Brain Scans Reveal that Mindfulness Meditation for Pain Is Not a Placebo

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Researchers at UC San Diego found that mindfulness meditation can modulate the NAPS and NPS, but not the SIIPS-1, showing that different parts of the brain are engaged in mindfulness-based pain relief compared to placebo. Photo credit: UC San Diego Health Sciences' > <div class="figure-inner"> <img class="lozad figure-img img-fluid img-fit-cover mx-auto d-block mx-auto" data-src="https://today.ucsd.edu/news_uploads/_social/Brain-Scans-teaser-1200x628.jpg" alt="brain scans" width="1200" height="628" /> </div> <figcaption class="figure-caption mx-4 mx-md-0"> These brain scans show different neural signatures associated with pain response: the NAPS (left) is associated with the emotional experience of pain, the SIIPS-1 (center) is related to our expectations of pain and other psychosocial factors, and the NPS (right) is associated with pain intensity. Researchers at UC San Diego found that mindfulness meditation can modulate the NAPS and NPS, but not the SIIPS-1, showing that different parts of the brain are engaged in mindfulness-based pain relief compared to placebo. Photo credit: UC San Diego Health Sciences </figcaption> </figure> </div> </section> <section id="wysiwyg" class="mb-7 wysiwyg">   <div class="container by-section mb-5-5 d-lg-none">   <h2 class="section-title mb-3">Story by:</h2> <ul class="px-0"> <li class="d-block"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/archives/author/Miles_Martin" class="person-name"> <span>Miles Martin</span> </a> - <a href="mailto:milesmartin@ucsd.edu" class="person-name email"><span >milesmartin@ucsd.edu</span></a> </li> </ul> </div>  <div class="container"> <h2 class="visually-hidden">Published Date</h2> <time class="section-title mb-5"> September 05, 2024 </time> </div>   <div class="container content-block"> <div class="row">   <div class="by-section col-3 offset-1 order-2 d-none d-lg-block">   <h2 class="section-title mb-3">Story by:</h2> <ul class="px-0"> <li class="d-block"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/archives/author/Miles_Martin" class="person-name"> <span>Miles Martin</span> </a> - <a href="mailto:milesmartin@ucsd.edu" class="person-name email"><span >milesmartin@ucsd.edu</span></a> </li> </ul>    <h2 class="section-title mt-5 mb-3">Topics covered:</h2> <ul class="px-0 list-style-none"> <li class="topic-name d-inline"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/search/results/eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6Ik1lZGl0YXRpb24ifQ"><span>Meditation</span></a> </li> <li class="topic-name d-inline"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/search/results/eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6Ik1pbmRmdWxuZXNzIn0"><span>Mindfulness</span></a> </li> <li class="topic-name d-inline"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/search/results/eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6IlBhaW4ifQ"><span>Pain</span></a> </li> <li class="topic-name d-inline"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/search/results/eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6IkNvbXBhc3Npb24ifQ"><span>Compassion</span></a> </li> <li class="topic-name d-inline"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/search/results/eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6Ik5ldXJvc2NpZW5jZSJ9"><span>Neuroscience</span></a> </li> </ul> <h2 class="section-title mt-5 mb-3">Share This:</h2> <ul class="nav social-nav"> <li class="nav-item mb-md-1">  <a href="http://twitter.com/share?text=Brain Scans Reveal that Mindfulness Meditation for Pain Is Not a Placebo&url=https://today.ucsd.edu/story/brain-scans-reveal-that-mindfulness-meditation-for-pain-is-not-a-placebo" class="text-white text-decoration-none social-icon-link" > <img class="social-icon" width="14" height="14" alt="Twitter" src="/build/assets/img/social/twitter-share.svg" /> </a> </li> <li class="nav-item mb-md-1"> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://today.ucsd.edu/story/brain-scans-reveal-that-mindfulness-meditation-for-pain-is-not-a-placebo" class="text-white text-decoration-none social-icon-link" target="_blank" > <img class="social-icon" width="14" height="14" alt="Facebook" src="/build/assets/img/social/facebook-share.svg" /> </a> </li> <li class="nav-item mb-md-1"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https://today.ucsd.edu/story/brain-scans-reveal-that-mindfulness-meditation-for-pain-is-not-a-placebo" class="text-white text-decoration-none social-icon-link" target="_blank" > <img class="social-icon" width="14" height="14" alt="LinkedIn" src="/build/assets/img/social/linkedin-share.svg" /> </a> </li> <li class="nav-item mb-md-1"> <a href="mailto:?subject=Brain Scans Reveal that Mindfulness Meditation for Pain Is Not a Placebo}&body=I%20thought%20you%20might%20be%20interested%20in%20this%20story:%0A%0Ahttps://today.ucsd.edu/story/brain-scans-reveal-that-mindfulness-meditation-for-pain-is-not-a-placebo" class="text-white text-decoration-none social-icon-link" > <img class="social-icon" width="14" height="14" alt="Email" src="/build/assets/img/social/email-share.svg" /> </a> </li> </ul>   </div>   <div class="col col-left order-2 order-lg-1 drop-case"> <h2 class="visually-hidden">Article Content</h2> <p>Pain is a complex, multifaceted experience shaped by various factors beyond physical sensation, such as a person’s mindset and their expectations of pain. The placebo effect, the tendency for a person’s symptoms to improve in response to inactive treatment, is a well-known example of how expectations can significantly alter a person’s experience. Mindfulness meditation, which has been used for pain management in various cultures for centuries, has long been thought to work by activating the placebo response. However, scientists have now shown that this is not the case.</p> <p>A new <a href="https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(24)01556-7/fulltext" target="_blank">study</a>, published in Biological Psychiatry, has revealed that mindfulness meditation engages distinct brain mechanisms to reduce pain compared to those of the placebo response. The study, conducted by researchers at University of California San Diego School of Medicine, used advanced brain imaging techniques to compare the pain-reducing effects of mindfulness meditation, a placebo cream and a “sham” mindfulness meditation in healthy participants.</p> <p>The study found that mindfulness meditation produced significant reductions in pain intensity and pain unpleasantness ratings, and also reduced brain activity patterns associated with pain and negative emotions. In contrast, the placebo cream only reduced the brain activity pattern associated with the placebo effect, without affecting the person’s underlying experience of pain.</p> <p>“The mind is extremely powerful, and we’re still working to understand how it can be harnessed for pain management,” said Fadel Zeidan, PhD, professor of anesthesiology and Endowed Professor in Empathy and Compassion Research at UC San Diego Sanford Institute for Empathy and Compassion. “By separating pain from the self and relinquishing evaluative judgment, mindfulness meditation is able to directly modify how we experience pain in a way that uses no drugs, costs nothing and can be practiced anywhere.”</p> <p>The study included 115 participants, which consisted of two separate clinical trials in healthy participants, who were randomly placed into groups to be given four interventions: a guided mindfulness meditation, a sham-mindfulness meditation that only consisted of deep breathing, a placebo cream (petroleum jelly) that participants were trained to believe reduces pain and, as a control, one group listened to an audiobook. The researchers applied a very painful but harmless heat stimulus to the back of the leg and scanned the participants’ brains both before and after the interventions.</p>  </div>               </div> </div>     <div class="container content-block"> <div class="row">       <div class="col col-left order-2 order-lg-1"> <p>To analyze the participant’s brain activity patterns, the researchers used a novel approach called multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA), which uses machine learning to disentangle the many complex neural mechanisms underlying the experience of pain, including those stemming from specific heat stimulus, negative emotions and pain responses that are driven by the placebo effect. The researchers were then able to identify if mindfulness meditation and placebo engage similar and/or separate brain processes.</p> <p>Although placebo cream and sham-mindfulness meditation lowered pain, the researchers found that mindfulness meditation was significantly more effective at reducing pain when compared to placebo cream, sham-mindfulness meditation and the controls.</p> <p>They also found that mindfulness-based pain relief reduced synchronization between brain areas involved in introspection, self-awareness and emotional regulation. These parts of the brain together comprise the neural pain signal (NPS), a documented pattern of brain activity thought to be common to pain across different individuals and different types of pain. In contrast, the placebo cream and sham-mindfulness meditation did not show a significant change in the NPS when compared to controls. Instead, these other interventions engaged entirely separate brain mechanisms with little overlap.</p> <p>“It has long been assumed that the placebo effect overlaps with brain mechanisms triggered by active treatments, but these results suggest that when it comes to pain, this may not be the case,” said Zeidan. “Instead, these two brain responses are completely distinct, which supports the use of mindfulness meditation as a direct intervention for chronic pain rather than as a way to engage the placebo effect.”</p>  </div> <div class="col-12 col-lg-6 order-1 order-lg-2 pe-md-0"> <figure> <blockquote class="news-blockquote"> "Millions of people are living with chronic pain every day, and there may be more these people can do to reduce their pain and improve their quality of life than we previously understood. We are excited to continue exploring the neurobiology of mindfulness and how we can leverage this ancient practice in the clinic." </blockquote> <figcaption>Fadel Zeidan, PhD</figcaption> </figure> </div>         </div> </div>     <div class="container content-block"> <div class="row">   <div class="col col-left order-2 order-lg-1 "> <p>In modern medicine, new therapies are generally deemed effective and reliable if they outperform placebo. As the present study found that mindfulness meditation is more powerful than placebo and does not engage the same neurobiological processes as placebo, the findings have important implications for the development of new treatments for chronic pain. However, it will take more research to demonstrate these effects in people living with chronic pain as opposed to healthy participants.</p> <p>In the long term, the researchers hope that by understanding the distinct brain mechanisms underlying mindfulness meditation, they can design more effective and accessible interventions that harness the power of mindfulness to reduce pain in people with various health conditions.</p> <p>"Millions of people are living with chronic pain every day, and there may be more these people can do to reduce their pain and improve their quality of life than we previously understood.” said Zeidan. "We are excited to continue exploring the neurobiology of mindfulness and how we can leverage this ancient practice in the clinic.”</p> <p>Link to study: <a href="https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(24)01556-7/fulltext" target="_blank">Mindfulness meditation and placebo modulate distinct multivariate neural signatures to reduce pain - Biological Psychiatry</a></p> <p>Co-authors on the study include Gabriel Riegner and Jon Dean at UC San Diego School of Medicine and Tor Wager at Dartmouth College.</p> <p>This work was funded by the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.</p> <p><em>Disclosures: The authors declare no competing interests. </em></p>  </div>               </div> </div>      <div class="container by-section d-block d-lg-none">   <h2 class="section-title mt-5 mb-3">Topics covered:</h2> <ul class="px-0 list-style-none"> <li class="topic-name d-inline"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/search/results/eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6Ik1lZGl0YXRpb24ifQ"><span>Meditation</span></a> </li> <li class="topic-name d-inline"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/search/results/eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6Ik1pbmRmdWxuZXNzIn0"><span>Mindfulness</span></a> </li> <li class="topic-name d-inline"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/search/results/eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6IlBhaW4ifQ"><span>Pain</span></a> </li> <li class="topic-name d-inline"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/search/results/eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6IkNvbXBhc3Npb24ifQ"><span>Compassion</span></a> </li> <li class="topic-name d-inline"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/search/results/eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6Ik5ldXJvc2NpZW5jZSJ9"><span>Neuroscience</span></a> </li> </ul> <h2 class="section-title mt-5 mb-3">Share This:</h2> <ul class="nav social-nav"> <li class="nav-item mb-md-1">  <a href="http://twitter.com/share?text=Brain Scans Reveal that Mindfulness Meditation for Pain Is Not a 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350w, https://today.ucsd.edu/news_uploads/_special-desk/Paty_HG_hydropower_rotator.jpg 864w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 864px, 350px" data-src="https://today.ucsd.edu/news_uploads/_special-desk/Paty_HG_hydropower_rotator.jpg" alt="Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources Will Increase Price Tag to Decarbonize the Grid" width="750" height="488" aria-hidden="true" /> </a> </figure> </div> <div class="article d-flex flex-row"> <div class="info-excerpt flex-grow-1 order-1 d-flex flex-column"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/story/new-gene-drive-reverses-insecticide-resistance-in-pests-then-disappears" class="topic-title order-1"> <h3 class="h4">New Gene Drive Reverses Insecticide Resistance in Pests… Then Disappears</h3> </a> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/research/science-and-environment" class="featured-card-topic h2-alt text-decoration-none d-block text-primary order-0" > Science & Environment </a> </div> <figure class="col-12 me-4 order-0"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/story/new-gene-drive-reverses-insecticide-resistance-in-pests-then-disappears" class="featured-link text-decoration-none d-block" ><span class="visually-hidden">Farm worker spraying pesticide and insecticide on lemon plantation</span> <img class="featured-img img-fluid" srcset="https://today.ucsd.edu/news_uploads/_special-mobile/Credit-iStock-Worledit-1200-628-11-25-24.jpg 350w, https://today.ucsd.edu/news_uploads/_special-desk/Credit-iStock-Worledit-1200-628-11-25-24.jpg 864w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 864px, 350px" data-src="https://today.ucsd.edu/news_uploads/_special-desk/Credit-iStock-Worledit-1200-628-11-25-24.jpg" alt="New Gene Drive Reverses Insecticide Resistance in Pests… Then Disappears" width="750" height="488" aria-hidden="true" /> </a> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 col-lg-6 d-none d-lg-block"> <div class="articles d-flex flex-column"> <div class="article d-flex flex-md-row flex-column"> <div class="info-excerpt flex-grow-1 order-1 d-flex flex-column"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/story/philosopher-eddy-keming-chen-receives-325k-grant-to-explore-the-nature-of-reality" class="topic-title order-1"> <h3 class="h4">Philosopher Eddy Keming Chen Receives $325K Grant to Explore the Nature of Reality</h3> </a> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/research/humanities" class="featured-card-topic h2-alt text-decoration-none d-block text-primary order-0" > Humanities </a> </div> <figure class="order-0"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/story/philosopher-eddy-keming-chen-receives-325k-grant-to-explore-the-nature-of-reality" class="featured-link text-decoration-none d-block" ><span class="visually-hidden">Portrait of Eddy Keming Chen</span> <img class="featured-img img-fluid" srcset="https://today.ucsd.edu/news_uploads/_special-mobile/Eddy-Keming-Chen-portrait.jpg 350w, https://today.ucsd.edu/news_uploads/_special-desk/Eddy-Keming-Chen-portrait.jpg 864w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 864px, 350px" data-src="https://today.ucsd.edu/news_uploads/_special-desk/Eddy-Keming-Chen-portrait.jpg" alt="Philosopher Eddy Keming Chen Receives $325K Grant to Explore the Nature of Reality" width="750" height="488" aria-hidden="true" /> </a> </figure> </div> <div class="article d-flex flex-md-row flex-column"> <div class="info-excerpt flex-grow-1 order-1 d-flex flex-column"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/story/plans-for-a-zero-carbon-grid-need-to-include-the-impact-of-climate-change-on-water-systems" class="topic-title order-1"> <h3 class="h4">Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources Will Increase Price Tag to Decarbonize the Grid</h3> </a> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/research/science-and-environment" class="featured-card-topic h2-alt text-decoration-none d-block text-primary order-0" > Science & Environment </a> </div> <figure class="order-0"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/story/plans-for-a-zero-carbon-grid-need-to-include-the-impact-of-climate-change-on-water-systems" class="featured-link text-decoration-none d-block" ><span class="visually-hidden">Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources Will Increase Price Tag to Decarbonize the Grid</span> <img class="featured-img img-fluid" srcset="https://today.ucsd.edu/news_uploads/_special-mobile/Paty_HG_hydropower_rotator.jpg 350w, https://today.ucsd.edu/news_uploads/_special-desk/Paty_HG_hydropower_rotator.jpg 864w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 864px, 350px" data-src="https://today.ucsd.edu/news_uploads/_special-desk/Paty_HG_hydropower_rotator.jpg" alt="Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources Will Increase Price Tag to Decarbonize the Grid" width="750" height="488" aria-hidden="true" /> </a> </figure> </div> <div class="article d-flex flex-md-row flex-column"> <div class="info-excerpt flex-grow-1 order-1 d-flex flex-column"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/story/new-gene-drive-reverses-insecticide-resistance-in-pests-then-disappears" class="topic-title order-1"> <h3 class="h4">New Gene Drive Reverses Insecticide Resistance in Pests… Then Disappears</h3> </a> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/research/science-and-environment" class="featured-card-topic h2-alt text-decoration-none d-block text-primary order-0" > Science & Environment </a> </div> <figure class="order-0"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/story/new-gene-drive-reverses-insecticide-resistance-in-pests-then-disappears" class="featured-link text-decoration-none d-block" ><span class="visually-hidden">Farm worker spraying pesticide and insecticide on lemon plantation</span> <img class="featured-img img-fluid" srcset="https://today.ucsd.edu/news_uploads/_special-mobile/Credit-iStock-Worledit-1200-628-11-25-24.jpg 350w, https://today.ucsd.edu/news_uploads/_special-desk/Credit-iStock-Worledit-1200-628-11-25-24.jpg 864w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 864px, 350px" data-src="https://today.ucsd.edu/news_uploads/_special-desk/Credit-iStock-Worledit-1200-628-11-25-24.jpg" alt="New Gene Drive Reverses Insecticide Resistance in Pests… Then Disappears" width="750" height="488" aria-hidden="true" /> </a> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 col-lg-6 highlighted d-none d-lg-block"> <div class="featured-card text-center mb-5 d-flex flex-column"> <div class="featured-card-body order-1 d-flex flex-column"> <h3 class="h4 order-1"> <a class="featured-link text-decoration-none" href="https://today.ucsd.edu/story/patient-shares-gratitude-for-life-saving-lung-cancer-treatment"> Patient Shares Gratitude for Life-Saving Lung Cancer Treatment </a> </h3> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/research/health-and-behavior" class="order-0 featured-card-topic h2-alt text-decoration-none d-block text-primary" > Health & Behavior </a> </div> <div class="featured-img-wrapper mb-4-5 order-0"> <a href="https://today.ucsd.edu/story/patient-shares-gratitude-for-life-saving-lung-cancer-treatment" class="featured-link text-decoration-none d-block" ><span class="visually-hidden">Patient David Katz and Mark Onaitis, MD review test results on a 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