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Salpinx - Wikipedia
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title="Salpinx (Musikinstrument) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Salpinx (Musikinstrument)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B1_(%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF)" title="Σάλπιγγα (μουσικό όργανο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σάλπιγγα (μουσικό όργανο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Salpinx" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpinkso" title="Salpinkso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Salpinkso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpinx_(instrument)" title="Salpinx (instrument) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Salpinx (instrument)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Salpinx" data-language-autonym="Italiano" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the musical instrument. For anatomical references, see <a href="/wiki/Salpinx_in_anatomy" title="Salpinx in anatomy">salpinx in anatomy</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salpinx_hydraulis_players_Louvre_CA426.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Salpinx_hydraulis_players_Louvre_CA426.jpg/250px-Salpinx_hydraulis_players_Louvre_CA426.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Salpinx_hydraulis_players_Louvre_CA426.jpg/330px-Salpinx_hydraulis_players_Louvre_CA426.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Salpinx_hydraulis_players_Louvre_CA426.jpg/500px-Salpinx_hydraulis_players_Louvre_CA426.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Musicians playing the salpinx (trumpet) and the <a href="/wiki/Hydraulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulis">hydraulis</a> (water organ). Terracotta figurine made in Alexandria, 1st century BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meyers_b14_Salpinx_trumpet_230.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Meyers_b14_Salpinx_trumpet_230.jpg/220px-Meyers_b14_Salpinx_trumpet_230.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Meyers_b14_Salpinx_trumpet_230.jpg/330px-Meyers_b14_Salpinx_trumpet_230.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Meyers_b14_Salpinx_trumpet_230.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Greek warrior blowing a salpinx</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>salpinx</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; plural <b>salpinges</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>; Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:σάλπιγξ">σάλπιγξ</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpet</a>-like instrument of the ancient Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salpinx&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The salpinx consisted of a straight, narrow bronze tube with a mouthpiece of bone and a bell (also constructed of bronze) of variable shape and size; extant descriptions describe conical, bulb-like, and spherical structures. Each type of bell may have had a unique effect on the sound made by the instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instrument has been depicted in some classical era vases as employing the use of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phorbeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phorbeia (page does not exist)">phorbeia</a>, similar to those used by <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a> players of the era.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though similar to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_tuba" title="Roman tuba">Roman tuba</a>, the salpinx was shorter than the approximately 1.5 meter long Roman tuba.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rare example of a salpinx, held at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, is unique in that it is constructed from thirteen sections of bone connected using tenons and sockets (with bronze ferrules) rather than the long, bronze tube described elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This salpinx is over 1.57 m long dwarfing the common salpinx which is estimated to have been around 0.8 – 1.20 m long.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salpinx&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_kylix_(drinking_cup)_MET_DT5482.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Terracotta_kylix_%28drinking_cup%29_MET_DT5482.jpg/220px-Terracotta_kylix_%28drinking_cup%29_MET_DT5482.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Terracotta_kylix_%28drinking_cup%29_MET_DT5482.jpg/330px-Terracotta_kylix_%28drinking_cup%29_MET_DT5482.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Terracotta_kylix_%28drinking_cup%29_MET_DT5482.jpg/440px-Terracotta_kylix_%28drinking_cup%29_MET_DT5482.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3811" data-file-height="3049" /></a><figcaption>Greek drinking bowl, circa 500 B.C., showing a warrior sounding a salpinx</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpet</a> is found in many early civilizations and therefore makes it difficult to discern when and where the long, straight trumpet design found in the salpinx originated. References to the salpinx are found frequently in Greek literature and art. Early descriptions of the sound of the salpinx can be found in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>’s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> (9th or 8th century BC), however, this <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Archaic_period" title="Ancient Greece">Archaic</a> reference is exceptional and frequent references are not found until the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar instruments can be found in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, though the salpinx is most closely related to the Egyptian version. References to the salpinx in classical literature include mention of the instrument as <i>tyrrhene</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a derivative of <i>Tyrrhenoi</i>, an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> often employed by the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> as an allusion to the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> people. Bronze instruments were important among the Etruscans and as a people they were held in high regard by the Greeks for their musical contributions. The salpinx as an Etruscan invention is thus supported by the Greeks and various descriptions can be found among the authors <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Pollux" title="Julius Pollux">Pollux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>. It is likely that the salpinx was introduced to the Greeks in some way through the Etruscans, however, scattered references to the salpinx prior to Greek contact with the Etruscans, as well as the myriad salpinx type instruments described by Eustathius of Thessalonia,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests some small level of uncertainty in regard to whether or not the instrument came to the Greeks directly from the Etruscans or through some intermediary source. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salpinx&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salpinx_player_MAR_Palermo_NI1853.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Salpinx_player_MAR_Palermo_NI1853.jpg/220px-Salpinx_player_MAR_Palermo_NI1853.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Salpinx_player_MAR_Palermo_NI1853.jpg/330px-Salpinx_player_MAR_Palermo_NI1853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Salpinx_player_MAR_Palermo_NI1853.jpg/440px-Salpinx_player_MAR_Palermo_NI1853.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>Late 6th, early 5th century BC. Vase depicting a soldier playing the salpinx</figcaption></figure> <p>When encountered in <a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Greek art</a> and literature, the salpinx is usually depicted as being played by a soldier. Fifth century authors frequently associated its "piercing sound" with war; the instrument often being used for signalling, summoning crowds and beginning chariot races.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is supported in the writing of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> who, in <i><a href="/wiki/De_audibilibus" class="mw-redirect" title="De audibilibus">De audibilibus</a></i>, explained that salpinges were used as "...instruments of summons in war, at the games, and so on, not to make music."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristides_Quintilianus" title="Aristides Quintilianus">Aristides Quintilianus</a> described the necessity of the salpinx and salpingtis (a player of the salpinx) in battle in his treatise, <i>On Music</i>. He explains that each command to troops was given using specific tones or "melodies" played on the salpinx. This action allowed for an entire army to receive a command at once as well as provide a level of secrecy as these salpinx calls were specific to a group and would be unknown to an opponent.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet despite its distinctive sound, the shrill blasts of the salpinx would have had a difficult time overcoming the clashing of metal, the cries of the wounded, the roars of aggression from rows of soldiers. This is why the salpinx was primarily used before battle to summon men to prepare for battle and to sound the charge.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andrew Barker, however, describes a possible exception to the utilitarian usage of the salpinx referencing Aristotle, who wrote, "...that is why everyone, when engaging in revelry, relaxes the tension of the breath in playing the salpinx, so as to make the sound as gentle as possible."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is suggested here that the salpinx may have found use in festive occasions as well as war. This notion is corroborated by Nikos Xanthoulis in his article "The Salpinx in Greek Antiquity". Here, he draws particular attention to Aristotle's statement that "...participants of a <a href="/wiki/Komos" title="Komos">komos</a> unbend the tension of the exhaling air in the salpinx, in order to make the sound smoother." The komos, a street festival with music and dance, would require an "unbending of tension" in order to create a more pleasing tone thus indicating a usage for the instrument outside of the military.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another more universal function of the salpinx was to use it as a means of bringing silence to a rambunctious crowd or at a large gathering. This was both useful in a societal setting in places such as large assemblies and as a tool to quiet soldiers while a general addressed his men.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salpinx&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sound of the salpinx was being digitally recreated by the Ancient Instruments Sound/Timbre Reconstruction Application (ASTRA) project which uses <a href="/wiki/Physical_modeling_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical modeling synthesis">physical modeling synthesis</a> to simulate the sound of the salpinx. Due to the complexity of this process, the ASTRA project uses grid computing on hundreds of computers throughout Europe to model the sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Salpinx is part of the Lost Sounds Orchestra, alongside other ancient instruments whose sounds have been recreated by ASTRA, including the <a href="/wiki/Epigonion" title="Epigonion">epigonion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Barbiton" title="Barbiton">barbiton</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrinx (instrument)">syrinx</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salpinx&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_primitive_and_non-Western_trumpets#Ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="History of primitive and non-Western trumpets">History of primitive and non-Western trumpets</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salpinx&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/61/S0046100.html">salpinx. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219005642/http://www.bartleby.com/61/61/S0046100.html">Archived</a> 2008-02-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Krentz, “The Salpinx in Greek Warfare,” from Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience, edited by Victor Davis Hanson, 1991, pp. 110-120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James W. McKinnon. "Salpinx." In Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/24409">http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/24409</a> (accessed December 26, 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James W. McKinnon. "Tuba (ii)." In Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/28526">http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/28526</a> (accessed December 26, 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trumpet (salpinx), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/trumpet-salpinx-50847">http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/trumpet-salpinx-50847</a> (accessed August 26, 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Krentz, “The Salpinx in Greek Warfare,” from Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience, edited by Victor Davis Hanson, 1991, pp. 110-120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer, <i>Iliad,</i> 18. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKinnon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aeschylus, <i>Eumenides</i>, 458 BC. <i>O herald, make proclaim, bid all men come. Then let the shrill blast of the Tyrrhene trump,/ Fulfilled with mortal breath,/ thro' the wide air/ Peal a loud summons, bidding all men heed.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikos Xanthoulis, "The Salpinx in Greek Antiquity," <i>International Trumpet Guild Journal</i>, October 2006, 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKinnon, "Tuba(ii)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, <i>De audibilibus</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristides Quintilianus, <i>On Music</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Krentz, “The Salpinx in Greek Warfare,” from Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience, edited by Victor Davis Hanson, 1991, pp. 110-120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, <i>De audibilibus</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Barker, <i>Greek musical writings</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1984, 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikos Xanthoulis, "The Salpinx in Greek Antiquity," <i>International Trumpet Guild Journal</i>, October 2006, 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Krentz, "The Salpinx in Greek Warfare," from Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience, edited by Victor Davis Hanson, 1991, pp. 110-120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150115232647/http://www.astraproject.org/">"The ASTRA Project website"</a>. <i>www.astraproject.org</i>. Archived from the original on 15 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.astraproject.org&rft.atitle=The+ASTRA+Project+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astraproject.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalpinx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salpinx&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.tapsbugler.com/HistoryoftheBugle/HistoryoftheBugle2.html">http://www.tapsbugler.com/HistoryoftheBugle/HistoryoftheBugle2.html</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_musical_instruments" title="Template:Greek musical instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_musical_instruments" title="Template talk:Greek musical instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_musical_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek musical instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greek_musical_instruments58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_musical_instruments" title="Greek musical instruments">Greek musical instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="String83" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pandura" title="Pandura">Pandura</a></dd></dl> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Barbiton" title="Barbiton">Barbiton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chelys" title="Chelys">Chelys</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara">Kithara</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">Phorminx</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_harps" title="Ancient Greek harps">Harp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epigonion" title="Epigonion">Epigonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadis" title="Magadis">Magadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(instrument)" title="Sambuca (instrument)">Sambuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigonon" title="Trigonon">Trigonon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerophones">Wind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Aulos</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Pan flute</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salpinx</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cochilia" title="Cochilia">Cochilia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crotalum" title="Crotalum">Crotalum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Water_organ" title="Water organ">Water organ</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sistrum" title="Sistrum">Sistrum</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Byzantine lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organon</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">String</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bowed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cretan_lyra" title="Cretan lyra">Cretan lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kemen%C3%A7e_of_the_Black_Sea" title="Kemençe of the Black Sea">Pontic lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classical_kemen%C3%A7e" title="Classical kemençe">Politiki lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_lyra" title="Macedonian lyra">Macedonian lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_lira" title="Calabrian lira">Calabrian lira</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plucked</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laouto" title="Laouto">Laouto</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mandola" title="Mandola">Mandola</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">Mandolin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oudola" title="Oudola">Oudola</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">Psaltery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">Tambouras</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thaboura" title="Thaboura">Thaboura</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Struck</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Santur" title="Santur">Santouri</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wind</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Askomandoura" title="Askomandoura">Askomandoura</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaida">Gaida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tsampouna" title="Tsampouna">Tsampouna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Floghera" title="Floghera">Floghera</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karamuza" title="Karamuza">Karamuza</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lalitsa" title="Lalitsa">Lalitsa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mantura" title="Mantura">Mantura</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Souravli" title="Souravli">Souravli</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Percussion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membranophones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Toubeleki" title="Toubeleki">Toubeleki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(hand_drum)" title="Tympanum (hand drum)">Tympano</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Idiophones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Koudounia" title="Koudounia">Koudounia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stamna_(musical_instrument)" title="Stamna (musical instrument)">Stamna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">Trigono</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zill" title="Zill">Zilia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music of Greece</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Greek folk music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nisiotika" title="Nisiotika">Nisiotika</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Greek dances</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_horns_and_trumpets50" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_horns_and_trumpets" title="Template:Natural horns and trumpets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Natural_horns_and_trumpets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Natural horns and trumpets (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_horns_and_trumpets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural horns and trumpets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_horns_and_trumpets50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_horn" title="Natural horn">Natural horns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_trumpet" title="Natural trumpet">trumpets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphorn" title="Alphorn">Alphorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_trumpet" title="Birch trumpet">Birch trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccina" title="Buccina">Buccina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucium" title="Bucium">Bucium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugle" title="Bugle">Bugle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buisine" title="Buisine">Buisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukkehorn" title="Bukkehorn">Bukkehorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazozra" title="Chazozra">Chazozra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarion_(instrument)" title="Clarion (instrument)">Clarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conch_(instrument)" title="Conch (instrument)">Conch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakgediya" title="Hakgediya">Hakgediya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horagai" title="Horagai">Horagai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagak" title="Nagak">Nagak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steerhorn" title="Steerhorn">Cowhorn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cowhorn" title="Swedish cowhorn">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didgeridoo" title="Didgeridoo">Didgeridoo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_didgeridoo_designs" title="Modern didgeridoo designs">modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dord_(instrument)" title="Dord (instrument)">Dord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embouchure" title="Embouchure">Embouchure</a> & <a href="/wiki/Hand-stopping" title="Hand-stopping">hand-stopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erke" title="Erke">Erke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnal_(instrument)" title="Karnal (instrument)">Karnal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnay" title="Karnay">Karnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lituus" title="Lituus">Lituus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lur" title="Lur">Lur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brudev%C3%A6lte_Lurs" title="Brudevælte Lurs">Brudevælte Lurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwinter_horn" title="Midwinter horn">Midwinter horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyele" title="Nyele">Nyele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olifant_(instrument)" title="Olifant (instrument)">Olifant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_horn" title="Post horn">Post horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsinga">Ramsinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tuba" title="Roman tuba">Roman tuba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salpinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shofar_blowing" title="Shofar blowing">Rosh Hashanah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringa" title="Sringa">Sringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_horn" title="Tibetan horn">Tibetan horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tochacatl" title="Tochacatl">Tochacatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trembita" title="Trembita">Trembita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_trumpet" title="Tube trumpet">Tube trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuvuzela" title="Vuvuzela">Vuvuzela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqra_phuku" title="Waqra phuku">Waqra phuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazza" title="Wazza">Wazza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trumpets_and_cornets73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trumpets" title="Template:Trumpets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Trumpets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Trumpets (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trumpets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trumpets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trumpets_and_cornets73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">Trumpets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">cornets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By range</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_trumpet" title="Contrabass trumpet">Contrabass</a> > <a href="/wiki/Bass_trumpet" title="Bass trumpet">Bass</a> > <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">Standard</a> > <a href="/wiki/Soprano_cornet" title="Soprano cornet">Soprano</a> > <a href="/wiki/Piccolo_trumpet" title="Piccolo trumpet">Piccolo</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_trumpet" title="Birch trumpet">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugle" title="Bugle">Bugle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarion_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarion (musical instrument)">Clarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">Cornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">Cornett</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornettino" title="Cornettino">Cornettino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mute_cornett" title="Mute cornett">Mute cornett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_cornett" title="Tenor cornett">Tenor cornett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanfare_trumpet" title="Fanfare trumpet">Fanfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebird_(trumpet)" title="Firebird (trumpet)">Firebird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugelhorn" title="Flugelhorn">Flugelhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumpet" title="Flumpet">Flumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lur" title="Lur">Lur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_trumpet" title="Natural trumpet">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_trumpet" title="Pocket trumpet">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_horn" title="Post horn">Post horn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salpinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_trumpet" title="Slide trumpet">Slide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parts and<br /> technique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_action" title="Balanced action">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arban_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Arban method">Arban method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_(wind_instruments)" title="Bore (wind instruments)">Bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke_Studies" title="Clarke Studies">Clarke Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crook_(music)" title="Crook (music)">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)" title="Harmonic series (music)">Harmonic series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyed_trumpet" title="Keyed trumpet">Keyed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthpiece_(brass)" title="Mouthpiece (brass)">Mouthpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embouchure" title="Embouchure">Embouchure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muted_trumpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Muted trumpet">Muted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument_valve" title="Brass instrument valve">Valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston_valve" title="Piston valve">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_valve" title="Rotary valve">Rotary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C4%8Da_Trumpet_Festival" title="Guča Trumpet Festival">Guča Trumpet Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_trumpet" title="History of the trumpet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpet_repertoire" title="Trumpet repertoire">Repertoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpet_concerto" title="Trumpet concerto">Concertos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trumpeters" title="List of trumpeters">Trumpeters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_trumpeters" title="List of jazz trumpeters">Jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐df448499c‐scb66 Cached time: 20250318161612 Cache expiry: 2592000 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