Revealed+by+New+DNA+Evidence%3F&rft.date=2014-09-07&rft.au=Connor%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fhas-jack-the-rippers-identity-really-been-revealed-using-dna-evidence-9717036.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Marriott, Trevor, p. 205; Rumbelow, p. 263; Sugden, p. 266 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Woods and Baddeley, pp. 111–114 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.casebook.org/dissertations/dst-so.html">"So You Want to Be a "Ripperologist"?"</a>. casebook.org. 2 April 2004. Retrieved 25 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=So+You+Want+to+Be+a+%22Ripperologist%22%3F&rft.pub=casebook.org&rft.date=2004-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.casebook.org%2Fdissertations%2Fdst-so.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/who-was-jack-the-ripper-6-tantalizing-theories">"7 People Suspected of Being Jack the Ripper"</a>. history.com. 16 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201014201052/https://www.history.com/news/who-was-jack-the-ripper-6-tantalizing-theories">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=7+People+Suspected+of+Being+Jack+the+Ripper&rft.pub=history.com&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fwho-was-jack-the-ripper-6-tantalizing-theories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.casebook.org/suspects/carroll.html">"Casebook: Jack the Ripper: Lewis Carroll"</a>. casebook.org. 2 April 2004. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casebook%3A+Jack+the+Ripper%3A+Lewis+Carroll&rft.pub=casebook.org&rft.date=2004-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.casebook.org%2Fsuspects%2Fcarroll.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Evans and Rumbelow, p. 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> e.g. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Abberline" title="Frederick Abberline">Frederick Abberline</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pall_Mall_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Pall Mall Gazette">Pall Mall Gazette</a>, 31 March 1903, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 264 </li> <li id="cite_note-whiteway-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whiteway_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-whiteway_161-1">b</a> Whiteway, Ken (2004). "A Guide to the Literature of Jack the Ripper", Canadian Law Library Review, vol. 29 pp. 219–229 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Eddleston, pp. 195–244 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Whittington-Egan, pp. 91–92 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_McCormick" title="Donald McCormick">Donald McCormick</a> estimated "probably at least 2000" (quoted in Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 180). The Illustrated Police News of 20 October 1888 said that around 700 letters had been investigated by police (quoted in Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 199). Over 300 are preserved at the Corporation of London Records Office (Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 149). </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 165; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 105; Rumbelow, pp. 105–116 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24858556/letters-to-police-signed-jack-the/">"Letters to Police, Signed "Jack the Ripper," are Practical Jokes"</a>. The Yorkshire Herald. 8 October 1888. Retrieved 5 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Letters+to+Police%2C+Signed+%22Jack+the+Ripper%2C%22+are+Practical+Jokes&rft.date=1888-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F24858556%2Fletters-to-police-signed-jack-the%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Over 200 are preserved at the Public Record Office (Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 8, 180). </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Fido, pp. 6–10; Marriott, Trevor, pp. 219 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Cook, pp. 76–77; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 137; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 16–18; Woods and Baddeley, pp. 48–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Cook, pp. 78–79; Marriott, Trevor, p. 221 </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Cook, p. 79; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 179; Marriott, Trevor, p. 221 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Cook, pp. 77–78; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 140; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 193; Fido, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Cook, p. 87; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 652 </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.casebook.org/press_reports/east_london_observer/elo881013.html">"The Whitechapel Horrors: An Exciting Week"</a>. casebook.org. 2 April 2004. 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Western Mail. 17 November 1888. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202185647/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/32713412">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Whitechapel+Murders&rft.date=1888-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F32713412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 1–2; Rivett and Whitehead, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Cook, pp. 139–141; Vaughan, Laura, "Mapping the East End Labyrinth", in Werner, pp. 236–237 </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Dennis, Richard, "Common Lodgings and 'Furnished Rooms': Housing in 1880s Whitechapel", in Werner, pp. 177–179 </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Rumbelow, p. xv; Woods and Baddeley, p. 136 </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Dew" title="Walter Dew">Dew, Walter</a> (1938). I Caught Crippen. London: Blackie and Son. p. 126, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 198 </li> <li id="cite_note-bloom-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bloom_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloom_222-1">b</a> Bloom, Clive, "Jack the Ripper – A Legacy in Pictures", in Werner, p. 251 </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Woods and Baddeley, p. 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Bloom, Clive, "Jack the Ripper – A Legacy in Pictures", in Werner, pp. 252–253 </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Bloom, Clive, "Jack the Ripper – A Legacy in Pictures", in Werner, pp. 255–260 </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 299; Marriott, Trevor, pp. 272–277; Rumbelow, pp. 251–253 </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Woods and Baddeley, pp. 70, 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Evans, Stewart P. (April 2003). "Ripperology, A Term Coined By ...", Ripper Notes, copies at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080321211934/http://www.rippernotes.com/ripperology-ripperphile.html">Wayback</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casebook.org/dissertations/rn-walking.html">Casebook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016042408/http://www.casebook.org/dissertations/rn-walking.html">Archived</a> 16 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreaton2003" class="citation cs2">Creaton, Heather (April 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060928185213/http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/articles/creatonH.html">"Recent Scholarship on Jack the Ripper and the Victorian Media"</a>, Reviews in History (333), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/articles/creatonH.html">the original</a> on 28 September 2006, retrieved 20 June 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+History&rft.atitle=Recent+Scholarship+on+Jack+the+Ripper+and+the+Victorian+Media&rft.issue=333&rft.date=2003-04&rft.aulast=Creaton&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.ac.uk%2Freviews%2Farticles%2FcreatonH.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4663280.stm">"Jack the Ripper is 'Worst Briton'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203110348/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4663280.stm">Archived</a> 3 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 31 January 2006, BBC, retrieved 4 December 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Woods and Baddeley, p. 176 </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhomami2015" class="citation news cs1">Khomami, Nadia (5 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/aug/05/jack-the-ripper-museum-salacious-misogynist-rubbish-london-east-end">"Jack the Ripper Museum Architect Says He was 'Duped' Over Change of Plans"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 20 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jack+the+Ripper+Museum+Architect+Says+He+was+%27Duped%27+Over+Change+of+Plans&rft.date=2015-08-05&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Khomami&rft.aufirst=Nadia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2015%2Faug%2F05%2Fjack-the-ripper-museum-salacious-misogynist-rubbish-london-east-end&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke2017" class="citation web cs1">Brooke, Mike (6 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921025911/https://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/jack-the-ripper-museum-besieged-by-women-protesters-in-cable-street-again-1-5267058">"Jack the Ripper Museum Besieged by Women Protesters in Cable Street Again"</a>. East London Advertiser. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/jack-the-ripper-museum-besieged-by-women-protesters-in-cable-street-again-1-5267058">the original</a> on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+London+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Jack+the+Ripper+Museum+Besieged+by+Women+Protesters+in+Cable+Street+Again&rft.date=2017-11-06&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fjack-the-ripper-museum-besieged-by-women-protesters-in-cable-street-again-1-5267058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett-Ness2021" class="citation news cs1">Bennett-Ness, Jamie (17 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/19518484.locals-boycott-greenwich-chippy-named-jack-chipper/">"Locals Boycott Greenwich Chippy Named 'Jack the Chipper'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News_Shopper" title="News Shopper">News Shopper</a>. Retrieved 19 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+Shopper&rft.atitle=Locals+Boycott+Greenwich+Chippy+Named+%27Jack+the+Chipper%27&rft.date=2021-08-17&rft.aulast=Bennett-Ness&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsshopper.co.uk%2Fnews%2F19518484.locals-boycott-greenwich-chippy-named-jack-chipper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJack+the+Ripper" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Begg, Paul (2003). Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History. London: Pearson Education. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-50631-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-50631-X">0-582-50631-X</a></li> <li>Begg, Paul (2004). Jack the Ripper: The Facts. Barnes & Noble Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-760-77121-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-760-77121-1">978-0-760-77121-1</a></li> <li>Bell, Neil R. A. (2016). Capturing Jack the Ripper: In the Boots of a Bobby in Victorian England. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-445-62162-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-445-62162-3">978-1-445-62162-3</a></li> <li>Cook, Andrew (2009). Jack the Ripper. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84868-327-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84868-327-3">978-1-84868-327-3</a></li> <li>Curtis, Lewis Perry (2001). Jack The Ripper & The London Press. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08872-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08872-8">0-300-08872-8</a></li> <li>Eddleston, John J. (2002). Jack the Ripper: An Encyclopedia. London: Metro Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84358-046-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84358-046-2">1-84358-046-2</a></li> <li>Evans, Stewart P.; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumbelow" title="Donald Rumbelow">Rumbelow, Donald</a> (2006). Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-4228-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-4228-2">0-7509-4228-2</a></li> <li>Evans, Stewart P.; <a href="/wiki/Keith_Skinner" title="Keith Skinner">Skinner, Keith</a> (2000). The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. London: Constable and Robinson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84119-225-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84119-225-2">1-84119-225-2</a></li> <li>Evans, Stewart P.; Skinner, Keith (2001). Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-2549-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-2549-3">0-7509-2549-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Fido" title="Martin Fido">Fido, Martin</a> (1987), The Crimes, Detection and Death of Jack the Ripper, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-79136-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-79136-2">0-297-79136-2</a></li> <li>Gordon, R. Michael (2000). Alias Jack the Ripper: Beyond the Usual Whitechapel Suspects. North Carolina: McFarland Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-786-40898-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-786-40898-6">978-0-786-40898-6</a></li> <li>Holmes, Ronald M.; Holmes, Stephen T. (2002). Profiling Violent Crimes: An Investigative Tool. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-2594-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-2594-5">0-7619-2594-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Honeycombe" title="Gordon Honeycombe">Honeycombe, Gordon</a> (1982), The Murders of the Black Museum: 1870–1970, London: Bloomsbury Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-863-79040-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-863-79040-9">978-0-863-79040-9</a></li> <li>London, Jack (1984). Novels and Social Writings. Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26213-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26213-2">978-0-521-26213-2</a></li> <li>Lynch, Terry; Davies, David (2008). Jack the Ripper: The Whitechapel Murderer. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-840-22077-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-840-22077-3">978-1-840-22077-3</a></li> <li>Marriott, Trevor (2005). Jack the Ripper: The 21st Century Investigation. London: John Blake. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84454-103-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84454-103-7">1-84454-103-7</a></li> <li>Meikle, Denis (2002). Jack the Ripper: The Murders and the Movies. Richmond, Surrey: Reynolds and Hearn Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903111-32-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-903111-32-3">1-903111-32-3</a></li> <li>Rivett, Miriam; Whitehead, Mark (2006). Jack the Ripper. Harpenden, Hertfordshire: Pocket Essentials. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904048-69-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904048-69-5">978-1-904048-69-5</a></li> <li>Rumbelow, Donald (1990). Jack the Ripper. The Complete Casebook. New York City: Berkley Publishing Group. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-425-11869-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-425-11869-6">978-0-425-11869-6</a></li> <li>Rumbelow, Donald (2004). The Complete Jack the Ripper. Fully Revised and Updated. London: Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-017395-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-017395-6">978-0-14-017395-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sugden_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Sugden (historian)">Sugden, Philip</a> (2002). The Complete History of Jack the Ripper. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-0276-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-0276-1">0-7867-0276-1</a></li> <li>Thurgood, Peter (2013). Abberline: The Man Who Hunted Jack the Ripper. Cheltenham: The History Press Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-752-48810-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-752-48810-3">978-0-752-48810-3</a></li> <li>Waddell, Bill (1993). The Black Museum: New Scotland Yard. London: Little, Brown and Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-90332-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-90332-5">978-0-316-90332-5</a></li> <li>Werner, Alex (editor, 2008). Jack the Ripper and the East End. London: Chatto & Windus. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-8247-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-8247-2">978-0-7011-8247-2</a></li> <li>Whittington-Egan, Richard; Whittington-Egan, Molly (1992). The Murder Almanac. Glasgow: Neil Wilson Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897-78404-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897-78404-4">978-1-897-78404-4</a></li> <li>Whittington-Egan, Richard (2013). Jack the Ripper: The Definitive Casebook. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-445-61768-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-445-61768-8">978-1-445-61768-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Wilson" title="Colin Wilson">Wilson, Colin</a>; Odell, Robin; Gaute, J. H. H. (1988). Jack the Ripper: Summing up and Verdict. London: Corgi Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-552-12858-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-552-12858-2">978-0-552-12858-2</a></li> <li>Woods, Paul; <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Baddeley" title="Gavin Baddeley">Baddeley, Gavin</a> (2009). Saucy Jack: The Elusive Ripper. Hersham, Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3410-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3410-5">978-0-7110-3410-5</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output 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class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jack_the_Ripper" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jack the Ripper">Jack the Ripper</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Jack the Ripper">Jack the Ripper</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource logo"><img alt="Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> Works by or about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Jack_the_Ripper" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Jack the Ripper">Jack the Ripper</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casebook.org">Jack the Ripper</a> at casebook.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jack-the-ripper.org/">Home page</a> of jack-the-ripper.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whitechapeljack.com/">Jack the Ripper: The 1888 Autumn of Terror</a> at whitechapeljack.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/94769173">Contemporaneous news article</a> pertaining to the murders committed by Jack the Ripper</li> <li>1988 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Jack%20the%20Ripper">centennial investigation</a> into the murders committed by Jack the Ripper compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li> <li>2014 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/london/2014-06-07/experts-pinpoint-the-spot-where-jack-the-ripper-lived/">news article</a> focusing upon modern <a href="/wiki/Geographic_profiling" title="Geographic profiling">geographic profiling</a> techniques used to discover the most likely location Jack the Ripper lived</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/museum/item.asp?item_id=39">Letters claiming to be from Jack the Ripper</a> at nationalarchives.gov.uk</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/298729/Jack-the-Ripper">Jack the Ripper</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li>Article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.txstate.edu/gii/jacktheripper.html">focusing upon the murders committed by Jack the Ripper</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_University" title="Texas State University">Texas State University</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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<li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stride" title="Elizabeth Stride">Elizabeth Stride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Police</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Abberline" title="Frederick Abberline">Frederick Abberline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Scotland_Yard_official)" title="Robert Anderson (Scotland Yard official)">Robert Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Simon_Andrews" title="Walter Simon Andrews">Walter Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arnold_(police_officer)" title="Thomas Arnold (police officer)">Thomas Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Dew" title="Walter Dew">Walter Dew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Godley" title="George Godley">George Godley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Macnaghten" title="Melville Macnaghten">Melville Macnaghten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore_(police_officer)" title="Henry Moore (police officer)">Henry Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Reid" title="Edmund Reid">Edmund Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Swanson" title="Donald Swanson">Donald Swanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Warren" title="Charles Warren">Charles Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Williamson" title="Adolphus Williamson">Adolphus Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctors and coroners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wynne_Edwin_Baxter" title="Wynne Edwin Baxter">Wynne Edwin Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bond_(British_surgeon)" title="Thomas Bond (British surgeon)">Thomas Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Macdonald_(politician)" title="Roderick Macdonald (politician)">Roderick Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Horrocks_Openshaw" title="Thomas Horrocks Openshaw">Thomas Horrocks Openshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bagster_Phillips" title="George Bagster Phillips">George Bagster Phillips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Witnesses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Hutchinson_(Jack_the_Ripper_suspect)" title="George Hutchinson (Jack the Ripper suspect)">George Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lawende" title="Joseph Lawende">Joseph Lawende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Lechmere" title="Charles Allen Lechmere">Charles Allen Lechmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Schwartz" title="Israel Schwartz">Israel Schwartz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters and clues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dear_Boss_letter" title="Dear Boss letter">Dear Boss letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saucy_Jacky_postcard" title="Saucy Jacky postcard">Saucy Jacky postcard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_Hell_letter" title="From Hell letter">From Hell letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Horrocks_Openshaw#Jack_the_Ripper" title="Thomas Horrocks Openshaw">Openshaw letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulston_Street_graffito" title="Goulston Street graffito">Goulston Street graffito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durward_Street" title="Durward Street">Buck's Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_Street_(Spitalfields)" title="Dorset Street (Spitalfields)">Dorset Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_and_Dean_Street" title="Flower and Dean Street">Flower and Dean Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbury_Street" title="Hanbury Street">Hanbury Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_Square" title="Mitre Square">Mitre Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Bells" title="Ten Bells">Ten Bells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Lusk" title="George Lusk">George Lusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Vigilance_Committee" title="Whitechapel Vigilance Committee">Whitechapel Vigilance Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper:_The_Final_Solution" title="Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_in_fiction" title="Jack the Ripper in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_suspects" title="Jack the Ripper suspects">Suspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_Museum" title="Jack the Ripper Museum">Jack the Ripper Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_murders" title="Whitechapel murders">Whitechapel murders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jack_the_Ripper" title="Category:Jack the Ripper">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jack_the_Ripper_in_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jack_the_Ripper_media" title="Template:Jack the Ripper media"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jack_the_Ripper_media" title="Template talk:Jack the Ripper media"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jack_the_Ripper_media" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jack the Ripper media"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jack_the_Ripper_in_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jack the Ripper</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_in_fiction" title="Jack the Ripper in fiction">in fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seminal works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lodger_(novel)" title="The Lodger (novel)">The Lodger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper:_The_Final_Solution" title="Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution">Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dear_Boss_letter" title="Dear Boss letter">"Dear Boss" letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_Hell_letter" title="From Hell letter">"From Hell" letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saucy_Jacky_postcard" title="Saucy Jacky postcard">"Saucy Jacky" postcard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waxworks_(film)" title="Waxworks (film)">Waxworks</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lodger:_A_Story_of_the_London_Fog" title="The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog">The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora%27s_Box_(1929_film)" title="Pandora's Box (1929 film)">Pandora's Box</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lodger_(1932_film)" title="The Lodger (1932 film)">The Lodger</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lodger_(1944_film)" title="The Lodger (1944 film)">The Lodger</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_to_Let_(1950_film)" title="Room to Let (1950 film)">Room to Let</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Attic" title="Man in the Attic">Man in the Attic</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_(1959_film)" title="Jack the Ripper (1959 film)">Jack the Ripper</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulu_(1962_film)" title="Lulu (1962 film)">Lulu</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Study_in_Terror" title="A Study in Terror">A Study in Terror</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hands_of_the_Ripper" title="Hands of the Ripper">Hands of the Ripper</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Sister_Hyde" title="Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde">Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ruling_Class_(film)" title="The Ruling Class (film)">The Ruling Class</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_the_Swedish_Butler_Saw" title="What the Swedish Butler Saw">What the Swedish Butler Saw</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_(1976_film)" title="Jack the Ripper (1976 film)">Jack the Ripper</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_by_Decree" title="Murder by Decree">Murder by Decree</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_After_Time_(1979_film)" title="Time After Time (1979 film)">Time After Time</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack%27s_Back" title="Jack's Back">Jack's Back</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_of_Sanity_(film)" title="Edge of Sanity (film)">Edge of Sanity</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadly_Advice" title="Deadly Advice">Deadly Advice</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripper_(film)" title="Ripper (film)">Ripper</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_Hell_(film)" title="From Hell (film)">From Hell</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Karma_(2002_film)" title="Bad Karma (2002 film)">Bad Karma</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Closed:_The_Phantom_of_Baker_Street" title="Case Closed: The Phantom of Baker Street">Case Closed: The Phantom of Baker Street</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripper_2:_Letter_from_Within" title="Ripper 2: Letter from Within">Ripper 2: Letter from Within</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lodger_(2009_film)" title="The Lodger (2009 film)">The Lodger</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_%26_Watson._Madrid_Days" title="Holmes & Watson. Madrid Days">Holmes & Watson. Madrid Days</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Gotham_by_Gaslight" title="Batman: Gotham by Gaslight">Batman: Gotham by Gaslight</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parody</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bizarre,_Bizarre" title="Bizarre, Bizarre">Bizarre, Bizarre</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_Raspberry_Blower_of_Old_London_Town" title="The Phantom Raspberry Blower of Old London Town">The Phantom Raspberry Blower of Old London Town</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Women_on_the_Moon" title="Amazon Women on the Moon">Amazon Women on the Moon</a> (1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_(song)" title="Jack the Ripper (song)">Jack the Ripper</a>" (1963)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Ripper_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ripper (song)">The Ripper</a>" (1976)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Killer_on_the_Loose" title="Killer on the Loose">Killer on the Loose</a>" (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Somatic_Defilement" title="The Somatic Defilement">The Somatic Defilement</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Epic_Rap_Battles_of_History_episodes#Season_4_(2014–2015)" title="List of Epic Rap Battles of History episodes">Jack the Ripper vs. Hannibal Lecter</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Spirit_(play)" title="Earth Spirit (play)">Earth Spirit</a> (1895 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora%27s_Box_(play)" title="Pandora's Box (play)">Pandora's Box</a> (1904 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulu_(opera)" title="Lulu (opera)">Lulu</a> (1937 opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lodger_(opera)" title="The Lodger (opera)">The Lodger</a> (1960 opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ruling_Class_(play)" title="The Ruling Class (play)">The Ruling Class</a> (1968 play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_of_the_Innocent" title="Blood of the Innocent">Blood of the Innocent</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotham_by_Gaslight" title="Gotham by Gaslight">Gotham by Gaslight</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_Hell" title="From Hell">From Hell</a> (1989–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman:_Amazonia" title="Wonder Woman: Amazonia">Wonder Woman: Amazonia</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_League_of_Extraordinary_Gentlemen,_Volume_III:_Century" title="The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume III: Century">The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume III: Century</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sherlock Holmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Sherlock_Holmes_Story" title="The Last Sherlock Holmes Story">The Last Sherlock Holmes Story</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Whitechapel_Horrors" title="The Whitechapel Horrors">The Whitechapel Horrors</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes:_The_Unauthorized_Biography" title="Sherlock Holmes: The Unauthorized Biography">Sherlock Holmes: The Unauthorized Biography</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_and_Shadow" title="Dust and Shadow">Dust and Shadow</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ripper_Legacy" title="The Ripper Legacy">The Ripper Legacy</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Toy_for_Juliette" title="A Toy for Juliette">A Toy for Juliette</a>" (1967)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Prowler_in_the_City_at_the_Edge_of_the_World" title="The Prowler in the City at the Edge of the World">The Prowler in the City at the Edge of the World</a>" (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Feast_Unknown" title="A Feast Unknown">A Feast Unknown</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_After_Time_(Alexander_novel)" title="Time After Time (Alexander novel)">Time After Time</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Ripper" title="Night of the Ripper">Night of the Ripper</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_Blood" title="Phantom Blood">Phantom Blood</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi%27s_Room" title="Naomi's Room">Naomi's Room</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Dracula" title="Anno Dracula">Anno Dracula</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Night_in_the_Lonesome_October" title="A Night in the Lonesome October">A Night in the Lonesome October</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper,_Light-Hearted_Friend" title="Jack the Ripper, Light-Hearted Friend">Jack the Ripper, Light-Hearted Friend</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_(Perry_and_Tucker_novel)" title="Matrix (Perry and Tucker novel)">Matrix</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_(Maguire_novel)" title="Lost (Maguire novel)">Lost</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Killer" title="Portrait of a Killer">Portrait of a Killer: Jack the Ripper—Case Closed</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_Fog" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood and Fog">Blood and Fog</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Witches_of_Chiswick" title="The Witches of Chiswick">The Witches of Chiswick</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_(Armstrong_novel)" title="Broken (Armstrong novel)">Broken</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkside_(novel)" title="Darkside (novel)">Darkside</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeblood_(novel)" title="Lifeblood (novel)">Lifeblood</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_the_Un-dead" title="Dracula the Un-dead">Dracula the Un-dead</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I,_Ripper" title="I, Ripper">I, Ripper</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cutthroat" title="The Cutthroat">The Cutthroat</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_(1973_TV_series)" title="Jack the Ripper (1973 TV series)">Jack the Ripper</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_(miniseries)" title="Jack the Ripper (miniseries)">Jack the Ripper</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_(Canadian_TV_series)" title="Sanctuary (Canadian TV series)">Sanctuary</a> (2007–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_(TV_series)" title="Whitechapel (TV series)">Whitechapel</a> (2009–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripper_Street" title="Ripper Street">Ripper Street</a> (2012–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_After_Time_(American_TV_series)" title="Time After Time (American TV series)">Time After Time</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_File_n%C2%BA221:_Kabukicho" title="Case File nº221: Kabukicho">Case File nº221: Kabukicho</a> (2019–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_in_Russia" title="Sherlock in Russia">Sherlock in Russia</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beforeigners" title="Beforeigners">Beforeigners</a> (2019–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Episodes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Wolf_in_the_Fold" title="Wolf in the Fold">Wolf in the Fold</a>" (1967)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Comes_the_Inquisitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Comes the Inquisitor">Comes the Inquisitor</a>" (1995)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ripper_(The_Outer_Limits)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripper (The Outer Limits)">Ripper</a>" (1999)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_for_All" title="Sanctuary for All">Sanctuary for All</a>" (2008)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Great_British_Fake_Off" title="The Great British Fake Off">The Great British Fake Off</a>" (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_Across_Time" title="Bridge Across Time">Bridge Across Time</a> (1985 TV film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_(1987_video_game)" title="Jack the Ripper (1987 video game)">Jack the Ripper</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Files_of_Sherlock_Holmes" title="The Lost Files of Sherlock Holmes">The Lost Files of Sherlock Holmes</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripper_(video_game)" title="Ripper (video game)">Ripper</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Nukem:_Zero_Hour" title="Duke Nukem: Zero Hour">Duke Nukem: Zero Hour</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Man_(video_game)" title="Shadow Man (video game)">Shadow Man</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediEvil_2" title="MediEvil 2">MediEvil 2</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_(2004_video_game)" title="Jack the Ripper (2004 video game)">Jack the Ripper</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_Versus_Jack_the_Ripper" title="Sherlock Holmes Versus Jack the Ripper">Sherlock Holmes Versus Jack the Ripper</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ripper_(video_game)" title="The Ripper (video game)">The Ripper</a> (canceled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order:_1886" title="The Order: 1886">The Order: 1886</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Syndicate:_Jack_the_Ripper" title="Assassin's Creed Syndicate: Jack the Ripper">Assassin's Creed Syndicate: Jack the Ripper</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_Death:_Du_Lac_%26_Fey" title="Dance of Death: Du Lac & Fey">Dance of Death: Du Lac & Fey</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casebook:_Jack_the_Ripper" title="Casebook: Jack the Ripper">Casebook: Jack the Ripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood!:_The_Life_and_Future_Times_of_Jack_the_Ripper" title="Blood!: The Life and Future Times of Jack the Ripper">Blood!: The Life and Future Times of Jack the Ripper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jack_the_Ripper_in_fiction" title="Category:Jack the Ripper in fiction">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43963#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43963#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43963#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000430850890">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9290148947789654950005">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/319798/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjMFPwcQQcq99BDMJ8wG3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119004356">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93031680">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12361311x">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12361311x">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an50077911">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20081215034&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p112001068">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810542858205606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007301635305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1505259">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119004356.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a 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