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<!DOCTYPE html public "-//w3c//dtd html 3.2//en"> <html> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/index.html","20141024163514","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1414168514"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <title>Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/web/20141024163514cs_/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/enstyles.css"> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Arachnophilia 4.0"> <meta name="FORMATTER" content="Arachnophilia 4.0"> </head> <body bgcolor="#EFE2C2" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" topmargin="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0">  <map name="white_daisies_Map"> <area shape="rect" alt="State Game Bird: Wild Turkey" coords="320,145, 231,218, " href="toc.html"> <area shape="rect" alt="State Animal: Bison" coords="450,191, 350,254, " href="toc.html"> <area shape="rect" alt="State Bird: Scissor-Tailed Flycatcher" coords="450,180, 562,265, " href="toc.html"> <area shape="rect" alt="The State Flag of Oklahoma" coords="440,179, 365,92, " href="toc.html"> <area shape="rect" alt="State Reptile: Mountain Boomer" coords="318,127, 218,19, " href="toc.html"> <area shape="rect" alt="State Rock: Rose Rock" coords="500,108, 551,159, " href="toc.html"> <area shape="rect" alt="State Wild Flower: Indian Blanket" coords="373,90, 323,40, " href="toc.html"> <area shape="rect" alt="State Fish: White Bass" coords="542,91, 411,34, " href="toc.html"> </map> <map name="trestle_Map"> <area shape="poly" alt="Railroad Trestle" coords="34,6, 32,47, 219,53, 210,203, 345,262, 445,278, 510,262, 566,281, 568,139, 551,20, 302,18" href="toc.html"> </map> <map name="old_central_Map"> <area shape="poly" alt="Old Central" coords="34,6, 32,47, 219,53, 210,203, 345,262, 445,278, 510,262, 566,281, 568,139, 551,20, 302,18" href="toc.html"> </map> <map name="purple_daisies_Map"> <area shape="poly" alt="Purple Flora" coords="34,6, 32,47, 219,53, 210,203, 345,262, 445,278, 510,262, 566,281, 568,139, 551,20, 302,18" href="toc.html"> </map> <map name="weimer_bridge_Map"> <area shape="poly" alt="Crystal Bridge" coords="34,6, 32,47, 219,53, 210,203, 345,262, 445,278, 510,262, 566,281, 568,139, 551,20, 302,18" href="toc.html"> </map> <map name="weimer_barn_Map"> <area shape="poly" alt="Round Barn" coords="34,6, 32,47, 219,53, 210,203, 345,262, 445,278, 510,262, 566,281, 568,139, 551,20, 302,18" href="toc.html"> </map> <map name="argo_waterfall_Map"> <area shape="poly" alt="Waterfall" coords="34,6, 32,47, 219,53, 210,203, 345,262, 445,278, 510,262, 566,281, 568,139, 551,20, 302,18" href="toc.html"> </map> <map name="argo_rocks_Map"> <area shape="poly" alt="Rocks" coords="34,6, 32,47, 219,53, 210,203, 345,262, 445,278, 510,262, 566,281, 568,139, 551,20, 302,18" href="toc.html"> </map> <map name="argo_mountains_Map"> <area shape="poly" alt="Mountains" coords="34,6, 32,47, 219,53, 210,203, 345,262, 445,278, 510,262, 566,281, 568,139, 551,20, 302,18" href="toc.html"> </map> <map name="cap_Map"> <area shape="poly" alt="Oklahoma State Capitol" coords="34,6, 32,47, 219,53, 210,203, 345,262, 445,278, 510,262, 566,281, 568,139, 551,20, 302,18" href="toc.html"> </map> <map name="bottom_title_Map"> <area shape="rect" alt="Oklahoma State University Electronic Publishing Center" coords="104, 99, 524, 113" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024163514/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/"> <area shape="rect" alt="Oklahoma Historical Society" coords="252, 82, 473, 97" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024163514/http://www.okhistory.org/publications/index.html"> <area shape="rect" alt="Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture" coords="30, 27, 567, 75" href="toc.html"> </map>  <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="100%" width="100%"> <tr> <td valign="center"> <center><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="802"> <tr> <td align="center"><script language="JavaScript"></script></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><img src="/web/20141024163514im_/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/images/bottom_title.gif" width="600" height="128" border="0" usemap="#bottom_title_Map"></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p align="justify"><b>Oklahoma became the 46<sup>th</sup> state in 1907. To commemorate the Centennial of Statehood in 2007, the Oklahoma Historical Society, with funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities, developed the <i>Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture</i> to inform and educate citizens, students, historians, and the world at large about the fascinating history of this most unusual state. The <i>Encyclopedia</i> contains articles written by leading scholars in the field and is published by the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024163514/http://www.okhistory.org/publications/index.html">Oklahoma Historical Society.</a> The online edition is presented by the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024163514/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/">Oklahoma State University Library Electronic Publishing Center</a>.</b></p> <p align="justify"> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><h3 align="center"><a href="toc.html">Table of Contents</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024163514/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/search.htm"> Search</a> | <a href="agreement.html">How to Cite</a> | <a href="about.html">About</a></h3> </td> </tr> </table></center> <tr> <td> <p><b> © Oklahoma Historical Society</b> </p> </tr> </td> </tr></td></table> </div>  <script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? 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