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class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Historia azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sorrera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sorrera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sorrera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sorrera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Matxinada_eta_matxinatuen_arteko_lehia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matxinada_eta_matxinatuen_arteko_lehia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Matxinada eta matxinatuen arteko lehia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matxinada_eta_matxinatuen_arteko_lehia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hongwu_enperadorearen_erregealdia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hongwu_enperadorearen_erregealdia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Hongwu enperadorearen erregealdia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hongwu_enperadorearen_erregealdia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hego-mendebaldeko_muga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hego-mendebaldeko_muga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Hego-mendebaldeko muga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hego-mendebaldeko_muga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hongwu_enperadorearen_erregealdia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hongwu_enperadorearen_erregealdia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Hongwu enperadorearen erregealdia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hongwu_enperadorearen_erregealdia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hegomendebaldeko_muga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hegomendebaldeko_muga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Hegomendebaldeko muga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hegomendebaldeko_muga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harremanak_Tibetekin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harremanak_Tibetekin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.6</span> <span>Harremanak Tibetekin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harremanak_Tibetekin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harremanak_europarrekin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harremanak_europarrekin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Harremanak europarrekin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harremanak_europarrekin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ming_dinastiaren_gainbehera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ming_dinastiaren_gainbehera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ming dinastiaren gainbehera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ming_dinastiaren_gainbehera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wanli_enperadorearen_erregealdia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wanli_enperadorearen_erregealdia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Wanli enperadorearen erregealdia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wanli_enperadorearen_erregealdia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ekonomia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gizartea_eta_kultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gizartea_eta_kultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gizartea eta kultura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gizartea_eta_kultura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Gizartea eta kultura azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gizartea_eta_kultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Artea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Artea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erlijioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erlijioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Erlijioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erlijioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Eduki-taula" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ming dinastia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 126 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">126 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dinastie" title="Ming-dinastie – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ming-dinastie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Dynastie" title="Ming-Dynastie – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ming-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D_%E1%88%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%88_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5" title="የሚንግ ሥርወ መንግሥት – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሚንግ ሥርወ መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Ming" title="Dinastía Ming – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dinastía Ming" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिंग वंश – angikera" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मिंग वंश" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9" title="سلالة مينغ الحاكمة – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة مينغ الحاكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="عيلة مينج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عيلة مينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Ming" title="Dinastía Ming – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Ming" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si" title="Min sülaləsi – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Min sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مین سولاله‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مین سولاله‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Мин империяһы – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мин империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – baliera" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="baliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingu_dinast%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Mingu dinastėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mingu dinastėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Імперыя Мін – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імперыя Мін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Дынастыя Мін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дынастыя Мін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мин – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="মিং রাজবংশ – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিং রাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="མིང་རྒྱལ་རབས། – tibetera" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མིང་རྒྱལ་རབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierniezh_Ming" title="Tierniezh Ming – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tierniezh Ming" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dinastija Ming" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Мин улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мин улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ACng-di%C3%A8u" title="Mìng-dièu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mìng-dièu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Импери Мин – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Импери Мин" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی مینگ – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی مینگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1e_Ming" title="Říše Ming – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říše Ming" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D3%97" title="Мин империйӗ – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мин империйӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenhinllin_Ming" title="Brenhinllin Ming – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brenhinllin Ming" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dynastiet" title="Ming-dynastiet – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ming-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Dynastie" title="Ming-Dynastie – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ming-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Δυναστεία Μινγκ – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυναστεία Μινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ming dynasty" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Ming" title="Dinastio Ming – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinastio Ming" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Ming" title="Dinastía Ming – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Ming" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingi_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Mingi dünastia – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mingi dünastia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دودمان مینگ – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان مینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dynastia" title="Ming-dynastia – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ming-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingi_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Mingi dünastia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mingi dünastia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Ming" title="Dynastie Ming – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Ming" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-D%C3%BCnastii" title="Ming-Dünastii – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ming-Dünastii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADshliocht_Ming" title="Ríshliocht Ming – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríshliocht Ming" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E" title="明 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="明" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ACgh-shliochd_nam_Ming" title="Rìgh-shliochd nam Ming – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rìgh-shliochd nam Ming" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Ming" title="Dinastía Ming – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dinastía Ming" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_%C3%B1emo%C3%B1anga" title="Ming ñemoñanga – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ming ñemoñanga" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ACn-chh%C3%A8u" title="Mìn-chhèu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mìn-chhèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="שושלת מינג – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת מינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिंग राजवंश – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिंग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" title="Ming Dynasty – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ming Dynasty" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Ming" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dinasztia" title="Ming-dinasztia – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ming-dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Մին դինաստիա – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մին դինաստիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_a_Dinastia" title="Ming a Dinastia – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ming a Dinastia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Ming" title="Dinastio Ming – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dinastio Ming" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingveldi%C3%B0" title="Mingveldið – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mingveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E" title="明 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="明" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Ming" title="Wangsa Ming – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wangsa Ming" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მინის დინასტია – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მინის დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%8B_Kewiya%C9%A3_K%C9%A9%C9%96%C9%9Bza%C9%A3" title="Miŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Miŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Мин династиясы – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мин династиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%84" title="រាជវង្សមិង – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជវង្សមិង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mairi_Ming" title="Mairi Ming – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Mairi Ming" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="명나라 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="명나라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternieth_Ming" title="Ternieth Ming – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ternieth Ming" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_Mim" title="Familia Mim – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Familia Mim" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Dynastie" title="Ming-Dynastie – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ming-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Mingų dinastija – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mingų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minu_dinastija" title="Minu dinastija – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Minu dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – minangkabauera" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Минг (династија) – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Минг (династија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="മിങ് രാജവംശം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിങ് രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Мин улс – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мин улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिंग राजवंश – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मिंग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA" title="မြင်တိုင်းပြည် – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြင်တိုင်းပြည်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%87" title="مینگ سلسله – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مینگ سلسله" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Dynastie" title="Ming-Dynastie – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ming-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिङ वंश – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मिङ वंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिङ्ग राजवंश – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मिङ्ग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dynastie" title="Ming-dynastie – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ming-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming" title="Ming – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ming" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dynastiet" title="Ming-dynastiet – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ming-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਮਿੰਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿੰਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Ming" title="Dynastia Ming – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="منگ سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="منگ سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AB_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D" title="مينګ واکمنه کورنۍ – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مينګ واکمنه کورنۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Империя Мин – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Империя Мин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91" title="Дінастія Мінґ – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Дінастія Мінґ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Миин династията – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Миин династията" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" title="Ming Dynasty – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ming Dynasty" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Ming" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="මිං රාජවංශය – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මිං රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ming dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming" title="Ming – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ming" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dinastija Ming" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Велико Царство Минг – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велико Царство Минг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingdynastin" title="Mingdynastin – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mingdynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_(nasaba)" title="Ming (nasaba) – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ming (nasaba)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="மிங் அரசமரபு – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மிங் அரசமரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="ราชวงศ์หมิง – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์หมิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="Min imperiýasy – turkmenera" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Min imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Ming" title="Dinastiyang Ming – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dinastiyang Ming" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Ming Hanedanı – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ming Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%89%DA%AD_%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="مىڭ سۇلالىسى – uigurrera" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مىڭ سۇلالىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurrera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Династія Мін – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Мін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81" title="منگ شاہی سلسلہ – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منگ شاہی سلسلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_(sulola)" title="Min (sulola) – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Min (sulola)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_Minh" title="Nhà Minh – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà Minh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiya_Ming" title="Dinastiya Ming – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dinastiya Ming" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="明朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მინიშ დინასტია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მინიშ დინასტია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A2" title="מינג דינאסטיע – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מינג דינאסטיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingzciuz" title="Mingzciuz – zhuangera" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Mingzciuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuangera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ddd;">Ming Handia<br /><small><big>大明</big></small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;font-weight: bold;">1368 – 1644</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;border-top: 2px solid #ddd; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Monarkia" title="Monarkia">Monarkia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg/280px-Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg/420px-Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg/560px-Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="2339" /></a></span><div>Ming dinastiaren garaiko <a href="/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika">Txina</a> bere hedapenik handienean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongle_enperadorea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongle enperadorea (sortu gabe)">Yongle enperadorearen</a> erreinualdian.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #ddd;">Geografia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width: 50%;">Hiriburua</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a><br /><small>(1368–1421)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Pekin" title="Pekin">Beijing</a><br /><small>(1421–1644)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width: 50%;">Biztanleria</th><td class="infobox-data">65.000.000 (1393)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width: 50%;">Azalera</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika">Txina</a> km²</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #ddd;">Kultura</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width: 50%;">Hizkuntza(k)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Txinera" title="Txinera">Txinera</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width: 50%;">Erlijioa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">Budismoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoismo" title="Taoismo">taoismoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konfuzianismo" title="Konfuzianismo">konfuzianismoa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #ddd;">Historia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><table style="width: 100%; border: none; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="width:50%; background: transparent; padding: 5px; text-align: left; border-right: 2px solid #eee;"><div align="center"><small><b><big>←</big> Aurrekoa</b></small></div><table style="background:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:20px; padding:none;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:WhiteFlag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WhiteFlag.png/20px-WhiteFlag.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WhiteFlag.png/30px-WhiteFlag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WhiteFlag.png/40px-WhiteFlag.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td><td><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dinastia" title="Yuan dinastia">Yuan dinastia</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td style="width:50%; background: transparent; padding: 5px; text-align: right;"><div align="center"><small><b>Ondorengoak <big>→</big></b></small></div><table style="background:none; width:100%"><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Qing_dinastia" title="Qing dinastia">Qing dinastia</a></td><td style="width:20px; padding:none;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Flag_of_China_(1889%E2%80%931912).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Shun_dinastia" title="Shun dinastia">Shun dinastia</a></td><td style="padding:none;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:WhiteFlag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WhiteFlag.png/20px-WhiteFlag.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WhiteFlag.png/30px-WhiteFlag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WhiteFlag.png/40px-WhiteFlag.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Hung-wu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Hung-wu.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="134" data-file-height="189" /></a><figcaption>Zhu Yuanzhang enperadorea.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ming dinastia</b> <a href="/wiki/1369" title="1369">1369tik</a> <a href="/wiki/1644" title="1644">1644ra</a> arte <a href="/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika">Txinan</a> boterea izan zuen azken aurreko dinastia da. <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dinastia" title="Yuan dinastia">Yuan dinastiaren</a> garaian sortu zen, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dinastia" title="Yuan dinastia">Yuan dinastia</a> <a href="/wiki/Mongolen_Inperioa" title="Mongolen Inperioa">mongoliarra</a> erori ondoren. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiangsu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiangsu (sortu gabe)">Kiangsu</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> lurraldeetako ezegonkortasun sozialak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Yunzhang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhu Yunzhang (sortu gabe)">Zhu Yunzhang</a> errebeldeak boterea lortzea ekarri zuen, eta, <a href="/wiki/1369" title="1369">1369an</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ming dinastia</a> sortu zuen, Txinako historia guztian hegoaldeko lurretan sortu zen dinastia bakarra, <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> hartuz hiriburutzat. Bere semeak <a href="/wiki/Pekin" title="Pekin">Beijingera</a> eraman zuen gortea. </p><p>Ming dinastiako agintariek gobernu sistema tradizionala ezarri zuten. <a href="/wiki/Funtzionario" title="Funtzionario">Funtzionario</a> izateko, azterketa bat gainditu behar zen. Hala ere, dinastia berriak intelektual eta artista independenteei esetsi zien; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Txou_Wi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txou Wi (sortu gabe)">Txou Wi</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Txao_Yuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txao Yuan (sortu gabe)">Txao Yuan</a> margolariak, adibidez, hiltzera kondenatu zituen. </p><p>Historialari batzuek giza historiaren gobernu diziplinatu eta egonkortasun sozialaren aro handienetako bat bezala deskribatzen dituzte Ming dinastiakoak<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ming dinastiak 276 urtez gobernatu zuen herrialdea, eta, <a href="/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika">Txinan</a> <a href="/wiki/Han_(etnia)" title="Han (etnia)">Han etniak</a> gobernatutako azken dinastia izan zen. 1662ra arte iraun zuten Ming erregetzaren aldeko erregimen leial batzuek (hegoaldeko Ming izenez ezagutzen direnak), nahiz eta <a href="/wiki/Pekin" title="Pekin">Pekin</a>, Mingen hiriburua, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zicheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Zicheng (sortu gabe)">Li Zicheng</a> buru zuen matxinada batean erori zen 1644an. Li Zichengek <a href="/wiki/Shun_dinastia" title="Shun dinastia">Shun dinastia</a> ezarri zuen, baina <a href="/wiki/Qing_dinastia" title="Qing dinastia">Qing dinastiak</a> —<a href="/wiki/Mantxuria" title="Mantxuria">Mantxuria</a> jatorrikoak— azkar ordezkatu zuen. </p><p>Ming dinastiaren gobernupean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontzidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ontzidi (sortu gabe)">ontzidi</a> itzela eta milioi bat laguneko <a href="/wiki/Armada" title="Armada">armada</a> iraunkorra osatu ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006271_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006271-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aurreko aldietan Txinatik espedizio komertzial eta diplomatikoak egin baziren ere, XV. mendean, <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> almirante <a href="/wiki/Musulman" title="Musulman">musulmanaren</a> tributu-flotak beste guztiak gainditu zituen, tamainari dagokionez. Eraikuntza-proiektu ugari egin ziren: besteak beste, <a href="/wiki/Kanal_Handia_(Txina)" title="Kanal Handia (Txina)">Kanal Handia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Txinako_Harresi_Handia" title="Txinako Harresi Handia">Harresi Handia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Hiri_Debekatua" title="Hiri Debekatua">Hiri Debekatuaren</a> sorrera <a href="/wiki/Pekin" title="Pekin">Pekinen</a>, XV. mendearen lehen laurdenean. Ming dinastiaren erregetzaren amaieran, 160 eta 200 milioi arteko biztanleria zela uste da<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Y%C7%92ngl%C3%A8" title="Yǒnglè">Yongleren</a> garaian, Txina munduko itsas potentziarik handiena bilakatu zen; <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng Hek</a> <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> inguruan bidaiak egin zituen, baina kostu ekonomiko handiegiarekin. </p><p>Hongwu enperadorea, 1368 eta 1398 artean agindu zuena, sistema zurrun eta mugigaitz batean saiatu zen beregainak izango ziren landa-komunitateen gizartea sortzen, hiriguneetako merkataritza-bizitzan parte hartu beharrik izango ez zutenak. Txinako nekazaritza-oinarria berreraikitzeak eta komunikazio-bideak (bide militarizatuen sistema baten bidez) hobetzeak, ustekabean, nekazaritzako soberakin handiak sortzea eragin zuen, zeina komunikazio-bideetatik hurbil zeuden merkatu arrakastatsuetan saldu ahal izan baitzen. Landa eta merkataritza kulturak hiriko moden eragina jaso zuen. Gizarteko mailarik altuenak, noblezia baxuarekin parekatuta, kontsumoan zentratutako kultura berri horren eragina ere jasan zuen. <a href="/wiki/Usadio" title="Usadio">Tradizioetatik</a> urrunduz, familia merkatariak, hala, <a href="/wiki/Administrazio" title="Administrazio">administrazioaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Burokrazia" title="Burokrazia">burokraziaren</a> baitan sartzen hasi ziren, eta nobleziaren ezaugarri kulturalak eta praktikak bereganatu zituzten. Gizartearen eta merkataritzaren bilakaera horrekin batera, pentsamendu filosofikoan, gobernu-erakundeetan, arteetan eta literaturan aldaketak izan ziren. </p><p>XV. mendearen hasieran, Beijing izendatu zuten inperioko hiriburu, eta jauregiak, marmolezko terrazak eta lorategiak egin ziren. </p><p>XVI. mende inguruan, Ming ekonomia suspertu zuen <a href="/wiki/Portugaldar" title="Portugaldar">portugaldarrekin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somaliar" title="Somaliar">somaliarrekin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espainiar" title="Espainiar">espainiarrekin</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Herbeheretar" title="Herbeheretar">herbeheretarrekin</a> izandako merkataritzak. Txina <a href="/wiki/Material" title="Material">material</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landare" title="Landare">landare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">animalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elikagai" title="Elikagai">janari</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ale" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ale">aleen</a> merkataritza global hasiberri batean murgildu zen, <a href="/wiki/Kolondar_trukaketa" title="Kolondar trukaketa">kolondar trukaketa</a> izenez ezagutzen dena. <a href="/wiki/Aro_Modernoa" title="Aro Modernoa">Europako potentziekin</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Japonia" title="Japonia">Japoniarekin</a> eginiko salerosketak <a href="/wiki/Zilar" title="Zilar">zilar</a> kantitate izugarriak ekarri zituen, eta horrek <a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">kobrea</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Diru-paper" title="Diru-paper">diru-papera</a> ordezkatu zituen, Txinako trukerako bitarteko komun gisa. Ming dinastiaren azken hamarkadetan, Txinako zilarraren fluxuak behera egin zuen neurri handi batez, eta estatuaren diru-kutxak txikitu egin ziren. Hainbat faktorek eragin zuten Ming ekonomiaren kaltetzea: <a href="/wiki/Izotz_Aro_Txikia" title="Izotz Aro Txikia">Izotz Aro Txikiak</a> nekazaritzan eragindako kalteak, <a href="/wiki/Hondamen_natural" title="Hondamen natural">hondamen naturalak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Epidemia" title="Epidemia">epidemiak</a>. Agintarien higadurak eta mantenu eskasiak aukera eman zien <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zicheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Zicheng (sortu gabe)">Li Zicheng</a> gisako buruzagi errebeldeei Mingen aginteari desafio egiteko. </p><p>Ming dinastian sortu ziren beste gauza askoren artean, XV. mendean sortu ziren <a href="/wiki/Mugarri" title="Mugarri">mugarri</a> motako adierazleak daude, hiriko sarreretatik gertu kokatuta zeudenak. Harrizko edo egurrezko egiturak ziren; inskripzioak edo erreferentzia-puntuak zituzten, eta pertsonak gidatzeko balio zuten. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sorrera">Sorrera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sorrera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Sorrera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Matxinada_eta_matxinatuen_arteko_lehia">Matxinada eta matxinatuen arteko lehia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Matxinada eta matxinatuen arteko lehia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Matxinada eta matxinatuen arteko lehia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Chinese_Cannon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chinese_Cannon.JPG/170px-Chinese_Cannon.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chinese_Cannon.JPG/255px-Chinese_Cannon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chinese_Cannon.JPG/340px-Chinese_Cannon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Jiao Yu-k eta Liu Ji-k konpilatutako <i>Huolongjing</i>aren <a href="/wiki/Kanoi" title="Kanoi">kanoia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dinastia" title="Yuan dinastia">Yuan dinastia</a> (1271-1368), <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khanek</a> zuzendutako <a href="/wiki/Mongol" title="Mongol">mongolen</a> inbasioaren ondoren ezarria, Ming dinastiaren sorreraren aurrekoa izan zen. <a href="/wiki/Han_(etnia)" title="Han (etnia)">Hanen</a> aurkako diskriminazio instituzionalaz gain, erresumin handia sortu zuena, Yuanen kanporatzea gertatu zen eskualdeetan ezarritako zerga altuengatik, <a href="/wiki/Inflazio" title="Inflazio">inflazio</a> altuagatik eta (ureztatze proiektuak bertan behera uztearen ondorioz) <a href="/wiki/Ibai_Horia" title="Ibai Horia">Ibai Horiaren</a> uholde larriengatik. Ondorioz, nekazaritza eta ekonomia hondatuta zeuden, eta errebolta lehertu zen Ibai Horiko dikeak konpontzera deituak izan ziren ehunka mila nekazarien artean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGascoigne2003150_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGascoigne2003150-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Han_(etnia)" title="Han (etnia)">Han</a> talde asko, horien artean «Turbante Gorriak», matxinadan altxatu ziren 1351n. Turbante Gorriak «Loto Zuria» elkarte sekretu <a href="/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">budistan</a> afiliatuta zeuden. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Yuanzhang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhu Yuanzhang (sortu gabe)">Zhu Yuanzhang</a> nekazari pobrea eta, aldi berean, monje budista zen. 1352an, Turbante Gorriekin elkartu zen, eta ospe handia lortu zuen komandante errebelde baten adopziozko alabarekin ezkondu zenean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999190-191_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999190-191-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1356an, Zhuren indarrek <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> hiria hartu zuten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGascoigne2003151_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGascoigne2003151-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, geroago Mingen hiriburu bihurtuko zena. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dinastia" title="Yuan dinastia">Yuan dinastia</a> desegin zenean, talde matxino askok elkarren aurka hasi ziren herrialdearen kontrola eskuratu, eta dinastia berri bat ezarri nahian. 1363an, Zhu Yuanzhangek bere etsairik behinena, Chen Youliang talde matxinoaren buruzagia, akabatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Poyang" title="Poyang">Poyang</a> aintzirako guduan, historiako itsas bataila handienetakoa izan zena. Bruloteen erabilerari esker (erregai sukoiez kargatutako ontziak), Zhuren 200.000 itsasgizonek matxinoen ontzidia garaitzea lortu zuten, kopuruz handiagoa izan arren. Garaipenak matxinoen azken fakzioaz akabatu zuen, eta horrek Yuanzhang Yangtse bailara aberatsaren jabe ukaezintzat utzi zuen Zhu, eta, hegoaldean, bere boterea sendotzea ahalbidetu zion. 1367an, Zhuren gonbidatu zela, Turbante Gorrien buruzagia, modu susmagarrian hil zen. Dagoeneko ez zegoen tronura igotzea galaraz ziezaiokeen inor, eta bere anbizio inperialen berri eman zuen bere armada Yuanen hiriburura, Dadura, (gaur egungo <a href="/wiki/Pekin" title="Pekin">Pekin</a>) bidaltzean, 1368an<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999191_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999191-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dinastia" title="Yuan dinastia">Yuan dinastiako</a> azken enperadorea]] iparraldean babestu zen, <a href="/wiki/Xanadu" title="Xanadu">Xanadun</a>, eta Zhuk Ming dinastiaren sorrera iragarri zuen Daduko Yuanen jauregia suntsitu ondoren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999191_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999191-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hiriari Beijing<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> izena eman zioten, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Yuanzhang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhu Yuanzhang (sortu gabe)">Zhu Yuanzhangek</a> Hongwu izena hartu zuen. (Erabat militarra, txineraz). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hongwu_enperadorearen_erregealdia">Hongwu enperadorearen erregealdia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hongwu enperadorearen erregealdia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Hongwu enperadorearen erregealdia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg/170px-%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg/255px-%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg/340px-%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3080" data-file-height="3932" /></a><figcaption>Hongwu enperadorearen erretratua (1368–1398 artean agindu zuen)</figcaption></figure> <p>Hongwuk, berehala, herrialdeko azpiegiturak berreraikitzeko ahalegina egin zuen. <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> inguruan, 48 km-ko horma bat eraikiarazi zuen, baita jauregi eta administrazio zentro ugari ere<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999191_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999191-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mingen liburuak dioenez, 1364az geroztik, Zhu zigor kode <a href="/wiki/Konfuzianismo" title="Konfuzianismo">konfuziar</a> berri bat idazten hasia zen, <i>Da Ming Lü</i> izenekoa, 1397an amaitu zena eta 653. urteko Tang kodearen elementu batzuk berreskuratzen zituena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewRapp200025_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewRapp200025-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hongwuk «weisuo» izeneko sistema militarra antolatu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Tang_dinastia" title="Tang dinastia">Tang dinastiaren</a> «fubing» sistemaren antzekoa (618-907). </p><p>1380an, Hongwuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Weiyong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hu Weiyong (sortu gabe)">Hu Weiyong</a> (胡惟庸) kantzilerra hiltzeko agindua eman zuen, balizko estatu kolpearen zurrumurruen ostean. Postu hori deuseztatu zuen, eta enperadore eta lehen ministro funtzioak bereganatu zituen, oinordeko gehienek egiten jarraitu zutena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999192-193_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999192-193-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006130_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006130-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bere ministro eta laguntzaileekin gero eta mesfidatiago, Hongwuk «Jinyi Wei» taldea sortu zuen, bere zaindariez osatutako sekretuzko polizia. Hongwuren agintaldiko hiru hamarkadetan izandako purga ugaritan, 100.000 pertsona hil izanaren erantzule izan zen, neurri batean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999192-193_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999192-193-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006129–130_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006129–130-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hego-mendebaldeko_muga">Hego-mendebaldeko muga</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hego-mendebaldeko muga»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Hego-mendebaldeko muga"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg/220px-Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg/330px-Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg/440px-Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Dali hiriko hegoaldeko ate zaharra (<a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salar_etnia" title="Salar etnia">Salar</a> herri musulmana Mingen boterearen menpe jarri zen bere borondatez, 1370. urte inguruan buruzagiek amore eman zutenean. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hala_Bashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hala Bashi (sortu gabe)">Hala Bashi</a> jeneralaren tropa <a href="/wiki/Uigur" title="Uigur">uigurrek</a> 1370eko hamarkadako <a href="/wiki/Miao_(herria)" title="Miao (herria)">Miao</a> matxinadak baretu zituzten, eta, <a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>), kokatu ziren<sup id="cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-20250106083028_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-20250106083028-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Hui_etnia" title="Hui etnia">Hui</a> tropa musulmanak ere Changden finkatu ziren, Mingen kanpainetan tribu aborigenen aurka zerbitzatu ostean<sup id="cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa_2-20250106083028_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa_2-20250106083028-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1381ean, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ming dinastiak</a> hego-mendebaldeko (<a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>) eremuak (Daliren erresumakoak izan zirenak) bereganatu zituen Hui musulmanek lurralde horiek konkistatu ondoren, zeinak <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dinastia" title="Yuan dinastia">Yuan dinastiari</a> leial ziren mongolen kontrolpean baitzeuden. Yunnaneko gobernadore izendatu zuten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu_Ying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mu Ying (sortu gabe)">Mu Ying</a> jeneralaren Hui-ak eskualdean berrezarri ziren hura kolonizatzeko<sup id="cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa_3-20250106083028_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa_3-20250106083028-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. XIV. mendearen amaieran, 200.000 kolono inguru 1.416 km<sup>2</sup> azaleran kokatu ziren, gaur egungo Yunnan eta <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou probintzietan</a>. Geroago, milioi erdi kolono gehiago iritsi ziren. Migrazio horiek aldaketa sakonak eragin zituzten eskualdeko osaera <a href="/wiki/Etnia" title="Etnia">etnikoan</a>; izan ere, ordura arte, <a href="/wiki/Han_(etnia)" title="Han (etnia)">Han etniak</a> populazioaren erdia baino gutxiago hartzen zuen. Biztanleriaren aldaketa masibo horien kontrako erresuminak eta horrek suposatzen zuen gobernuaren presentziak, <a href="/wiki/Yao_etnia" title="Yao etnia">yaoen</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Miao_(herria)" title="Miao (herria)">miaoen</a> errebolta ugari eragin zituen 1464 eta 1466 urteen artean. Horiek geldiarazteko, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxin</a> zeuden 160.000 soldaduekin bat egin zuten 30.000 Ming soldadu-indarrek. <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a> (1472-1529) aditu eta filosofoak, eskualdean gertatutako beste matxinada bat zapaldu ondoren, talde etniko indigenen administrazio bakar eta zentralizatua sortzearen alde egin zuen, tokiko talde horiek <a href="/wiki/Sinizazio" title="Sinizazio">sinizatu</a> ahal izateko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999197_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999197-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hongwu_enperadorearen_erregealdia_2">Hongwu enperadorearen erregealdia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hongwu enperadorearen erregealdia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Hongwu enperadorearen erregealdia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg/170px-%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg/255px-%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg/340px-%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3080" data-file-height="3932" /></a><figcaption>Hongwu enperadorearen erretratua (1368–1398 artean agindu zuen)</figcaption></figure> <p>Hongwuk, berehala, herrialdeko azpiegiturak berreraikitzeko ahalegina egin zuen. <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> inguruan, 48 km-ko horma bat eraikiarazi zuen, baita jauregi eta administrazio zentro ugari ere<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999191_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999191-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mingen liburuak dioenez, 1364az geroztik, Zhu zigor kode <a href="/wiki/Konfuzianismo" title="Konfuzianismo">konfuziar</a> berri bat idazten hasia zen, <i>Da Ming Lü</i> izenekoa, 1397an amaitu zena eta 653. urteko Tang kodearen elementu batzuk berreskuratzen zituena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewRapp200025_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewRapp200025-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hongwuk «weisuo» izeneko sistema militarra antolatu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Tang_dinastia" title="Tang dinastia">Tang dinastiaren</a> «fubing» sistemaren antzekoa (618-907). </p><p>1380an, Hongwuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Weiyong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hu Weiyong (sortu gabe)">Hu Weiyong</a> (胡惟庸) kantzilerra hiltzeko agindua eman zuen, balizko estatu kolpearen zurrumurruen ostean. Postu hori deusestatu zuen, eta enperadore eta lehen ministro funtzioak bereganatu zituen, oinordeko gehienek egiten jarraitu zutena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999192-193_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999192-193-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006130_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006130-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bere ministro eta laguntzaileekin gero eta mesfidatiago, Hongwuk «Jinyi Wei» taldea sortu zuen, bere zaindariez osatutako sekretuzko polizia. Hongwuren agintaldiko hiru hamarkadetan izandako purga ugaritan, 100.000 pertsona hil izanaren erantzule izan zen, neurri batean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999192-193_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999192-193-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006129–130_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006129–130-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hegomendebaldeko_muga">Hegomendebaldeko muga</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hegomendebaldeko muga»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Hegomendebaldeko muga"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg/220px-Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg/330px-Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg/440px-Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Dali hiriko hegoaldeko ate zaharra (<a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salar_etnia" title="Salar etnia">Salar</a> herri musulmana Mingen boterearen menpe jarri zen bere borondatez, 1370. urte inguruan buruzagiek amore eman zutenean. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hala_Bashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hala Bashi (sortu gabe)">Hala Bashi</a> jeneralaren tropa <a href="/wiki/Uigur" title="Uigur">uigurrek</a> 1370eko hamarkadako <a href="/wiki/Miao_(herria)" title="Miao (herria)">Miao</a> matxinadak baretu zituzten, eta, <a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>), kokatu ziren<sup id="cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-20250106083028_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-20250106083028-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Hui_etnia" title="Hui etnia">Hui</a> tropa musulmanak ere Changden finkatu ziren, Mingen kanpainetan tribu aborigenen aurka zerbitzatu ostean<sup id="cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa_2-20250106083028_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa_2-20250106083028-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1381ean, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ming dinastiak</a> hego-mendebaldeko (<a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>) eremuak (Daliren erresumakoak izan zirenak) bereganatu zituen Hui musulmanek lurralde horiek konkistatu ondoren, zeinak <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dinastia" title="Yuan dinastia">Yuan dinastiari</a> leial ziren mongolen kontrolpean baitzeuden. Yunnaneko gobernadore izendatu zuten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu_Ying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mu Ying (sortu gabe)">Mu Ying</a> jeneralaren Hui-ak eskualdean berrezarri ziren hura kolonizatzeko<sup id="cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa_3-20250106083028_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa_3-20250106083028-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. XIV. mendearen amaieran, 200.000 kolono inguru 1.416 km<sup>2</sup> azaleran kokatu ziren, gaur egungo Yunnan eta <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou probintzietan</a>. Geroago, milioi erdi kolono gehiago iritsi ziren. Migrazio horiek aldaketa sakonak eragin zituzten eskualdeko osaera <a href="/wiki/Etnia" title="Etnia">etnikoan</a>; izan ere, ordura arte, <a href="/wiki/Han_(etnia)" title="Han (etnia)">Han etniak</a> populazioaren erdia baino gutxiago hartzen zuen. Biztanleriaren aldaketa masibo horien kontrako erresuminak eta horrek suposatzen zuen gobernuaren presentziak, <a href="/wiki/Yao_etnia" title="Yao etnia">yaoen</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Miao_(herria)" title="Miao (herria)">miaoen</a> errebolta ugari eragin zituen 1464 eta 1466 urteen artean. Horiek geldiarazteko, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxin</a> zeuden 160.000 soldaduekin bat egin zuten 30.000 Ming soldadu-indarrek. <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a> (1472-1529) aditu eta filosofoak, eskualdean gertatutako beste matxinada bat zapaldu ondoren, talde etniko indigenen administrazio bakar eta zentralizatua sortzearen alde egin zuen, tokiko talde horiek <a href="/wiki/Sinizazio" title="Sinizazio">sinizatu</a> ahal izateko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999197_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999197-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harremanak_Tibetekin">Harremanak Tibetekin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Harremanak Tibetekin»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Harremanak Tibetekin"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:17th_century_Central_Tibeten_thanka_of_Guhyasamaja_Akshobhyavajra,_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/17th_century_Central_Tibeten_thanka_of_Guhyasamaja_Akshobhyavajra%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-17th_century_Central_Tibeten_thanka_of_Guhyasamaja_Akshobhyavajra%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/17th_century_Central_Tibeten_thanka_of_Guhyasamaja_Akshobhyavajra%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg/330px-17th_century_Central_Tibeten_thanka_of_Guhyasamaja_Akshobhyavajra%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/17th_century_Central_Tibeten_thanka_of_Guhyasamaja_Akshobhyavajra%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg/440px-17th_century_Central_Tibeten_thanka_of_Guhyasamaja_Akshobhyavajra%2C_Rubin_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>XVII. mendeko tibetar thangka bat, Guhyasamaja Akshobhy irudikatzen duena; Ming dinastiak Tibetetik ekarritako hainbat artikulu bildu zituen zerga gisa<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta, ordainetan, opariak eskaintzen zizkien tibetar garraiolariei<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangNyima199739–41_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangNyima199739–41-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>. </p><p><i>Mingen Liburua</i>k, 1739an Qing dinastiak konpilatutako Ming dinastiaren historia ofizialak dio Mingek mandatu ibiltariak ezarri zituztela <a href="/wiki/Tibeteko_historia" title="Tibeteko historia">Tibeteko</a> administrazioa gainbegiratzeko, Tibeteko Yuan dinastiako ofizial ohien tituluak berritzeko eta Tibeteko <a href="/wiki/Tibetar_budismo" title="Tibetar budismo">sekta budisten</a> buruzagiei<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> printze-tituluak emateko. Hala ere, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turrel_V._Wylie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turrel V. Wylie (sortu gabe)">Turrel V. Wyliek</a> aurreratzen du <i>Mingen Liburua</i>n enperadorearen ospea eta izen ona sustatzera zuzendutako <a href="/wiki/Zentsura" title="Zentsura">zentsurak</a> ezabatu egin zituela Ming garaiko erlazio <a href="/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika">sino</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">tibetarren</a> xehetasunak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylie2003470_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylie2003470-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Aditu modernoek eztabaidatzen jarraitzen dute ea Ming dinastia Tibeteko subirano benetakoa zen ala <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzeratasun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suzeratasun (sortu gabe)">suzeratasun</a> ahul bat ote zen, <a href="/wiki/Jiaqing" title="Jiaqing">Jiaqing</a> enperadoreak (1521-1567 bitartean gobernatu zuen) gortean budismoa jazarri zuenean (<a href="/wiki/Taoismo" title="Taoismo">taoismoaren</a> alde eginez) amaitu zena<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylie2003470_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylie2003470-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangNyima19971–40_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangNyima19971–40-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaird2006106–107_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaird2006106–107-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beste aditu batzuek diote Mingen gortearen eta <a href="/wiki/Lama_(budismoa)" title="Lama (budismoa)">Lama (budismoa)</a> tibetarren arteko harremanen izaera erlijioso sakona ez dagoela oso argitua ikerketa modernoetan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu200152_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu200152-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolmaš196732_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolmaš196732-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Beste batzuek, berriz, harremanen alderdi komertziala azpimarratzen dute, eta zaldi tibetarrak te txinatarrarekin trukatzeak nabarmentzen dute<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangNyima199739–40_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangNyima199739–40-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Sperling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi:Sperling (sortu gabe)">Txantiloi:Sperling</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerdue2000273_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerdue2000273-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolmaš196728–29_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolmaš196728–29-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaird2006131_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaird2006131-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ming dinastiakoak XIV. mendean hasi ziren noizbehinkako esku-hartze militarrak egiten Tibeten; bien bitartean, tibetarrek Ming erasoen aurkako erresistentzia armatua antolatu zuten, arrakastaz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanglois1988139,_161_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanglois1988139,_161-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiss1988417–418_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiss1988417–418-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patricia_Ebrey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patricia Ebrey (sortu gabe)">Patricia Ebreyk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Laird&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Laird (sortu gabe)">Thomas Lairdek</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Jiawei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Jiawei (sortu gabe)">Wang Jiaweik</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyima_Gyaincain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyima Gyaincain (sortu gabe)">Nyima Gyaincainek</a> azpimarratzen dute Ming dinastiak ez zuela tropa iraunkorrik kokatu Tibeten<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaird2006137_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaird2006137-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999227_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999227-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangNyima199738_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangNyima199738-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, aurreko dinastian ez bezala (<a href="/wiki/Yuan_dinastia" title="Yuan dinastia">Yuan</a> mongolak)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaird2006137_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaird2006137-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Wanli enperadoreak (1572-1620), 1578an hasitako mongol-tibetar aliantzaren aurretik, mongol-tibetar harremanak berrezartzeko saiakera batzuk egin zituen, eta horrek eragina izan zuen <a href="/wiki/Mantxuria" title="Mantxuria">mantxu</a> jatorriko ondorengo Qing dinastiaren (1644-1912) kanpo politikan, eta <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Boneta Horien ordenako</a> <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai lamaren</a> babesa suposatu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylie2003470_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylie2003470-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylie2003470_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylie2003470-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolmaš196730–31_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolmaš196730–31-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein19978_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein19978-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. XVI. mendearen amaieran, mongolak erakutsi zuten dalai lamaren babesle armatuak zirela <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a> eskualdean instalatu ondoren. Horren ondorioz, <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCshi_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Güshi Khan (sortu gabe)">Güshi Khanek</a> (1582-1655) Tibet konkistatu zuen 1642an<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylie2003470_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylie2003470-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolmaš196734–35_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolmaš196734–35-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein19976–9_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein19976–9-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaird2006152_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaird2006152-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harremanak_europarrekin">Harremanak europarrekin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Harremanak europarrekin»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Harremanak europarrekin"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jorge_%C3%81lvares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jorge Álvares (sortu gabe)">Jorge Álvares</a> izan zen 1513ko maiatzean <a href="/wiki/Perla_ibaiaren_delta" title="Perla ibaiaren delta">Perla ibaiaren deltan</a> dagoen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lintin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lintin (sortu gabe)">Lintin</a> uhartera iristen lehena, baina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Perestrello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Perestrello (sortu gabe)">Rafael Perestrello</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kristobal_Kolon" title="Kristobal Kolon">Kristobal Kolonen</a> lehengusua) izan zen Txinako hegoaldeko kostan lehorreratu eta <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhourekin</a> merkataritzan jardun zuen lehen esploratzaile europarra, 1516an<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrook1998160_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook1998160-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Pfoundes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi:Pfoundes (sortu gabe)">Txantiloi:Pfoundes</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Nowell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi:Nowell (sortu gabe)">Txantiloi:Nowell</a> . 1517an, <a href="/wiki/Portugaldar" title="Portugaldar">portugaldarrek</a> espedizio komertzial handi bat bultzatu zuten Guangzhoun<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrook1998160_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook1998160-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta ordezkaritza bat bidali zuten <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I.a_Portugalgoa" title="Manuel I.a Portugalgoa">Manuel I.a Portugalgoaren</a> izenean Zhengde enperadorearen gortera<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrook1998160_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook1998160-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Enperadorea hil ondoren, harremanak berehala gaiztotu ziren, <a href="/wiki/Malaka" title="Malaka">Malakako</a> enbaxadoreek (gaur egungo <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysian</a>) erregea tronutik kendu izana leporatu zietenean portugaldarrei<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrook1998160_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook1998160-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1521ean eta 1522an, Txinako itsas indarrek Portugalgo ontziak kanporatu zituzten, eta atzeko kargako lehen kulebrinak (kanoiak) iritsi ziren Txinara<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1959369_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1959369-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ming_dinastiaren_gainbehera">Ming dinastiaren gainbehera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ming dinastiaren gainbehera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Ming dinastiaren gainbehera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wanli_enperadorearen_erregealdia">Wanli enperadorearen erregealdia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Wanli enperadorearen erregealdia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Wanli enperadorearen erregealdia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97.jpg/170px-%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97.jpg/255px-%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97.jpg/340px-%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Wanli enperadorea (1572–1620)</figcaption></figure> <p>Wanli enperadorearen erregealdian (1572-1620), estatuaren diru-kutxak hustuz joan ziren, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean</a> <a href="/wiki/Japonia" title="Japonia">Japoniaren</a> aurkako <a href="/wiki/Koreako_japoniar_inbasioak_(1592-1598)" title="Koreako japoniar inbasioak (1592-1598)">Imjin gerraren</a> kostu izugarriagatik eta arazo fiskal ugariengatik. Haren erregealdiaren hasieran, Wanli kontseilari gaituz inguratu zen, eta estatuko gaiak eraginkortasunez kudeatu zituen. Bere Idazkari Nagusi zen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Juzheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Juzheng (sortu gabe)">Zhang Juzheng-ek</a> (1572 eta 1582 bitartean funtzioan) aliantzen sistema eraginkor bat martxan jarri zuen goi-funtzionarioekin. Hil ondoren, ordea, inork ezin izan zuen aliantza horien egonkortasuna ziurtatu, eta funtzionarioak elkarren aurkako taldeetan banatu ziren<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHucker195831_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHucker195831-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lehia horien ondorioz, Wanli nekatu egin zen gorteko arazoez eta bere ministroen arteko liskarrez, eta nahiago izan zuen <a href="/wiki/Hiri_Debekatua" title="Hiri Debekatua">Hiri Debekatuaren</a> harresien atzera erretiratu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence199916_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence199916-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Funtzionarioek administrazioan zuten eragina galdu zuten, <a href="/wiki/Eunuko" title="Eunuko">eunukoak</a> enperadorearen eta bere menpekoen arteko bitartekari bihurtu baitziren. Estatu-arazoez eztabaidatu nahi zuen goi-mailako funtzionario orok eunuko boteretsuak konbentzitu, edo usteldu behar zituen bere mezua enperadoreari helarazteko<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence199917_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence199917-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomia">Ekonomia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ekonomia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Ekonomia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ming_coinage_14th_17th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ming_coinage_14th_17th_century.jpg/220px-Ming_coinage_14th_17th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ming_coinage_14th_17th_century.jpg/330px-Ming_coinage_14th_17th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ming_coinage_14th_17th_century.jpg/440px-Ming_coinage_14th_17th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>XIV. eta XVII. mendeetako Txinako antzinako txanponak.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ming garaia <a href="/wiki/Hazkunde_ekonomiko" title="Hazkunde ekonomiko">hazkunde ekonomiko</a> eta oparotasun kulturaleko garaia izan zen. Txinaren eta mendebaldeko potentzien arteko lehen merkataritza-harremanak gertatu ziren, bereziki <a href="/wiki/Espainiar_Inperioa" title="Espainiar Inperioa">Espainiako Inperioarekin</a>. Haiek, <a href="/wiki/Filipinak" title="Filipinak">Filipinetatik</a>, beharrezko <a href="/wiki/Zilar" title="Zilar">zilarrez</a> hornitu zuten Txinako txanpona sortu ahal izateko, eta keinu horrek Amerikatik ateratako zilar espainiarra nazioarteko <a href="/wiki/Dibisa" title="Dibisa">dibisa</a> bihurtu zuen XVI. mendean; horrela, gainerako potentziek dibisa espainiarra erabili behar izan zuten erosketak egin ahal izateko. <a href="/wiki/Portugaldar_Inperioa" title="Portugaldar Inperioa">Portugaldar inperioarekin</a> ireki zuen bere merkatua; horrela, hiru inperio horien artean, lehen globalizazio merkantilista bultzatu, eta Txinako merkatuaren irekierak fruitua eman zuen. Hain zuzen ere, Mingek luzaroan, eragotzi nahi izan zuten mendebaldeko potentziekiko eta Japoniarekiko merkataritzak jendartearen merkantilizazioa ekarriko zuen, <a href="/wiki/Song_dinastia" title="Song dinastia">Song dinastiarekin</a> gertatutakoaren antzera. </p><p>Dinastia horren barruan kontuan hartu beharreko beste faktore bat da <a href="/wiki/Eunuko" title="Eunuko">eunukoek</a> XV. mendearen hasieran Ming dinastian egindako esplorazio ozeanikoetan egindako ekarpena. Geroago, eunukoak garai horretako barne politikaren parte izango dira, eta, beraz, gorte inperialen barruan izango duten eragina garrantzitsua izango da goraldian, Mingen gainbehera eta kolapsora arte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gizartea_eta_kultura">Gizartea eta kultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gizartea eta kultura»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Gizartea eta kultura"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artea">Artea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Artea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Artea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ming dinastiak Inperioko Pintura Akademia zabaldu zuen berriro, baina, XV. mendearen lehen erdia arte, ez zen erabat indarrean sartu. Akademia berriak, baina, ez zuen zerikusirik <a href="/wiki/Song_dinastia" title="Song dinastia">Song</a> garaikoarekin. Akademia artea maite zuten enperadoreen ardurapean egon zen, eta Ming garaiko akademiako paisajistek, berriz, aurreko aldietako pintoreak antzeratu baizik ez zuten egin, beren lanei ezaugarri berezirik eman gabe. </p><p>Akademia ofizialetik kanpo, taldeetan aritzen ziren pintore independenteak, Txe- Kiang-en eta Hang-txou-n. Estatuak haien kontra jo zuen, ez beren pintura lanen gaiengatik, paisaiak egiten jarraitzen baitzuten, beren independentziagatik baizik. </p><p>Ming dinastiaren lehen urteetan, Txien Txin (1369-1415) poeta gailendu zen kaligrafo gisa. Kaligrafia etzana (<i>tsao</i>) erabiltzen zuen, deszifratzen oso zaila, baina <a href="/wiki/Kaligrafia" title="Kaligrafia">kaligrafia</a> klasikoan (<i>kai</i>) ere oso trebea zen; enperadoreak berak eusten omen zion tintontziari bera lanean ari zela. Dena den, Ming garaiko kaligrafoen artean, hoberena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wen_Txen-min&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wen Txen-min (sortu gabe)">Wen Txen-min</a> (1470-1559) izan zen. Eragin handia izan zuen bere garaiko artisten eta intelektualengan. Kaligrafia klasikoa landu zuen dotoretasun handiz, eta, oraindik ere, haren ideogramak erabiltzen dituzte Txinako eskola umeek. </p><p>Ming dinastiaren garaian, <a href="/wiki/Portzelana" title="Portzelana">portzelana</a> asko egin zen, portzelana zuria marrazki urdinekin (<a href="/wiki/Kobalto" title="Kobalto">kobalto</a> urdina), batetik, eta bost koloreko portzelana deitua (gorri, urdin, berde, hori eta beltz), bestetik. Apaingarri gisa, <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jadezko</a> tailek eta lakazko grabatuek ere arrakasta handia izan zuten garai hartan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erlijioa">Erlijioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erlijioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Erlijioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:SFEC_BritMus_Asia_021.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SFEC_BritMus_Asia_021.JPG/170px-SFEC_BritMus_Asia_021.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SFEC_BritMus_Asia_021.JPG/255px-SFEC_BritMus_Asia_021.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SFEC_BritMus_Asia_021.JPG/340px-SFEC_BritMus_Asia_021.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taoismo" title="Taoismo">taoismoaren</a> Jainko baten harrizko iruditxoa, Ming dinastiakoa, XVI. mendea.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ming dinastian nagusi izan ziren sinesmen erlijiosoak izan ziren <a href="/wiki/Asaben_gurtza" title="Asaben gurtza">arbasoen gurtzaren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoismo" title="Taoismo">taoismoaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">budismoaren</a> arteko nahasketa tradizionalak. Txinatarrek Txinako erlijio tradizionalean bildutako jainko askorengan sinesten zuten. </p><p>Ming aldiaren amaieran, Europatik, lehen misiolari jesuitak iritsi ziren, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Trigault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Trigault (sortu gabe)">Nicolas Trigault</a>. Beste kongregazio batzuk ere iritsi ziren, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Predikarien_Ordena" title="Predikarien Ordena">domingotarrak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Frantziskotar" title="Frantziskotar">frantziskotarrak</a>. </p><p>Riccik <a href="/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi">Xu Guangqi</a> <a href="/wiki/Matematikari" title="Matematikari">matematikari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomo" title="Astronomo">astronomo</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Agronomia" title="Agronomia">agronomo</a> txinatarrarekin lan egin zuen <a href="/wiki/Euklidesen_Elementuak" title="Euklidesen Elementuak">Euklidesen elementuak</a> matematikako greziar liburu-bilduma txinerara itzultzeko, 1607an. Txinatarrak txundituta zeuden astronomiari, zientzia kalendrikoari, matematikari, hidraulikari eta geografiari buruzko Europako ezagutzarekin. Monje europar gehienek beren burua elite heziaren kidetzat aurkezten zuten erlijio-figuratzat baino gehiago, txinatarren konfiantza eta mirespena lortzeko ahaleginean<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999212_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999212-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hala ere, txinatar gehienak susmo txarrekoak ziren, baita kritiko ere kristautasunarekin, txinatarren sinesmenak eta praktikak ez zetozelako bat kristau-fedearekin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999212_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999212-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Eztabaida horren unerik gorena, Nankingo 1616ko gertakari erlijiosoa izan zen; <a href="/wiki/Konfuzianismo" title="Konfuzianismo">Konfuzioren</a> tradizionalistek behin-behineko garaipena lortu zuten mendebaldeko misiolariak atzera bota zituztenean, mendebaldeko zientzia txinatar eredu garaiago batetik zetorrelako ustearen alde egin baitzuten. Hala ere, laster baztertu zen hori, eta Astronomia Koadro Inperiala zientzian hezitako mendebaldeko misiolariz bete zen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong196330–32_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong196330–32-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kristautasun" title="Kristautasun">Kristautasunaz</a> gain, <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifengeko</a> <a href="/wiki/Judaismo" title="Judaismo">juduek</a> historia luzea izan zuten Txinan. Pekinen horietako batek kontaktatu zuenean jakin zuen hori Riccik, eta haren historia ikasi zuen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite196631–38_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite196631–38-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islama</a> VII. mendetik egon da Txinan, <a href="/wiki/Tang_dinastia" title="Tang dinastia">Tang dinastiaren</a> garaian. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ming aroan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musulman" title="Musulman">musulmanen</a> fedea zuten hainbat pertsona ospetsu izan ziren, horien artean <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>. Hongwu enperadoreak musulman asko izendatu zituen armadako komandante: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang_Yuqun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chang Yuqun (sortu gabe)">Chang Yuqun</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lan_Yu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lan Yu (sortu gabe)">Lan Yu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ding_Dexing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ding Dexing (sortu gabe)">Ding Dexing</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu_Ying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mu Ying (sortu gabe)">Mu Ying</a>...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman199839_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipman199839-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Txinako_historia" title="Txinako historia">Txinako historia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinastia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Edwin Oldfather Reischauer, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_King_Fairbank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John King Fairbank (sortu gabe)">John King Fairbank</a>, Albert M. Craig (1960) <i>A history of East Asian civilization, Volume 1. East Asia: The Great Tradition</i>, George Allen & Unwin Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006271-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbreyWalthallPalais2006271_2-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006">Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006</a>, 271 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Biztanleria baxuena zenbatesteko, ikus, Fairbank, 2006, 128. or.; altuena zenbatesteko, berriz, ikus, Ebrey, 1999, 197 or.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGascoigne2003150-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGascoigne2003150_4-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGascoigne2003">Gascoigne 2003</a>, 150 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999190-191-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999190-191_5-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbrey1999">Ebrey 1999</a>, 190-191 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGascoigne2003151-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGascoigne2003151_6-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGascoigne2003">Gascoigne 2003</a>, 151 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999191-7">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999191_7-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999191_7-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999191_7-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999191_7-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbrey1999">Ebrey 1999</a>, 191 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFNaquin2000">Naquin, Susan.  (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pekingtemplescit0000naqu"><i>Peking : temples and city life, 1400-1900. </i></a> Berkeley : University of California Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-520-21991-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-520-21991-5">978-0-520-21991-5</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-08-23)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewRapp200025-9">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewRapp200025_9-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewRapp200025_9-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrewRapp2000">Andrew & Rapp 2000</a>, 25 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999192-193-10">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999192-193_10-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999192-193_10-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999192-193_10-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999192-193_10-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbrey1999">Ebrey 1999</a>, 192-193 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006130-11">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006130_11-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006130_11-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFairbankGoldman2006">Fairbank & Goldman 2006</a>, 130 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006129–130-12">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006129–130_12-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFairbankGoldman2006129–130_12-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFairbankGoldman2006">Fairbank & Goldman 2006</a>, 129–130 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-20250106083028-13">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-20250106083028_13-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-20250106083028_13-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.people.cn/english/200012/28/eng20001228_59085.html">«Ethnic Uygurs in Hunan Live in Harmony with Han Chinese»</a> <i>en.people.cn</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-08-23)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa_2-20250106083028-14">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa_2-20250106083028_14-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa_2-20250106083028_14-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFShih2004-01-14">Shih, Chih-yu.  (2004-01-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&pg=PA133&dq=jian+uyghur+hunan&hl=en&ei=-BO9TJ3BK4SBlAfLxZ2GDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result"><i>Negotiating Ethnicity in China: Citizenship as a Response to the State. </i></a> Taylor & Francis <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-203-21705-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-203-21705-4">978-0-203-21705-4</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-08-23)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa_3-20250106083028-15">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa_3-20250106083028_15-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa_3-20250106083028_15-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDillon1999">Dillon, Michael.  (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA34&dq=lan+yu+yunnan+muslim&hl=en&ei=UVjMTLHaKIT6lwf05fjiCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result"><i>China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects. </i></a> Psychology Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7007-1026-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7007-1026-3">978-0-7007-1026-3</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-08-23)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999197-16">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999197_16-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999197_16-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbrey1999">Ebrey 1999</a>, 197 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Zhang, Yuxin; Xiang, Hongjia; Information Office of the State Council. People's Republic of China (2002). <i>Testimony of History</i>. China: China Intercontinental Press. p. 73. <small><a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/7801138856" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 7-80113-885-6</a></small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangNyima199739–41-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangNyima199739–41_18-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWangNyima1997">Wang & Nyima 1997</a>, 39–41 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mingshi</i>-Geography I «明史•地理一»: 東起朝鮮，西據吐番，南包安南，北距大磧。; Geography III «明史•地理三»: 七年七月置西安行都衛於此，領河州、朵甘、烏斯藏、三衛。; Western territory III «明史•列傳第二百十七西域三»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylie2003470-20">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylie2003470_20-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylie2003470_20-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylie2003470_20-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylie2003470_20-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylie2003470_20-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWylie2003">Wylie 2003</a>, 470 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangNyima19971–40-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangNyima19971–40_21-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWangNyima1997">Wang & Nyima 1997</a>, 1–40 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaird2006106–107-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaird2006106–107_22-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaird2006">Laird 2006</a>, 106–107 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu200152-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu200152_23-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorbu2001">Norbu 2001</a>, 52 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolmaš196732-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolmaš196732_24-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolmaš1967">Kolmaš 1967</a>, 32 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangNyima199739–40-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangNyima199739–40_25-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWangNyima1997">Wang & Nyima 1997</a>, 39–40 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerdue2000273-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerdue2000273_26-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerdue2000">Perdue 2000</a>, 273 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolmaš196728–29-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolmaš196728–29_27-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolmaš1967">Kolmaš 1967</a>, 28–29 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaird2006131-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaird2006131_28-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaird2006">Laird 2006</a>, 131 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELanglois1988139,_161-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanglois1988139,_161_29-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLanglois1988">Langlois 1988</a>, 139, 161 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiss1988417–418-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiss1988417–418_30-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeiss1988">Geiss 1988</a>, 417–418 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaird2006137-31">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaird2006137_31-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaird2006137_31-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaird2006">Laird 2006</a>, 137 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999227-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999227_32-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbrey1999">Ebrey 1999</a>, 227 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangNyima199738-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangNyima199738_33-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWangNyima1997">Wang & Nyima 1997</a>, 38 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolmaš196730–31-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolmaš196730–31_34-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolmaš1967">Kolmaš 1967</a>, 30–31 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein19978-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein19978_35-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein1997">Goldstein 1997</a>, 8 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">The Ming Biographical History Project of the Association for Asian Studies (1976), 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolmaš196734–35-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolmaš196734–35_37-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolmaš1967">Kolmaš 1967</a>, 34–35 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein19976–9-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein19976–9_38-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein1997">Goldstein 1997</a>, 6–9 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaird2006152-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaird2006152_39-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaird2006">Laird 2006</a>, 152 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook1998160-40">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrook1998160_40-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrook1998160_40-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrook1998160_40-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrook1998160_40-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrook1998">Brook 1998</a>, 160 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham1959369-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham1959369_41-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1959">Needham 1959</a>, 369 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHucker195831-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHucker195831_42-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHucker1958">Hucker 1958</a>, 31 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence199916-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence199916_43-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpence1999">Spence 1999</a>, 16 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpence199917-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpence199917_44-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpence1999">Spence 1999</a>, 17 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999212-45">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999212_45-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey1999212_45-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbrey1999">Ebrey 1999</a>, 212 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong196330–32-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong196330–32_46-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong1963">Wong 1963</a>, 30–32 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite196631–38-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite196631–38_47-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1966">White 1966</a>, 31–38 orr. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipman199839-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipman199839_48-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipman1998">Lipman 1998</a>, 39 orr. .</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="boilerplate" style="text-align:left; font-size: 90%"> <ul><li>Artikulu honen edukiaren zati bat <i>Lur hiztegi entziklopediko</i>tik edo <i>Lur entziklopedia tematiko</i>tik txertatu zen 2011/12/27 egunean. Egile-eskubideen jabeak, <a href="/wiki/Eusko_Jaurlaritza" title="Eusko Jaurlaritza">Eusko Jaurlaritzak</a>, hiztegi horiek <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/deed.eu">CC-BY 3.0 lizentziarekin</a> argitaratu ditu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opendata.euskadi.eus/katalogoa/-/lur-entziklopedia-tematikoa/">Open Data Euskadi webgunean</a>.</li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8009455">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFVega1971">Vega, Carlos-Luis de la.  (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10486/6423">«Aspectos de la vida diaria en China durante la dinastía Ming»</a> <i>Boletín de la Asociación Espurteala de Orientalistas</i> VII: 39-58. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0571-3692">0571-3692</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBowman2000">Bowman, John Stewart.  (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.pe/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&pg=PA47&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=april%2025%2C%201644&f=false"><i>Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. </i></a> Columbia University Press, 47 or.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFairbankGoldman2006">Fairbank, John King; Goldman, Merle.  (2006). <i>China: A New History. </i> (2.. argitaraldia) Cambridge: Harvard University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-674-01828-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-674-01828-0">978-0-674-01828-0</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAndrewRapp2000">Andrew, Anita N.; Rapp, John A..  (2000). <i>Autocracy and China's Rebel Founding Emperors: Comparing Chairman Mao and Ming Taizu. </i> Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8476-9580-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8476-9580-5">978-0-8476-9580-5</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAtwell2002">Atwell, William S..  (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_2002-02_61_1/page/83">«Time, Money, and the Weather: Ming China and the 'Great Depression' of the Mid-Fifteenth Century»</a> <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i> 61 (1): 83–113.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2700190">10.2307/2700190</a></span>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAtwell2005">Atwell, William S..  (2005). «Another Look at Silver Imports into China, ca. 1635–1644» <i>Journal of World History</i> 16 (4): 467–489.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2006.0013">10.1353/jwh.2006.0013</a></span>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBroadberry2014">Broadberry, Stephen.  (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eh.net/eha/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Broadberry.pdf"><i>China, Europe and the Great Divergence: a Study in National Accounting, 980–1850. </i></a> Economic History Association</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBrook1998">Brook, Timothy.  (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/confusionsofplea0000broo"><i>The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. </i></a> Berkeley: <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of California Press (sortu gabe)">University of California Press</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-520-22154-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-520-22154-3">978-0-520-22154-3</a>.</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFChang2007">Chang, Michael G..  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