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Kingfisher - Wikipedia
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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour and ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet_and_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_and_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diet and feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_and_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Status and conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Relationship with humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingfisher</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A_%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Псыкъуаргъ лъэпкъыр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Псыкъуаргъ лъэпкъыр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedinidae" title="Alcedinidae – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alcedinidae" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="رفرافيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رفرافيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okickamanisiw" title="Okickamanisiw – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Okickamanisiw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कौड़िल्ला – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कौड़िल्ला" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javat%C4%A9" title="Javatĩ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Javatĩ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C4%B1q%C3%A7%C4%B1llar" title="Balıqçıllar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Balıqçıllar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE" title="মাছরাঙ্গা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাছরাঙ্গা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Зімародкавыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зімародкавыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Земеродни рибарчета – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Земеродни рибарчета" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedinidae" title="Alcedinidae – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alcedinidae" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alced%C3%ADnids" title="Alcedínids – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alcedínids" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83%C3%A7_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Пулăç кайăксем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пулăç кайăксем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedinidae" title="Alcedinidae – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alcedinidae" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led%C5%88%C3%A1%C4%8Dkovit%C3%AD" title="Ledňáčkovití – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ledňáčkovití" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedinidae" title="Alcedinidae – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alcedinidae" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfugle" title="Isfugle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Isfugle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisv%C3%B6gel" title="Eisvögel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eisvögel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1b%C4%85%C4%85h_naalzheehii" title="Tábąąh naalzheehii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tábąąh naalzheehii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4%C3%A4lindlased" title="Jäälindlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jäälindlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedinidae" title="Alcedinidae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alcedinidae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcededoj" title="Alcededoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alcededoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedinidae" title="Alcedinidae – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alcedinidae" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agbotimexevi" title="Agbotimexevi – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Agbotimexevi" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="ماهیخورکهای رودخانهای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماهیخورکهای رودخانهای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedinidae" title="Alcedinidae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alcedinidae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iisf%C3%BBgels" title="Iisfûgels – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Iisfûgels" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruid%C3%ADn" title="Cruidín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cruidín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alced%C3%ADnidos" title="Alcedínidos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alcedínidos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="کولی خوره – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="کولی خوره" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%B4%9D%EC%83%88%EA%B3%BC" title="물총새과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물총새과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ալկիոններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալկիոններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="रामचिरैया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रामचिरैया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodomari" title="Vodomari – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vodomari" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cekakak" title="Cekakak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cekakak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eyrlar" title="Þyrlar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þyrlar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedinidae" title="Alcedinidae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alcedinidae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שלדגיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלדגיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮಿಂಚುಳ್ಳಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಿಂಚುಳ್ಳಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ალკუნისებრნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალკუნისებრნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%84%D9%84%DB%81%D9%95_%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%97%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%86" title="کۄلہٕ ٹوٗنٛچ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کۄلہٕ ٹوٗنٛچ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Зымырандар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зымырандар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asutez_(Alcedinidae)" title="Asutez (Alcedinidae) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Asutez (Alcedinidae)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivju_dzen%C4%AB%C5%A1u_dzimta" title="Zivju dzenīšu dzimta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zivju dzenīšu dzimta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tul%C5%BEiniai" title="Tulžiniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tulžiniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9gmad%C3%A1rf%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Jégmadárfélék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jégmadárfélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B6%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%82%E1%80%85%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B6" title="ဂံက်ဂါ၊ ဂစေံ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဂံက်ဂါ၊ ဂစေံ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung_raja_udang" title="Burung raja udang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Burung raja udang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%8A%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%84%E1%80%BE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ပိန်ညင်းငှက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပိန်ညင်းငှက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJsvogels" title="IJsvogels – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IJsvogels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%9F%E7%A7%91" title="カワセミ科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カワセミ科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedinidae" title="Alcedinidae – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Alcedinidae" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfugler" title="Isfugler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Isfugler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfuglfamilien" title="Isfuglfamilien – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Isfuglfamilien" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%85%DA%86%DA%BE%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="دریائی مچھی مار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دریائی مچھی مار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کب خوران – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کب خوران" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimorodkowate" title="Zimorodkowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zimorodkowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarda-rios" title="Guarda-rios – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guarda-rios" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesc%C4%83ra%C8%99i" title="Pescărași – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pescărași" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Морозюковы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Морозюковы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Зимородковые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зимородковые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE" title="ᱠᱤᱠᱤᱨ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱤᱠᱤᱨ ᱪᱮᱬᱮ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Водомари – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Водомари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rije%C4%8Dni_vodomari" title="Riječni vodomari – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Riječni vodomari" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuningaskalastajat" title="Kuningaskalastajat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuningaskalastajat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungsfiskare_(familj)" title="Kungsfiskare (familj) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungsfiskare (familj)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மீன்கொத்திகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மீன்கொத்திகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="วงศ์นกกระเต็นน้อย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วงศ์นกกระเต็นน้อย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yal%C4%B1%C3%A7apk%C4%B1n%C4%B1giller" title="Yalıçapkınıgiller – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yalıçapkınıgiller" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Рибалочкові – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рибалочкові" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_B%E1%BB%93ng_chanh" title="Họ Bồng chanh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Họ Bồng chanh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysveugels" title="Ysveugels – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ysveugels" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedinidae" title="Alcedinidae – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alcedinidae" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%A0%E9%B8%9F%E7%A7%91" title="翠鸟科 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="翠鸟科" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%A0%E9%B3%A5%E7%A7%91" title="翠鳥科 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="翠鳥科" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%A0%E9%B8%9F%E7%A7%91" title="翠鸟科 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="翠鸟科" data-language-autonym="中文" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcedinidae&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcedinidae">Alcedinidae</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of birds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kingfisher (disambiguation)">Kingfisher (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Kingfisher </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcedo_azurea_-_Julatten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Alcedo_azurea_-_Julatten.jpg/220px-Alcedo_azurea_-_Julatten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Alcedo_azurea_-_Julatten.jpg/330px-Alcedo_azurea_-_Julatten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Alcedo_azurea_-_Julatten.jpg/440px-Alcedo_azurea_-_Julatten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3987" data-file-height="2658" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Azure_kingfisher" title="Azure kingfisher">Azure kingfisher</a> (<i>Ceyx azureus</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Alcedinidae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coraciiformes" title="Coraciiformes">Coraciiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcedines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcedinidae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque" title="Constantine Samuel Rafinesque">Rafinesque</a>, 1815</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subfamilies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcedininae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcedininae">Alcedininae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyoninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Halcyoninae">Halcyoninae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerylinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerylinae">Cerylinae</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingfisher_range.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kingfisher_range.png/220px-Kingfisher_range.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kingfisher_range.png/330px-Kingfisher_range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kingfisher_range.png/440px-Kingfisher_range.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="745" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#009bbc; color:#009bbc;">    </span>  global range of the family</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown-headed_Paradise-Kingfisher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Brown-headed_Paradise-Kingfisher.jpg/220px-Brown-headed_Paradise-Kingfisher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Brown-headed_Paradise-Kingfisher.jpg/330px-Brown-headed_Paradise-Kingfisher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Brown-headed_Paradise-Kingfisher.jpg/440px-Brown-headed_Paradise-Kingfisher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Paradise_kingfisher" title="Paradise kingfisher">paradise kingfishers</a> of New Guinea have unusually long tails for the group.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dacelo_novaeguineae_waterworks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dacelo_novaeguineae_waterworks.jpg/220px-Dacelo_novaeguineae_waterworks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dacelo_novaeguineae_waterworks.jpg/330px-Dacelo_novaeguineae_waterworks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dacelo_novaeguineae_waterworks.jpg/440px-Dacelo_novaeguineae_waterworks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="1709" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kookaburra" title="Kookaburra">kookaburra</a> has a call which sounds like laughter.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syma_torotoro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Syma_torotoro.jpg/220px-Syma_torotoro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Syma_torotoro.jpg/330px-Syma_torotoro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Syma_torotoro.jpg/440px-Syma_torotoro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Like many forest-living kingfishers, the <a href="/wiki/Yellow-billed_kingfisher" title="Yellow-billed kingfisher">yellow-billed kingfisher</a> often nests in arboreal termite nests.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceyx_erithaca.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ceyx_erithaca.JPG/220px-Ceyx_erithaca.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ceyx_erithaca.JPG/330px-Ceyx_erithaca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ceyx_erithaca.JPG/440px-Ceyx_erithaca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Black-backed_dwarf_kingfisher" title="Black-backed dwarf kingfisher">black-backed dwarf kingfisher</a> is considered a bad omen by warriors of the Dusun tribe of Borneo.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forest_kingfisher_1_(22604684996)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Forest_kingfisher_1_%2822604684996%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Forest_kingfisher_1_%2822604684996%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Forest_kingfisher_1_%2822604684996%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Forest_kingfisher_1_%2822604684996%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Forest_kingfisher_1_%2822604684996%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Forest_kingfisher_1_%2822604684996%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Forest_kingfisher" title="Forest kingfisher">Forest kingfisher</a> in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kingfishers</b> are a <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>, the <b>Alcedinidae</b>, of small to medium-sized, brightly coloured birds in the order <a href="/wiki/Coraciiformes" title="Coraciiformes">Coraciiformes</a>. They have a <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan distribution</a>, with most species living in the tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Oceania, but also can be found in Europe and the Americas. They can be found in deep forests near calm ponds and small rivers. The family contains 118 species and is divided into three <a href="/wiki/Subfamilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfamilies">subfamilies</a> and 19 <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a>. All kingfishers have large heads, long, sharp, pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails. Most species have bright <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a> with only small <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">differences between the sexes</a>. Most species are tropical in distribution, and a slight majority are found only in forests. </p><p>They consume a wide range of prey, usually caught by swooping down from a perch. While kingfishers are usually thought to live near rivers and eat fish, many species live away from water and eat small invertebrates. Like other members of their order, they nest in cavities, usually tunnels dug into the natural or artificial banks in the ground. Some kingfishers nest in arboreal termite nests. A few species, principally insular forms, are <a href="/wiki/Threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Threatened">threatened</a> with extinction. In Britain, the word "kingfisher" normally refers to the <a href="/wiki/Common_kingfisher" title="Common kingfisher">common kingfisher</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy,_systematics_and_evolution"><span id="Taxonomy.2C_systematics_and_evolution"></span>Taxonomy, systematics and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingfisher&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy, systematics and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The kingfisher <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> Alcedinidae is in the order <a href="/wiki/Coraciiformes" title="Coraciiformes">Coraciiformes</a>, which also includes the <a href="/wiki/Motmot" title="Motmot">motmots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bee-eater" title="Bee-eater">bee-eaters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tody" title="Tody">todies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coraciidae" title="Coraciidae">rollers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ground-roller" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground-roller">ground-rollers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the family was introduced (as Alcedia) by the French <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque" title="Constantine Samuel Rafinesque">Constantine Samuel Rafinesque</a> in 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBock1994145,_252_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBock1994145,_252-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is divided into three subfamilies, the <a href="/wiki/Tree_kingfisher" title="Tree kingfisher">tree kingfishers</a> (Halcyoninae), the <a href="/wiki/River_kingfishers" class="mw-redirect" title="River kingfishers">river kingfishers</a> (Alcedininae), and the <a href="/wiki/Water_kingfisher" title="Water kingfisher">water kingfishers</a> (Cerylinae).<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name Daceloninae is sometimes used for the tree kingfisher subfamily but it was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Charles Lucien Bonaparte">Charles Lucien Bonaparte</a> in 1841 while Halcyoninae introduced by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Aylward_Vigors" title="Nicholas Aylward Vigors">Nicholas Aylward Vigors</a> in 1825 is earlier and has priority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBock1994118_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBock1994118-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few taxonomists elevate the three subfamilies to family status.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of the word "kingfisher" in their English vernacular names, many of these birds are not specialist fish-eaters; none of the species in Halcyoninae are.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFryFryHarris19928_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryFryHarris19928-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scientific name is derived from Greek mythology and the ancient belief that the birds nested in the open sea and called them halkyons (Latin halcyon) from hals (sea) and kyon (born). In Greek mythology the gods gave the halkyons the ability to calm the waters when nesting. In Greek mythology, one of the <a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pleiades (Greek mythology)">Pleiades</a> named Alcyone (Alcedo in Latin) married Ceyx who was killed in a shipwreck. Alcyone drowned herself in grief and the gods revived them both as kingfishers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phylogenetic relationship between the kingfishers and the other five families that make up the order Coraciiformes is shown in the cladogram below.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of species in each family is taken from the list maintained by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" title="Frank Gill (ornithologist)">Frank Gill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamela_C._Rasmussen" title="Pamela C. Rasmussen">Pamela C. Rasmussen</a> and David Donsker on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/International_Ornithological_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="International Ornithological Committee">International Ornithological Committee</a> (IOC).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Coraciiformes" title="Coraciiformes">Coraciiformes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Meropidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Meropidae">Meropidae</a> – bee-eaters (31 species) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Brachypteraciidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachypteraciidae">Brachypteraciidae</a> – ground rollers (5 species) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Coraciidae" title="Coraciidae">Coraciidae</a> – rollers (13 species) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Todidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Todidae">Todidae</a> – todies (5 species) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Momotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Momotidae">Momotidae</a> – motmots (14 species) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Alcedinidae</b> – kingfishers (118 species) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The centre of kingfisher diversity is the <a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasian realm</a>, but the group originated in the <a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan region</a> around 27 million years ago (Mya) and invaded the Australasian realm a number of times.<sup id="cite_ref-andersen2017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andersen2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossil</a> kingfishers have been described from Lower <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> rocks in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> and Middle Eocene rocks in Germany, around 30–40 Mya. More recent fossil kingfishers have been described in the Miocene rocks of Australia (5–25 Mya). Several fossil birds have been erroneously ascribed to the kingfishers, including <i><a href="/wiki/Halcyornis" title="Halcyornis">Halcyornis</a></i>, from the Lower Eocene rocks in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, which has also been considered a <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gull</a>, but is now thought to have been a member of an extinct family.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amongst the three subfamilies, the Alcedininae are <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> to the other two subfamilies. The few species found in the Americas, all from the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Cerylinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerylinae">Cerylinae</a>, suggest that the sparse representation in the Western Hemisphere resulted from just two original colonising events. The subfamily is a comparatively recent split from the Halcyoninae, diversifying in the Old World as recently as the Miocene or Pliocene.<sup id="cite_ref-Moyle_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moyle-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following cladogram is based on a <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogenetic">molecular phylogenetic</a> study published in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-andersen2017_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andersen2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Alcedinidae</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Alcedininae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcedininae">Alcedininae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ispidina" title="Ispidina">Ispidina</a></i> – 2 species </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Corythornis" title="Corythornis">Corythornis</a></i> – 4 species </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Alcedo" title="Alcedo">Alcedo</a></i> – 7 species </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ceyx_(bird)" title="Ceyx (bird)">Ceyx</a></i> – 21 species </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Cerylinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerylinae">Cerylinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Megaceryle" title="Megaceryle">Megaceryle</a></i> – 4 species </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ceryle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceryle">Ceryle</a></i> – pied kingfisher </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Chloroceryle" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloroceryle">Chloroceryle</a></i> – 4 species </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Halcyoninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Halcyoninae">Halcyoninae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Lacedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacedo">Lacedo</a></i> – banded kingfisher </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pelargopsis" title="Pelargopsis">Pelargopsis</a></i> – 3 species </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_(genus)" title="Halcyon (genus)">Halcyon</a></i> – 12 species </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cittura" class="mw-redirect" title="Cittura">Cittura</a></i> – 2 species (lilac kingfishers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tanysiptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanysiptera">Tanysiptera</a></i> – 9 species (paradise kingfishers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Melidora" class="mw-redirect" title="Melidora">Melidora</a></i> – hook-billed kingfisher </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dacelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacelo">Dacelo</a></i> (includes <i><a href="/wiki/Clytoceyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Clytoceyx">Clytoceyx</a></i>) – 5 species (kookaburras) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Actenoides" title="Actenoides">Actenoides</a></i> (includes <i><a href="/wiki/Caridonax" class="mw-redirect" title="Caridonax">Caridonax</a></i>) – 6 species </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Syma" title="Syma">Syma</a></i> – 2 species </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Todiramphus" title="Todiramphus">Todiramphus</a></i> – 30 species </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingfisher&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The smallest species of kingfisher is the <a href="/wiki/African_dwarf_kingfisher" title="African dwarf kingfisher">African dwarf kingfisher</a> (<i>Ispidina lecontei</i>), which averages 10 cm (3.9 in) in length and between 9 and 12 g (0.32 and 0.42 oz) in weight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFryFryHarris1992195–196_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryFryHarris1992195–196-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest kingfisher in Africa is the <a href="/wiki/Giant_kingfisher" title="Giant kingfisher">giant kingfisher</a> (<i>Megaceryle maxima</i>), which is 42 to 46 cm (17 to 18 in) in length and 255–426 g (9.0–15.0 oz) in weight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFryFryHarris1992231–232_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryFryHarris1992231–232-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common Australian kingfisher, known as the <a href="/wiki/Laughing_kookaburra" title="Laughing kookaburra">laughing kookaburra</a> (<i>Dacelo novaeguineae</i>), is the heaviest species, with females reaching nearly 500 g (18 oz) in weight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFryFryHarris1992133–136_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryFryHarris1992133–136-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a> of most kingfishers is bright, with green and blue being the most common colours. The brightness of the colours is neither the product of iridescence (except in the American kingfishers) or pigments but is instead caused by the structure of the feathers, which causes scattering of blue light (the <a href="/wiki/Tyndall_effect" title="Tyndall effect">Tyndall effect</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most species, no overt differences between the sexes exist; when differences occur, they are quite small (less than 10%).<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kingfishers have long, dagger-like bills. The bill is usually longer and more compressed in species that hunt fish, and shorter and more broad in species that hunt prey off the ground. The largest and most atypical bill is that of the <a href="/wiki/Shovel-billed_kookaburra" title="Shovel-billed kookaburra">shovel-billed kookaburra</a>, which is used to dig through the forest floor in search of prey. They generally have short legs, although species that feed on the ground have longer tarsi. Most species have four toes, three of which are forward-pointing and fused towards the base ("syndactyl") to some extent.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The irises of most species are dark brown. The kingfishers have excellent vision; they are capable of binocular vision and are thought in particular to have good colour vision. They have restricted movement of their eyes within the eye sockets, instead using head movements to track prey. In addition, they are capable of compensating for the refraction of water and reflection when hunting prey underwater, and are able to judge depth under water accurately. They also have nictitating membranes that cover the eyes to protect them when they hit the water; the <a href="/wiki/Pied_kingfisher" title="Pied kingfisher">pied kingfisher</a> has a bony plate, which slides across the eye when it hits the water.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingfisher&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Coraciiformes_by_population" title="List of Coraciiformes by population">List of Coraciiformes by population</a></div> <p>The kingfishers have a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring throughout the world's tropical and temperate regions. They are absent from the polar regions and some of the world's driest deserts. Several species have reached islands groups, particularly those in the south and east Pacific Ocean. The Old World tropics and Australasia are the core areas for this group. Europe and North America north of Mexico are very poorly represented, with only one common kingfisher (<a href="/wiki/Common_kingfisher" title="Common kingfisher">common kingfisher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belted_kingfisher" title="Belted kingfisher">belted kingfisher</a>, respectively), and two uncommon or very local species each: (<a href="/wiki/Ringed_kingfisher" title="Ringed kingfisher">ringed kingfisher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_kingfisher" title="Green kingfisher">green kingfisher</a> in the southwestern United States, <a href="/wiki/Pied_kingfisher" title="Pied kingfisher">pied kingfisher</a> and <a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">white-throated kingfisher</a> in southeastern Europe). The six species occurring in the Americas are four closely related green kingfishers in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/American_green_kingfisher" title="American green kingfisher">Chloroceryle</a></i> and two large crested kingfishers in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Megaceryle" title="Megaceryle">Megaceryle</a></i>. Even tropical South America has only five species plus the <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">wintering</a> belted kingfisher. In comparison, the African country of the Gambia has eight resident species in its 120-by-20-mile (193 by 32 km) area.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individual species may have massive ranges, like the common kingfisher, which ranges from Ireland across Europe, North Africa, and Asia as far as the Solomon Islands in Australasia, or the pied kingfisher, which has a widespread distribution across Africa and Asia. Other species have much smaller ranges, particularly insular species which are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to single small islands. The <a href="/wiki/Kofiau_paradise_kingfisher" title="Kofiau paradise kingfisher">Kofiau paradise kingfisher</a> is restricted to the island of <a href="/wiki/Kofiau" title="Kofiau">Kofiau</a> off New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kingfishers occupy a wide range of habitats. While they are often associated with rivers and lakes, over half the world's species are found in forests and forested streams. They also occupy a wide range of other habitats. The <a href="/wiki/Red-backed_kingfisher" title="Red-backed kingfisher">red-backed kingfisher</a> of Australia lives in the driest deserts, although kingfishers are absent from other dry deserts like the Sahara. Other species live high in mountains, or in open woodland, and a number of species live on tropical <a href="/wiki/Coral_atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral atoll">coral atolls</a>. Numerous species have adapted to human-modified habitats, particularly those adapted to woodlands, and may be found in cultivated and agricultural areas, as well as parks and gardens in towns and cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingfisher&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Behaviour and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet_and_feeding">Diet and feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingfisher&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diet and feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kingfisher_catching_fish%2C_eating%2C_defecating_and_flying_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm/220px--Kingfisher_catching_fish%2C_eating%2C_defecating_and_flying_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="57" data-mwtitle="Kingfisher_catching_fish,_eating,_defecating_and_flying_in_Kõrvemaa,_Estonia_(October_2022).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Kingfisher_catching_fish,_eating,_defecating_and_flying_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa,_Estonia_(October_2022).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Kingfisher_catching_fish%2C_eating%2C_defecating_and_flying_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm/Kingfisher_catching_fish%2C_eating%2C_defecating_and_flying_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Kingfisher_catching_fish%2C_eating%2C_defecating_and_flying_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm/Kingfisher_catching_fish%2C_eating%2C_defecating_and_flying_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Kingfisher_catching_fish%2C_eating%2C_defecating_and_flying_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm/Kingfisher_catching_fish%2C_eating%2C_defecating_and_flying_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Kingfisher_catching_fish%2C_eating%2C_defecating_and_flying_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Kingfisher_catching_fish%2C_eating%2C_defecating_and_flying_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm/Kingfisher_catching_fish%2C_eating%2C_defecating_and_flying_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Kingfisher_catching_fish%2C_eating%2C_defecating_and_flying_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm/Kingfisher_catching_fish%2C_eating%2C_defecating_and_flying_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Kingfisher_catching_fish%2C_eating%2C_defecating_and_flying_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm/Kingfisher_catching_fish%2C_eating%2C_defecating_and_flying_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Kingfisher_catching_fish%2C_eating%2C_defecating_and_flying_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm/Kingfisher_catching_fish%2C_eating%2C_defecating_and_flying_in_K%C3%B5rvemaa%2C_Estonia_%28October_2022%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Kingfisher catching fish, eating, defecating, and flying in Kõrvemaa, Estonia (October 2022)</figcaption></figure> <p>Kingfishers feed on a wide variety of prey. They are most famous for hunting and eating fish, and some species do specialise in catching fish, but other species take <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, frogs and other <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelid</a> worms, <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, insects, spiders, <a href="/wiki/Centipede" title="Centipede">centipedes</a>, reptiles (including snakes), and even birds and mammals. Individual species may specialise in a few items or take a wide variety of prey, and for species with large global distributions, different populations may have different diets. Woodland and forest kingfishers take mainly insects, particularly grasshoppers, whereas the water kingfishers are more specialised in taking fish. The red-backed kingfisher has been observed hammering into the mud nests of <a href="/wiki/Fairy_martin" title="Fairy martin">fairy martins</a> to feed on their nestlings.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kingfishers usually hunt from an exposed perch; when a prey item is observed, the kingfisher swoops down to snatch it, then returns to the perch. Kingfishers of all three families beat larger prey against a perch to kill the prey and to dislodge or break protective spines and bones. Having beaten the prey, it is manipulated and then swallowed.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, a pellet of bones, scales, and other indigestible debris is coughed up.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shovel-billed_kookaburra" title="Shovel-billed kookaburra">shovel-billed kookaburra</a> uses its massive, wide bill as a shovel to dig for worms in soft mud. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ein_Eisvogel_im_Schwebflug.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Common kingfisher hovering"><img alt="Common kingfisher hovering" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ein_Eisvogel_im_Schwebflug.jpg/270px-Ein_Eisvogel_im_Schwebflug.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ein_Eisvogel_im_Schwebflug.jpg/405px-Ein_Eisvogel_im_Schwebflug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ein_Eisvogel_im_Schwebflug.jpg/540px-Ein_Eisvogel_im_Schwebflug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5315" data-file-height="3543" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Common_kingfisher" title="Common kingfisher">Common kingfisher</a> hovering</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 481.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 479.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_kingfisher_(Megaceryle_maxima)_female_composite.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giant kingfisher breaking spine of tilapia fish"><img alt="Giant kingfisher breaking spine of tilapia fish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Giant_kingfisher_%28Megaceryle_maxima%29_female_composite.jpg/719px-Giant_kingfisher_%28Megaceryle_maxima%29_female_composite.jpg" decoding="async" width="480" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Giant_kingfisher_%28Megaceryle_maxima%29_female_composite.jpg/1078px-Giant_kingfisher_%28Megaceryle_maxima%29_female_composite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Giant_kingfisher_%28Megaceryle_maxima%29_female_composite.jpg/1438px-Giant_kingfisher_%28Megaceryle_maxima%29_female_composite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7921" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giant_kingfisher" title="Giant kingfisher">Giant kingfisher</a> breaking spine of tilapia fish</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pied_kingfisher_killing_fish.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pied kingfisher killing a fish"><img alt="Pied kingfisher killing a fish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pied_kingfisher_killing_fish.jpg/248px-Pied_kingfisher_killing_fish.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pied_kingfisher_killing_fish.jpg/371px-Pied_kingfisher_killing_fish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pied_kingfisher_killing_fish.jpg/495px-Pied_kingfisher_killing_fish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="745" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pied_kingfisher" title="Pied kingfisher">Pied kingfisher</a> killing a fish</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 91.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 89.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingfisher_pellet_-_2020-02-02_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_02_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pellet of a common kingfisher"><img alt="Pellet of a common kingfisher" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kingfisher_pellet_-_2020-02-02_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/134px-Kingfisher_pellet_-_2020-02-02_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_02_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kingfisher_pellet_-_2020-02-02_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/201px-Kingfisher_pellet_-_2020-02-02_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_02_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kingfisher_pellet_-_2020-02-02_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/268px-Kingfisher_pellet_-_2020-02-02_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_02_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pellet of a common kingfisher</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingfisher&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kingfishers are <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territorial</a>, some species defending their territories vigorously. They are generally <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamous</a>, although cooperative breeding has been observed in some species and is quite common in others,<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example the laughing kookaburra, where <a href="/wiki/Helpers_at_the_nest" title="Helpers at the nest">helpers</a> aid the dominant breeding pair in raising the young.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like all Coraciiformes, the kingfishers are cavity nesters, as well as tree nesters, with most species <a href="/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">nesting</a> in holes dug in the ground. These holes are usually in earth banks on the sides of rivers, lakes or man-made ditches. Some species may nest in holes in trees, the earth clinging to the roots of an uprooted tree, or arboreal nests of termites (termitarium). These termite nests are common in forest species. The nests take the form of a small chamber at the end of a tunnel. Nest-digging duties are shared between the sexes. During the initial excavations, the bird may fly at the chosen site with considerable force, and birds have injured themselves fatally while doing this. The length of the tunnels varies by species and location; nests in termitaria are necessarily much shorter than those dug into the earth, and nests in harder substrates are shorter than those in soft soil or sand. The longest tunnels recorded are those of the giant kingfisher, which have been found to be 8.5 m (28 ft) long.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eggs of kingfishers are invariably white. The typical <a href="/wiki/Clutch_(eggs)" title="Clutch (eggs)">clutch</a> size varies by species; some of the very large and very small species lay as few as two eggs per clutch, whereas others may lay 10 eggs, the typical is around three to six eggs. Both sexes <a href="/wiki/Avian_incubation" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian incubation">incubate</a> the eggs. The offspring of the kingfisher usually stay with the parents for 3–4 months.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_and_conservation">Status and conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingfisher&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Status and conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Actenoides_concretus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Actenoides_concretus.png/220px-Actenoides_concretus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Actenoides_concretus.png/330px-Actenoides_concretus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Actenoides_concretus.png/440px-Actenoides_concretus.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rufous-collared_kingfisher" title="Rufous-collared kingfisher">rufous-collared kingfisher</a> is categorised as <a href="/wiki/Near-threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-threatened">near-threatened</a> due to the rapid loss of its rainforest habitat.</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of species are considered <a href="/wiki/Threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Threatened">threatened</a> by human activities and are in danger of <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>. Most of these are forest species with limited distribution, particularly insular species. They are threatened by <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat loss</a> caused by forest clearance or degradation and in some cases by <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Marquesan_kingfisher" title="Marquesan kingfisher">Marquesan kingfisher</a> of <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> is listed as <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered species">critically endangered</a> due to a combination of habitat loss and degradation caused by introduced cattle, and possibly due to predation by introduced species.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingfisher&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relationship with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kingfishers are generally shy birds, but in spite of this, they feature heavily in human culture, generally due to the large head supporting its powerful mouth, their bright plumage, or some species' interesting behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/Dusun" class="mw-redirect" title="Dusun">Dusun</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_dwarf_kingfisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental dwarf kingfisher">Oriental dwarf kingfisher</a> is considered a bad omen, and warriors who see one on the way to battle should return home. Another Bornean tribe considers the <a href="/wiki/Banded_kingfisher" title="Banded kingfisher">banded kingfisher</a> an omen bird, albeit generally a good omen.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sacred_kingfisher" title="Sacred kingfisher">sacred kingfisher</a>, along with other Pacific kingfishers, was venerated by the Polynesians, who believed it had control over the seas and waves. </p><p>Modern taxonomy also refers to the winds and sea in naming kingfishers after a classical Greek myth. The first pair of the mythical-bird Halcyon (kingfishers) were created from a marriage of <a href="/wiki/Alcyone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcyone">Alcyone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceyx">Ceyx</a>. As gods, they lived the sacrilege of referring to themselves as Zeus and Hera. They died for this, but the other gods, in an act of compassion, made them into birds, thus restoring them to their original seaside habitat. In addition, special "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/halcyon_days" class="extiw" title="wikt:halcyon days">halcyon days</a>" were granted. These are the seven days on either side of the winter solstice when storms shall never again occur for them. The Halcyon birds' "days" were for caring for the winter-hatched clutch (or brood), but the phrase "Halcyon days" also refers specifically to an idyllic time in the past, or in general to a peaceful time. In another version, a woman named <a href="/wiki/Alcyone_(daughter_of_Sciron)" title="Alcyone (daughter of Sciron)">Alcyone</a> was cast into the waves by her father for her promiscuity and was turned into a kingfisher. </p><p>Various kinds of kingfishers and human cultural artifacts are <a href="/wiki/Alcyone#Legacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcyone">named after the couple</a>, in reference to this metamorphosis myth: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ceyx_(Kingfisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceyx (Kingfisher)">Ceyx</a></i> (within the <a href="/wiki/River_kingfishers" class="mw-redirect" title="River kingfishers">river kingfishers</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>) is named after him.</li> <li>The kingfisher subfamily Halcyoninae (<a href="/wiki/Tree_kingfisher" title="Tree kingfisher">tree kingfishers</a>) is named after his wife, as is the genus <a href="/wiki/Halcyon_(genus)" title="Halcyon (genus)"><i>Halcyon</i></a>.</li> <li>The belted kingfisher's specific name (<i>Megaceryle alcyon</i>) also references her name.</li></ul> <p>Not all the kingfishers are named in this way. The etymology of kingfisher (<i>Alcedo atthis</i>) is obscure; the term comes from "king's fisher", but why that name was applied is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingfisher&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ioc-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ioc_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ioc_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGillDonsker2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" title="Frank Gill (ornithologist)">Gill, Frank</a>; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/rollers/">"Rollers, ground rollers & kingfishers"</a>. <i>World Bird List</i> (Version 7.2 ed.). International Ornithologists' Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004213031/http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/rollers/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2000). "Social and mating system of cooperatively breeding laughing kookaburras (<i>Dacelo novaeguineae</i>)". <i>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</i>. <b>47</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">220–</span>229. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000BEcoS..47..220L">2000BEcoS..47..220L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002650050659">10.1007/s002650050659</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26382479">26382479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&rft.atitle=Social+and+mating+system+of+cooperatively+breeding+laughing+kookaburras+%28Dacelo+novaeguineae%29&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E220-%3C%2Fspan%3E229&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26382479%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs002650050659&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000BEcoS..47..220L&rft.aulast=Legge&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Cockburn%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2019" class="citation journal cs1">BirdLife International (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22683487/149519891">"<i>Todiramphus godeffroyi</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2019</b>: e.T22683487A149519891. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22683487A149519891.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22683487A149519891.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Todiramphus+godeffroyi&rft.volume=2019&rft.pages=e.T22683487A149519891&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22683487A149519891.en&rft.au=BirdLife+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22683487%2F149519891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVuongNguyen2023" class="citation journal cs1">Vuong, Quan-Hoang; Nguyen, Minh-Hoang (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publish.csiro.au/PC/PC23044">"Kingfisher: contemplating the connection between nature and humans through science, art, literature, and lived experiences"</a>. <i>Pacific Conservation Biology</i>. <b>30</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FPC23044">10.1071/PC23044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Conservation+Biology&rft.atitle=Kingfisher%3A+contemplating+the+connection+between+nature+and+humans+through+science%2C+art%2C+literature%2C+and+lived+experiences&rft.volume=30&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FPC23044&rft.aulast=Vuong&rft.aufirst=Quan-Hoang&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Minh-Hoang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publish.csiro.au%2FPC%2FPC23044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Harper2001" class="citation web cs1">Douglas Harper (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=king&searchmode=term">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105914/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=king&searchmode=term">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Douglas+Harper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Dking%26searchmode%3Dterm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingfisher&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBock1994" class="citation book cs1">Bock, Walter J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830"><i>History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names</i></a>. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2246%2F830">2246/830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Nomenclature+of+Avian+Family-Group+Names&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Bulletin+of+the+American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.pub=American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2246%2F830&rft.aulast=Bock&rft.aufirst=Walter+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.amnh.org%2Fhandle%2F2246%2F830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryFryHarris1992" class="citation book cs1">Fry, C. Hilary; Fry, Kathie; Harris, Alan (1992). <i>Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers</i>. London: Christopher Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-8028-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-8028-7"><bdi>978-0-7136-8028-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingfishers%2C+Bee-eaters%2C+and+Rollers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Christopher+Helm&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7136-8028-7&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=C.+Hilary&rft.au=Fry%2C+Kathie&rft.au=Harris%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingfisher&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alcedinidae" class="extiw" title="commons:Alcedinidae"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Alcedinidae</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>ARKive – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060527025558/http://www.arkive.org/species/ARK/birds/Alcedo_atthis/">images and movies of the kingfisher <i>(Alcedo atthis)</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/kingfishers-alcedinidae">Kingfisher videos</a> on the Internet Bird Collection</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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.navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3303" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3303" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Alcedinidae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8154335" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q8154335">Q8154335</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alcedinidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Alcedinidae">Alcedinidae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Alcedinidae">Alcedinidae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=1489">1489</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/66F">66F</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/7975">7975</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ALCEF">1ALCEF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:10824">10824</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/62b65b64-62f9-4caa-8a5f-6b9698026d49">62b65b64-62f9-4caa-8a5f-6b9698026d49</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2984">2984</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/2314">2314</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=107493">107493</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=178104">178104</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000159327">NBNSYS0000159327</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8937">8937</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/fc5f8086-bc18-4916-83dd-c1c74e3c5806">fc5f8086-bc18-4916-83dd-c1c74e3c5806</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=938411">938411</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39386">39386</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=196048">196048</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox774" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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