CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9133af7b6c7537b5',cH: '9KGlZUriIpGBJT7DfFio5XjP.M42mmU15au4z6N70C4-1739773372-1.2.1.1-HtQpvpG0swpSFtcsVlnOsIR2ohIYLAPojkL9IBUeHNGsyVEaoRkZxzopRn0TRUvc',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=stainless%20steel&__cf_chl_tk=b4D52oczwLvCldYTFTwo2kg6mFHzLcTE52yHvrI6ZRo-1739773372-1.0.1.1-poACbfXJVbkLxBszXkquOVM_nyUrmT3EUGXxaIOXvrE",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739773372',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=stainless%20steel&__cf_chl_f_tk=b4D52oczwLvCldYTFTwo2kg6mFHzLcTE52yHvrI6ZRo-1739773372-1.0.1.1-poACbfXJVbkLxBszXkquOVM_nyUrmT3EUGXxaIOXvrE",md: "Jh5CTOL7IkMYCqKwKxCvExd_hccJy45E0WK5bPH0pQQ-1739773372-1.2.1.1-iqaL4jgO3Bnwg1QJwHOFCjIb.C9hWZqNFuvCY20OhcvQ1wicyedshZuuyklrjWW6Q_i.eYA07FqaqYyr4TW_MoXipC1oqm369LTrK0kFg4QFE4GGdEcrz8VAUqyu6WrQlsjpdLbGydzr3FUjY0wZw9CKWF3PIvQ_o4qv7LD4LG1jZxQ3dY2U8efiShs4WA7OiY1uJY0sXP2ed86SZpqRh5m.0k9jMD8rLlk.8IDHT5GYOQ01uZ7P7nESJNt2ePr6CbUK.J2Qw0nfL8jLVZqdXo8Z9bIMt7asjGxTd86Y.w3BC2Jv_mHC.fxIvz8En3Uym4vKBpbihfBvZ8wGz0WnjBHQExz9K_hnkmrXdYCRbL7GQ.cwKUAO7QEjDYEALlLx6L3ZBWjMyQ1plFsT56vW0QsIpCRay0ofOX_VTnlMjuojGpJS0QJWAZKdK.LGwkhAD6PDZDW1BxEBlOLQiGgU6RSTTGO2hspjHKXOQLdY8saqoIFhUEgpPpDyUfgJSQz6_vEII6Omw7CMkmFeUzLSJTR8AgV_WT3COdEuDA9wzUMZnoYW1AkvPPZCACMP2NTbKJi1X7.SySn7uyEXtN17jNk4BJbuqm.jw4tPCJjJ95sbnh1zKJ8hXBXgXzZfGBU5AVGJvI7WPXsOtegPe.DdyxPt90oO8jN7OxHNB.xUjlbgOuDqTJo0JZzohc84LpwZdkZJ.LqEogOyfYB16TKuSrnAz_L74RlQYQ6FEFApxqKlJfzmCjsiowcgtNu1Bz6UwujRHG7h7JAc2kZLCZpJCfHiPiJa.6MndjXra8XKcKRccvRXkr.BGPx5hSyRTekwgAymw7pzgEziH51eBZAk9B9NHqNNaqq6oZ_zrYvzolaX9.ZE.1TPwA0hBaDxjMDm8pfgePKddU57uzWs0Vn6MtvU0mjs6el1yZBruQ8kOjJTENk7hqJHuGx4HP9hrUDDaI1tCbsTC8WvOiHVyF3OuL3wP9FYQ8b3MzbbLc8s8x_CA4mHviQfrV08zwLW.nyF.i9pBObvp5WQ0ZS9BF4MNTx3KxGWHS1hXgzwpdO8Rg_F.igRpgj1nzqHjICcz3JaRVa9UeUClCX7VGrdUU4gqy8iMOZ2tWSBYygctF9DsgkGPz7EylbPgdnP7SAYsGP4lWj238kc6t_yPXvgVA80ZaGdO88AeW2Ig_TilBRCqYzf7PApRwo7rC_7RqXmiNKIpXFeH1_lv0Nbfvevfjqc3SkRzKo.pRihJjBjfmBGUbiE4c.kMXRNUmVSFc56BDpPLthdavwHCMwPpDvGPITJEP1n4cFPpZb6n0ui6n8CXMZLYqgF_orTPT_mFPhf8PcUOD.gyGuPmMXv0TPPb10NoVmKfHh2Pki3TCJ8Xth16p_pf.J_4SAw3TzqEv.bQa.0kBC1eGo8Qn57O8CEfMpRAwe4CAumj9jrPZb2b0MWncMfX3LC5Iw2gfsZg6vEcjpWpU4BARSOx5SCtXS7j0POoDzS3r9Q1XGgyBPp48BAL7izRYIKO.yMi81KGLz2.r0JPxf5lALUqqyZ8hwq2GyQv5_GLLEL0UWF4V_HI.1rcuNjCFE_ZoIZgF3eG5F1O_Et759GhPHbQ_QwvRgHBOQ7rob3.vuJK9by_kue8CSo1XqSoIwFcSWsi_2GMj2mVu8TClKINiKp3RWDMnBxS9dUVHwz.8eJ9uscdXtRYpuO_.3oLpMXAaCTyNU1AWmIwFxm2AzVm2Nyi.uHS8jWeHaH.rH9j7O27mD7iiVYWSapQnwkVP.Vr0urhbQSIms4xa25BaWGQ6clIcKDRutprQ73KNI8KXV5HihA1R08V__Fz5ZPob.uia_SZbFi_rh6e3AnsyuyVomrxf03NNXBPBOesqaUODmAh0rZQEYMGSxyirsdU9UrQoxIT9bvA9gB8o4yeuBUCKpFZFuoLOFOGhkDjf_6FhlidikRA_DRCa64fZk",mdrd: "JXY02tVIBEO086a1ExDmHMoVq6oA6.YXwINDXI_B36E-1739773372-1.2.1.1-C9JHAlvpS0C6nU4pJZl5keD..A_lpuqCof.zm4cz.pi0oVoD5sF_cC.MlxizzkrOpzm2bQn3kfnpW9Eu6R.lKMsfwUUIKSEWhbYX8b8obn46to5NO8_hieD6yi0Fu6fOj9GiInuymtGmpbdzto.D8Y5B.AwU7oumeilAV42nkD.iiBa09yRWY_AkuGeERJsq_MW16IpGTHevqQvWkZaR4GDHtp4S2jbGUu129gYoNc_6fxPTcxgz9EWixM7gRtsLAwNSHiqCWsDrnwulYvHPXUtNyY06RVTXzV02ZRowsyjZpE9ZO6B2jbOxC11cIOyTo3_B2VAApHjBLwmSZxdyDBAjB08nkClPX3SCE0S61y.BT2yKNsg57pJeyLbAEZ5ds_8heQ1vWkczYJdgaETESoDhYW0QCwnPmiUfjWceicoodRo5KsWBQnDyTrr43qinLjB50sxiNV9.Tuq02h9aDZDkvagwFLM1zWan.9KlXGekNE3lZH6xd.Fpuz4wKW3.AhsVKpEcuI423n8_4ghY4KTF8YtlrXGFIGB7LUWhnWCZxCPRFf5t7xGjY.kuetlavI6hscBJWvngR3838YDG3wyQsHHhq9xySEibBQyq6TNimLc_M0V6scTrvpjYhznPqrZ8UnrbP9_IcITfbkKzdxsMxvjHLQ1XSZOR.BjFw7fJT8tOJmRqplQzu6RLMtGFqkxBJco3ianp.3hybBR9PWtT669zBc0lRwR_3xVtfyDoAGoq_zhZwdnn6PBhnAxKvlOqFsByWjtBOCa0jrCmtG.DhOP346vaFcFvjqMYtbp7L5_VhVahAtUGVsUOMYctG6KSKPr2IxDIQEUITM22HxEDJc3dQPf29ODS5xozeuhKFdE3upmig_qmjDgsWs9f5PTleraRcoX4LkT71w9aNhlVgGrwozPkJ4zwdkUeXg2iqLLZ1PpYxXWi0aFHU03.p4C_FweKPCVrEFQJtgkZmrl7jLaDejX62TMNlQbsOXOYbPnALdo9cxjvwFtU3.K2OhwfVaA9wWTGMcJh.icd93D8iAgrDMWeAzlx3DHsqM.OR01_b8pPxLQ6u_pwo8pyILEkEHIjkf_rGmwgC1zQ.OrmvtzL.BX.ciEFAAKTRe227rE3PwRz.QjRfcLoGj6TxgNFD2oEe..D_1fk_UkGSKsWvA.vHJI3iAU551ZUOZvuYZxHklmMgEpP7ajO6ihZ_bGeM5BsUF.vMqAhNwCanF.hzkIeSCuxuJVaJ1gxAhCrLAb.eYIprrggKZfB8r6h0nyM1mcHVzdp.dyQ1yfOWOBn3vJPfgzf6ECRzT2wOoViS80MjAo5vuRsB3ANCxmwkWAfzx6WHTb8JfZJhSo.qbtdqqzhLuvS09RB.ywKQdqttPHxRYOgn5hL6d69HKKkXby4bDweYmmzFMuq1Bk5mQ3bVH9m7WY08ObCsTSTRICW8ePzsPoy1lu4weOe5K25gAgu2ZiBiPuSju9PXAOafli4XdAK.PXMx8LcDVNWa2CChEJV.ao.mY_B01kvI1CNGOqH0caDBy28kLKrVxfTTbuJas7I_aYN0CnksxhumPqykX8Mm.J8sWN9MYArQk8i...HoR4MKL5ZsbsOit.GKyGJCcMTtDk14lid7tKm20MBioD_4NEkYniV8T3C7ygeazrrrzdaZOO5P58i1xlgJz6Fxd5DpcNXBnKTaz_gGtDIngKq0aMGQYFF.o0ozyGrb80EoZRAy4aKTpwkJ_iQwZjd1Sk1VbJhw1AjYX7DoWQqrOUNAW3x3E_cShevF5WacD4cTGo.kcvsF.4Sc4t.LZHfGcvQwlsgae8.s_fFtd0EX.9QFvMPGvFGPp4zV2tQC0vvkv6V8S1O7XA_uTWqiNO7cgL7p3D1i0DZ_4AmsGUxkHDeDcT2MkKRgz0bxMthyoRNgTYKwNA_sN7K65Y7_g9v6hpjO.f30nZJCc_gHIgElq8qWSAXvQji2Rtz7i2SEWOmry3LAOBbAhuFco4SBg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9133af7b6c7537b5';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=stainless%20steel&__cf_chl_rt_tk=b4D52oczwLvCldYTFTwo2kg6mFHzLcTE52yHvrI6ZRo-1739773372-1.0.1.1-poACbfXJVbkLxBszXkquOVM_nyUrmT3EUGXxaIOXvrE" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>