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<div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Rooiplein" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Rooiplein" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Rooiplein" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Rooiplein" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Oorsprong_en_naam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oorsprong_en_naam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Oorsprong en naam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oorsprong_en_naam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voor_die_18de_eeu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voor_die_18de_eeu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Voor die 18de eeu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voor_die_18de_eeu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_18de_eeu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_18de_eeu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Die 18de eeu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_18de_eeu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_19de_en_20ste_eeu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_19de_en_20ste_eeu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Die 19de en 20ste eeu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_19de_en_20ste_eeu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_20ste_en_21ste_eeu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_20ste_en_21ste_eeu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Die 20ste en 21ste eeu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_20ste_en_21ste_eeu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bakens_aan_Rooiplein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakens_aan_Rooiplein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bakens aan Rooiplein</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bakens_aan_Rooiplein-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Bakens aan Rooiplein subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bakens_aan_Rooiplein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Die_Moskouse_Historiese_Staatsmuseum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Moskouse_Historiese_Staatsmuseum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Die Moskouse Historiese Staatsmuseum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Moskouse_Historiese_Staatsmuseum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opstandingspoort_en_Iberiese_Kapel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opstandingspoort_en_Iberiese_Kapel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Opstandingspoort en Iberiese Kapel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opstandingspoort_en_Iberiese_Kapel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voormalige_Provinsiale_Raadsgebou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voormalige_Provinsiale_Raadsgebou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Voormalige Provinsiale Raadsgebou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voormalige_Provinsiale_Raadsgebou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kazan-katedraal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazan-katedraal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Kazan-katedraal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazan-katedraal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GUM-afdelingswinkel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GUM-afdelingswinkel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>GUM-afdelingswinkel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GUM-afdelingswinkel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voormalige_Groothandelsgebou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voormalige_Groothandelsgebou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Voormalige Groothandelsgebou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voormalige_Groothandelsgebou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lobnoje_Mesto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobnoje_Mesto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span><i>Lobnoje Mesto</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lobnoje_Mesto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gedenkteken_vir_Minin_en_Pozjarski" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gedenkteken_vir_Minin_en_Pozjarski"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Gedenkteken vir Minin en Pozjarski</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gedenkteken_vir_Minin_en_Pozjarski-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sint_Basilius-katedraal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sint_Basilius-katedraal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Sint Basilius-katedraal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sint_Basilius-katedraal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oostelike_Kremlinmuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oostelike_Kremlinmuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Oostelike Kremlinmuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oostelike_Kremlinmuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lenin-mausoleum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lenin-mausoleum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Lenin-mausoleum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lenin-mausoleum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kremlinmuur-dodeakker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kremlinmuur-dodeakker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Kremlinmuur-dodeakker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kremlinmuur-dodeakker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Galery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verdere_leesstof" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verdere_leesstof"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Verdere leesstof</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verdere_leesstof-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bronne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rooiplein</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 90 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1" title="الميدان الأحمر – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الميدان الأحمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Roja" title="Plaza Roja – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Plaza Roja" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_meydan" title="Qırmızı meydan – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qırmızı meydan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D2%99%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%99%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҡыҙыл майҙан – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡыҙыл майҙан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Красная плошча (Масква) – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Красная плошча (Масква)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Чырвоная плошча – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чырвоная плошча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Червен площад – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Червен площад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="रेड स्कवायर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रेड स्कवायर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="রেড স্কয়ার – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেড স্কয়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཐང་ཆེན་དམར་པོ། – Tibettaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐང་ཆེན་དམར་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibettaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasenn_Ruz" title="Plasenn Ruz – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Plasenn Ruz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla%C3%A7a_Roja" title="Plaça Roja – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plaça Roja" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="ЦӀен майда – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ЦӀен майда" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%86%DA%95%DB%95%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="گۆڕەپانی سوور – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گۆڕەپانی سوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD" title="Rudé náměstí – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rudé náměstí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%95_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хĕрлĕ лапам – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хĕрлĕ лапам" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgw%C3%A2r_Coch" title="Sgwâr Coch – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sgwâr Coch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_R%C3%B8de_Plads" title="Den Røde Plads – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den Røde Plads" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roter_Platz" title="Roter Platz – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roter Platz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meydano_S%C3%BBr" title="Meydano Sûr – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Meydano Sûr" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κόκκινη Πλατεία – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόκκινη Πλατεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Red Square" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C4%9Da_Placo_(Moskvo)" title="Ruĝa Placo (Moskvo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ruĝa Placo (Moskvo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Roja" title="Plaza Roja – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plaza Roja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punane_v%C3%A4ljak" title="Punane väljak – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Punane väljak" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Gorria" title="Plaza Gorria – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plaza Gorria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="میدان سرخ – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میدان سرخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punainen_tori" title="Punainen tori – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Punainen tori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Rouge" title="Place Rouge – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Place Rouge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reade_Plein" title="Reade Plein – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Reade Plein" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Chearn%C3%B3g_Dhearg" title="An Chearnóg Dhearg – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chearnóg Dhearg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praza_Vermella" title="Praza Vermella – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Praza Vermella" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okarusu_Pyt%C3%A3" title="Okarusu Pytã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Okarusu Pytã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94" title="הכיכר האדומה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכיכר האדומה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveni_trg" title="Crveni trg – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crveni trg" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_t%C3%A9r" title="Vörös tér – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vörös tér" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Կարմիր հրապարակ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարմիր հրապարակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapangan_Merah" title="Lapangan Merah – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lapangan Merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reda_placo" title="Reda placo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Reda placo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rau%C3%B0a_torgi%C3%B0" title="Rauða torgið – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rauða torgið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_Rossa" title="Piazza Rossa – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Piazza Rossa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E3%81%AE%E5%BA%83%E5%A0%B4" title="赤の広場 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="赤の広場" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapangan_Abrit" title="Lapangan Abrit – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lapangan Abrit" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="წითელი მოედანი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წითელი მოედანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%A3" title="Қызыл алаң – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қызыл алаң" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%89%EC%9D%80_%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%A5" title="붉은 광장 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="붉은 광장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qada_Sor" title="Qada Sor – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qada Sor" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Кызыл Аянт – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кызыл Аянт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_Pulchrum" title="Forum Pulchrum – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Forum Pulchrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Cuecena" title="Plaza Cuecena – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Plaza Cuecena" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudonoji_aik%C5%A1t%C4%97" title="Raudonoji aikštė – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raudonoji aikštė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkanais_laukums" title="Sarkanais laukums – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sarkanais laukums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Црвен плоштад – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црвен плоштад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ചുവപ്പ് ചത്വരം – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചുവപ്പ് ചത്വരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Улаан талбай – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улаан талбай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%95" title="लाल चौक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लाल चौक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataran_Merah" title="Dataran Merah – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dataran Merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rode_Plein" title="Rode Plein – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rode Plein" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_raude_plassen" title="Den raude plassen – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den raude plassen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_r%C3%B8de_plass" title="Den røde plass – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den røde plass" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla%C3%A7a_Roja" title="Plaça Roja – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Plaça Roja" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%95" title="ਲਾਲ ਚੌਕ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਾਲ ਚੌਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plac_Czerwony_w_Moskwie" title="Plac Czerwony w Moskwie – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plac Czerwony w Moskwie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%DA%86%D9%88%DA%A9" title="سرخ چوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سرخ چوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_Vermelha" title="Praça Vermelha – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Praça Vermelha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia%C8%9Ba_Ro%C8%99ie" title="Piața Roșie – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Piața Roșie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Красная площадь – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Красная площадь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveni_trg" title="Crveni trg – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crveni trg" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Red Square" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%A9_n%C3%A1mestie" title="Červené námestie – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Červené námestie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rde%C4%8Di_trg" title="Rdeči trg – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rdeči trg" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheshi_i_Kuq" title="Sheshi i Kuq – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sheshi i Kuq" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Црвени трг – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црвени трг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6da_torget" title="Röda torget – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Röda torget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="செஞ்சதுக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செஞ்சதுக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="จัตุรัสแดง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จัตุรัสแดง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%95_%E1%8A%A3%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%AD" title="ቀይሕ ኣደባባይ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቀይሕ ኣደባባይ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Meydan" title="Kızıl Meydan – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kızıl Meydan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кызыл мәйдан – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кызыл мәйдан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Горд площадь – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Горд площадь" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%84_%D9%85%DB%95%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قىزىل مەيدان – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قىزىل مەيدان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0" title="Красна площа – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Красна площа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%DA%86%D9%88%DA%A9" title="سرخ چوک – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرخ چوک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piasa_Rosa" title="Piasa Rosa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Piasa Rosa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusked_torg" title="Rusked torg – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rusked torg" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_%C4%90%E1%BB%8F" title="Quảng trường Đỏ – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quảng trường Đỏ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pula_nga_Plaza" title="Pula nga Plaza – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pula nga Plaza" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%9C%BA" title="红场 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="红场" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%A0%B4" title="紅場 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="紅場" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%A0%B4" title="紅場 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紅場" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41116#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rooiplein" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Rooiplein" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rooiplein"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rooiplein"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Rooiplein" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Rooiplein" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&oldid=2540764" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Rooiplein&id=2540764&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRooiplein"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRooiplein"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Rooiplein"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Rooiplein&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41116" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geografiese_ko%C3%B6rdinatestelsel" title="Geografiese koördinatestelsel">Koördinate</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2670708">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rooiplein&language=af&params=55_45_15_N_37_37_12_O_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kaarte, lugfoto's, en ander data vir hierdie plek"><span class="latitude">55°45′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">37°37′12″O</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kaarte, lugfoto's, en ander data vir hierdie plek">55.75417°N 37.62000°O</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.75417; 37.62000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:20em;max-width:285px; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#eee; padding:0.2em; line-height:110%; text-align:center; font-size:135%;"><span class="fn org">Kremlin en Rooiplein, Moskou</span><sup>*</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AArelderfenisgebied" title="Wêrelderfenisgebied">Unesco-wêrelderfenisterrein </a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;"><hr /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Red_Square_in_cold_winter,_Moscow,_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Red_Square_in_cold_winter%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/290px-Red_Square_in_cold_winter%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Red_Square_in_cold_winter%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/435px-Red_Square_in_cold_winter%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Red_Square_in_cold_winter%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/580px-Red_Square_in_cold_winter%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;">Die <a href="/wiki/Sint_Basilius-katedraal" title="Sint Basilius-katedraal">Sint Basilius-katedraal</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Moskouse_Kremlintorings#Spasskaja" title="Moskouse Kremlintorings">Spasskaja-toring</a> van die <a href="/wiki/Moskouse_Kremlin" title="Moskouse Kremlin">Kremlin</a> op die Rooiplein in <a href="/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou">Moskou</a>.<hr /> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" align="center"> <div style="width: 252px; float:none; clear:none;"><div style="position: relative;border: 1px solid geen; padding: 0px; width: 250px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Russia_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ligging van Rooiplein op 'n kaart (Rusland)"><img alt="Ligging van Rooiplein op 'n kaart (Rusland)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Russia_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Russia_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Russia_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Russia_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Russia_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Russia_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="637" /></a></span><br /><div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; top: 72.7%; left: 13.2%; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; text-align: center; left: -4px; top: -4px; width: 8px; font-size: 8px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rooiplein"><img alt="Rooiplein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -1.5em; width: 6em; links: 0.5em; text-align: left;"><span style="padding: 1px;">Rooiplein</span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 90%"></div></div><small>Posisie van die Rooiplein in Rusland</small> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: smaller; padding-bottom: 0.7em;">Koördinate: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2670708">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rooiplein&language=af&params=55_45_15_N_37_37_12_O_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kaarte, lugfoto's, en ander data vir hierdie plek"><span class="latitude">55°45′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">37°37′12″O</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kaarte, lugfoto's, en ander data vir hierdie plek">55.75417°N 37.62000°O</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.75417; 37.62000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Lande</b> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Rusland"><img alt="Vlag van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Tipe</b> </td> <td>Kultureel </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Kriteria</b> </td> <td>i, ii, iv, vi </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Verwysings</b> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545">545</a> </td></tr> <tr class="adr"> <td><b>Streek</b>† </td> <td style="line-height:150%; white-space:nowrap;"><span class="region"><a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#eee; font-size:110%;"><b>Inskripsiegeskiedenis</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Inskripsie</b> </td> <td style="line-height:150%;">1990  <small>(14de <a href="/wiki/W%C3%AArelderfenisgebied" title="Wêrelderfenisgebied">Sessie</a>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="line-height:150%; padding-top:0.8em; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; text-align:left; font-size:80%; font-weight:lighter;"><span style="margin:0.5em; color:#555;">* <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list">Naam soos dit in die Wêrelderfenislys verskyn.</a><br /><span style="margin:0.5em; color:#555;">† <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?search=&search_by_country=&type=&media=&region=&order=region">Streek soos deur Unesco geklassifiseer.</a></span> </span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rooiplein</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russies" title="Russies">Russies</a>: <b>Красная площадь</b>, <i>Krásnaja plósjtsjad</i>) is 'n plein in <a href="/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou">Moskou</a>. Met die historiese geboue al om die plein is dit die bekendste plein in die stad en een van die bekendstes ter wêreld. Dit skei die <a href="/wiki/Moskouse_Kremlin" title="Moskouse Kremlin">Kremlin</a>, die eertydse keiserlike vesting en tans die amptelike woning van die president van <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a>, van die historiese handelsbuurt bekend as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitai-gorod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitai-gorod (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kitai-gorod</a>. Verder bevat dit die beroemde <a href="/wiki/Sint_Basilius-katedraal" title="Sint Basilius-katedraal">Sint Basilius-katedraal</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Lenin-mausoleum" title="Lenin-mausoleum">Lenin-mausoleum</a>, die <a href="/wiki/GUM" title="GUM">GUM</a>-afdelingswinkel, die <a href="/wiki/Moskouse_Historiese_Staatsmuseum" title="Moskouse Historiese Staatsmuseum">Moskouse Historiese Staatsmuseum</a> en vele ander historiese geboue. </p><p>Omdat van Moskou se grootste strate van hier in alle rigtings uitwaaier en later snelweë word, word Rooiplein dikwels beskou as die hart van Moskou en die hele Rusland. Die plein en die Kremlin is sedert 1990 saam 'n <a href="/wiki/Unesco" title="Unesco">Unesco</a>-<a href="/wiki/W%C3%AArelderfenisgebied" title="Wêrelderfenisgebied">wêrelderfenisgebied</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oorsprong_en_naam">Oorsprong en naam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Oorsprong en naam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Oorsprong en naam"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:RedSquare_(pixinn.net).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/RedSquare_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg/220px-RedSquare_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/RedSquare_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg/330px-RedSquare_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/RedSquare_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg/440px-RedSquare_%28pixinn.net%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Die Rooiplein, soos gesien vanuit die Sint Basilius-katedraal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Plan_of_Hrasne_Polosje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Plan_of_Hrasne_Polosje.jpg/220px-Plan_of_Hrasne_Polosje.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Plan_of_Hrasne_Polosje.jpg/330px-Plan_of_Hrasne_Polosje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Plan_of_Hrasne_Polosje.jpg/440px-Plan_of_Hrasne_Polosje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Kaart van Rooiplein (1917), met die <a href="/wiki/Moskouse_Historiese_Staatsmuseum" title="Moskouse Historiese Staatsmuseum">Moskouse Historiese Staatsmuseum</a> links bo (noordwes) en die <a href="/wiki/Sint_Basilius-katedraal" title="Sint Basilius-katedraal">Sint Basilius-katedraal</a> regs onder (suidoos).</figcaption></figure> <p>Die plein was aanvanklik die hoofmark in Moskou. Dit is ook gebruik vir seremonies en afkondigings en sommige <a href="/wiki/Tsaar" title="Tsaar">tsaars</a> is daar gekroon. Van die begin af is die plein ook deur Russiese regerings gebruik vir amptelike seremonies en dit het geleidelike bebou geraak. </p><p>Die naam Rooiplein is nie afgelei van die kleur van die plaveisel of die kleur wat met kommunisme verbind word nie. Dit kom van die <a href="/wiki/Russies" title="Russies">Russiese</a> woord красная (<i>krasnaja</i>), wat vandag net "rooi" beteken maar in die dae toe die plein sy naam gekry het, ook "mooi" beteken het. Die woord "mooi" is aanvanklik vir die <a href="/wiki/Sint_Basilius-katedraal" title="Sint Basilius-katedraal">Sint Basilius-katedraal</a> op die plein gebruik, maar later ook vir die plein self. Die Russiese naam beteken dus eintlik "Mooi Plein". </p><p>Die plein is aanvanklik <i>Weliki Torg</i> (Groot Mark) of net <i>Torg</i> (Mark) genoem, daarna <i>Troitskaja</i> na 'n klein Drie-eenheid-kerk wat daar gestaan het. Dit is eers in 1661-'62 Mooi Plein / Rooiplein genoem. </p><p>Verskeie antieke Russiese stede se hoofplein word ook "Krasnaja Posjtsjad" genoem na aanleiding van Moskou s'n. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voor_die_18de_eeu">Voor die 18de eeu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Voor die 18de eeu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Voor die 18de eeu"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Wjatscheslaw_Grigorjewitsch_Schwarz_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Wjatscheslaw_Grigorjewitsch_Schwarz_002.jpg/300px-Wjatscheslaw_Grigorjewitsch_Schwarz_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Wjatscheslaw_Grigorjewitsch_Schwarz_002.jpg/450px-Wjatscheslaw_Grigorjewitsch_Schwarz_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Wjatscheslaw_Grigorjewitsch_Schwarz_002.jpg/600px-Wjatscheslaw_Grigorjewitsch_Schwarz_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2648" data-file-height="1278" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palmsondag" title="Palmsondag">Palmsondagoptog</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kniznije_lavki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kniznije_lavki.jpg/200px-Kniznije_lavki.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kniznije_lavki.jpg/300px-Kniznije_lavki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Kniznije_lavki.jpg/400px-Kniznije_lavki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Boekstalletjies op die Spasski-brug (Apollinari Wasnetsof).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:VasnezovAM_041.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/VasnezovAM_041.jpg/200px-VasnezovAM_041.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/VasnezovAM_041.jpg/300px-VasnezovAM_041.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/VasnezovAM_041.jpg/400px-VasnezovAM_041.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2145" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Rooiplein in die 17de eeu (Apollinari Wasnetsof).</figcaption></figure> <p>Die oostekant van die Kremlin-driehoek, wat aan Rooiplein lê, tussen die riviere <a href="/wiki/Moskwa" title="Moskwa">Moskwa</a> en die nou ondergrondse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neglinnaja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neglinnaja (bladsy bestaan nie)">Neglinnaja</a>, is beskou as die kwesbaarste kant van die Kremlin in 'n aanval omdat dit nie soos die ander kante deur riviere of enige ander natuurlike hindernisse beskerm is nie. Dié deel van die Kremlinmuur was dus die hoogste, en verder het die Italiaanse argitekte wat die versterkings gebou het, <a href="/wiki/Iwan_IV_van_Rusland" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwan IV van Rusland">Iwan die Verskriklike</a> oorreed om die gebied langs die muur oop te laat om dit makliker te maak om op vyande te skiet. In 1493 en 1495 is dekrete afgekondig waarin die sloping van alle geboue binne 230 meter van die muur gelas is. </p><p>In 1508–1516 het die Italiaanse argitek Aloisio die Nuwe 'n grag voor die <a href="/wiki/Moskouse_Kremlintorings" title="Moskouse Kremlintorings">Oostelike muur</a> gebou wat die Moskwa- en die Neglinnaja-rivier verbind. Die Alewizof-grag was 541 meter lank, 36 meter wyd en 9,5–13 meter diep. Dit is met kalksteen uitgevoer en in 1533 is steenmure van 4 meter dik weerskante daarvan gebou. Daar was drie poorte aan dié kant van die muur, waarvan die Spasski die hoofpoort was wat deur die tsaars gebruik is. Van hier het eers 'n hout- en daarna 'n steenbrug oor die grag geloop. Boeke is op die brug verkoop. </p><p>Rooiplein het later 'n handelsentrum geword. <a href="/wiki/Iwan_III_van_Rusland" title="Iwan III van Rusland">Iwan die Grote</a> het gelas dat handel net tussen individue kon plaasvind, maar mettertyd is dié reël verbreek en is permanente markgeboue opgerig. Ná 'n brand in 1547 het Iwan die Verskriklike die houtwinkels in rye gereorganiseer. Die strate Iljinka en Warwarka is opgedeel in die boonste rye (nou die <a href="/wiki/GUM" title="GUM">GUM</a>-afdelingswinkel), middelrye en onderste rye. </p><p>'n Paar jaar later is die Katedraal van die Voorbidding van Gods Moeder aan die Grag (Собор Покрова что на Рву) of kortliks die Pokrof-katedraal (Покровский Собор), algemeen bekend as die <a href="/wiki/Sint_Basilius-katedraal" title="Sint Basilius-katedraal">Sint Basilius-katedraal</a>, aan die grag gebou. Dit was die eerste gebou wat aan die plein sy huidige silhoeët gegee het (die <a href="/wiki/Moskouse_Kremlintorings" title="Moskouse Kremlintorings">Kremlintorings</a> het toe nog nie tentdakke gehad nie). In 1595 is die houtwinkels met steengeboue vervang en 'n steenplatform (bekend as <i><a href="/wiki/Lobnoje_Mesto" title="Lobnoje Mesto">Lobnoje Mesto</a></i>) is gebou van waar die tsaar se edikte afgekondig is. </p><p>Rooiplein is as 'n heilige plek beskou en verskeie feestelike optogte is hier gehou. Op <a href="/wiki/Palmsondag" title="Palmsondag">Palmsondag</a> het die patriarg op 'n donkie van die Sint Basilius-katedraal na die Kremlin gery, vergesel van die <a href="/wiki/Tsaar" title="Tsaar">tsaar</a> en die volk. </p><p>Tydens die uitdrywing van die <a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Pole">Pole</a> in 1612 uit Moskou het prins <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Pozjarski" title="Dmitri Pozjarski">Dmitri Pozjarski</a> die Kremlin vanuit die plein binnegegaan. Daarna het hy die <a href="/wiki/Kazan-katedraal" title="Kazan-katedraal">Kazan-katedraal</a> laat bou. </p><p>In 1624–1625 het die <a href="/wiki/Moskouse_Kremlintorings#Spasskaja" title="Moskouse Kremlintorings">Spasskaja-toring</a> 'n tentdak gekry. In die laat 17de eeu is alle houtgeboue op die plein gesloop en het al die Kremlintorings, behalwe die <a href="/wiki/Moskouse_Kremlintorings#Nikolskaja" title="Moskouse Kremlintorings">Nikolskaja-toring</a>, tentdakke gekry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_18de_eeu">Die 18de eeu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Die 18de eeu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Die 18de eeu"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1702 is die eerste openbare teater in Rusland naby die Nikolski-poort gebou. Dit is in 1737 in 'n brand verwoes. </p><p>Tydens haar bewind het <a href="/wiki/Katharina_II_van_Rusland" title="Katharina II van Rusland">Katharina die Grote</a> verbeterings op die plein laat aanbring en in 1786 het die argitek Matweef Kazakof 'n nuwe <i>Lobnoje Mesto</i> van steen gebou, effens wes van die vorige een. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_19de_en_20ste_eeu">Die 19de en 20ste eeu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Die 19de en 20ste eeu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Die 19de en 20ste eeu"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Moscow_05-2017_img07_Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Moscow_05-2017_img07_Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky.jpg/150px-Moscow_05-2017_img07_Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Moscow_05-2017_img07_Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky.jpg/225px-Moscow_05-2017_img07_Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Moscow_05-2017_img07_Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky.jpg/300px-Moscow_05-2017_img07_Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3082" data-file-height="4622" /></a><figcaption>Die Gedenkteken vir Minin en Pozjarski.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1804 is die plein op versoek van die handelaars geplavei. In 1806 is die Nikolskaja-toring herbou en het dit ook 'n tentdak gekry. Die volgende verbeteringsfase van die plein het begin ná die inval van <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> en die brand in 1812. Die grag is in 1813 toegegooi en bome is daar geplant. Aan die oostekant is nuwe geboue in die keiserlike styl gebou. In 1818 is die <a href="/wiki/Gedenkteken_vir_Minin_en_Pozjarski" title="Gedenkteken vir Minin en Pozjarski">Gedenkteken vir Minin en Pozjarski</a> opgerig. Dit is ter ere van <a href="/wiki/Koezma_Minin" title="Koezma Minin">Koezma Minin</a> en prins <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Pozjarski" title="Dmitri Pozjarski">Dmitri Pozjarski</a>, wat in 1612 'n leër op die been gebring het om die Pole uit die Kremlin te verdryf en so 'n einde te bring aan die Russiese <a href="/wiki/Tyd_van_Beroeringe" title="Tyd van Beroeringe">Tyd van Beroeringe</a>. </p><p>In 1874 is die <a href="/wiki/Moskouse_Historiese_Staatsmuseum" title="Moskouse Historiese Staatsmuseum">Moskouse Historiese Staatsmuseum</a> aan die noordwestekant van die plein gebou. Van die winkels is gesloop en nuwe geboue van 1888 tot 1893 opgerig. Die boonste rye (vandag <a href="/wiki/GUM" title="GUM">GUM</a>) was in werklikheid die eerste afdelingswinkel in Rusland. In dié tyd (in 1892) is elektriese lanterns ook aangebring. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_20ste_en_21ste_eeu">Die 20ste en 21ste eeu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Die 20ste en 21ste eeu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Die 20ste en 21ste eeu"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'n Paar maande ná die <a href="/wiki/Russiese_Rewolusie_(1917)" title="Russiese Rewolusie (1917)">Russiese Rewolusie</a> in 1917 het Moskou weer die hoofstad van Rusland geword en ná 1922 die hoofstad van die nuut gestigte <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a>. Die plein het sy belangrikheid herwin en die fokuspunt van die nuwe staat geword. Dit het veral bekend geword vir die militêre parades en ander propaganda-geleenthede wat daar gehou is. </p><p>Die eerste daarvan het reeds op 7 November 1918 plaasgevind op die eerste viering van die rewolusie toe onder andere 'n <a href="/wiki/Strooipop" class="mw-redirect" title="Strooipop">strooipop</a> wat die tsaar voorstel, daar verbrand is. </p><p>Die Kazan-katedraal en ander historiese geboue is gesloop om plek te maak vir die groot militêre voertuie wat deur die plein moes beweeg. (Hulle is ná die verbrokkeling van die <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a> herbou.) Daar was selfs planne om die beroemde Sint Basilius-katedraal te sloop, maar <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> het dit ná groot teenstand afgekeur. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Victory_Day_Parade_2008-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Victory_Day_Parade_2008-14.jpg/220px-Victory_Day_Parade_2008-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Victory_Day_Parade_2008-14.jpg/330px-Victory_Day_Parade_2008-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Victory_Day_Parade_2008-14.jpg/440px-Victory_Day_Parade_2008-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>'n Militêre parade op Rooiplein.</figcaption></figure> <p>Twee van die grootste parades was dié in 1941 toe <a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" title="Josef Stalin">Josef Stalin</a> die mag van die Sowjetunie wou demonstreer te midde van die aanslag deur die <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a>'s, en die Oorwinningsparade van 1945 toe baniere van verslane Nazi-leërs aan die voet van die Lenin-mausoleum gegooi is. Die Sowjetunie het talle parades hier gehou op Meidag en vir die viering van Oorwinningsdag en die Russiese Rewolusie. </p><p>Ook demonstrasies is soms op die plein gehou, soos met die inval van soldate van die Sowjetunie en ander <a href="/wiki/Oosblok" title="Oosblok">Oosblok</a>-lande in <a href="/wiki/Tsjeggo-Slowakye" title="Tsjeggo-Slowakye">Tsjeggo-Slowakye</a> wat die einde van die sogenaamde <a href="/wiki/Praagse_Lente" title="Praagse Lente">Praagse Lente</a> ingelui het. 'n Groep van agt andersdenkendes het op 25 Augustus 1968 op die plein protes teen die inval aangeteken. Hulle is binne minute deur die polisie en <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>-veiligheidswagte in hegtenis geneem.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ses van hulle is later verhoor en het verskeie strawwe gekry – van tronkstraf tot verbanning. </p><p>Op 28 Mei 1987 het 'n jong Duitse amateurvlieënier, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathias_Rust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathias Rust (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mathias Rust</a>, met 'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cessna_172&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cessna 172 (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cessna 172</a> naby Rooiplein geland.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hy het later gesê hy wou 'n "denkbeeldige brug" bou tussen die twee kante van die <a href="/wiki/Koue_Oorlog" title="Koue Oorlog">Koue Oorlog</a>. Die feit dat hy deur 'n verdedigingstelsel gedring het wat as "ondeurdringbaar" beskou is, het 'n groot impak op die Sowjet-verdedigingsmagte gehad. Verskeie senior offisiere, onder andere die minister van verdediging, is afgedank. Rust is tot vier jaar tronkstraf gevonnis, waarvan hy minder as 'n jaar uitgedien het voor hy as 'n welwillendheidsgebaar vrygelaat is. </p><p>In 1990 was die Kremlin en Rooiplein van die eerste plekke in die Sowjetunie wat op <a href="/wiki/Unesco" title="Unesco">Unesco</a> se lys van <a href="/wiki/W%C3%AArelderfenisgebied" title="Wêrelderfenisgebied">wêrelderfenisgebiede</a> geplaas is. </p><p>In onlangse jare is groot konserte op Rooiplein gehou, onder andere deur <a href="/wiki/The_Prodigy" title="The Prodigy">The Prodigy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=T.A.T.u.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T.A.T.u. (bladsy bestaan nie)">t.A.T.u.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakira" title="Shakira">Shakira</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorpions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scorpions (bladsy bestaan nie)">Scorpions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Waters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Waters (bladsy bestaan nie)">Roger Waters</a> en <a href="/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers" title="Red Hot Chili Peppers">Red Hot Chili Peppers</a>. Laasgenoemde se konsert, op 14 Augustus 1999, is deur sowat 200 000 mense bygewoon. Paul McCartney se optrede, op 24 Mei 2003, was 'n historiese oomblik vir baie, aangesien <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> en hul musiek in die Sowjetunie verban was. Dit was die eerste optrede deur 'n Beatle in Rusland. Sedert 2006 word 'n ysskaatsbaan elke winter voor die ingang van die GUM gebou.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Mei 2008 het Rusland weer 'n Oorwinningsdagparade op Rooiplein gehou. Dit was die eerste keer sedert die verbrokkeling van die Sowjetunie in 1991 dat Russiese militêre voertuie oor die plein gery het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bakens_aan_Rooiplein">Bakens aan Rooiplein</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Bakens aan Rooiplein" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Bakens aan Rooiplein"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb" style="width:100%;"> <div class="thumbinner"><div style="overflow:auto; overflow-y:hidden; overflow-x:scroll;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Panorama_360_Red_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama van 360° van Rooiplein"><img alt="Panorama van 360° van Rooiplein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Panorama_360_Red_Square.jpg/1000px-Panorama_360_Red_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Panorama_360_Red_Square.jpg/1500px-Panorama_360_Red_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Panorama_360_Red_Square.jpg/2000px-Panorama_360_Red_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="17756" data-file-height="3036" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Panorama van 360° van Rooiplein</div> </div></div> <p>Rooiplein is sowat 330 meter lank en 70 meter breed. Die geboue om die plein is almal op die een of ander manier belangrik. Die enigste standbeeld op die plein is die Gedenkteken vir Minin en Pozjarski voor die Sint Basilius-katedraal ter ere van die twee mans wat 'n einde help bring het aan die Tyd van Beroeringe. Daarnaby is die <i>Lobnoje Mesto</i>. Albei het vroeër nader aan die middel van die plein gestaan, maar is geskuif om plek te maak vir militêre voertuie tydens Sowjet-parades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Moskouse_Historiese_Staatsmuseum">Die Moskouse Historiese Staatsmuseum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Die Moskouse Historiese Staatsmuseum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Die Moskouse Historiese Staatsmuseum"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Moscow_-_State_Historical_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Moscow_-_State_Historical_Museum.jpg/180px-Moscow_-_State_Historical_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Moscow_-_State_Historical_Museum.jpg/270px-Moscow_-_State_Historical_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Moscow_-_State_Historical_Museum.jpg/360px-Moscow_-_State_Historical_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2902" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption>Die Moskouse Historiese Staatsmuseum.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aan die noordwestekant van die plein staan die opvallende donkerrooi gebou van die <a href="/wiki/Moskouse_Historiese_Staatsmuseum" title="Moskouse Historiese Staatsmuseum">Historiese Staatsmuseum</a> (Государственный Исторический музей, <i>Gosoedarstwenni Istoritsjeski Moezei</i>). Dit is in 1875–1883 gebou en is dus een van die nuutste geboue aan die plein. Die eerste apteek in Moskou het van die begin van die 18de eeu op dié plek gestaan. Dit is in 1755 ombou en was twee dekades lank die eerste kampus van die destyds nuut geboude <a href="/wiki/Moskouse_Staatsuniversiteit" title="Moskouse Staatsuniversiteit">Moskouse Staatsuniversiteit</a>. </p><p>Die museumgebou is spesiaal gebou vir die Historiese Museum, wat in 1872 gestig is, en in Mei 1883 ingewy. Die argitek was Wladimir Sherwood, wat dikwels gebruik gemaak het van die tradisionele Russiese styl. Die gebou het 'n ou Russiese voorkoms gehad: Die fassade herinner aan dié van tradisionele <a href="/wiki/Russies-Ortodokse_Kerk" title="Russies-Ortodokse Kerk">Russies-Ortodokse</a> kerke, met torings wat pas by die Kremlintorings. Die vorm van die dak herinner aan dié van die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terem-paleis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terem-paleis (bladsy bestaan nie)">Terem-paleis</a> in die Kremlin, 'n styl wat in die 16de en 17de eeu gebruik is vir herehuise. </p><p>Vandag is die Historiese Museum die grootste en bekendste geskiedenismuseum in Rusland. Dit bevat sowat 4,5 miljoen items uit die Russiese geskiedenis en hou jaarliks spesiale temagebonde uitstallings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opstandingspoort_en_Iberiese_Kapel">Opstandingspoort en Iberiese Kapel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Opstandingspoort en Iberiese Kapel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Opstandingspoort en Iberiese Kapel"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Moscow_-_Entrance_of_Red_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Moscow_-_Entrance_of_Red_Square.jpg/180px-Moscow_-_Entrance_of_Red_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Moscow_-_Entrance_of_Red_Square.jpg/270px-Moscow_-_Entrance_of_Red_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Moscow_-_Entrance_of_Red_Square.jpg/360px-Moscow_-_Entrance_of_Red_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3218" data-file-height="2414" /></a><figcaption>Die Opstandingspoort.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opstandingspoort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opstandingspoort (bladsy bestaan nie)">Opstandingspoort</a> (Воскресенские ворота, <i>Woskresenskije worota</i>, ook bekend as Иверские ворота, <i>Iwerskije worota</i> of die Iberiese Poort) is een van die twee ingange na die Kremlin vanuit die noordwestelike rigting. </p><p>Sedert 1669 het die houtkapel wat voor die poort gestaan het (en weg van Rooiplein gewys het) 'n replika gehuisves van die Ikoon van die Poortwagter, waarmee wonderwerke glo verrig is. Die oorspronklike ikoon word in die <a href="/wiki/Georgi%C3%AB" title="Georgië">Georgiese</a> Iweron-klooster op <a href="/wiki/Berg_Atos" class="mw-redirect" title="Berg Atos">Berg Atos</a> gehou, vandaar die naam Iwerski of Iberiese vir beide die kapel en die poort. In 1781 is 'n nuwe steenkapel in die plek van die houtkerk gebou. </p><p>Die middelste deel van die toring bestaan uit twee boogvormige poorte, wat omring word deur twee simmetriese reghoekige torings. In die tyd van die <a href="/wiki/Russiese_Ryk" title="Russiese Ryk">Russiese Ryk</a> het die poort met groot feeste gedien as simboliese ingangspoort tot die hart van Moskou: So het die tsaars Rooiplein op kroningsplegtighede deur die poort binnegegaan. </p><p>In 1931, in die tyd van die Sowjetunie, is die poort en kapel afgebreek om die deurgang van groot militêre voertuie tydens parades te vergemaklik. Hulle is in 1996 herbou. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voormalige_Provinsiale_Raadsgebou">Voormalige Provinsiale Raadsgebou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Voormalige Provinsiale Raadsgebou" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Voormalige Provinsiale Raadsgebou"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tussen die Opstandingspoort en die Kazan-katedraal staan een van die minder opvallende geboue aan Rooiplein, die voormalige Provinsiale Raadsgebou (Губернское правление, <i>Goebernskoje prawlenije</i>). Dit is in 1733–1740 gebou en het lank gedien as die administratiewe hoofkwartier van Moskou en die Moskou-provinsies (wat min of meer ooreengestem het met die huidige Moskou-oblast). Tydens die oorlog teen <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in 1812, toe groot dele van Moskou verwoes is, het dié gebou ook in die slag gebly. Dit is daarna herbou onder leiding van die argitek Osip Bove, wat in 'n groot mate betrokke was by die herbou van die stad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kazan-katedraal">Kazan-katedraal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Kazan-katedraal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Kazan-katedraal"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kazan_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kazan_Cathedral.jpg/180px-Kazan_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kazan_Cathedral.jpg/270px-Kazan_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kazan_Cathedral.jpg/360px-Kazan_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Die Kazan-katedraal.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Katedraal van die Kazanse Ikoon van Gods Moeder (Собо́р Каза́нской ико́ны Бо́жией Ма́тери, <i>Sobor Kazanskoi ikoni Bozjnei Materi</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Kazan-katedraal" title="Kazan-katedraal">Kazan-katedraal</a> (Каза́нский собо́р, <i>Kazanski sobor</i>) staan reg langs die voormalige Provinsiale Raadsgebou, op die hoek van Rooiplein en Nikolskaja-straat. 'n Kerk het reeds sedert die 1620's op dié plek gestaan, eers van hout en later van stene. Die huidige katedraal is in 1993 herbou. </p><p>Die naam kom van die Kazanse Ikoon van Gods Moeder, wat eeue lank al deur die Russies-Ortodokse gelowiges geëerbiedig word. Nadat Minin en Pozjarski die Pole uit die Kremlin verdryf het, volgens legende danksy hierdie ikoon, het die prins die katedraal laat bou. </p><p>Dit stem ooreen met die Russiese tradisie om kerke te laat bou om belangrike oorwinnings te vier, nes die geval was met die Sint Basilius-katedraal op die plein, wat gebou is om die Russe se oorwinning oor die <a href="/wiki/Tartare" title="Tartare">Tartare</a> te vier. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" title="Josef Stalin">Josef Stalin</a> het die katedraal in 1936 saam met 'n paar ander historiese geboue laat sloop om plek te maak vir groot militêre voertuie tydens Sowjet-parades. Dit is in die 1990's herbou en in 1993 voltooi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GUM-afdelingswinkel">GUM-afdelingswinkel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: GUM-afdelingswinkel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: GUM-afdelingswinkel"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Moscow_-_GUM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Moscow_-_GUM.jpg/180px-Moscow_-_GUM.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Moscow_-_GUM.jpg/270px-Moscow_-_GUM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Moscow_-_GUM.jpg/360px-Moscow_-_GUM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3098" data-file-height="2386" /></a><figcaption>Die GUM-afdelingswinkel.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die afdelingswinkel <a href="/wiki/GUM" title="GUM">GUM</a> of <a href="/wiki/GUM" title="GUM">GOeM</a> aan die oostelike kant van die plein beslaan die hele gebied tussen Nikolskaja- en Iljinka-straat. Dit het in 1921 sy huidige naam gekry (GUM het in die Sowjettyd gestaan vir Государственный Универсальный Магазин, <i>Gossoedarstwenni Oeniwersalni Magazin</i> of "Staatsafdelingswinkel"; vandag staan dit vir Главный Универсальный Магазин, <i>Glawni Oeniwersalni Magazin</i> of "Hoofafdelingswinkel"). Vanweë sy ligging aan Rooiplein, sy argitektuur en sy grootte (die verkooparea beslaan sowat 35 000 m<sup>2</sup>) is die GUM die bekendste inkoopsentrum in Rusland. </p><p>Dit is in 1893 gebou in die plek van 'n gebou wat sedert 1815 die Boonste ry van die destydse mark beslaan het en 'n groot deel van die handelsbedrywighede van Kitai-gorod onder een dak verenig het. Nadat die gebou sedert die 19de eeu toenemend verval het, was daar voortdurend planne om dit met 'n ander gebou te vervang. Dit het eers in die 1890's plaasgevind ná 'n kompetisie onder argitekte. Dit is gewen deur 'n <a href="/wiki/Sint_Petersburg" title="Sint Petersburg">Sint Petersburgse</a> professor in argitektuur, Aleksander Pomerantsef, en die toe nog taamlik onbekende ingenieur Wladimir Sjoechof. Die gebou is in 1893 voltooi in dieselfde ou Russiese styl as die Historiese Staatsmuseum. Dit het twee dekoratiewe torings asook 'n indrukwekkende glasdak wat drie gange bedek en uit sowat 60 000 stukke glas bestaan. </p><p>Tydens die Sowjettyd het die gebou 'n wisselvallige geskiedenis gehad. In die begin van die 1930's is dit vir twee dekades gesluit en is dit gebruik as 'n kantoor- en woonkompleks. Van 1953 af tot met die verbrokkeling van die Sowjetunie was die GUM die land se vlagskip-afdelingswinkel wat nie gebuk gegaan het onder die konstante skaarste aan lewensmiddele van die sosialistiese ekonomie nie. In die 1990's is die GUM geprivatiseer en aansienlik gerestoureer, en vandag is dit 'n luukse inkoopsentrum met duurder koopware. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voormalige_Groothandelsgebou">Voormalige Groothandelsgebou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Voormalige Groothandelsgebou" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Voormalige Groothandelsgebou"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Lobnoe_place_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lobnoe_place_Moscow.jpg/180px-Lobnoe_place_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lobnoe_place_Moscow.jpg/270px-Lobnoe_place_Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lobnoe_place_Moscow.jpg/360px-Lobnoe_place_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption>Die voormalige Groothandelsgebou, met die <i>Lobnoje Mesto</i> op die voorgrond.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die gebou op die oostelike hoek van die plein, op die hoek met Iljinka-straat, staan presies waar die Middelrye van die mark in die 17de eeu gestaan het. Die groot versameling stalletjies en houthutte is aan die einde van die 18de eeu vervang deur 'n handelskompleks wat vermoedelik deur die Italiaanse argitek Giacomo Quarenghi ontwerp is. Tydens die 1812-oorlog teen Napoleon het dié gebou afgebrand en dit is 'n paar jaar later deur Osip Bove herbou. Dit bestaan steeds en staan aan Iljinka-straat 'n paar honderd meter oos van Rooiplein. </p><p>Die Groothandelsgebou op Rooiplein is eers in 1894 gebou, in dieselfde tyd as die huidige GUM. Aangesien dit van die begin af as 'n uitbreiding van die GUM gebou is, is dit nie vreemd dat die argitektuur aansienlik ooreenstem nie. Die gebou in die ou Russiese styl word afgerond met 'n 16de-eeuse fasade. Die argitek was Roman Klein, wat ook die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poesjkin-museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poesjkin-museum (bladsy bestaan nie)">Poesjkin-museum</a> en ander bekende geboue in Moskou ontwerp het. </p><p>Ná die oorname deur die <a href="/wiki/Bolsjewis" title="Bolsjewis">Bolsjewiste</a> is die gebou gebruik as die setel van verskeie owerhede. Van die binnegeboue is sedert 2007 herbou en die gebou huisves sedertdien 'n hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lobnoje_Mesto"><i>Lobnoje Mesto</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Lobnoje Mesto" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Lobnoje Mesto"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die <i><a href="/wiki/Lobnoje_Mesto" title="Lobnoje Mesto">Lobnoje Mesto</a></i> (Лобное место) is 'n ronde podium van wit stene in die suidoostelike deel van die plein voor die Sint Basilius-katedraal. Dit is een van die min konstruksies op die plein wat in sy aanvanklike kondisie behoue gebly het. Dit is in 1549 gebou toe die destyds 19-jarige <a href="/wiki/Tsaar" title="Tsaar">tsaar</a> <a href="/wiki/Iwan_IV_van_Rusland" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwan IV van Rusland">Iwan die Verskriklike</a> daar 'n toespraak gehou het. Daarna is dit gebruik om die tsaars se edikte af te kondig. </p><p>Volgens oorlewering was die oorspronklike podium van hout en is dit eers in die 1590's met stene herbou. Later is dit ook tydens feeste gebruik, onder meer vir tsaars en patrirage om toesprake te hou. Teregstellings is ook langs die podium gehou – die bekendstes hiervan was dié van die rebelleleier <a href="/wiki/Stenka_Razin" title="Stenka Razin">Stenka Razin</a> in 1671 en die massateregstelling deur <a href="/wiki/Pieter_I_van_Rusland" title="Pieter I van Rusland">Pieter die Grote</a> van die opstandige <a href="/wiki/Streltsi" title="Streltsi">Streltsi</a> aan die einde van die 1690's. </p><p>Nadat die hoofstad onder Pieter die Grote na <a href="/wiki/Sint_Petersburg" title="Sint Petersburg">Sint Petersburg</a> geskuif is, het die podium sy destydse funksie verloor en was dit bloot 'n gedenkteken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gedenkteken_vir_Minin_en_Pozjarski">Gedenkteken vir Minin en Pozjarski</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Gedenkteken vir Minin en Pozjarski" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Gedenkteken vir Minin en Pozjarski"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reg voor die Sint Basilius-katedraal staan die <a href="/wiki/Gedenkteken_vir_Minin_en_Pozjarski" title="Gedenkteken vir Minin en Pozjarski">Gedenkteken vir Minin en Pozjarski</a> (Памятник Минину и Пожарскому, <i>Pamjatnik Mininoe i Pozjarskomoe</i>), wat in 1812–1818 opgerig is vir <a href="/wiki/Koezma_Minin" title="Koezma Minin">Koezma Minin</a> en prins <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Pozjarski" title="Dmitri Pozjarski">Dmitri Pozjarski</a>, wat in 1612 'n leër op die been gebring het om die <a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Pole">Pole</a> uit die Kremlin te verdryf en so 'n einde te bring aan die Russiese <a href="/wiki/Tyd_van_Beroeringe" title="Tyd van Beroeringe">Tyd van Beroeringe</a>. Sedert 2005 word 4 November weer gevier as die "Dag van die Vereniging van die Volk". </p><p>Dit is gemaak volgens 'n ontwerp deur die beeldhouer Iwan Martos en is ná 'n beplannings- en boufase van 15 jaar in Februarie 1818 feestelik onthul. Dit was 'n paar jaar ná die oorlog teen Napoleon en net nadat Moskou weer herbou is, en die gedenkteken het dus terselfdertyd gedien as simbool van die onoorwinbaarheid van Rusland en sy dapper seuns. Dit het aanvanklik voor die hoofingang van die GUM gestaan, maar is in 1930 na sy huidige plek geskuif om plek te maak vir militêre parades van die voormalige Sowjetunie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sint_Basilius-katedraal">Sint Basilius-katedraal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Sint Basilius-katedraal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Sint Basilius-katedraal"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Moscow_-_Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Moscow_-_Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral.jpg/180px-Moscow_-_Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Moscow_-_Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral.jpg/270px-Moscow_-_Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Moscow_-_Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral.jpg/360px-Moscow_-_Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2663" data-file-height="1997" /></a><figcaption>Die Sint Basilius-katedraal.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die <a href="/wiki/Sint_Basilius-katedraal" title="Sint Basilius-katedraal">Sint Basilius-katedraal</a> aan die suidekant is sonder twyfel die bekendste gebou aan Rooiplein. Sy eintlike naam is die Katedraal van die Voorbidding van Gods Moeder aan die Grag (Собор Покрова что на Рву, <i>Sobor Pokrowa tsjo na Rwoe</i>) of kortliks die Pokrof-katedraal (Покровский собор, <i>Pokrofski sobor</i>). Dit was aanvanklik die belangrikste kerk in die hoofstad, maar tans is dit 'n museum wat tot die kompleks van die teenoorgeleë Moskouse Historiese Staatsmuseum behoort. </p><p>In die middel 16de eeu het 'n houtkerk, die Drie-eenheid-kerk, op dié plek gestaan. Dit het aan Rooiplein sy destydse naam, Troitskaja, besorg. In 1555 het Iwan die Verskriklike besluit om in die plek daarvan 'n kerk te bou uit dankbaarheid vir die oorwinning drie jaar tevore oor die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazanse_Khanaat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazanse Khanaat (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kazanse Khanaat</a>. Dié houtkerk is in 1561 vervang deur die huidige steengebou en is dus een van die oudste geboue aan die plein. </p><p>Die katedraal het sy huidige bynaam gekry van die "<a href="/wiki/Joerodiwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Joerodiwi">dwaas vir Christus</a>" <a href="/wiki/Basilius_die_Heilige" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilius die Heilige">Basilius die Heilige</a>, wat omstreeks 1552 dood is en naby die katedraal begrawe is. </p><p>Tot met die verskuiwing van die hoofstad na Sint Petersburg was die katedraal die belangrikste plek van aanbidding in Moskou en talle Ortodokse feeste het hier plaasgevind. Napoleon sou volgens legende in 1812 gelas het dat die katedraal opgeblaas word, maar 'n reënbui het die lont geblus. Ook in 1918, ná die <a href="/wiki/Russiese_Rewolusie_(1917)" title="Russiese Rewolusie (1917)">Russiese Rewolusie</a>, is die kerk amper saam met ander geboue deur Stalin laat sloop om plek te maak vir parades, maar die plan is weens groot teenstand laat vaar. </p><p>Die asimmetriese bouvorm van die katedraal onderskei hom van ander Russies-Ortodokse kerke. Die sentrale element is die nege kleurryk versierde torings van verskillende groottes en kleure. Die gebou het dus geen fasade nie, maar vorm van enige rigting 'n uitsonderlike gesig. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oostelike_Kremlinmuur">Oostelike Kremlinmuur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Oostelike Kremlinmuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Oostelike Kremlinmuur"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Moscow_Kremlin,_Moat_by_Nikolskaya_tower,_1800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Moat_by_Nikolskaya_tower%2C_1800.jpg/180px-Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Moat_by_Nikolskaya_tower%2C_1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Moat_by_Nikolskaya_tower%2C_1800.jpg/270px-Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Moat_by_Nikolskaya_tower%2C_1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Moat_by_Nikolskaya_tower%2C_1800.jpg/360px-Moscow_Kremlin%2C_Moat_by_Nikolskaya_tower%2C_1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Die toegegroeide grag voor die Kremlinmuur kort voor dit toegebou is. 'n Tekening deur Fjodor Aleksejef, omstreeks 1800.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:The_Spasskaya_Tower,_Moscow,_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Spasskaya_Tower%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/180px-The_Spasskaya_Tower%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Spasskaya_Tower%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/270px-The_Spasskaya_Tower%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Spasskaya_Tower%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/360px-The_Spasskaya_Tower%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Die Spasskaja-toring.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die <a href="/wiki/Moskouse_Kremlintorings" title="Moskouse Kremlintorings">Oostelike Kremlinmuur</a>, wat al langs die westekant van Rooiplein loop, lyk om verskeie redes anders as die ander mure van die <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a>. Dit is hoër, want dit word nie soos die ander kante van die Kremlin deur riviere of ander natuurlike hindernisse begrens nie. Dit is dus beskou as die kwesbaarste kant van die Kremlin in 'n aanval. Verder is 'n grag in die begin van die 16de eeu al langs die muur gegrawe. </p><p>Van die drie Kremlintorings aan Rooiplein is twee bo ingangspoorte gebou, van waar brûe oor die grag geloop het. Vandag is niks van die grag en die brûe oor nie. Die mees noordelike van die drie torings is die 70 meter hoë <a href="/wiki/Moskouse_Kremlintorings#Nikolskaja" title="Moskouse Kremlintorings">Nikolskaja-toring</a> (Никольская башня, <i>Nikolskaja basjnja</i>), wat genoem is na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Nikolaas_van_Myra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sint Nikolaas van Myra (bladsy bestaan nie)">sint Nikolaas van Myra</a> en oorspronklik in 1491 gebou is volgens 'n ontwerp van Pietro Antonio Solari. In 1812 is dit tydens die oorlog teen Napoleon verwoes en in 1816 herbou deur Osip Bove. Dit het 'n ongewone Gotiese styl en lyk heelwat anders as die ander 19 Kremlintorings. </p><p>Nog 'n toring aan dié kant wat bo 'n poort gebou is, is die <a href="/wiki/Moskouse_Kremlintorings#Spasskaja" title="Moskouse Kremlintorings">Spasskaja-</a> of Verlosser-toring (Спасская башня, <i>Spasskaja basjnja</i>), wat saam met die Sint Basilius-katedraal die suidgrens van die plein vorm. Dit kry sy naam van die Verlosser-beeld wat eens bo die poort gehang het. Die toring is 71 meter hoog en is nes die Nikolskaja-toring in 1491 deur Pietro Antonio Solari gebou. Dit was destyds net die helfte so hoog soos nou. Dit het sy huidige vorm in 1624–1625 gekry met die aanbou van 'n kloktoring wat deur die <a href="/wiki/Skotland" title="Skotland">Skotse</a> argitek en horlosiemaker Christopher Galloway ontwerp is. </p><p>Die wapen van die tsaar met sy dubbele arend teen die Nikolskaja- en die Spasskaja-toring is in 1937 vervang deur rooi sterre, die simbool van <a href="/wiki/Kommunisme" title="Kommunisme">kommunisme</a>. </p><p>Die klein 34 meter hoë toring tussen dié twee torings en bo die Lenin-mausoleum is die <a href="/wiki/Moskouse_Kremlintorings#Senatskaja" title="Moskouse Kremlintorings">Senatskaja-toring</a> (Сенатская башня, <i>Senatskaja basjnja</i>), wat sy naam kry van die voormalige <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremlin-senaat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kremlin-senaat (bladsy bestaan nie)">senaatsgebou</a> wat reg agter hom staan. Dit is saam met die ander twee torings gebou en ook deur Pietro Antonio Solari ontwerp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lenin-mausoleum">Lenin-mausoleum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Lenin-mausoleum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Lenin-mausoleum"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Moscow_kremlin_senate_mausloleum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Moscow_kremlin_senate_mausloleum.jpg/180px-Moscow_kremlin_senate_mausloleum.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Moscow_kremlin_senate_mausloleum.jpg/270px-Moscow_kremlin_senate_mausloleum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Moscow_kremlin_senate_mausloleum.jpg/360px-Moscow_kremlin_senate_mausloleum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Die <a href="/wiki/Moskouse_Kremlintorings#Senatskaja" title="Moskouse Kremlintorings">Senatskaja-toring</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Lenin-mausoleum" title="Lenin-mausoleum">Lenin-mausoleum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die <a href="/wiki/Lenin-mausoleum" title="Lenin-mausoleum">Lenin-mausoleum</a> (Мавзолей В.И. Ленина, <i>Mawzolei W.I. Lenina</i>) aan die westekant van die plein is 'n belangrike monument uit die Sowjettyd. Dit staan teen die Kremlinmuur onder die Senatskaja-toring. Binne-in word die gebalsemde lyk van die rewolusionêr en stigter van die Sowjetunie, <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Lenin" title="Wladimir Lenin">Wladimir Lenin</a>, uitgestal. Dit is steeds op sekere dae vir die publiek oop. </p><p>Die huidige gebou is deur twee tydelike geboue voorafgegaan. Die eerste is in Januarie 1924, net ná Lenin se dood, gebou en die tweede kort daarna, ook vroeg in 1924. Die huidige mausoleum is in 1929–1930 gebou. Dit het van buite die vorm van 'n meervlakkige piramide wat geskoei is op die ontwerp van antieke graftomes. Dit is ontwerp deur Aleksei Sjtsjoessef. </p><p>Tydens Sowjet-parades het staatshoofde en ander hoogwaardigheidsbekleërs die parades vanaf die dak van die mausoleum dopgehou. </p><p>Vandag is die gebou in omstredenheid gehul. Baie mense, soos die laaste Sowjet-staatshoof <a href="/wiki/Michail_Gorbatsjof" title="Michail Gorbatsjof">Michail Gorbatsjof</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wil hê dat Lenin se lyk eindelik begrawe word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kremlinmuur-dodeakker">Kremlinmuur-dodeakker</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Kremlinmuur-dodeakker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Kremlinmuur-dodeakker"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Russia-Moscow-Graves_near_and_in_Kremlin_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Russia-Moscow-Graves_near_and_in_Kremlin_Wall.jpg/220px-Russia-Moscow-Graves_near_and_in_Kremlin_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Russia-Moscow-Graves_near_and_in_Kremlin_Wall.jpg/330px-Russia-Moscow-Graves_near_and_in_Kremlin_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Russia-Moscow-Graves_near_and_in_Kremlin_Wall.jpg/440px-Russia-Moscow-Graves_near_and_in_Kremlin_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2222" data-file-height="1662" /></a><figcaption>Grafte aan die Kremlinmuur.</figcaption></figure> <p>Reg by die Lenin-mausoleum, langs die Kremlinmuur, is 'n groot erebegraafplaas, die <a href="/wiki/Kremlinmuur-dodeakker" title="Kremlinmuur-dodeakker">Kremlinmuur-dodeakker</a> (Некро́поль у Кремлёвской стены́ , <i>Nekropol oe Kremljofskoi Steni</i>). Dit het in November 1917 ontstaan en sowat 250 soldate wat tydens die Russiese Rewolusie gesterf het, is hier in twee massagrafte ter ruste gelê. Daarna is vele rewolusionêre ook daar begrawe, soos Lenin se medestryder Jakof Swerdlof in 1919 reeds. Met die bou van die Lenin-mausoleum het die grafte 'n sentrale element geword. </p><p>Tot in die 1980's is honderde mense wat beskou is as besonder verdienstelike seuns en dogters van die Sowjetunie, daar begrawe, veral rewolusionêre, <a href="/wiki/Held_van_die_Sowjetunie" title="Held van die Sowjetunie">Helde van die Sowjetunie</a>, staatsmanne en militêre met hoë range. Dit is as 'n besondere eer beskou en was min mense beskore. Twaalf staatsmanne is daar begrawe, onder andere Swerdlof, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezjnef" title="Leonid Brezjnef">Leonid Brezjnef</a> en Stalin. Daar is ook talle nisse in die Kremlinmuur met die reste van vele ander, soos <a href="/wiki/Joeri_Gagarin" title="Joeri Gagarin">Joeri Gagarin</a>, Lenin se vrou <a href="/wiki/Nadezjda_Kroepskaja" title="Nadezjda Kroepskaja">Nadezjda Kroepskaja</a> en <a href="/wiki/Maksim_Gorki" title="Maksim Gorki">Maksim Gorki</a>. Die laaste persoon wat in die dodeakker begrawe is, is die staatshoof <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsjernenko" title="Konstantin Tsjernenko">Konstantin Tsjernenko</a> in 1985. Dit is sedert 1994 'n gedenkteken.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galery">Galery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Wysig afdeling: Galery" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Galery"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Vasnecov_Moskva_Pri_Ivane_Groznom_Krasnaya_Ploscshad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rooiplein in die 16de eeu (voorstelling deur Apollinari Wasnetsof)."><img alt="Rooiplein in die 16de eeu (voorstelling deur Apollinari Wasnetsof)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Vasnecov_Moskva_Pri_Ivane_Groznom_Krasnaya_Ploscshad.jpg/120px-Vasnecov_Moskva_Pri_Ivane_Groznom_Krasnaya_Ploscshad.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Vasnecov_Moskva_Pri_Ivane_Groznom_Krasnaya_Ploscshad.jpg/180px-Vasnecov_Moskva_Pri_Ivane_Groznom_Krasnaya_Ploscshad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Vasnecov_Moskva_Pri_Ivane_Groznom_Krasnaya_Ploscshad.jpg/240px-Vasnecov_Moskva_Pri_Ivane_Groznom_Krasnaya_Ploscshad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="725" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rooiplein in die 16de eeu (voorstelling deur Apollinari Wasnetsof).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Krasnaya_Ploshad1760.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In die 1760's (deur Friedrich Hilferding)."><img alt="In die 1760's (deur Friedrich Hilferding)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Krasnaya_Ploshad1760.jpg/120px-Krasnaya_Ploshad1760.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Krasnaya_Ploshad1760.jpg/180px-Krasnaya_Ploshad1760.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Krasnaya_Ploshad1760.jpg/240px-Krasnaya_Ploshad1760.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="875" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In die 1760's (deur Friedrich Hilferding).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Red_Square_in_Moscow_(1801)_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In 1802 (deur Fjodor Aleksejef)."><img alt="In 1802 (deur Fjodor Aleksejef)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Red_Square_in_Moscow_%281801%29_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg/120px-Red_Square_in_Moscow_%281801%29_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Red_Square_in_Moscow_%281801%29_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg/180px-Red_Square_in_Moscow_%281801%29_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Red_Square_in_Moscow_%281801%29_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg/240px-Red_Square_in_Moscow_%281801%29_by_Fedor_Alekseev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1677" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In 1802 (deur Fjodor Aleksejef).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Rauh_Moskva_1830-e.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In die 1830's (deur Karl Rauh)."><img alt="In die 1830's (deur Karl Rauh)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rauh_Moskva_1830-e.jpg/120px-Rauh_Moskva_1830-e.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rauh_Moskva_1830-e.jpg/180px-Rauh_Moskva_1830-e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rauh_Moskva_1830-e.jpg/240px-Rauh_Moskva_1830-e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="339" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In die 1830's (deur Karl Rauh).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Announcement_of_the_Coronation.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Die kroning van Aleksander II in 1856 (deur Wasili Timm)."><img alt="Die kroning van Aleksander II in 1856 (deur Wasili Timm)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Announcement_of_the_Coronation.JPG/120px-Announcement_of_the_Coronation.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Announcement_of_the_Coronation.JPG/180px-Announcement_of_the_Coronation.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Announcement_of_the_Coronation.JPG/240px-Announcement_of_the_Coronation.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3945" data-file-height="2989" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Die kroning van Aleksander II in 1856 (deur Wasili Timm).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Krasnaya_Ploshad1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In 1856."><img alt="In 1856." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Krasnaya_Ploshad1850.jpg/120px-Krasnaya_Ploshad1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Krasnaya_Ploshad1850.jpg/180px-Krasnaya_Ploshad1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Krasnaya_Ploshad1850.jpg/240px-Krasnaya_Ploshad1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In 1856.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Krasnaya_Ploshad-1900-N.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In die vroeë 20ste eeu."><img alt="In die vroeë 20ste eeu." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Krasnaya_Ploshad-1900-N.jpg/120px-Krasnaya_Ploshad-1900-N.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Krasnaya_Ploshad-1900-N.jpg/180px-Krasnaya_Ploshad-1900-N.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Krasnaya_Ploshad-1900-N.jpg/240px-Krasnaya_Ploshad-1900-N.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In die vroeë 20ste eeu.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Krasnaya_Ploshad_tramvaj.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="’n Trem op Rooiplein."><img alt="’n Trem op Rooiplein." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Krasnaya_Ploshad_tramvaj.jpg/120px-Krasnaya_Ploshad_tramvaj.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Krasnaya_Ploshad_tramvaj.jpg/180px-Krasnaya_Ploshad_tramvaj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Krasnaya_Ploshad_tramvaj.jpg/240px-Krasnaya_Ploshad_tramvaj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">’n Trem op Rooiplein.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kustodiev_Verbny_torg_u_Spasskih_vorot_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="’n Mark met die Spasski-poort (deur Boris Koestodijef), 1917."><img alt="’n Mark met die Spasski-poort (deur Boris Koestodijef), 1917." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kustodiev_Verbny_torg_u_Spasskih_vorot_1917.jpg/96px-Kustodiev_Verbny_torg_u_Spasskih_vorot_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kustodiev_Verbny_torg_u_Spasskih_vorot_1917.jpg/144px-Kustodiev_Verbny_torg_u_Spasskih_vorot_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kustodiev_Verbny_torg_u_Spasskih_vorot_1917.jpg/192px-Kustodiev_Verbny_torg_u_Spasskih_vorot_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">’n Mark met die Spasski-poort (deur Boris Koestodijef), 1917.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:1931._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Die Rooiplein in 1931."><img alt="Die Rooiplein in 1931." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1931._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C.jpg/120px-1931._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1931._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C.jpg/180px-1931._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1931._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C.jpg/240px-1931._%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Die Rooiplein in 1931.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Victory_Parade_1945.ogv/120px--Victory_Parade_1945.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="90" data-durationhint="1102" data-mwtitle="Victory_Parade_1945.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/Victory_Parade_1945.ogv/Victory_Parade_1945.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Victory_Parade_1945.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/Victory_Parade_1945.ogv/Victory_Parade_1945.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AVictory_Parade_1945.ogv&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Die Oorwinningsparade in 1945.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Punainen_tori.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Die Sint Basilius-katedraal en Spasskaja-toring."><img alt="Die Sint Basilius-katedraal en Spasskaja-toring." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Punainen_tori.JPG/120px-Punainen_tori.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Punainen_tori.JPG/180px-Punainen_tori.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Punainen_tori.JPG/240px-Punainen_tori.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Die Sint Basilius-katedraal en Spasskaja-toring.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verdere_leesstof">Verdere leesstof</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Wysig afdeling: Verdere leesstof" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Verdere leesstof"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Igor Bondarenko: <i>Krasnaja plosjtsjad Moskwoe</i>. Vetsje, Moskou, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/5953313349" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-953-31334-9</a> <span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Russies">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">ru</span>) </span></li> <li>Andrej Dëmin: <i>Zolotoje koltso Moskwoe</i>, S. 57–72. Vetsje, Moskou, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/595331454X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-9533-1454-X</a> <span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Russies">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">ru</span>) </span></li> <li>Dmitri Ewdokimof: <i>Kreml i Krasnaja plosjtsjad</i>. ITRK, Moskou, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/5880101606" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-88010-160-6</a> <span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Russies">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">ru</span>) </span></li> <li>A. J. Kiseljof e.a.: <i>Moskwa: Kreml i Krasnaja plosjtsjad</i>, AST/Astrel, Moskou, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/5170348754" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-17-034875-4</a> <span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Russies">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">ru</span>) </span></li> <li>Sergei Romanjoek: <i>Kreml. Krasnaja plosjtsjad</i>. ANO IC Moskwowedenije, Moskou, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/5785304341" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-7853-0434-1</a> <span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Russies">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">ru</span>) </span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108182643/http://psi.ece.jhu.edu/~kaplan/IRUSS/BUK/GBARC/pdfs/dis60/kgb68-5.pdf">"Oorspronklike dokument van die KGB, URL besoek op 19 Julie 2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psi.ece.jhu.edu/~kaplan/IRUSS/BUK/GBARC/pdfs/dis60/kgb68-5.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> op 8 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">8 Mei</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oorspronklike+dokument+van+die+KGB%2C+URL+besoek+op+19+Julie+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsi.ece.jhu.edu%2F~kaplan%2FIRUSS%2FBUK%2FGBARC%2Fpdfs%2Fdis60%2Fkgb68-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARooiplein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081103172052/http://www.sueddeutsche.de/,ra2m1/panorama/artikel/59/115943/">"Thomas Urban: <i>Die Wahrheit liegt neben dem Platz</i>, in Süddeutsche Zeitung, 28 Mei 2007; URL besoek op 19 Julie 2008"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sueddeutsche.de/,ra2m1/panorama/artikel/59/115943/">die oorspronklike</a> op 3 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">8 Mei</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Urban%3A+Die+Wahrheit+liegt+neben+dem+Platz%2C+in+S%C3%BCddeutsche+Zeitung%2C+28+Mei+2007%3B+URL+besoek+op+19+Julie+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2F%2Cra2m1%2Fpanorama%2Fartikel%2F59%2F115943%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARooiplein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080601044959/http://www.gum.ru/news/id/77/">"Amptelike GUM-webtuiste, besoek op 15 Junie 2008"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gum.ru/news/id/77/">die oorspronklike</a> op 1 Junie 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">8 Mei</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amptelike+GUM-webtuiste%2C+besoek+op+15+Junie+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gum.ru%2Fnews%2Fid%2F77%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ARooiplein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20120803202325/www.izvestia.ru/economic/article3110595/">Iswestija, 23 November 2007; URL besoek op 17 Julie 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gorby.ru/rubrs.asp?art_id=25964&rubr_id=21&page=1">Perskonferensie op 4 Junie 2008</a><sup><i>[dooie skakel]</i></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ng.ru/polemics/2001-03-17/8_nekropol.html">Nesawissimaja Gaseta, 31 Januarie 2001; URL besoek op 20 Julie 2008</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronne">Bronne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Bronne"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Russies">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">ru</span>) </span> Юрий Федосюк. Москва в кольце Садовых. М., Московский рабочий, 1991. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/5239011397" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-239-01139-7</a></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Russies">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">ru</span>) </span> П.В.Сытин. Из истории московских улиц (очерки). М.. Московский рабочий, 1958</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rooiplein&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Red_Square" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Red Square">Rooiplein</a></b></i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545">Unesco-webtuiste</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moskva.ru/guide/redsquare/redsquare_e1.html">Rooiplein-geskiedenis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060415163611/http://www.moskva.ru/guide/redsquare/redsquare_e1.html">Geargiveer</a> 15 April 2006 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moscow-life.com/moscow/red-square">Moscow-Life: 'n Gids tot Rooiplein</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moscow.info/red-square/index.aspx">Belangrike inligting vir besoekers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130505145827/http://www.moscow.info/red-square/index.aspx">Geargiveer</a> 5 Mei 2013 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Crystal_txt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/20px-Crystal_txt.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/30px-Crystal_txt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/40px-Crystal_txt.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><small>Hierdie artikel is vertaal vanuit die <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Square" class="extiw" title="en:Red Square">Engelse</a> en die <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotter_Platz" class="extiw" title="de:Rotter Platz">Duitse Wikipedia</a></small></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x20px&#124;border&#124;Vlag_van_Rusland&#124;link=Rusland_Wêrelderfenisgebiede_in_Rusland_volgens_federale_distrikte" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:W%C3%AArelderfenisgebiede_in_Rusland" title="Sjabloon:Wêrelderfenisgebiede in Rusland"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloonbespreking:W%C3%AArelderfenisgebiede_in_Rusland" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Wêrelderfenisgebiede in Rusland"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:W%C3%AArelderfenisgebiede_in_Rusland&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x20px&#124;border&#124;Vlag_van_Rusland&#124;link=Rusland_Wêrelderfenisgebiede_in_Rusland_volgens_federale_distrikte" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Vlag van Rusland"><img alt="Vlag van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>   <a href="/wiki/W%C3%AArelderfenisgebied" title="Wêrelderfenisgebied">Wêrelderfenisgebiede</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a> volgens <a href="/wiki/Federale_distrikte_van_Rusland" title="Federale distrikte van Rusland">federale distrikte</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 2px 0px 0px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kishi_church_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kizji-pogost"><img alt="Kizji-pogost" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kishi_church_3.jpg/100px-Kishi_church_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kishi_church_3.jpg/150px-Kishi_church_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kishi_church_3.jpg/200px-Kishi_church_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Petersburg-square.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Historiese Sentrum van Sint Petersburg en Omgewing"><img alt="Historiese Sentrum van Sint Petersburg en Omgewing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Petersburg-square.jpg/100px-Petersburg-square.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Petersburg-square.jpg/150px-Petersburg-square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Petersburg-square.jpg/200px-Petersburg-square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cathedral_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moskouse Kremlin"><img alt="Moskouse Kremlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cathedral_Square.jpg/100px-Cathedral_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cathedral_Square.jpg/150px-Cathedral_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cathedral_Square.jpg/200px-Cathedral_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="391" /></a></span></div></td><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sentraal</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kolomenskoje#Hemelvaartskerk" title="Kolomenskoje">Hemelvaartskerk in Kolomenskoje</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moskouse_Kremlin" title="Moskouse Kremlin">Moskouse Kremlin</a> <small>en</small> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rooiplein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nowodewitsji-klooster" title="Nowodewitsji-klooster">Nowodewitsji-klooster</a> • <a href="/wiki/Drie-eenheid-klooster_van_Sint_Sergius" title="Drie-eenheid-klooster van Sint Sergius">Drie-eenheid-klooster van Sint Sergius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wit_Monumente_van_Wladimir_en_Soezdal" title="Wit Monumente van Wladimir en Soezdal">Wit Monumente van Wladimir en Soezdal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jaroslawl" title="Jaroslawl">Historiese Sentrum van Jaroslawl</a><br /> </p> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Klyuchevskoi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vulkane van Kamtsjatka"><img alt="Vulkane van Kamtsjatka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Klyuchevskoi.jpg/100px-Klyuchevskoi.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Klyuchevskoi.jpg/150px-Klyuchevskoi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Klyuchevskoi.jpg/200px-Klyuchevskoi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="517" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Olchon_Shaman_Rock.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baikalmeer"><img alt="Baikalmeer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Olchon_Shaman_Rock.jpg/100px-Olchon_Shaman_Rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Olchon_Shaman_Rock.jpg/150px-Olchon_Shaman_Rock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Olchon_Shaman_Rock.jpg/200px-Olchon_Shaman_Rock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Katun.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Katoenrivier in die Berge van Altai"><img alt="Katoenrivier in die Berge van Altai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Katun.jpg/100px-Katun.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Katun.jpg/150px-Katun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Katun.jpg/200px-Katun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suidelik</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus">Wes-Kaukasus</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noordwestelik</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pskof" title="Pskof">Kerke van die Pskof-argitektuurskool</a> • <a href="/wiki/Koerse_Skoorwal" title="Koerse Skoorwal">Koerse Skoorwal</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> • <a href="/wiki/Ferapontof-klooster" title="Ferapontof-klooster">Ferapontof-klooster</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kizji" title="Kizji">Kizji-pogost</a> • <a href="/wiki/Komi" title="Komi">Ongerepte Komi-woude</a> • <a href="/wiki/Weliki_Nowgorod" title="Weliki Nowgorod">Historiese Monumente van Nowgorod en Omgewing</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sint_Petersburg" title="Sint Petersburg">Historiese Sentrum van Sint Petersburg en Omgewing</a> • <a href="/wiki/Solowjetski-eilande" title="Solowjetski-eilande">Solowjetski-eilande</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geodetiese_Boog_van_Struve" title="Geodetiese Boog van Struve">Geodetiese Boog van Struve</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Verre-Ooste</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lenapilare" title="Lenapilare">Lenapilare</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vulkane_van_Kamtsjatka" title="Vulkane van Kamtsjatka">Vulkane van Kamtsjatka</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sichote-Alin" title="Sichote-Alin">Sentrale Sichote-Alin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wrangeleiland" title="Wrangeleiland">Wrangeleiland</a><br /> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Siberië</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Goue_Berge_van_Altai" title="Goue Berge van Altai">Goue Berge van Altai</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baikalmeer" title="Baikalmeer">Baikalmeer</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transbaikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transbaikal (bladsy bestaan nie)">Landskappe van Daurië</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> • <a href="/wiki/Poetoranaplato" title="Poetoranaplato">Poetoranaplato</a> • <a href="/wiki/Uvs_Nuur-bekken" title="Uvs Nuur-bekken">Uvs Nuur-bekken</a><sup><small>3</small></sup><br /> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wolga</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bulgar" title="Bulgar">Bulgar</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swijazhsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swijazhsk (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hemelvaart-Katedraal en Klooster van die dorp-eiland Swijazhsk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kazanse_Kremlin" title="Kazanse Kremlin">Kazanse Kremlin</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noord-Kaukasus</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Vesting, Antieke Stad en Fortgeboue van Derbent</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="4"><div><sup>1</sup> Gedeel met <a href="/wiki/Litaue" title="Litaue">Litaue</a> • <sup>2</sup> Gedeel met nege ander lande • <sup>3</sup> Gedeel met <a href="/wiki/Mongoli%C3%AB" 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