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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Marriage to Napoleon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marriage_to_Napoleon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Marriage to Napoleon subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Marriage_to_Napoleon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Empress_of_the_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empress_of_the_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Empress of the French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empress_of_the_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later life and death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later life and death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Duchess_of_Navarre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duchess_of_Navarre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Duchess of Navarre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duchess_of_Navarre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality_and_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality_and_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Personality and appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality_and_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patroness_of_roses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patroness_of_roses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Patroness of roses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patroness_of_roses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_patronage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_patronage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Art patronage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Art_patronage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Art patronage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Art_patronage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Furniture/Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Furniture/Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Furniture/Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Furniture/Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Statue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Fiction books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.6</span> <span>Fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Joséphine de Beauharnais</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosephine_Francena_Caserin" title="Iosephine Francena Caserin – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iosephine Francena Caserin" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جوزفين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوزفين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozefina_Boharne" title="Jozefina Boharne – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Jozefina Boharne" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87" title="ژوزفین بوهارنه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژوزفین بوهارنه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Жазефіна Багарнэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жазефіна Багарнэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Жозефин дьо Боарне – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жозефин дьо Боарне" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefina_de_Beauharnais" title="Josefina de Beauharnais – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Josefina de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Жозефина Богарне – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Жозефина Богарне" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%99%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Αυτοκράτειρα Ιωσηφίνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκράτειρα Ιωσηφίνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefina_de_Beauharnais" title="Josefina de Beauharnais – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Josefina de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozefino_de_Beauharnais" title="Jozefino de Beauharnais – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jozefino de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefina_de_Beauharnais" title="Josefina de Beauharnais – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Josefina de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87" title="ژوزفین بوآرنه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژوزفین بوآرنه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xosefina_de_Beauharnais" title="Xosefina de Beauharnais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xosefina de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%80_%EB%93%9C_%EB%B3%B4%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%84%A4" title="조제핀 드 보아르네 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조제핀 드 보아르네" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A8_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5" title="Ժոզեֆին դը Բոհարնե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժոզեֆին դը Բոհարնե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="जोज़ेफीन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जोज़ेफीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppina_di_Beauharnais" title="Giuseppina di Beauharnais – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giuseppina di Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%94" title="ז'וזפין דה בוארנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'וזפין דה בוארנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜೋಸಿಫೀನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೋಸಿಫೀನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ჟოზეფინ ბოარნე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟოზეფინ ბოარნე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosephina_de_Beauharnais" title="Iosephina de Beauharnais – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iosephina de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDozef%C4%ABne_de_Boarn%C4%93" title="Žozefīne de Boarnē – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žozefīne de Boarnē" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDozefina_Boharn%C4%97" title="Žozefina Boharnė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žozefina Boharnė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozefina_francia_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1rn%C3%A9" title="Jozefina francia császárné – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jozefina francia császárné" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Жозефина де Боарне – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жозефина де Боарне" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86" title="ജോസ്ഫൈൻ ദു ബുവാർണ്യെ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോസ്ഫൈൻ ദു ബുവാർണ്യെ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7)" title="جوزفين (مصممه من فرنسا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوزفين (مصممه من فرنسا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Жозефин де Бөарнэ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жозефин де Бөарнэ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%87%E1%80%96%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%96%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဂျိုးဇဖင်းမိဖုရား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျိုးဇဖင်းမိဖုရား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D" title="ジョゼフィーヌ・ド・ボアルネ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョゼフィーヌ・ド・ボアルネ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جوزفین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جوزفین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zefina_(cesarzowa_francuska)" title="Józefina (cesarzowa francuska) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Józefina (cesarzowa francuska)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefina_de_Beauharnais" title="Josefina de Beauharnais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Josefina de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Жозефина Богарне – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жозефина Богарне" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%86%D8%B2%DB%8E%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%86%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8E" title="ژۆزێفین بۆھارنێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژۆزێفین بۆھارنێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Жозефина де Боарне – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жозефина де Боарне" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99" title="โฌเซฟีน เดอ โบอาร์แน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โฌเซฟีน เดอ โบอาร์แน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Жозефіна Богарне – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жозефіна Богарне" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جوزیفین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوزیفین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Joséphine de Beauharnais" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For her granddaughter, the queen consort of Sweden and Norway, see <a href="/wiki/Josephine_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Josephine of Leuchtenberg">Josephine of Leuchtenberg</a>. For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Empress_Josephine_(horse)" title="Empress Josephine (horse)">Empress Josephine (horse)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Joséphine de Beauharnais</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Viscountess of Beauharnais</li><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Navarre" title="Duke of Navarre">Duchess of Navarre</a></li></ul></div></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais_vers_1809_Gros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Empress Joséphine in her forty-fifth–forty-sixth year" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais_vers_1809_Gros.jpg/220px-Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais_vers_1809_Gros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais_vers_1809_Gros.jpg/330px-Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais_vers_1809_Gros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais_vers_1809_Gros.jpg/440px-Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais_vers_1809_Gros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2461" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Jean_Gros" title="Antoine-Jean Gros">Antoine-Jean Gros</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1809</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Empress_consort_of_the_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress consort of the French">Empress consort of the French</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">18 May 1804 – 10 January 1810</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon_and_Jos%C3%A9phine" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of Napoleon and Joséphine">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 December 1804</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of Italy">Queen consort of Italy</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">23 May 1805 – 10 January 1810</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1763-06-23</span>)</span>23 June 1763<br /><a href="/wiki/Dauphin_Quarter" title="Dauphin Quarter">Dauphin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 May 1814<span style="display:none">(1814-05-29)</span> (aged 50)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rueil-Malmaison" title="Rueil-Malmaison">Rueil-Malmaison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Kingdom of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Church of Saint-Pierre-Saint-Paul, <a href="/wiki/Rueil-Malmaison" title="Rueil-Malmaison">Rueil-Malmaison</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre, Viscount of Beauharnais</a></span></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="13 December 1779">1779</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="23 July 1794">1794</span>)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I,_Emperor_of_the_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I, Emperor of the French">Napoleon I, Emperor of the French</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="9 March 1796">1796</span>; <abbr title="annulled">ann.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="10 January 1810">1810</span>)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais,_Duke_of_Leuchtenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugène de Beauharnais, Duke of Leuchtenberg">Eugène de Beauharnais, Duke of Leuchtenberg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hortense_de_Beauharnais,_Queen_of_Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of Holland">Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of Holland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tascher de La Pagerie</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Joseph Gaspard Tascher de La Pagerie</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Rose Claire des Vergers de Sannois</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signatur_Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais's signature"><img alt="Joséphine de Beauharnais's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Signatur_Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais.PNG/125px-Signatur_Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais.PNG" decoding="async" width="125" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Signatur_Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="131" data-file-height="61" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Joséphine Bonaparte</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒozefin<span class="wrap"> </span>bɔnapaʁt]</a></span>, born <b>Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie</b>; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Napoleon I">Emperor Napoleon I</a> and as such <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_the_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of the French">Empress of the French</a> from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810. As Napoleon's consort, she was also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_royal_consorts" title="List of Italian royal consorts">Queen of Italy</a> from 26 May 1805 until the 1810 annulment. She is widely known as <b>Joséphine de Beauharnais</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒozefin<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>boaʁnɛ]</a></span>). </p><p>Joséphine's marriage to Napoleon was her second. Her first husband, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotined</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>, and she was imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Carmes_Prison" title="Carmes Prison">Carmes Prison</a> until five days after his execution. Through her children by Beauharnais, she was the grandmother of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Napoleon_III_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Napoleon III of France">Emperor Napoleon III of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empress_Am%C3%A9lie_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Amélie of Brazil">Empress Amélie of Brazil</a>. Members of the current <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">royal families</a> of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_royal_family" title="Swedish royal family">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_royal_family" title="Danish royal family">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_royal_family" title="Norwegian royal family">Norway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_ducal_family_of_Luxembourg" title="Grand ducal family of Luxembourg">grand ducal family of Luxembourg</a> also descend from her. Because she did not bear Napoleon any children, he had their marriage annulled and married <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Louise of Austria">Marie Louise of Austria</a>. Joséphine was the recipient of numerous <a href="/wiki/Love_letter" title="Love letter">love letters</a> written by Napoleon, many of which still exist. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Patron_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron of art">patron of art</a>, Joséphine worked closely with sculptors, painters and interior decorators to establish a unique Consular and <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison" title="Château de Malmaison">Château de Malmaison</a>. She became one of the leading collectors of different forms of art of her time, such as sculpture and painting.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Château de Malmaison was noted for its <a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">rose garden</a>, which she supervised closely. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although she is often referred to as "Joséphine de Beauharnais", it is not a name she herself used. "Beauharnais" is the name of her first husband, which she ceased to use upon her marriage to Napoleon, taking the last name "Bonaparte".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And she did not use the name "Joséphine" before meeting Napoleon, who was the first to call her such, perhaps from her middle name, Josèphe. Before she met Napoleon, she went by the name of Rose, or Marie-Rose Tascher de la Pagerie, later de Beauharnais. She sometimes reverted to using her <a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">maiden name</a> in later life. After her marriage to then-General Bonaparte, she adopted the name Joséphine Bonaparte. The <a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">misnomer</a> "Joséphine de Beauharnais" emerged during the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">restoration of the Bourbons</a>, who were hesitant to refer to her by either Napoleon's surname or her imperial title.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_background">Family background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Taschers were an ancient <a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">French noble family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">landed gentry</a>, and Joséphine's grandfather, Gaspard-Joseph was the first to settle in <a href="/wiki/Le_Carbet" title="Le Carbet">Le Carbet</a> on <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> in 1726.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He seems to have lived in poverty there, but secured a position for his son, Joseph-Gaspard (1735–1790) as a <a href="/wiki/Page_(servant)" title="Page (servant)">page</a> in the household of the <a href="/wiki/Dauphine_of_France" title="Dauphine of France"><i>Dauphine</i> of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Saxony,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France">Maria Josepha of Saxony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After spending three years from 1752 in France, Joseph-Gaspard returned to Martinique and married Rose-Claire des Vergers de Sannois (1735–1807), whose maternal grandfather, Anthony Brown, may have been Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rose-Claire was from one of the oldest European families on the island, and the Tascher family home near <a href="/wiki/Les_Trois-%C3%8Elets" title="Les Trois-Îlets">Les Trois-Îlets</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">sugar plantation</a>, which is now a museum,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was part of her <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>. </p><p>On Martinique, Joseph-Gaspard earned his living as a plantation owner and a lieutenant of the <i><a href="/wiki/Troupes_de_marine" title="Troupes de marine">Troupes de marine</a></i>, apart from a small pension for his previous work in the royal household. He was almost always close to <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a> and suffered from ill health.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disputed_birthplace">Disputed birthplace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Disputed birthplace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Officially, Marie-Josèphe-Rose Tascher de La Pagerie was born in Les Trois-Îlets on Martinique on 23 June 1763. However, this has been disputed by several sources. The church registry in Les Trois-Îlets states that Joséphine was baptised there by Emmanuel Capuchin but does not say she was born there.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Joséphine's father owned an estate in <a href="/wiki/Soufri%C3%A8re_District" title="Soufrière District">Soufrière District</a> on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, called Malmaison, which later was also the name of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison" title="Château de Malmaison">her famous French residence</a>. In 1802, Dom Daviot, <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parish</a> priest in <a href="/wiki/Gros_Islet" title="Gros Islet">Gros Islet</a> on Saint Lucia, wrote a letter to one of his friends, stating that "<i>it is in the vicinity of [my] parish that the wife of the first consul was born</i>". He asserted that he was well acquainted with Joséphine's cousin, his parishioner.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Henry H. Breen's 1844 <i>The History of St. Lucia</i>, he stated that he had met with "<i>several well-informed persons</i>" who were convinced that Empress Joséphine had been born there.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breen presented some evidence for this, including a newspaper clipping from 1831 which said that it was "alleged" that the de Taschers were among the first settlers of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, and that the future empress was born on a small estate on a hill then called La Cauzette, and later known as Morne Paix Bouche.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this story, the family lived there until 1771, when the father went to serve as <a href="/wiki/Intendant" title="Intendant">intendant</a> of Martinique.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people even claimed to have been among Joséphine's playmates, and one of them said that he had been "graciously received" by the empress in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison" title="Château de Malmaison">Château de Malmaison</a> outside Paris. Breen received further confirmation from Joséphine's enslaved <a href="/wiki/Nanny" title="Nanny">nanny</a>, Dede, who said that she nursed Joséphine at La Cauzette.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to those who believe that Joséphine was born on Saint Lucia, the de Tascher estate in Martinique was only a <i><a href="/wiki/Pied-%C3%A0-terre" title="Pied-à-terre">pied-à-terre</a></i>, occasional lodging, for when they wanted to stay with his mother-in-law. Saint Lucia switched hands between Great Britain and France fourteen times, and there were no civil registers on the island when Joséphine was born.<sup id="cite_ref-British_Bonapartes_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Bonapartes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saint Lucia's frequent change of ownership between Britain and France could be seen as the reason her birthplace was left out of her birth record, as it would have affected her nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-British_Bonapartes_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Bonapartes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless of where she was born, Joséphine was her parents' first child, and they had two more: Catherine-Désirée in 1764 and Marie-Françoise in 1766.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the ages of ten and nine, Joséphine and Catherine-Désirée were sent to a boarding school in <a href="/wiki/Fort-de-France" title="Fort-de-France">Fort-Royal</a>, run by the Bénédictines de la Providence. There, they learned to read, write, sing, dance, and embroider for four years. After the death of Catherine-Désirée, Joséphine returned to her parents' plantation. Joséphine's nurse was an enslaved person called Marion, whose freedom she would secure in 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_marriage">First marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_ALEXANDRE_FRANCOIS_MARIE_DE_BEAUHARNAIS_(1760-1794).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_ALEXANDRE_FRANCOIS_MARIE_DE_BEAUHARNAIS_%281760-1794%29.jpg/170px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_ALEXANDRE_FRANCOIS_MARIE_DE_BEAUHARNAIS_%281760-1794%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_ALEXANDRE_FRANCOIS_MARIE_DE_BEAUHARNAIS_%281760-1794%29.jpg/255px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_ALEXANDRE_FRANCOIS_MARIE_DE_BEAUHARNAIS_%281760-1794%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_ALEXANDRE_FRANCOIS_MARIE_DE_BEAUHARNAIS_%281760-1794%29.jpg/340px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_ALEXANDRE_FRANCOIS_MARIE_DE_BEAUHARNAIS_%281760-1794%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3960" data-file-height="5305" /></a><figcaption>Alexandre-Francois-Marie, Vicomte de Beauharnais by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Rouget" title="Georges Rouget">Georges Rouget</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Joséphine's paternal aunt, Marie-Euphémie-Désirée Renaudin, was the mistress of a French naval officer, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_V_de_Beauharnais" title="François V de Beauharnais">François de Beauharnais</a>, from a less ancient but richer noble family.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While living on Martinique, de Beauharnais had a son, Alexandre, by his wife. Soon, the parents returned to France, and left the infant with the Tascher family until 1766.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he had come of age, his father's mistress, who was also Alexandre's godmother, decided that it would be advantageous to her if he married one of her nieces. Aged seventeen, he judged fifteen-year-old Joséphine to be too close to him in age, and thus, Catherine-Désirée was chosen for him. As the bride's father was impoverished and the bridegroom was to become a wealthy man upon his marriage, he asked for no dowry.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time Alexandre's father had proposed in a letter, however, Catherine-Désirée had died. Not wanting to lose the rich suitor, her father offered his youngest daughter instead, which was accepted by Alexandre. Marie-Françoise was not yet twelve, however, and her mother and grandmother were not willing to let her go. In the end, Joséphine was engaged to Alexandre.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1779, she went to France with her father. She married Alexandre on 13 December 1779, in <a href="/wiki/Noisy-le-Grand" title="Noisy-le-Grand">Noisy-le-Grand</a>. They had two children: a son, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a>, and a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Hortense_de_Beauharnais" title="Hortense de Beauharnais">Hortense de Beauharnais</a> (who later married Napoleon's brother <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a> in 1802). Joséphine and Alexandre's marriage was not a happy one. Alexandre abandoned his family for over a year to live with a mistress and frequented <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">brothels</a>, leading to a court-ordered separation during which Joséphine and the children lived at Alexandre's expense in the <a href="/wiki/Pentemont_Abbey" title="Pentemont Abbey">Pentemont Abbey</a>. </p><p>On 2 March 1794, during the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a> ordered the arrest of her husband. He was jailed in the <a href="/wiki/Carmes_Prison" title="Carmes Prison">Carmes Prison</a> in Paris. Considering Joséphine as being too close to the counter-revolutionary financial circles, the Committee ordered her arrest on 18 April 1794. A warrant of arrest was issued against her on 21 April 1794, and she was imprisoned in the Carmes Prison until 28 July. During this time, Joséphine was only allowed to communicate with her children by their scrawls on the laundry list, which the jailers soon prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her husband was accused of having poorly <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">defended Mainz</a> in July 1793, and being considered an aristocratic suspect, was sentenced to death and guillotined with his cousin Augustin on 23 July 1794, on the <i>Place de la Révolution</i> (today <i><a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">Place de la Concorde</a></i>) in Paris. Joséphine was freed five days later, thanks to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Fall of Maximilien Robespierre">Fall of Maximilien Robespierre</a>, which ended the Reign of Terror. On 27 July 1794 <a href="/wiki/Tallien" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallien">Tallien</a> arranged the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Cabarrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thérèse Cabarrus">Thérèse Cabarrus</a>, and soon after that of Joséphine.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1795, a new law allowed her to recover the possessions of Alexandre.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_to_Napoleon">Marriage to Napoleon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marriage to Napoleon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Portrait_of_Josephine_-_WGA08595.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Portrait_of_Josephine_-_WGA08595.jpg/220px-Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Portrait_of_Josephine_-_WGA08595.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Portrait_of_Josephine_-_WGA08595.jpg/330px-Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Portrait_of_Josephine_-_WGA08595.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Portrait_of_Josephine_-_WGA08595.jpg/440px-Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Portrait_of_Josephine_-_WGA08595.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1255" /></a><figcaption>Joséphine de Beauharnais at the château de Malmaison. 1801. By <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard" title="François Gérard">François Gérard</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Madame de Beauharnais had affairs with several leading political figures, including <a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a>. In 1795, she met <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> Bonaparte, six years her junior, and became his mistress. In a letter to her in December, he wrote, "I awake full of you. Your image and the memory of last night's intoxicating pleasures has left no rest to my senses." In January 1796, Napoleon proposed to her and they were married on 9 March. On the marriage certificate, Joséphine reduced her age by 4 years and increased Napoleon's by 18 months, making the newly-weds appear to be roughly the same age.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until meeting Bonaparte, she was known as <i>Rose</i>, but Bonaparte preferred to call her <i>Joséphine</i>, the name she adopted from then on.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The marriage was not well received by Napoleon's family, who were shocked that he had married an older widow with two children. His mother and sisters were especially resentful of Joséphine, as they felt clumsy and unsophisticated in her presence.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two days after the wedding, Bonaparte left Paris to lead the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Italy_(France)" title="Army of Italy (France)">Army of Italy</a>. During their separation, he sent her many love letters. In February 1797, he wrote: "You to whom nature has given spirit, sweetness, and beauty, you who alone can move and rule my heart, you who know all too well the absolute empire you exercise over it!" </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chantilly,_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard,_portrait_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chantilly%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%2C_portrait_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.JPG/170px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chantilly%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%2C_portrait_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chantilly%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%2C_portrait_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.JPG/255px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chantilly%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%2C_portrait_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chantilly%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%2C_portrait_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.JPG/340px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chantilly%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%2C_portrait_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3069" data-file-height="3697" /></a><figcaption>Napoléon Bonaparte as first Consul. By <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard" title="François Gérard">François Gérard</a>. 1803.</figcaption></figure> <p>Joséphine, left behind in Paris, in 1796 began an affair with a handsome <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">Hussar</a> lieutenant, <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Charles" title="Hippolyte Charles">Hippolyte Charles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rumors of the affair reached Napoleon; he was infuriated, and his love for her changed entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1798, Napoleon <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars:_Campaigns_of_1798#Campaign_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1798">led a French army to Egypt</a>. During this campaign, Napoleon started an affair of his own with <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Four%C3%A8s" title="Pauline Fourès">Pauline Fourès</a>, the wife of a junior officer, who became known as "Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a>." The relationship between Joséphine and Napoleon was never the same after this. </p><p>In December 1800, Joséphine was nearly killed in the <a href="/wiki/Plot_of_the_rue_Saint-Nicaise" title="Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise">Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise</a>, an attempt on Napoleon's life with a bomb planted in a parked cart. On 24 December, she and Napoleon went to see a performance of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>'s <i>Creation</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">Opéra</a>, accompanied by several friends and family. The party travelled in two carriages. Joséphine was in the second, with her daughter, Hortense; her pregnant sister-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Murat" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline Murat">Caroline Murat</a>; and General <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rapp" title="Jean Rapp">Jean Rapp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joséphine had delayed the party while getting a new silk shawl draped correctly, and Napoleon went ahead in the first carriage.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bomb exploded as her carriage was passing. The bomb killed several bystanders and one of the carriage horses, and blew out the carriage's windows; Hortense was struck in the hand by flying glass. There were no other injuries and the party proceeded to the Opéra.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empress_of_the_French">Empress of the French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Empress of the French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_(1805-1807).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_%281805-1807%29.jpg/220px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_%281805-1807%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_%281805-1807%29.jpg/330px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_%281805-1807%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_%281805-1807%29.jpg/440px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Coronation_of_Napoleon_%281805-1807%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3773" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="The Coronation of Napoleon">The Coronation of Napoleon</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a> (1804)</figcaption></figure> <p>Napoleon was <a href="/wiki/1804_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1804 French constitutional referendum">elected Emperor of the French</a> in 1804, making Joséphine empress. The <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">coronation ceremony</a>, officiated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a>, took place at <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a>, on 2 December. Napoleon first crowned himself, then put the crown on Joséphine's head, proclaiming her empress. This showed his rejection of the clergy as the power of Europe. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baron_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Jos%C3%A9phine_in_coronation_costume_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Baron_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Jos%C3%A9phine_in_coronation_costume_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Baron_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Jos%C3%A9phine_in_coronation_costume_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Baron_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Jos%C3%A9phine_in_coronation_costume_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Baron_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Jos%C3%A9phine_in_coronation_costume_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Baron_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Jos%C3%A9phine_in_coronation_costume_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Baron_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Jos%C3%A9phine_in_coronation_costume_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3924" data-file-height="5312" /></a><figcaption>Empress Josephine in coronation costume in 1807–1808 by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard" title="François Gérard">François Gérard</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In her role as empress, Josephine had a court appointed to her and reinstated the offices which composed the household of the queen before the French revolution, with <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_de_La_Rochefoucauld" title="Adélaïde de La Rochefoucauld">Adélaïde de La Rochefoucauld</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_dame_d%27honneur" title="Première dame d'honneur">Première dame d'honneur</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_de_Beauharnais" title="Émilie de Beauharnais">Émilie de Beauharnais</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Dame_d%27atour" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame d'atour">Dame d'atour</a></i>, and the wives of his own officials and generals, <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Charlotte_du_Lucay" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeanne Charlotte du Lucay">Jeanne Charlotte du Lucay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madame_de_R%C3%A9musat" title="Madame de Rémusat">Madame de Rémusat</a>, Elisabeth Baude de Talhouët, Lauriston, d'Arberg, Marie Antoinette Duchâtel, Sophie de Segur, Séran, Colbert, Savary and Aglaé Louise Auguié Ney, as <i><a href="/wiki/Dame_de_Palais" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame de Palais">Dame de Palais</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly before their coronation, there was an incident at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Cloud" title="Château de Saint-Cloud">Château de Saint-Cloud</a> that nearly sundered the marriage between the two. Joséphine caught Napoleon in the bedroom of her lady-in-waiting, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_de_Vaudey" title="Élisabeth de Vaudey">Élisabeth de Vaudey</a>, and Napoleon threatened to divorce her as she had not produced an heir since he felt pressured from his family to do so. Eventually, however, through the efforts of her daughter Hortense, the two were reconciled.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_divorce_de_l%27Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_15_d%C3%A9cembre_1809_(Henri-Frederic_Schopin).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Le_divorce_de_l%27Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_15_d%C3%A9cembre_1809_%28Henri-Frederic_Schopin%29.jpg/220px-Le_divorce_de_l%27Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_15_d%C3%A9cembre_1809_%28Henri-Frederic_Schopin%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Le_divorce_de_l%27Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_15_d%C3%A9cembre_1809_%28Henri-Frederic_Schopin%29.jpg/330px-Le_divorce_de_l%27Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_15_d%C3%A9cembre_1809_%28Henri-Frederic_Schopin%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Le_divorce_de_l%27Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_15_d%C3%A9cembre_1809_%28Henri-Frederic_Schopin%29.jpg/440px-Le_divorce_de_l%27Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_15_d%C3%A9cembre_1809_%28Henri-Frederic_Schopin%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption>The Divorce of the Empress Josephine in 1809 by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Schopin" title="Henri Frédéric Schopin">Henri Frédéric Schopin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When after a few years it became clear she could not have a child, Napoleon, while still loving Joséphine, began to think about the possibility of an <a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">annulment</a>. The final die was cast when Napoleon's nephew (and Joséphine's grandson) <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Charles_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon Charles Bonaparte">Napoléon Charles Bonaparte</a>, who had been declared his heir, died of <a href="/wiki/Croup" title="Croup">croup</a> in 1807. Once again requested per Napoleon’s family, he began to create lists of eligible princesses. At dinner on 30 November 1809, he let Joséphine know that—in the interest of France—he must find a wife who could produce an heir. He let Joséphine know that this was his family's wish and that he wished it were not so. Joséphine agreed to the divorce so the Emperor could remarry in the hope of having an heir. The divorce ceremony took place on 10 January 1810 and was a grand but solemn social occasion, and each read a statement of devotion to the other.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 March, Napoleon married <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie-Louise of Austria</a> by proxy;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the formal ceremony took place at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> in April.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon once remarked that despite her quick infatuation with him, "It is a womb that I am marrying".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after their separation, Napoleon insisted Joséphine retain the title of empress. "It is my will that she retain the rank and title of empress, and especially that she never doubt my sentiments, and that she ever hold me as her best and dearest friend."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duchess_of_Navarre">Duchess of Navarre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Duchess of Navarre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais_by_Andrea_Appiani.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais_by_Andrea_Appiani.png/170px-Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais_by_Andrea_Appiani.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais_by_Andrea_Appiani.png/255px-Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais_by_Andrea_Appiani.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais_by_Andrea_Appiani.png/340px-Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais_by_Andrea_Appiani.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1771" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Joséphine later in life by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Appiani" title="Andrea Appiani">Andrea Appiani</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateaudemalmaison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Chateaudemalmaison.jpg/220px-Chateaudemalmaison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Chateaudemalmaison.jpg/330px-Chateaudemalmaison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Chateaudemalmaison.jpg/440px-Chateaudemalmaison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4956" data-file-height="2788" /></a><figcaption>Château de Malmaison near Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>After the annulment, Joséphine lived at the Château de Malmaison, near Paris. She remained on good terms with Napoleon, who once said that the only thing to come between them was her debts. (Joséphine remarked privately, "The only thing that ever came between us was my debts; certainly not his manhood."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1810, by letters patent, Napoleon created her Duchess of Navarre. Some claim Napoleon and Joséphine were still secretly in love, though it is impossible to verify this.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In March 1811, Marie Louise delivered a long-awaited heir, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoleon II</a>, to whom Napoleon gave the title "King of Rome".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Two years later Napoleon arranged for Joséphine to meet the young prince "who had cost her so many tears".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (August 2024)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joséphine died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rueil-Malmaison" title="Rueil-Malmaison">Rueil-Malmaison</a> on 29 May 1814, soon after walking with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> in the gardens of Malmaison, where she allegedly begged to join Napoleon in exile. She was buried in the nearby church of Saint Pierre-Saint Paul<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Rueil" class="mw-redirect" title="Rueil">Rueil</a>. Her daughter Hortense is interred near her.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Napoleon learned of her death via a French journal while in exile on <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>, and stayed locked in his room for two days, refusing to see anyone. He claimed to a friend, while in exile on Saint Helena, that "I truly loved my Joséphine, but I did not respect her."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite numerous affairs, eventual marriage annulment, and his remarriage, the Emperor's last words on his death bed at St. Helena were: "France, the Army, the Head of the Army, Joséphine." ("<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">France, l'armée, tête d'armée, Joséphine</i></span>").<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descendants">Descendants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F,_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%2C_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/170px-%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%2C_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%2C_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/255px-%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%2C_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%2C_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/340px-%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%2C_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Joséphine's eldest granddaughter, <a href="/wiki/Josephine_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Josephine of Leuchtenberg">Joséphine, Queen consort of Sweden and Norway</a>. Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Axel_Nordgren" title="Axel Nordgren">Axel Nordgren</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hortense_de_Beauharnais" title="Hortense de Beauharnais">Hortense</a>'s son, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, became Emperor of the French. <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène</a>'s son <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_de_Beauharnais,_3rd_Duke_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg">Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg</a> married into the Russian Imperial family, was granted the style of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Highness" title="Imperial Highness">Imperial Highness</a> and founded the Russian line of the Beauharnais family, while Eugene's daughter <a href="/wiki/Josephine_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Josephine of Leuchtenberg">Joséphine</a> married King <a href="/wiki/Oscar_I_of_Sweden" title="Oscar I of Sweden">Oscar I of Sweden</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s one-time fiancée, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9e_Clary" title="Désirée Clary">Désirée Clary</a>. Through her, Joséphine is a direct ancestor of the present heads of the royal houses of <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a> and of the grandducal house of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A number of jewels worn by modern-day royals are often said to have been worn by Joséphine. Through the Leuchtenberg inheritance, the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_royal_family" title="Norwegian royal family">Norwegian royal family</a> possesses an emerald and diamond <a href="/wiki/Parure" title="Parure">parure</a> said to have been Joséphine's.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Swedish royal family</a> owns several pieces of jewelry frequently linked to Joséphine, including the <a href="/wiki/Leuchtenberg_Sapphire_Parure" class="mw-redirect" title="Leuchtenberg Sapphire Parure">Leuchtenberg Sapphire Parure</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> a suite of amethyst jewels,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais_Cameo_Parure" class="mw-redirect" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais Cameo Parure">Cameo Parure</a>, worn by Sweden's royal brides.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another of Eugène's daughters, <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Amélie of Leuchtenberg">Amélie of Leuchtenberg</a>, married Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I of Brazil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, and became Empress of Brazil, and they had one surviving daughter, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Am%C3%A9lia_of_Brazil" title="Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil">Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil</a>, who was briefly engaged to Archduke Maximilian of Austria, before he became <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I of Mexico</a>, before her early death.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality_and_appearance">Personality and appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personality and appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon_-_The_Empress_Josephine_-_WGA18457.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon_-_The_Empress_Josephine_-_WGA18457.jpg/170px-Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon_-_The_Empress_Josephine_-_WGA18457.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon_-_The_Empress_Josephine_-_WGA18457.jpg/255px-Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon_-_The_Empress_Josephine_-_WGA18457.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon_-_The_Empress_Josephine_-_WGA18457.jpg/340px-Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon_-_The_Empress_Josephine_-_WGA18457.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Josephine in 1805 by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon" title="Pierre-Paul Prud'hon">Pierre-Paul Prud'hon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Her biographer <a href="/wiki/Carolly_Erickson" title="Carolly Erickson">Carolly Erickson</a> wrote, "In choosing her lovers [Joséphine] followed her head first, then her heart",<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that she was adept in terms of identifying the men who were most capable of fulfilling her financial and social needs. She was aware of Napoleon's potential. Joséphine was a renowned <a href="/wiki/Spendthrift" title="Spendthrift">spendthrift</a> and Barras may have encouraged the relationship with General Bonaparte in order to get her off his hands. Joséphine was naturally full of kindness, generosity and charm, and was praised as an engaging hostess. </p><p>Joséphine was described as being of average height, svelte, shapely, with silky, long, chestnut-brown hair, hazel eyes, and a rather sallow complexion. Her nose was small and straight, and her mouth was well-formed; however she kept it closed most of the time so as not to reveal her bad teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was praised for her elegance, style, and low, "silvery", beautifully modulated voice.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patroness_of_roses">Patroness of roses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Patroness of roses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_%27Souvenir_de_la_Malmaison%27_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rosa_%27Souvenir_de_la_Malmaison%27_1.jpg/170px-Rosa_%27Souvenir_de_la_Malmaison%27_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rosa_%27Souvenir_de_la_Malmaison%27_1.jpg/255px-Rosa_%27Souvenir_de_la_Malmaison%27_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rosa_%27Souvenir_de_la_Malmaison%27_1.jpg/340px-Rosa_%27Souvenir_de_la_Malmaison%27_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Souvenir_de_la_Malmaison%27" title="Rosa 'Souvenir de la Malmaison'">'Souvenir de la Malmaison'</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1799 while Napoleon was in Egypt, Joséphine purchased the Chateau de Malmaison.<sup id="cite_ref-bechtel_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bechtel-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had it landscaped in an <a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English style</a>, hiring landscapers and horticulturalists from Britain. These included <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blaikie_(gardener)" title="Thomas Blaikie (gardener)">Thomas Blaikie</a>, a Scottish horticultural expert, another Scottish gardener, Alexander Howatson, the botanist, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pierre_Ventenat" title="Étienne Pierre Ventenat">Ventenat</a>, and the horticulturist, André Dupont. The rose garden was begun soon after purchase; inspired by Dupont's love of roses. Joséphine took a personal interest in the gardens and the roses, and learned a great deal about botany and horticulture from her staff. Joséphine wanted to collect all known roses so Napoleon ordered his warship commanders to search all seized vessels for plants to be forwarded to Malmaison. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Redout%C3%A9" title="Pierre-Joseph Redouté">Pierre-Joseph Redouté</a> was commissioned by her to paint the flowers from her gardens. <i>Les Roses</i> was published 1817–20 with 168 plates of roses; 75–80 of the roses grew at Malmaison. The English nursery <a href="/wiki/Lee_and_Kennedy" title="Lee and Kennedy">Lee and Kennedy</a> was a major supplier, despite Britain and France being at war, his shipments were allowed to cross blockades. Specifically, when Hume's Blush Tea-Scented China was imported to England from China, the British and French Admiralties made arrangements in 1810 for specimens to cross naval blockades for Joséphine's garden.<sup id="cite_ref-thomas_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomas-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a>, Director of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>, also sent her roses. </p><p>The general assumption is that she had about 250 roses in her garden when she died in 1814. Unfortunately the roses were not catalogued during her tenure. There may have been only 197 rose varieties in existence in 1814, according to calculations by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Gravereaux" title="Jules Gravereaux">Jules Gravereaux</a> of Roseraie de l’Haye. There were 12 species, about 40 centifolias, mosses and damasks, 20 Bengals, and about 100 gallicas. The botanist Claude Antoine Thory, who wrote the descriptions for Redouté's paintings in <i>Les Roses</i>, noted that Joséphine's Bengal rose R. indica had black spots on it.<sup id="cite_ref-name_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She produced the first written history of the cultivation of roses, and is believed to have hosted the first rose exhibition, in 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_Josephine_de_Beauharnais_2019-06-04_5169.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rosa_Josephine_de_Beauharnais_2019-06-04_5169.jpg/170px-Rosa_Josephine_de_Beauharnais_2019-06-04_5169.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rosa_Josephine_de_Beauharnais_2019-06-04_5169.jpg/255px-Rosa_Josephine_de_Beauharnais_2019-06-04_5169.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rosa_Josephine_de_Beauharnais_2019-06-04_5169.jpg/340px-Rosa_Josephine_de_Beauharnais_2019-06-04_5169.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Rosa Joséphine de Beauharnais</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern hybridization of roses through artificial, controlled pollination began with Joséphine's horticulturalist Andre Dupont.<sup id="cite_ref-bechtel_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bechtel-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to this, most new rose cultivars were spontaneous mutations or accidental, bee-induced hybrids, and appeared rarely. With controlled pollination, the appearance of new cultivars grew exponentially. Of the roughly 200 types of roses known to Joséphine, Dupont had created 25 while in her employ. Subsequent French hybridizers created over 1000 new rose cultivars in the 30 years following Joséphine's death. In 1910, less than 100 years after her death, there were about 8000 rose types in Gravereaux's garden. Bechtel also feels that the popularity of roses as garden plants was boosted by Joséphine's patronage. She was a popular ruler and fashionable people copied her. </p><p>Brenner and Scanniello call her the "Godmother of modern rosomaniacs" and attribute her with our modern style of vernacular cultivar names as opposed to Latinized, pseudo-scientific cultivar names. For instance, <i>R. alba incarnata</i> became "Cuisse de Nymphe Emue" in her garden. After Joséphine's death in 1814 the house was vacant at times, the garden and house ransacked and vandalised, and the garden's remains were destroyed in a battle in 1870. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_%27Empress_Josephine%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rosa_%27Empress_Josephine%27.jpg/170px-Rosa_%27Empress_Josephine%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rosa_%27Empress_Josephine%27.jpg/255px-Rosa_%27Empress_Josephine%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rosa_%27Empress_Josephine%27.jpg/340px-Rosa_%27Empress_Josephine%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="1634" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_(rose)" class="extiw" title="fr:Impératrice Joséphine (rose)">Impératrice Joséphine</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Louis_Descemet" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques-Louis Descemet">Jacques-Louis Descemet</a> dedicated <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_(rose)" class="extiw" title="fr:Impératrice Joséphine (rose)">Impératrice Joséphine</a></i> to her sometime before 1815. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Vibert" title="Jean-Pierre Vibert">Jean-Pierre Vibert</a> dedicated <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.helpmefind.com/rose/l.php?l=2.24182">Joséphine Beauharnais</a></i> in her honor in 1823. The rose <a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Souvenir_de_la_Malmaison%27" title="Rosa 'Souvenir de la Malmaison'">'Souvenir de la Malmaison'</a> appeared in 1844, 30 years after her death, named in her honor by a Russian Grand Duke planting one of the first specimens in the Imperial Garden in St. Petersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-name_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_patronage">Art patronage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Art patronage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Empress Joséphine was a great lover of all art. Her great interest in horticulture is well-known, but she also liked all things artistic. She surrounded herself with creative people whose work ranged from paintings and sculpture to furniture and the architecture all around her. Joséphine always had an interest in art but it was with her marriage to her first husband that she would gain more access to art and artists. Due to her husband's high position in society she was often able to frequent many influential people's homes and learned from the works that were in their houses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After marrying <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> and becoming Empress she was surrounded by the works of the time, however Joséphine also appreciated the works of old masters. She was also drawn to artists and styles that were not widely used in her time, searching for artists that challenged the accepted standards. She visited the Salon to build relationships with contemporary artists. Joséphine became a patron to several different artists, helping to build their careers though their connection to her. After buying the Château de Malmaison, Joséphine had a blank canvas to showpiece her art and style and used it to create salons, galleries, a theater and her famous garden. The Malmaison and <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a> became centers for Napoleon's government but was recognized as an important place for the arts in any forms. Joséphine's court became the leading court in Europe for the arts. She became the first French female royal collector of this scale, leading in the Consular and <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire Style</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paintings">Paintings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1801_Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_on_the_Bridge_at_Arcole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1801_Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_on_the_Bridge_at_Arcole.jpg/170px-1801_Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_on_the_Bridge_at_Arcole.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1801_Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_on_the_Bridge_at_Arcole.jpg/255px-1801_Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_on_the_Bridge_at_Arcole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1801_Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_on_the_Bridge_at_Arcole.jpg/340px-1801_Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_on_the_Bridge_at_Arcole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1926" /></a><figcaption>Antoine-Jean Gros, <i><a href="/wiki/Bonaparte_at_the_Pont_d%27Arcole" title="Bonaparte at the Pont d'Arcole">Bonaparte at the Pont d'Arcole</a></i>, 1796</figcaption></figure> <p>Joséphine worked with and sought out the works of many artists throughout her lifetime. In the area of painters she mainly was a collector of paintings but she was painted by and worked with several artists such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard" title="François Gérard">François Gérard</a>. However, there was one painter whom Joséphine favored and commissioned more often than others, <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Jean_Gros" title="Antoine-Jean Gros">Antoine-Jean Gros</a>. Gros, upon hearing that Joséphine would be visiting Genoa, worked to get an introduction knowing that the association with Joséphine would help him become more well-known. </p><p>Upon meeting with Gros and seeing his work, Joséphine asked him to come back to Milan with her and to live in her residences. Joséphine then commissioned him to create a portrait of her husband, the then General Bonaparte. The work took several sittings between Gros and Napoleon and would be named <i><a href="/wiki/Bonaparte_at_the_Pont_d%27Arcole" title="Bonaparte at the Pont d'Arcole">Bonaparte at the Pont d'Arcole</a></i>. This painting would become a big part of Napoleon's propaganda and iconography. Gros would go on to paint other portraits of Napoleon, which always portrayed him as a fierce conqueror, propagating the image of Napoleon as powerful and unstoppable. Joséphine as a supporter and patron of Gros, aided him in becoming a central conduit for the message that the government was trying to disseminate about the rule of the Emperor in that time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canova-Dancer_with_her_hands_on_her_hips_45degree_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Canova-Dancer_with_her_hands_on_her_hips_45degree_view.jpg/170px-Canova-Dancer_with_her_hands_on_her_hips_45degree_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Canova-Dancer_with_her_hands_on_her_hips_45degree_view.jpg/255px-Canova-Dancer_with_her_hands_on_her_hips_45degree_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Canova-Dancer_with_her_hands_on_her_hips_45degree_view.jpg/340px-Canova-Dancer_with_her_hands_on_her_hips_45degree_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a> <i>Dancer with Her Hands on her Hips</i>, 1812</figcaption></figure> <p>Over her lifetime Joséphine commissioned four major pieces from the Italian Neoclassical sculptor <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a>. The Empress was given a copy of Canova's work <i>Cupid and Psyche</i>, which was originally promised to Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Cawdor" title="John Campbell, 1st Baron Cawdor">John Campbell</a>, but because of unforeseen circumstances it was gifted to Joséphine. She would commission Canova to create a sculpture and the result would be <i>Dancer with Hands on Hips</i>. The work was commissioned in 1802 but was not finished until 1812, Joséphine allowed him to create on his own terms, which were based on the classics but with a more relaxed and joyful appearance. He would create several sculptures based on dancing. <i>Dancer with Hands on Hips</i> was praised by the art community because it was not based on any specific ancient sculpture, but with a classical style, making it a completely original sculpture. </p><p>Joséphine would commission Canova again for another sculpture called <i>Paris</i>. The work's plaster cast was completed in 1807 but the marble statue was not finished until 1812. arriving in Malmaison in 1813 a year before Joséphine's death. The final sculpture that the Empress would commission was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Graces_(Canova)" title="The Three Graces (Canova)">The Three Graces</a></i>. This work would not be completed until after Joséphine's death in 1816. All four works were eventually sold to Tsar Alexander of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Furniture/Design"><span id="Furniture.2FDesign"></span>Furniture/Design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Furniture/Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The architects <a href="/wiki/Charles_Percier" title="Charles Percier">Charles Percier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois-L%C3%A9onard_Fontaine" title="Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine">Pierre Fontaine</a> essentially became the decorators for Joséphine and Napoleon. Many of Joséphine's most well-known furnishings were created especially for her by Percier and Fontaine. The two architects worked within many of the empire's residences, creating spaces for the Empress to feel at home in. Percier and Fontaine had their own unique style and created pieces for both the Emperor and his Empress, which can be easily identified as their work, even when they were not stamped as created by Percier or Fontaine. Percier and Fontaine are known for their use of <a href="/wiki/Cheval_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheval glass">cheval glass</a> and the use of a feminine, softer feel for the pieces used in the boudoir of the Empress. These pieces were unique for the time and appreciated for their creativity. The architects Percier and Fontaine are connected to the <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a> associated with the time period.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais,_Imp%C3%A9ratrice_des_Fran%C3%A7ais.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Blason_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais%2C_Imp%C3%A9ratrice_des_Fran%C3%A7ais.svg/175px-Blason_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais%2C_Imp%C3%A9ratrice_des_Fran%C3%A7ais.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Blason_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais%2C_Imp%C3%A9ratrice_des_Fran%C3%A7ais.svg/263px-Blason_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais%2C_Imp%C3%A9ratrice_des_Fran%C3%A7ais.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Blason_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais%2C_Imp%C3%A9ratrice_des_Fran%C3%A7ais.svg/350px-Blason_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais%2C_Imp%C3%A9ratrice_des_Fran%C3%A7ais.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="539" /></a></span><br />Empress of the French<br />(1804–1809) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Monogram_of_Empress_Josephine_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Imperial_Monogram_of_Empress_Josephine_of_France.svg/175px-Imperial_Monogram_of_Empress_Josephine_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Imperial_Monogram_of_Empress_Josephine_of_France.svg/263px-Imperial_Monogram_of_Empress_Josephine_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Imperial_Monogram_of_Empress_Josephine_of_France.svg/350px-Imperial_Monogram_of_Empress_Josephine_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="253" /></a></span><br />Empress of the French's<br />monogram<br />(1804–1809) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Josephine_de_Beauharnais.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_arms_of_Josephine_de_Beauharnais.svg/175px-Coat_of_arms_of_Josephine_de_Beauharnais.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_arms_of_Josephine_de_Beauharnais.svg/263px-Coat_of_arms_of_Josephine_de_Beauharnais.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_arms_of_Josephine_de_Beauharnais.svg/350px-Coat_of_arms_of_Josephine_de_Beauharnais.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="779" /></a></span><br />Duchess of Navarre<br />(1810–1814) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statue">Statue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Statue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1859, French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> commissioned a statue of Joséphine, which was installed in the <a href="/wiki/La_Savane" title="La Savane">La Savane</a> park in downtown <a href="/wiki/Fort-de-France" title="Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a>. In 1991, the statue was symbolically decapitated and spattered with red paint. The acts of vandalism were done on the belief that Joséphine had influenced her husband to issue the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_20_May_1802" title="Law of 20 May 1802">Law of 20 May 1802</a>, which reinstated slavery in the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> (including Martinique).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statue was never repaired by the city administration, and every year more red paint was added to it.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2020, the statue was torn down and destroyed by rioters in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction_books">Fiction books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fiction books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFConan_Doyle1897" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur</a> (1897). <i>Uncle Bernac</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncle+Bernac&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Conan+Doyle&rft.aufirst=Sir+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFields2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertram Fields">Fields, Bertram</a> (2015). <i>Destiny: A Novel Of Napoleon & Josephine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destiny%3A+A+Novel+Of+Napoleon+%26+Josephine&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=Bertram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulland1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Gulland" title="Sandra Gulland">Gulland, Sandra</a> (1995). <i>The Many Lives & Secret Sorrows of Josephine B</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Many+Lives+%26+Secret+Sorrows+of+Josephine+B.&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Gulland&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulland1998" class="citation book cs1">——— (1998). <i>Tales of Passion, Tales of Woe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+of+Passion%2C+Tales+of+Woe&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Gulland&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulland2000" class="citation book cs1">——— (2000). <i>The Last Great Dance on Earth</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Great+Dance+on+Earth&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Gulland&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenyon1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._W._Kenyon" title="F. W. Kenyon">Kenyon, F. W.</a> (1952). <i>The Emperor's Lady</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor%27s+Lady&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Kenyon&rft.aufirst=F.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMossiker1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Mossiker" title="Frances Mossiker">Mossiker, Frances</a> (1965). <i>Napoleon and Josephine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+Josephine&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Mossiker&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMossiker1971" class="citation book cs1">——— (1971). <i>More Than a Queen: The Story of Josephine Bonaparte</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+Than+a+Queen%3A+The+Story+of+Josephine+Bonaparte&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Mossiker&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPataki2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allison_Pataki" title="Allison Pataki">Pataki, Allison</a> (2020). <i>The Queen's Fortune: Desiree, Napoleon, and the Dynasty That Outlasted the Empire</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Queen%27s+Fortune%3A+Desiree%2C+Napoleon%2C+and+the+Dynasty+That+Outlasted+the+Empire&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Pataki&rft.aufirst=Allison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelinko1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Selinko" title="Annemarie Selinko">Selinko, Annemarie</a> (1958). <i>Désirée</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9e&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Selinko&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heather_Webb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heather Webb (page does not exist)">Webb, Heather</a> (2013). <i>Becoming Josephine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Josephine&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinterson1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Winterson" title="Jeanette Winterson">Winterson, Jeanette</a> (1987). <i>The Passion</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Passion.&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Winterson&rft.aufirst=Jeanette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Parkyn, Stephanie (2019). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allenandunwin.com/browse/books/fiction/popular-fiction/Josephines-Garden-Stephanie-Parkyn-9781760529833">Josephine's Garden</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napol%C3%A9on_and_Josephine:_A_Love_Story_(miniseries)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoléon and Josephine: A Love Story (miniseries) (page does not exist)">Napoléon and Josephine: A Love Story</a></i> (1987) is a miniseries with Napoleon portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Armand_Assante" title="Armand Assante">Armand Assante</a> and Joséphine by <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Bisset" title="Jacqueline Bisset">Jacqueline Bisset</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_(miniseries)" title="Napoléon (miniseries)">Napoléon</a></i> (2002) is a historical TV miniseries of Napoleon's life, in which Joséphine features prominently, portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Rossellini" title="Isabella Rossellini">Isabella Rossellini</a>.</li> <li>In 2015 and 2017, an episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Horrible_Histories_(2015_TV_series)" title="Horrible Histories (2015 TV series)">Horrible Histories</a></i> called "Naughty Napoleon" and "Ridiculous Romantics" featured <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Walter" title="Natalie Walter">Natalie Walter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gemma_Whelan" title="Gemma Whelan">Gemma Whelan</a>, portraying Joséphine de Beauharnais.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a> 's 2023 film <i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_(2023_film)" title="Napoleon (2023 film)">Napoleon</a></i>, Joséphine is portrayed by English actress <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Kirby" title="Vanessa Kirby">Vanessa Kirby</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The love song 'Josephine' from <a href="/wiki/The_Magnetic_Fields" title="The Magnetic Fields">The Magnetic Fields</a>' 1991 album <i><a href="/wiki/Distant_Plastic_Trees" title="Distant Plastic Trees">Distant Plastic Trees</a></i>: "If I were Napoleon, you could be my Josephine ..."</li> <li>The song 'Josephine' from <a href="/wiki/Frank_Turner" title="Frank Turner">Frank Turner</a>'s 2015 album <i><a href="/wiki/Positive_Songs_for_Negative_People" title="Positive Songs for Negative People">Positive Songs for Negative People</a></i> references Joséphine — as well as <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Brunsvik" title="Josephine Brunsvik">Josephine Brunsvik</a> — to portray Turner's wish that he has his own muse to influence him.</li> <li>The song ‘Impressed’ from <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Sexton" title="Charlie Sexton">Charlie Sexton</a>’s 1985 album <i><a href="/wiki/Pictures_for_Pleasure" title="Pictures for Pleasure">Pictures for Pleasure</a></i> references Napoleon and Josephine in the opening lines.</li> <li>The song 'Josephine' from <a href="/wiki/Tori_Amos" title="Tori Amos">Tori Amos</a>' 1999 partially live album <i><a href="/wiki/To_Venus_and_Back" title="To Venus and Back">To Venus and Back</a></i> references the pop-culture expression, supposedly spoken by Napoleon: "Not tonight, Joséphine" and his military career.</li> <li>The song 'Paint me, Redouté' from <a href="/wiki/June_Tabor" title="June Tabor">June Tabor</a>'s 2001 album <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Mundi_(album)" title="Rosa Mundi (album)"><i>Rosa Mundi</i></a>, in which Josephine narrates her life to Redouté, and talks of her love of roses.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Galliano" title="John Galliano">John Galliano</a> said that his inspiration was dressing the pregnant rock star Madonna — and then thinking "Empress Josephine."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9e_du_Buc_de_Riv%C3%A9ry" title="Aimée du Buc de Rivéry">Aimée du Buc de Rivéry</a>, a distant cousin-in-law of Empress Joséphine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chanorier" title="Jean Chanorier">Jean Chanorier</a>, a close friend of Empress Joséphine best known for introducing the Merino sheep breed in France, who later became an associate member of the Institut of France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Swedish_Royal_Family%27s_jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="The Swedish Royal Family's jewelry">The Swedish Royal Family's jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Delorme, Eleanor P. Josephine and the Arts of the Empire. Los Angeles: The J. PaulGetty museum, 2005, 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranda2016" class="citation book cs1">Branda, Pierre (2016). <i>Josephine: Le Paradoxe du Cygne</i>. Paris: Perrin. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephine%3A+Le+Paradoxe+du+Cygne&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Branda&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnapton1963" class="citation book cs1">Knapton, Ernest John (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Josephine/KNAEJO/2*.html">"Chapter 2: Bird of the Islands"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Josephine/KNAEJO/home.html"><i>Empress Josephine</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 15–16, 18, 20, 22–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674188761">10.4159/harvard.9780674188761</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674252011" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674252011"><bdi>978-0674252011</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1740591">1740591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Bird+of+the+Islands&rft.btitle=Empress+Josephine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15-16%2C+18%2C+20%2C+22-23&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1740591&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674188761&rft.isbn=978-0674252011&rft.aulast=Knapton&rft.aufirst=Ernest+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FGazetteer%2FPeople%2FJosephine%2FKNAEJO%2F2%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrea Stuart: Josephine: The Rose of Martinique.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/martinique/trois-ilets-1317142/attractions">"Sights in Trois-Îlets"</a>. <i>Lonely Planet</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Sights+in+Trois-%C3%8Elets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fmartinique%2Ftrois-ilets-1317142%2Fattractions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonmarché1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Monmarché, François (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QXNsAAAAMAAJ"><i>Antilles françaises, Guyane, Haïti, croisières aux Caraïbes</i></a> (in French). Hachette. p. 249.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antilles+fran%C3%A7aises%2C+Guyane%2C+Ha%C3%AFti%2C+croisi%C3%A8res+aux+Cara%C3%AFbes&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Monmarch%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQXNsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen1844" class="citation book cs1">Breen, Henry Hegart (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2HQU2nan_4C&pg=PA159"><i>St. Lucia: Historical, Statistical, and Descriptive</i></a>. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, Paternoster Row. p. 159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Lucia%3A+Historical%2C+Statistical%2C+and+Descriptive&rft.place=London&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longmans%2C+Paternoster+Row&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=Henry+Hegart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2HQU2nan_4C%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen1852" class="citation book cs1">Breen, Henry H. (6 March 1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ol-QRkeqw7MC&pg=PA220">"Birthplace of the Empress Josephine"</a>. <i>Notes and Queries: A medium of Inter-communication for literary men, artists, antiquaries, genealogists, etc</i>. Vol. V. London: George Bell 186 Fleet Street. pp. 220–221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Birthplace+of+the+Empress+Josephine&rft.btitle=Notes+and+Queries%3A+A+medium+of+Inter-communication+for+literary+men%2C+artists%2C+antiquaries%2C+genealogists%2C+etc.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=220-221&rft.pub=George+Bell+186+Fleet+Street&rft.date=1852-03-06&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=Henry+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOl-QRkeqw7MC%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-British_Bonapartes-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-British_Bonapartes_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-British_Bonapartes_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2022" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Edward Hilary (15 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qfZ6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11"><i>The British Bonapartes: Napoleon's Family in Britain</i></a>. Pen and Sword History. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3990-8855-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3990-8855-8"><bdi>978-1-3990-8855-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Bonapartes%3A+Napoleon%27s+Family+in+Britain&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+History&rft.date=2022-09-15&rft.isbn=978-1-3990-8855-8&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Edward+Hilary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqfZ6EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnapton1963" class="citation book cs1">Knapton, Ernest John (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Josephine/KNAEJO/3*.html">"Chapter 3: A Marriage is Arranged"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Josephine/KNAEJO/home.html"><i>Empress Josephine</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 26, 29, 30–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674188761">10.4159/harvard.9780674188761</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674252011" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674252011"><bdi>978-0674252011</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1740591">1740591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+A+Marriage+is+Arranged&rft.btitle=Empress+Josephine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=26%2C+29%2C+30-31&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1740591&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674188761&rft.isbn=978-0674252011&rft.aulast=Knapton&rft.aufirst=Ernest+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FGazetteer%2FPeople%2FJosephine%2FKNAEJO%2F3%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2000" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Carolly (2000). <i>Josephine: A Life of the Empress</i>. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-26346-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-26346-5"><bdi>0-312-26346-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephine%3A+A+Life+of+the+Empress&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-312-26346-5&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Carolly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart2005" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, Andrea (2005). <i>The Rose of Martinique: A Life of Napoleon's Josephine</i>. Grove Press. p. 489. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802117700" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802117700"><bdi>978-0802117700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rose+of+Martinique%3A+A+Life+of+Napoleon%27s+Josephine&rft.pages=489&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0802117700&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2014" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Kate (2014). <i>Ambition and Desire: The Dangerous Life of Josephine Bonaparte</i>. 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(September 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Recueil général des lois et des arrêts</i> (in French). Vol. 38. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Galliano%27s+Empire+Line+Shines+for+Givenchy&rft.date=1996-07-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Menkes&rft.aufirst=Suzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F07%2F08%2Fstyle%2F08iht-fash.t_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAronson1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theo_Aronson" title="Theo Aronson">Aronson, Theo</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/napoleonjosephin00aron"><i>Napoleon and Josephine: A Love Story</i></a>. St Martins Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-05135-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-05135-2"><bdi>0-312-05135-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+Josephine%3A+A+Love+Story&rft.pub=St+Martins+Pr&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-312-05135-2&rft.aulast=Aronson&rft.aufirst=Theo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnapoleonjosephin00aron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brent, Harrison. (1946). <i>Pauline Bonaparte, A Woman of Affairs.</i> NY and Toronto Rinehart.</li> <li>Bruce, Evangeline. (1995). <i>Napoleon and Josephine: An Improbable Marriage.</i> NY: Scribner. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-517810-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-517810-5">0-02-517810-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastelot2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Castelot" title="André Castelot">Castelot, André</a> (2009). <i>Josephine</i>. Ishi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-87187-853-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-87187-853-1"><bdi>978-4-87187-853-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephine&rft.pub=Ishi+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-4-87187-853-1&rft.aulast=Castelot&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chevallier, Bernard; Pincemaille, Christophe. <i>Douce et incomparable Joséphine.</i> éd. Payot & Rivages, coll. «Petite bibliothèque Payot», Paris, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-228-90029-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-228-90029-X">2-228-90029-X</a></li> <li>Chevallier, Bernard; Pincemaille, Christophe. <i>L'impératrice Joséphine.</i> Presses de la Renaissance, Paris, 1988., 466 p.,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85616-485-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85616-485-3">978-2-85616-485-3</a></li> <li>Cole, Hubert. (1962). <i>Josephine.</i> William Heinemann.</li> <li>Delorme, Eleanor P. (2002). <i>Josephine: Napoleon's Incomparable Empress.</i> Harry N. Abrams. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-1229-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-1229-8">978-0-8109-1229-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Epton" title="Nina Epton">Epton, Nina</a>. (1975). <i>Josephine: the Empress and Her Children.</i> Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07500-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07500-7">978-0-393-07500-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carolly_Erickson" title="Carolly Erickson">Erickson, Carolly</a> (1998). <i>Josephine; A Life of the Empress</i>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86105-637-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86105-637-0"><bdi>1-86105-637-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephine%3B+A+Life+of+the+Empress&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-86105-637-0&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Carolly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fauveau, Jean-Claude. <i>Joséphine l'impératrice créole. L'esclavage aux Antilles et la traite pendant la Révolution française.</i> Éditions L'Harmattan 2010. 390 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-11293-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-296-11293-3">978-2-296-11293-3</a>.</li> <li>Knapton, Ernest John. (1963). <i>Empress Josephine</i> Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-51346-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-51346-7">978-0-671-51346-7</a></li> <li>de Montjouven, Philippe. <i>Joséphine: Une impératrice de légendes.</i> Timée-éditions; 2010, 141 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35401-233-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35401-233-5">978-2-35401-233-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMossiker1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Mossiker" title="Frances Mossiker">Mossiker, Frances</a> (1964). <i>Napoleon and Josephine; the Biography of a Marriage</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-000000-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-000000-2"><bdi>978-0-00-000000-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+Josephine%3B+the+Biography+of+a+Marriage&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-00-000000-2&rft.aulast=Mossiker&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schiffer, Liesel. <i>Femmes remarquables au XIX siècle.</i> Vuibert éd. Vuibert, Paris, 2008, 305 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2711744428" title="Special:BookSources/978-2711744428">978-2711744428</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergeant1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Walsingham_Sergeant" title="Philip Walsingham Sergeant">Sergeant, Philip</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005943512"><i>The Empress Josephine, Napoleon's Enchantress</i></a>. NY: Hutchinson's Library of Standard Lives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empress+Josephine%2C+Napoleon%27s+Enchantress&rft.place=NY&rft.pub=Hutchinson%27s+Library+of+Standard+Lives&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Sergeant&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F005943512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9phine+de+Beauharnais" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Stuart" title="Andrea Stuart">Stuart, Andrea</a>. (2005). <i>The Rose of Martinique: A Life of Napoleon's Josephine.</i> Grove Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4202-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4202-3">978-0-8021-4202-3</a></li> <li>Wagener, Françoise, <i>L'Impératrice Joséphine (1763–1814).</i> Flammarion; Paris, 1999, 504 p.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" class="extiw" title="commons:Joséphine de Beauharnais"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Joséphine de Beauharnais</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Heroines+of+History&author=Jenkins&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>The Heroines of History</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Josephine/KNAEJO/home.html"><i>Empress Josephine</i> by Ernest John Knapton</a>. Complete transcription of the 1963 biography.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tascher-de-la-pagerie.org">Joséphine de Beauharnais (de Tascher de la Pagerie)</a> (in French). Site published by the current members of the family Tascher de la Pagerie.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070518224025/http://www.chateau-malmaison.fr/">Château de Malmaison</a> (in French), Joséphine's residence from 1799 to 1814, the site of her death.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofempress01joseiala"><i>Memoirs of the Empress Josephine (Volume 1)</i> at archive.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofempress02joseiala"><i>Memoirs of the Empress Josephine (Volume 2)</i> at archive.org</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Joséphine de Beauharnais </div><div><b>Tascher de La Pagerie</b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 23 June 1763</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 29 May 1814</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF">Royal titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Monarchy abolished</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> </b><br /><small><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French consorts">Queen consort of the French</a> </b></i></small> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French consorts">Empress consort of the French</a> </b><br />18 May 1804 – 10 January 1810 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise of Austria</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a></div><i><b>as consort to the last crowned monarch, 1530 </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_queens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Italian queens">Queen consort of Italy</a> </b><br />26 May 1805 – 10 January 1810 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">French nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Navarre" title="Duke of Navarre">Duchess of Navarre</a> </b><br />9 April 1810 – 29 May 1814 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Beauharnais" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste de Beauharnais">Auguste de Beauharnais</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleon" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Napoleon" title="Template talk:Napoleon"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleon"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Timeline of the Napoleonic era">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wives:</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise</a></li> <li><b>Children:</b> <a href="/wiki/Charles_L%C3%A9on" title="Charles Léon">Charles Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Walewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Walewski">Alexandre Walewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoleon II</a></li> <li><b>Father:</b> <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Buonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlo Maria Buonaparte">Carlo Maria Buonaparte</a></li> <li><b>Mother:</b> <a href="/wiki/Letizia_Ramolino" class="mw-redirect" title="Letizia Ramolino">Letizia Ramolino</a></li> <li><b>Brothers:</b> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a></li> <li><b>Sisters:</b> <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Bonaparte" title="Caroline Bonaparte">Caroline Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Bonaparte" title="Pauline Bonaparte">Pauline Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisa_Bonaparte" title="Elisa Bonaparte">Elisa Bonaparte</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg/120px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg/180px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg/240px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1371" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Timeline of the Napoleonic era">Life and career</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleon%27s_stay_in_Auxonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleon's stay in Auxonne (page does not exist)">Stay in Auxonne</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9jour_de_Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_%C3%A0_Auxonne" class="extiw" title="fr:Séjour de Napoléon Bonaparte à Auxonne">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Assassination attempts on Napoleon Bonaparte">Assassination attempts</a></li> <li>Constitutions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_X" title="Constitution of the Year X">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_XII" title="Constitution of the Year XII">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1815" title="Charter of 1815">1815</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Sale of Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_in_Holland" title="Napoleon in Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">Mesures usuelles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_looting_of_art" title="Napoleonic looting of art">Looting of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_tactics" title="Napoleonic tactics">Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Weaponry and warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">1st abdication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">1st exile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Route Napoléon">Route Napoléon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Napoleon,_1815" title="Abdication of Napoleon, 1815">2nd abdication</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exile_of_Napoleon_to_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exile of Napoleon to Saint Helena (page does not exist)">2nd exile</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exil_de_Napol%C3%A9on_Ier_%C3%A0_Sainte-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne" class="extiw" title="fr:Exil de Napoléon Ier à Sainte-Hélène">fr</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Napoleon">Death</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_de_Napol%C3%A9on_Ier" class="extiw" title="fr:Mort de Napoléon Ier">fr</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_mask_of_Napoleon" title="Death mask of Napoleon">mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Napoleon" title="Military career of Napoleon">Battles and wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon_(1793)" title="Siege of Toulon (1793)">Siege of Toulon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lodi" title="Battle of Lodi">Battle of Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">Battle of Bassano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French campaign in Egypt and Syria</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">Battle of the Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jaffa" title="Siege of Jaffa">Siege of Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Battle of Eylau</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Battle of Eckmühl</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Battle of Vauchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Battle of Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Napoleon and the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Tiara" title="Napoleon Tiara">Tiara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Jews" title="Napoleon and the Jews">Jewish people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Sanhedrin" title="Grand Sanhedrin">Grand Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infamous_Decree" title="Infamous Decree">Infamous Decree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_Protestants" title="Napoleon and Protestants">Protestants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Articles" title="Organic Articles">Organic Articles</a></li></ul></li> <li>Slavery <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_20_May_1802" title="Law of 20 May 1802">Law of 20 May 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue_expedition" title="Saint-Domingue expedition">Saint-Domingue expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleon_and_women&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleon and women (page does not exist)">Women</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Ier_et_les_femmes" class="extiw" title="fr:Napoléon Ier et les femmes">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Homes and honours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Column of the Grande Armée">Column of the Grande Armée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Napoleon_(Rouen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of Napoleon (Rouen)">Equestrian statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maison_Bonaparte" title="Maison Bonaparte">Maison Bonaparte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_as_Mars_the_Peacemaker" title="Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker">Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_as_Mars_the_Peacemaker_(Milan)" title="Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker (Milan)">Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Victoire" title="Rue de la Victoire">Rue de la Victoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte_Monument_(Warsaw)" title="Napoleon Bonaparte Monument (Warsaw)">Warsaw monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Napoleon" title="Legacy of Napoleon">Legacy and memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Napoleon" title="Cultural depictions of Napoleon">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_complex" title="Napoleon complex">Napoleon complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_is_a_sleeping_giant" title="China is a sleeping giant">"China is a sleeping giant" quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_propaganda" title="Napoleonic propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_tomb" title="Napoleon's tomb">Tomb</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Retour_des_cendres" title="Retour des cendres">Retour des cendres</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_penis" title="Napoleon's penis">Penis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_studies" title="Napoleonic studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Napoleon" title="Category:Napoleon">Category</a> / <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:_Napoleon_I_of_France" class="extiw" title="commons:Category: Napoleon I of France">Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_consorts_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_consorts" title="Template:French consorts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_consorts" title="Template talk:French consorts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_consorts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French consorts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_consorts_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Royal consorts of France</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_queens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Frankish queens">List of Frankish queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_royal_consorts" title="List of French royal consorts">List of French royal consorts</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a> (509–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clotilde" title="Clotilde">Clotilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultragotha" title="Ultragotha">Ultragotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntheuc" title="Guntheuc">Guntheuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radegund" title="Radegund">Radegund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingund" title="Ingund">Ingund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aregund" title="Aregund">Aregund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingoberga" title="Ingoberga">Ingoberga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merofleda" title="Merofleda">Merofleda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcovefa" title="Marcovefa">Marcovefa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudechild" title="Theudechild">Theudechild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austregilde" title="Austregilde">Austregilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audovera" title="Audovera">Audovera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galswintha" title="Galswintha">Galswintha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredegund" title="Fredegund">Fredegund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunhilda_of_Austrasia" title="Brunhilda of Austrasia">Brunhilda of Austrasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrude" title="Bertrude">Bertrude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichilde" title="Sichilde">Sichilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomentrude" title="Gomentrude">Gomentrude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanthild" title="Nanthild">Nanthild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragintrudis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragintrudis">Ragintrudis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfefundis" class="mw-redirect" title="Wulfefundis">Wulfefundis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertechildis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertechildis">Bertechildis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthild_of_Chelles" title="Balthild of Chelles">Balthild of Chelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilichild_(wife_of_Childeric_II)" title="Bilichild (wife of Childeric II)">Bilichild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrothildis" title="Chrothildis">Chrothildis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a> (751–987)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrada_of_Laon" title="Bertrada of Laon">Bertrada of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerberga,_wife_of_Carloman_I" title="Gerberga, wife of Carloman I">Gerberga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderata_of_the_Lombards" title="Desiderata of the Lombards">Desiderata of the Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_(queen)" title="Hildegard (queen)">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastrada" title="Fastrada">Fastrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luitgard_(Frankish_queen)" title="Luitgard (Frankish queen)">Luitgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermengarde_of_Hesbaye" title="Ermengarde of Hesbaye">Ermengarde of Hesbaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Bavaria_(died_843)" title="Judith of Bavaria (died 843)">Judith of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermentrude_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Ermentrude of Orléans">Ermentrude of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richilde_of_Provence" title="Richilde of Provence">Richilde of Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Paris" title="Adelaide of Paris">Adelaide of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardis" title="Richardis">Richardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odrate_of_Troyes" title="Théodrate of Troyes">Théodrate of Troyes</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederuna" title="Frederuna">Frederuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadgifu_of_Wessex" title="Eadgifu of Wessex">Eadgifu of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Vermandois" title="Beatrice of Vermandois">Beatrice of Vermandois</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_France" title="Emma of France">Emma of France</a><sup><i>B</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerberga_of_Saxony" title="Gerberga of Saxony">Gerberga of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Italy" title="Emma of Italy">Emma of Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a> (987–1328)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Aquitaine" title="Adelaide of Aquitaine">Adelaide of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozala_of_Italy" title="Rozala of Italy">Rozala of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Burgundy" title="Bertha of Burgundy">Bertha of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Arles" title="Constance of Arles">Constance of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Frisia" title="Matilda of Frisia">Matilda of Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Kiev" title="Anne of Kiev">Anne of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Holland" title="Bertha of Holland">Bertha of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrade_of_Montfort" title="Bertrade of Montfort">Bertrade of Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Maurienne" title="Adelaide of Maurienne">Adelaide of Maurienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Castile" title="Constance of Castile">Constance of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_of_Champagne" title="Adela of Champagne">Adela of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Hainault" title="Isabella of Hainault">Isabella of Hainault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_France" title="Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of France">Ingeborg of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Merania" title="Agnes of Merania">Agnes of Merania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Provence" title="Margaret of Provence">Margaret of Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_France" title="Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France">Isabella of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Brabant,_Queen_of_France" title="Marie of Brabant, Queen of France">Marie of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_I_of_Navarre" title="Joan I of Navarre">Joan I of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Burgundy,_Queen_of_France" title="Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of France">Margaret of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementia_of_Hungary" title="Clementia of Hungary">Clementia of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_II,_Countess_of_Burgundy" title="Joan II, Countess of Burgundy">Joan II, Countess of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Burgundy" title="Blanche of Burgundy">Blanche of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Luxembourg,_Queen_of_France" title="Marie of Luxembourg, Queen of France">Marie of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Joan of Évreux">Joan of Évreux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> (1328–1589)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_the_Lame" title="Joan the Lame">Joan of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Navarre,_Queen_of_France" title="Blanche of Navarre, Queen of France">Blanche of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_I,_Countess_of_Auvergne" title="Joan I, Countess of Auvergne">Joan I, Countess of Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Bourbon" title="Joanna of Bourbon">Joanna of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria" title="Isabeau of Bavaria">Isabeau of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Anjou" title="Marie of Anjou">Marie of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Savoy" title="Charlotte of Savoy">Charlotte of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_France,_Duchess_of_Berry" title="Joan of France, Duchess of Berry">Joan of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France" title="Mary Tudor, Queen of France">Mary Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France" title="Claude of France">Claude of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Austria,_Queen_of_France" title="Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France">Elisabeth of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Lorraine" title="Louise of Lorraine">Louise of Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></i> <i>(1422–1453)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1589–1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Margaret of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Leszczy%C5%84ska" title="Marie Leszczyńska">Marie Leszczyńska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1804–1814; 1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1814–1815; 1815–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Jos%C3%A9phine_of_Savoy" title="Marie Joséphine of Savoy">Marie Joséphine of Savoy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Duchess_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême">Marie-Thérèse</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a> (1830–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily">Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1852–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo" title="Eugénie de Montijo">Eugénie de Montijo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Queens_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_consorts" title="Template:Italian consorts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italian_consorts" title="Template talk:Italian consorts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italian_consorts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italian consorts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Queens_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_royal_consorts" title="List of Italian royal consorts">Queens of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audofleda" title="Audofleda">Audofleda</a> (493–526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalasuintha" title="Amalasuintha">Amalasuintha</a> (526–534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matasuntha" class="mw-redirect" title="Matasuntha">Matasuntha</a> (536–540)</li> <li>Berthora (549–552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothsind_(queen)" title="Chlothsind (queen)">Chlothsind</a> (560s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosamund_(Gepid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosamund (Gepid)">Rosamund</a> (567–573)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodelinda" title="Theodelinda">Theodelinda</a> (589–616)</li> <li>Gundiberga (626–652)</li> <li>Guntrude (712–744)</li> <li>Tassia (744–749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansa,_Queen_of_the_Lombards" title="Ansa, Queen of the Lombards">Ansa</a> (756–774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_(queen)" title="Hildegard (queen)">Hildegard</a> (774–783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastrada" title="Fastrada">Fastrada of Franconia</a> (784–794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luitgard_(Frankish_queen)" title="Luitgard (Frankish queen)">Luitgard of Sundgau</a> (794–800)</li> <li>Bertha of Gellone (?)</li> <li>Cunigunda of Laon (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermengarde_of_Tours" title="Ermengarde of Tours">Ermengarde of Tours</a> (821–851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelberga" title="Engelberga">Engelberga of Parma</a> (851–875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richilde_of_Provence" title="Richilde of Provence">Richilde of Provence</a> (875–877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardis" title="Richardis">Richardis of Swabia</a> (879–888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertila_of_Spoleto" title="Bertila of Spoleto">Bertila of Spoleto</a> (888–889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageltrude" title="Ageltrude">Ageltrude of Benevento</a> (889–894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ota_(wife_of_Arnulf_of_Carinthia)" title="Ota (wife of Arnulf of Carinthia)">Ota of Neustria</a> (896–899)</li> <li>Anna of Constantinople (900–905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertila_of_Spoleto" title="Bertila of Spoleto">Bertila of Spoleto</a> (905–915)</li> <li>Anna of Provence (915–924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Swabia" title="Bertha of Swabia">Bertha of Swabia</a> (922–926)</li> <li>Alda (924–932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marozia" title="Marozia">Marozia of Tusculum</a> (932–933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Swabia" title="Bertha of Swabia">Bertha of Swabia</a> (937–948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Italy" title="Adelaide of Italy">Adelaide of Italy</a> (948–950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_of_Tuscany" title="Willa of Tuscany">Willa of Tuscany</a> (950–953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerberga,_mother_of_Otto-William" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerberga, mother of Otto-William">Gerberga</a> (957–963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Italy" title="Adelaide of Italy">Adelaide of Italy</a> (951–973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanu" title="Theophanu">Theophanu of Constantinople</a> (972–983)</li> <li>Berta di Luni (1002–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunigunde_of_Luxembourg" title="Cunigunde of Luxembourg">Cunigunde of Luxembourg</a> (1004–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gisela_of_Swabia" title="Gisela of Swabia">Gisela of Swabia</a> (1026–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Poitou" title="Agnes of Poitou">Agnes of Poitou</a> (1043–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Savoy" title="Bertha of Savoy">Bertha of Savoy</a> (1080–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupraxia_of_Kiev" title="Eupraxia of Kiev">Eupraxia of Kiev</a> (1089–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Constance, Queen of Sicily">Constance of Sicily</a> (1095–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda of England</a> (1114–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richenza_of_Northeim" title="Richenza of Northeim">Richenza of Northeim</a> (1128–37)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_I,_Countess_of_Burgundy" title="Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy">Beatrice I of Burgundy</a> (1156–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Constance, Queen of Sicily">Constance of Sicily</a> (1191–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Swabia" title="Beatrice of Swabia">Beatrice of Hohenstaufen</a> (1212)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Aragon,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Constance of Aragon, Holy Roman Empress">Constance of Aragon</a> (1212–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Isabella II of Jerusalem">Isabella II of Jerusalem</a> (1225–28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_England" title="Isabella of England">Isabella of England</a> (1235–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bianca_Lancia" title="Bianca Lancia">Bianca Lancia</a> (1244?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Brabant" title="Margaret of Brabant">Margaret of Brabant</a> (1311)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_II,_Countess_of_Hainaut" title="Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut">Margaret II of Hainaut</a> (1327–47)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_von_Schweidnitz" title="Anna von Schweidnitz">Anna of Świdnica</a> (1355–62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Pomerania" title="Elizabeth of Pomerania">Elizabeth of Pomerania</a> (1363–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_of_Cilli" title="Barbara of Cilli">Barbara of Cilli</a> (1431–37)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Portugal,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress">Eleanor of Portugal</a> (1452–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a> (1530–39)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a> (1805–10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise of Austria</a> (1810–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_of_Savoy" title="Margherita of Savoy">Margherita of Savoy</a> (1878–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_of_Montenegro" title="Elena of Montenegro">Elena of Montenegro</a> (1900–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jos%C3%A9_of_Belgium" title="Marie-José of Belgium">Marie-José of Belgium</a> (1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beauharnais" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beauharnais" title="Template:Beauharnais"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beauharnais" title="Template talk:Beauharnais"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beauharnais" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beauharnais"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beauharnais" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Beauharnais" title="Beauharnais">Beauharnais</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Generations are numbered from <a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Beauharnais_(1680%E2%80%931738)" title="Claude de Beauharnais (1680–1738)">Claude de Beauharnais, seigneur de Beaumont</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_V_de_Beauharnais" title="François V de Beauharnais">François V, Marquis de La Ferté-Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Beauharnais_(1717%E2%80%931784)" title="Claude de Beauharnais (1717–1784)">Claude, 1st Count of Roches-Baritaud</a> <i>m. <a href="/wiki/Fanny_de_Beauharnais" title="Fanny de Beauharnais">Françoise Mouchard</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_VI_de_Beauharnais" title="François VI de Beauharnais">François VI, Marquis de La Ferté-Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Beauharnais_(1756%E2%80%931819)" title="Claude de Beauharnais (1756–1819)">Claude, 2nd Count of Roches-Baritaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre, Viscount of Beauharnais</a> <i>m. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joséphine Tascher de La Pagerie (later Empress of the French)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène, Duke of Leuchtenberg</a>* <i>m. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Bavaria" title="Princess Augusta of Bavaria">Princess Augusta of Bavaria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hortense_de_Beauharnais" title="Hortense de Beauharnais">Hortense, Queen of Holland</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phanie_de_Beauharnais" title="Stéphanie de Beauharnais">Stéphanie, Grand Duchess of Baden</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Josephine of Leuchtenberg">Joséphine, Queen of Sweden and Norway</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugénie de Beauharnais">Eugénie, Princess of Hohenzollern-Hechingen</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste,_Duke_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg">Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg</a>** <i>m. <a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Queen Maria II of Portugal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Amélie of Leuchtenberg">Amélie, Empress of Brazil</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odolinde_de_Beauharnais" title="Théodolinde de Beauharnais">Théodolinde, Countess of Württemberg</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_de_Beauharnais,_3rd_Duke_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg">Maximilian, Duke of Leuchtenberg</a>**^ <i>m. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Nikolaevna_of_Russia,_Duchess_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia, Duchess of Leuchtenberg">Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Maximilianovna_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Princess Maria Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg">Marie, Princess William of Baden</a>**^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Maximilianovitch,_4th_Duke_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Nicholas Maximilianovitch, 4th Duke of Leuchtenberg">Nicholas, Duke of Leuchtenberg</a>**^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Eugenia_Maximilianovna_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Princess Eugenia Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg">Eugenia, Duchess Alexander of Oldenburg</a>**^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Maximilianovich,_5th_Duke_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Eugen Maximilianovich, 5th Duke of Leuchtenberg">Eugen, Duke of Leuchtenberg</a>**^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Maximilianovich,_6th_Duke_of_Leuchtenberg" title="George Maximilianovich, 6th Duke of Leuchtenberg">Georgi, Duke of Leuchtenberg</a>**^ <i>m. 1st <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Therese_Petrovna_of_Oldenburg" title="Duchess Therese Petrovna of Oldenburg">Duchess Therese Petrovna of Oldenburg</a>, m. 2nd <a href="/wiki/Princess_Anastasia_of_Montenegro" title="Princess Anastasia of Montenegro">Princess Anastasia of Montenegro</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Georgievich,_7th_Duke_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Alexander Georgievich, 7th Duke of Leuchtenberg">Alexander, Duke of Leuchtenberg</a>**^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Georgievich,_8th_Duke_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Sergei Georgievich, 8th Duke of Leuchtenberg">Sergei, Duke of Leuchtenberg</a>**^</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Leuchtenberg" title="Nicolas de Leuchtenberg">Nicholas</a>**</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* <i>also a Prince or Princess des <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Francais</a></i><br />** <i>also a Prince or Princess of <a href="/wiki/Leuchtenberg" title="Leuchtenberg">Leuchtenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eichst%C3%A4dt" title="Eichstädt">Eichstädt</a></i><br />^<i>also a Prince <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanovsky</a> or Princess <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanovskaja</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Imperial_House_of_France_of_the_First_French_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Imperial_House_of_France_(First_French_Empire)" title="Template:Imperial House of France (First French Empire)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Imperial_House_of_France_(First_French_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Imperial House of France (First French Empire) (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial_House_of_France_(First_French_Empire)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial House of France (First French Empire)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Imperial_House_of_France_of_the_First_French_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_France_(First_French_Empire)" title="Imperial House of France (First French Empire)">Imperial House of France</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperor and immediate family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon, Emperor of the French</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joséphine, Empress of the French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise, Empress of the French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoleon, King of Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_(1804-1815).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%281804-1815%29.svg/100px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%281804-1815%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%281804-1815%29.svg/150px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%281804-1815%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%281804-1815%29.svg/200px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%281804-1815%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2229" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_the_First_French_Empire" title="Nobility of the First French Empire">French Princes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisa_Bonaparte" title="Elisa Bonaparte">Elisa Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fesch" title="Joseph Fesch">Joseph Fesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Several family members held additional titles in <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal states</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Revolution" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Revolution" title="Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Revolution" title="Template talk:French Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Timeline of the French Revolution">Timeline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Constitutional monarchy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Glossary of the French Revolution">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_journals_appearing_under_the_French_Revolution" title="List of journals appearing under the French Revolution">Journals</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Museum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Significant_civil_and_political_events_by_year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant civil and political events by year</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1788</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles" title="Day of the Tiles">Day of the Tiles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(7 Jun 1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Vizille" title="Assembly of Vizille">Assembly of Vizille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jul 1788)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Third_Estate%3F" title="What Is the Third Estate?">What Is the Third Estate?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jan 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon_riots" title="Réveillon riots">Réveillon riots</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Apr 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Convocation of the Estates General</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 May 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France#Illness" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Death of the Dauphin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 June 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jun 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jul 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">Abolition of Feudalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–11 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Oct 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">Nationalization of the Church properties</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Nov 1789)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1790</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlement#Abolition" title="Parlement">Abolition of the Parlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Feb–Jul 1790)</span></li> <li>Abolition of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility#The_abolition_of_privileges_during_the_French_Revolution" title="French nobility">Nobility</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Jun 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i> <small>(14 Jul 1790)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1791</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Jun 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jul 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Aug 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">The Constitution of 1791</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">National Legislative Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">France declares war</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Apr 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jul 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jun 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10th of August</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Aug 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sep 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First republic declared</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jan 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_General_Security" title="Committee of General Security">Committee of General Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793" title="Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793">Fall of the Girondists</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Jun 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat#Death" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Assassination of Marat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jul 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Aug 1793)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Marat" title="The Death of Marat">The Death of Marat</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(painting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Sep 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette#Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette is guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(16 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution#The_Revolution_and_the_Church" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Anti-clerical laws</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(throughout the year)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1794</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton#Life" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins#Trial_and_execution" title="Camille Desmoulins">Desmoulins guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> guillotined <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fall 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins#Fall_from_power" title="Jacobins">Closing of the Jacobin Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Nov 1794)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1795–6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_12_Germinal_Year_III" title="Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III">Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Apr 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">Constitution of the Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Aug 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1795–99)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred">Council of Five Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ancients" title="Council of Ancients">Council of Ancients</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">5 Oct 1795</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of the Equals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(May 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1797</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Second Congress of Rastatt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1798</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Flor%C3%A9al_Year_VI" title="Law of 22 Floréal Year VI">Law of 22 Floréal Year VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 May 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_30_Prairial_VII" title="Coup of 30 Prairial VII">Coup of 30 Prairial VII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Nov 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">Constitution of the Year VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Dec 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Revolutionary_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Revolutionary campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1792</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li> <li>Royalist Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendée</a></li> <li>Dauphiné</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Goddess" title="Column of the Goddess">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1792)" title="Siege of Namur (1792)">Namur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Namur_(1792)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Namur (1792)">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1793_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Battle of Famars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Expedition to Sardinia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiserslautern" title="Battle of Kaiserslautern">Battle of Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wattignies" title="Battle of Wattignies">Battle of Wattignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote" title="Battle of Hondschoote">Battle of Hondschoote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bellegarde_(1793)" title="Siege of Bellegarde (1793)">Siege of Bellegarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peyrestortes" title="Battle of Peyrestortes">Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Siege of Toulon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">First Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Truillas" title="Battle of Truillas">Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">Second Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26–27 Dec 1793)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1794_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1794</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies">Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Boulou" title="Second Battle of Boulou">Second Battle of Boulou</a> (Pyrenees) <span style="font-size:85%;">(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tourcoing" title="Battle of Tourcoing">Battle of Tourcoing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tournay_(1794)" title="Battle of Tournay (1794)">Battle of Tournay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June" title="Glorious First of June">Glorious First of June</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1794)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)">Battle of Aldenhoven</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Oct 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1795</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1796</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796%E2%80%931797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796–1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lonato" title="Battle of Lonato">Battle of Lonato</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3–4 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Theiningen" title="Battle of Theiningen">Battle of Theiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Battle of Neresheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Battle of Amberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Battle of Würzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovereto" title="Battle of Rovereto">Battle of Rovereto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">First Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmendingen" title="Battle of Emmendingen">Battle of Emmendingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(19 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schliengen" title="Battle of Schliengen">Battle of Schliengen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bassano" title="Second Battle of Bassano">Second Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calliano" title="Battle of Calliano">Battle of Calliano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6–7 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15–17 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland expedition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1797_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1797</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796-1797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796-1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_January_1797" title="Action of 13 January 1797">Naval Engagement off Brittany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14–15 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_January_1797" title="Action of 25 January 1797">Battle of the Bay of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leoben" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Leoben">Treaty of Leoben</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Battle of Neuwied</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Oct 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1798</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion of Switzerland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 January – 17 May 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French Invasion of Egypt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798#French_landing" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Battle of Ostrach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">Battle of Stockach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Battle of Magnano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassano_(1799)" title="Battle of Cassano (1799)">Battle of Cassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27–28 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zurich" title="First Battle of Zurich">First Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–7 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trebbia_(1799)" title="Battle of Trebbia (1799)">Battle of Trebbia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17–20 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Battle of Novi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Aug 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25–26 Sep 1799)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1800</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Alessandria" title="Convention of Alessandria">Convention of Alessandria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Dec 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1800–02)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1801</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Feb 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Florence" title="Treaty of Florence">Treaty of Florence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Mar 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Jul 1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1802</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jun 1802)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military leaders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_Charles_d%27Aoust" title="Eustache Charles d'Aoust">Eustache Charles d'Aoust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Augereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Augereau">Pierre Augereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Carteaux" title="Jean François Carteaux">Jean François Carteaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Championnet" title="Jean-Étienne Championnet">Jean-Étienne Championnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bertin_Gaston_Chapuis_de_Tourville" title="Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville">Chapuis de Tourville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Philippe,_Comte_de_Custine" title="Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine">Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier" title="Jacques François Dugommier">Jacques François Dugommier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Ferino" title="Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino">Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_de_Flers" title="Louis-Charles de Flers">Louis-Charles de Flers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grenier" title="Paul Grenier">Paul Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel de Grouchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maurice_Hatry" title="Jacques Maurice Hatry">Jacques Maurice Hatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_de_Kellermann" title="François Christophe de Kellermann">François Christophe de Kellermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Étienne Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Marbot" title="Jean-Antoine Marbot">Jean-Antoine Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Marbot" title="Marcellin Marbot">Marcellin Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau" title="François Séverin Marceau">François Séverin Marceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon-Adrien_Jeannot_de_Moncey" title="Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey">Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Jean Victor Marie Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Jacques_Osten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)">Pierre-Jacques Osten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jacques_Osten" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine-Dominique_de_P%C3%A9rignon" title="Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon">Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Louis_Joseph_Sch%C3%A9rer" title="Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer">Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Mathieu-Philibert_S%C3%A9rurier" title="Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier">Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Souham" title="Joseph Souham">Joseph Souham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Henri_Belgrand_de_Vaubois" title="Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois">Belgrand de Vaubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Victor_Perrin" title="Claude-Victor Perrin">Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Navy#18th_century" title="French Navy">French Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_L%C3%A9on_Durand_Linois" title="Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois">Charles-Alexandre Linois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" title="József Alvinczi">József Alvinczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">Count of Clerfayt <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Aloys_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg">Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Hotze" title="Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze">Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze <span style="font-size:85%;">(Swiss)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf,_Count_von_Kalckreuth" title="Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth">Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray">Pál Kray <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene,_Prince_of_Lambesc" title="Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc">Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc <span style="font-size:85%;">(French)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Anton_Karl,_Count_Baillet_de_Latour" title="Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour">Maximilian Baillet de Latour <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">Karl Mack von Leiberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ritter_von_Otto" title="Rudolf Ritter von Otto">Rudolf Ritter von Otto <span style="font-size:85%;">(Saxon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitus_von_Quosdanovich" title="Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich">Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_XV_of_Reuss-Plauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen">Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_von_Szoboszl%C3%B3" title="Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló">Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp_Sebottendorf" title="Karl Philipp Sebottendorf">Karl Philipp Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_Sigmund_von_Wurmser" title="Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser">Dagobert von Wurmser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Saumarez,_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korsakov" title="Alexander Korsakov">Alexander Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rosenberg" title="Andrei Rosenberg">Andrei Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)#Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Firm%C3%ADn_de_Carvajal,_Conde_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión">Luis Firmin de Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ricardos" title="Antonio Ricardos">Antonio Ricardos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other_significant_figures_and_factions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other significant figures and factions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Society_of_1789" title="Patriotic Society of 1789">Patriotic Society of 1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt">François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Nicolas de Condorcet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Clichy" title="Club de Clichy">monarchiens</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Elliott" title="Grace Elliott">Grace Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_II_de_La_Porte" title="Arnaud II de La Porte">Arnaud de La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Sifrein_Maury" title="Jean-Sifrein Maury">Jean-Sifrein Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_marquis_de_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy">François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Barnave" title="Antoine Barnave">Antoine Barnave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Th%C3%A9odore-Victor,_comte_de_Lameth" title="Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth">Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Malo_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lameth" title="Charles Malo François Lameth">Charles Malo François Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="André Chénier">André Chénier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rewbell" title="Jean-François Rewbell">Jean-François Rewbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Jordan_(politician)" title="Camille Jordan (politician)">Camille Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_de_Boissy_d%27Anglas" title="François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas">Boissy d'Anglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière">Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jean_H%C3%A9rault_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles">Marie Jean Hérault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Treilhard" title="Jean Baptiste Treilhard">Jean Baptiste Treilhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victurnien_Vergniaud" title="Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud">Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Debry" title="Jean Debry">Jean Debry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_La_R%C3%A9velli%C3%A8re-L%C3%A9peaux" title="Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux">Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plain" title="The Plain">The Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" title="Charles-François Lebrun">Charles-François Lebrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Cambon" title="Pierre-Joseph Cambon">Pierre-Joseph Cambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Égalité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Merlin" title="Antoine Christophe Merlin">Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Mounier" title="Jean Joseph Mounier">Jean Joseph Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_le_Peletier,_marquis_de_Saint-Fargeau" title="Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau">Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois">Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Voulland" title="Jean-Henri Voulland">Jean-Henri Voulland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville" title="Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville">Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas" title="Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Guillaume_Alexis_Vadier" title="Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier">Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Amar" title="Jean-Pierre-André Amar">Jean-Pierre-André Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine,_comte_Prieur-Duvernois" title="Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois">Prieur de la Côte-d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Prieur de la Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Romme" title="Gilbert Romme">Gilbert Romme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bon Saint-André">Jean Bon Saint-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Lambert_Tallien" title="Jean-Lambert Tallien">Jean-Lambert Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Pierre Louis Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Saliceti" title="Antoine Christophe Saliceti">Antoine Christophe Saliceti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Billaud-Varenne" title="Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne">Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Momoro" title="Antoine-François Momoro">Antoine-François Momoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Vincent" title="François-Nicolas Vincent">François-Nicolas Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabot" title="François Chabot">François Chabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_No%C3%ABl_Bouchotte" title="Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte">Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph_Gobel" title="Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel">Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hanriot" title="François Hanriot">François Hanriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas-Marie_Maillard" title="Stanislas-Marie Maillard">Stanislas-Marie Maillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Jean-François Varlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Theophile Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fesch" title="Joseph Fesch">Joseph Fesch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Donatien_Le_Ray_de_Chaumont" title="Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont">Jacques-Donatien Le Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Th%C3%A9ot" title="Catherine Théot">Catherine Théot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Madame de Lamballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis de Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chouan" title="Jean Chouan">Jean Chouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Loménie de Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Duval_d%27Epr%C3%A9mesnil" title="Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil">Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people associated with the French Revolution">List of people associated with the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_Club" title="Panthéon Club">Panthéon Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth" title="Society of the Friends of Truth">Social Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Influential_thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Influential thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Les Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacharsis_Cloots" title="Anacharsis Cloots">Anacharsis Cloots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Daunou" title="Pierre Claude François Daunou">Pierre Claude François Daunou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Cultural_impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cultural impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">Cockade of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag of France</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscadin" title="Muscadin">Muscadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temple of Reason</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">Sans-culottes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Women in the French Revolution">Women in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incroyables_and_merveilleuses" title="Incroyables and merveilleuses">Incroyables and merveilleuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Symbolism in the French Revolution">Symbolism in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">Historiography of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Influence of the French Revolution">Influence of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_during_the_French_Revolution_and_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="List of films set during the French Revolution and French Revolutionary Wars">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171480#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171480#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171480#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118558420">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50038062">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12164162n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12164162n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620900">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35254554">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700138&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1202714">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/149007">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07060228X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=106745">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8bcbjg0lm4q7z">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810594087205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/47500">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263515005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511855606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14436912">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500289647">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/459191">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/883868">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118558420.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118558420">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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