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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lampaka_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lampaka_inscription.jpg/250px-Lampaka_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lampaka_inscription.jpg/375px-Lampaka_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lampaka_inscription.jpg/500px-Lampaka_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="756" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Material</th><td class="infobox-data">Natural stone.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Writing</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">circa 260 BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Period/culture</th><td class="infobox-data">3rd Century BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Discovered</th><td class="infobox-data">1932</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Place</th><td class="infobox-data">Pul-i-Darunteh, <a href="/wiki/Laghman_Province" title="Laghman Province">Laghman Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Present location</th><td class="infobox-data">Pul-i-Darunteh, <a href="/wiki/Laghman_Province" title="Laghman Province">Laghman Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px"><div style="position:relative;width:250px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanistan_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription is located in Afghanistan"><img alt="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription is located in Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Afghanistan_physical_map.svg/250px-Afghanistan_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Afghanistan_physical_map.svg/375px-Afghanistan_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Afghanistan_physical_map.svg/500px-Afghanistan_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="1331" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.014%;left:66.558%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription"><img alt="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanistan_physical_map.svg" title="File:Afghanistan physical map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of the Aramaic inscription of Pul-i-Darunteh.</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diva_Palwatta_Laghman_valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Diva_Palwatta_Laghman_valley.jpg/250px-Diva_Palwatta_Laghman_valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Diva_Palwatta_Laghman_valley.jpg/330px-Diva_Palwatta_Laghman_valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Diva_Palwatta_Laghman_valley.jpg/500px-Diva_Palwatta_Laghman_valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="947" /></a><figcaption>Lampaka valley, <a href="/wiki/Laghman_Province" title="Laghman Province">Laghman Province</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</b>, also called <b>Aramaic inscription of Lampaka</b>, is an inscription on a rock in the valley of <a href="/wiki/Laghman_Province" title="Laghman Province">Laghman</a> ("Lampaka" being the transcription in Sanskrit of "Laghman"), <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> by the Indian emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> around 260 BCE. It was discovered in 1932 at a place called Pul-i-Darunteh. Since Aramaic was the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, which disappeared in 320 BCE with the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, it seems that this inscription was addressed directly to the populations of this ancient empire still present in northwestern India, or to border populations for whom Aramaic remained the language of use.<sup id="cite_ref-DS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The discovery of this inscription in 1932 is one of a set of similar inscriptions in Aramaic or Greek (or both together), written by Asoka. In 1915, Sir John Marshall had discovered the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Taxila" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Taxila">Aramaic Inscription of Taxila</a>. In 1958 the famous <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_Kandahar_Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual Kandahar Inscription">Bilingual Kandahar Inscription</a>, written in Greek and Aramaic was discovered, and in 1963 the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Edicts_of_Ashoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Edicts of Ashoka">Greek Edicts of Ashoka</a>, again in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>. In the same year 1963 and again in Kandahar, an inscription in "Indo-Aramaic" known as the <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Aramaic_inscription" title="Kandahar Aramaic inscription">Kandahar Aramaic inscription</a> or Kandahar II was found, in which the Indian <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> language and the Aramaic language alternate, but using only the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic script">Aramaic script</a>. The Aramaic parts translate the Indian parts transcribed in the Aramaic alphabet. In 1969, two Belgian anthropologists by chance discovered another Aramaic edict, <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Laghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Laghman">Aramaic Inscription of Laghman</a> or Lahman I. A few years later, in 1973, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahmann_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahmann II (page does not exist)">Lahmann II</a> followed.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content_of_the_inscription">Content of the inscription</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Content of the inscription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The inscription is incomplete. However, the place of discovery, the style of the writing, the vocabulary used, makes it possible to link the inscription to the other Ashoka inscriptions known in the region. In the light of other inscriptions, it has been found that the Pul-i-Darunteh inscription consists of a juxtaposition of Indian and Aramaic languages, all in Aramaic script, and the latter representing translations of the first.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This inscription is generally interpreted as a translation of a passage of the <a href="/wiki/Major_Pillar_Edicts" title="Major Pillar Edicts">Major Pillar Edicts</a> n°5 or n°7,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although others have proposed to categorize it among the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Rock_Edicts" title="Minor Rock Edicts">Minor Rock Edicts</a> of Ashoka.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pul-i-Darunteh inscription has been transliterated as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Inscription of Pul-i-Darunteh<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Line </th> <th>Original (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Aramaic script</a>) </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>English translation </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>1</b> </td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">...𐡕𐡀 𐡐𐡈...</span> </td> <td><span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">...tʾ pṭ...</i></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2</b> </td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">...𐡅𐡄 𐡋𐡀𐡍𐡔...</span> </td> <td><span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">...wh lʾnš...</i></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>3</b> </td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">...𐡅𐡉 𐡎𐡄𐡉𐡕𐡉 𐡋𐡀 𐡈...</span> </td> <td><span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">...wy shyty lʾ ṭ...</i></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>4</b> </td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">...𐡌𐡎𐡀𐡓𐡕𐡄𐡎 𐡎𐡄𐡉𐡕𐡉 𐡄𐡅...</span> </td> <td><span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">...msʾrths shyty hw...</i></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>5</b> </td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">...𐡇𐡆𐡄 𐡃𐡉𐡇𐡄𐡉𐡕𐡅𐡉 𐡎𐡄𐡉𐡕𐡉...</span> </td> <td><span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">...ḥzh dḥhytwy shyty...</i></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>6</b> </td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">...𐡍𐡐𐡓𐡉𐡎 𐡀𐡁𐡄𐡉𐡎𐡉𐡕𐡎 𐡎𐡄𐡉𐡕𐡉...</span> </td> <td><span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">...nprys ʾbhysyts shyty...</i></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>7</b> </td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">...𐡓𐡉𐡔𐡅 𐡎𐡄𐡉𐡕𐡉 𐡔𐡉𐡌𐡅 𐡋𐡌𐡊𐡕𐡁 𐡁𐡏𐡌...</span> </td> <td><span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">...ryšw shyty šymw lmktb bʿm...</i></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>8</b> </td> <td><span style="font-size:120%">...𐡀𐡇𐡓𐡉𐡍 𐡄𐡅𐡃𐡏𐡍...</span> </td> <td><span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">...ʾḥryn hwdʿn...</i></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a></li> <li>Asoka - the Buddhist Emperor of India /Chapter 4 by Vincent Arthur Smith: The Rock Edicts (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Asoka_-_the_Buddhist_Emperor_of_India/Chapter_4&oldid=6170325">this version</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DS_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A new Aramaic inscription of Asoka found in the Laghman Valley (Afghanistan), André Dupont-Sommer Proceedings of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres Year 1970 114-1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1970_num_114_1_12491">p.173</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History of Discoveries and identifications from M. Boyce / F. Grenet, A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essenism and Buddhism, Dupont-Sommer, André, Proceedings of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres Year 1980 124-4 pp.698-715 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1980_num_124_4_13784">p.706</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handbuch der Orientalistik by Kurt A. Behrendt <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C9_vbgkzUSkC&pg=PA39">p.39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inscriptions of Asoka from DC Sircar <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_omDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT33">p.33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bruno_Henning" title="Walter Bruno Henning">W. B. Henning</a>, <i>The Aramaic Inscription of Asoka Found in Lampāka</i>, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 13, No. 1 (1949), pp. 80-88</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription&oldid=1275310418">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription&oldid=1275310418</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_discoveries_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:Archaeological discoveries in Afghanistan">Archaeological discoveries in Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Category:Aramaic inscriptions">Aramaic inscriptions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Category:Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 February 2025, at 07:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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