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action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Vés al contingut</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menú principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menú principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menú principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navegació </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visiteu la pàgina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Article_aleatori" title="Carrega una pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d'actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Viquipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'Enciclopèdia Lliure" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ca.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Cerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cerca</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cerca a Viquipèdia" aria-label="Cerca a Viquipèdia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Cerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Eines personals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Estiu&returntoquery=oldid%3D34184588" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Estiu&returntoquery=oldid%3D34184588" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines personals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Estiu&returntoquery=oldid%3D34184588" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Estiu&returntoquery=oldid%3D34184588" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Càlcul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Càlcul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Càlcul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Càlcul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Característiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Característiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Característiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Característiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simbolisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simbolisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Simbolisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simbolisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Arts</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultura_popular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultura_popular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cultura popular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultura_popular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gastronomia_d’estiu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gastronomia_d’estiu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gastronomia d’estiu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gastronomia_d’estiu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Gastronomia d’estiu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gastronomia_d’estiu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Productes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Productes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Productes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Productes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fruites_i_verdures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruites_i_verdures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Fruites i verdures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruites_i_verdures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carns,_peixos_i_mariscs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carns,_peixos_i_mariscs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Carns, peixos i mariscs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carns,_peixos_i_mariscs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plats_i_costums_culinaris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plats_i_costums_culinaris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Plats i costums culinaris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plats_i_costums_culinaris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Begudes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Begudes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Begudes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Begudes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treballs_d’agricultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treballs_d’agricultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Treballs d’agricultura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treballs_d’agricultura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Treballs d’agricultura</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treballs_d’agricultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autors_clàssics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autors_clàssics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Autors clàssics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autors_clàssics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Estiu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 187 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-187" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">187 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D4%A5%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Аԥхын - abkhaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аԥхын" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Гъэмаф - adigué" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Гъэмаф" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adigué" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somer" title="Somer - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Somer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommer" title="Sommer - alemany suís" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sommer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemany suís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%89%84_%E1%8B%88%E1%89%85%E1%89%B5" title="ሞቄ ወቅት - amhàric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሞቄ ወቅት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhàric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verano" title="Verano - aragonès" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Verano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81" title="صيف - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صيف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%9B%DC%90" title="ܩܝܛܐ - arameu" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܝܛܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81" title="صيف - Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="صيف" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81" title="صيف - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صيف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branu" title="Branu - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Branu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panqara_phaxsi" title="Panqara phaxsi - aimara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Panqara phaxsi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yay" title="Yay - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yay" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="یای - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یای" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D0%B9" title="Йәй - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йәй" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa" title="Summa - bavarès" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Summa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasara" title="Vasara - Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vasara" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag-init" title="Tag-init - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tag-init" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Лета - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лета" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Лета - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лета" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Лято - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лято" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8)" title="गरमी (सीजन) - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गरमी (सीजन)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim_panas" title="Musim panas - Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Musim panas" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="গ্রীষ্ম - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রীষ্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BC%8D" title="དབྱར་ཁ། - tibetà" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དབྱར་ཁ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%B1v" title="Hañv - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hañv" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljeto" title="Ljeto - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ljeto" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C4%95k-ti%C4%95ng" title="Iĕk-tiĕng - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iĕk-tiĕng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Аьхке - txetxè" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Аьхке" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ھاوین - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھاوین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9to" title="Léto - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Léto" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lato" title="Lato - caixubi" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Lato" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="caixubi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Çулла - txuvaix" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çулла" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haf" title="Haf - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Haf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommer" title="Sommer - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sommer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommer" title="Sommer - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sommer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnan" title="Amnan - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Amnan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%9B%C5%9Be" title="Lěśe - baix sòrab" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Lěśe" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="baix sòrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="गृष्म ऋतु - Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="गृष्म ऋतु" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Καλοκαίρι - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καλοκαίρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%AA" title="Istê - Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Istê" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer" title="Summer - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Summer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somero" title="Somero - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Somero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verano" title="Verano - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Verano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvi" title="Suvi - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suvi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uda" title="Uda - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veranu" title="Veranu - extremeny" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Veranu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremeny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تابستان - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تابستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kes%C3%A4" title="Kesä - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kesä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvi" title="Suvi - Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Suvi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summar" title="Summar - feroès" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Summar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89t%C3%A9" title="Été - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Été" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somer" title="Somer - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Somer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%A2t" title="Istât - friülà" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Istât" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friülà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmer" title="Simmer - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Simmer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhradh" title="Samhradh - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Samhradh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver%C3%A1n" title="Verán - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Verán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arahaku" title="Arahaku - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arahaku" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AB%8B" title="ઉનાળો - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉનાળો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sourey" title="Sourey - manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sourey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngie%CC%8Dt-thi%C3%AAn" title="Ngie̍t-thiên - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngie̍t-thiên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A5" title="קיץ - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קיץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="ग्रीष्म ऋतु - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रीष्म ऋतु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljeto" title="Ljeto - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ljeto" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%9B%C4%87o" title="Lěćo - alt sòrab" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Lěćo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="alt sòrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lete" title="Lete - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lete" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C3%A1r" title="Nyár - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BC" title="Ամառ - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամառ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BC" title="Ամառ - Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ամառ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate" title="Estate - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Estate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim_panas" title="Musim panas - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musim panas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estive" title="Estive - interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Estive" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgaw" title="Kalgaw - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kalgaw" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ахка - ingúix" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ахка" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingúix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somero" title="Somero - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Somero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumar" title="Sumar - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sumar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate" title="Estate - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Estate" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F" title="夏 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="夏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/crisa" title="crisa - lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="crisa" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangsa_panas" title="Mangsa panas - javanès" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mangsa panas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ზაფხული - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზაფხული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaz" title="Jaz - karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jaz" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anebdu" title="Anebdu - cabilenc" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Anebdu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabilenc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Жаз - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жаз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86" title="ಬೇಸಿಗೆ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೇಸಿಗೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AC%EB%A6%84" title="여름 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="여름" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Гожум - komi-permiac" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Гожум" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permiac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommer" title="Sommer - kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Sommer" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav%C3%AEn" title="Havîn - kurd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Havîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B6%D3%A7%D0%BC" title="Гожӧм - komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Гожӧм" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Жай - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жай" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestas" title="Aestas - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aestas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer" title="Summer - luxemburguès" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Summer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%B8" title="Гъи - Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Гъи" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Гад - lesguià" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гад" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lesguià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A6" title="Estæ - lígur" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Estæ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="lígur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inst%C3%A0" title="Instà - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Instà" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%A0t" title="Istàt - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Istàt" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%AE%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ລະດູຮ້ອນ - laosià" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລະດູຮ້ອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasara" title="Vasara - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vasara" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasara" title="Vasara - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vasara" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Кизось - mordovià moksa" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кизось" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mordovià moksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahavaratra" title="Fahavaratra - malgaix" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahavaratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D2%A5%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Кеҥеж - Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кеҥеж" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Лето - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лето" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="ഗ്രീഷ്മം - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രീഷ്മം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Зун - mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зун" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE" title="उन्हाळा - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उन्हाळा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%93%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%B9%D0%B6" title="Кӓнгӹж - mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кӓнгӹж" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musim_panas" title="Musim panas - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Musim panas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE" title="နွေရာသီ - birmà" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နွေရာသီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8D_(%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Кизэ (шкань вал) - mordovià erza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кизэ (шкань вал)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="mordovià erza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="تابستون - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تابستون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staggione" title="Staggione - napolità" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Staggione" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer" title="Summer - baix saxó" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Summer" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baix saxó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="ग्रीष्म ऋतु - nepalès" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ग्रीष्म ऋतु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="ताल्ला - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ताल्ला" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zomer" title="Zomer - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zomer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommar" title="Sommar - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sommar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommer" title="Sommer - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sommer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8At%C3%A9" title="Êté - Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Êté" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estiu" title="Estiu - occità" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estiu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kez%C3%A4" title="Kezä - Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kezä" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Сæрд - osseta" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сæрд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osseta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_(%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4)" title="ਗਰਮੀ (ਰੁੱਤ) - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰਮੀ (ਰੁੱਤ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama" title="Sama - Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Sama" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lato" title="Lato - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lato" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%A7%DD%AA" title="ہناݪ - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہناݪ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="دوبی - paixtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دوبی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paixtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver%C3%A3o" title="Verão - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Verão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruphay_mit%27a" title="Ruphay mit'a - quítxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ruphay mit'a" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quítxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C4%83" title="Vară - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vear%C3%A2" title="Vearâ - aromanès" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Vearâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Лето - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лето" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Літо - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Літо" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icyi" title="Icyi - ruandès" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Icyi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="ruandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Сайын - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сайын" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9D_%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9" title="ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ - santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istadiai" title="Istadiai - sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istadiai" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astati" title="Astati - sicilià" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Astati" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmer" title="Simmer - escocès" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Simmer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="اونهارو - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اونهارو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljeto" title="Ljeto - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ljeto" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anbdu" title="Anbdu - taixelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Anbdu" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="taixelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ගිම්හානය - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගිම්හානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer" title="Summer - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Summer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leto" title="Leto - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Leto" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poletje" title="Poletje - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poletje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhizha" title="Zhizha - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zhizha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xagaa" title="Xagaa - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xagaa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_(stin%C3%AB)" title="Vera (stinë) - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vera (stinë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Лето - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лето" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommar" title="Sommar - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sommar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majira_ya_joto" title="Majira ya joto - suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Majira ya joto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/lalud" title="lalud - Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="lalud" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கோடைகாலம் - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோடைகாலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/bagan" title="bagan - Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="bagan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="వేసవి కాలం - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వేసవి కాలం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тобистон - tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тобистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ฤดูร้อน - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฤดูร้อน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomus" title="Tomus - turcman" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tomus" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag-init" title="Tag-init - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tag-init" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selemo" title="Selemo - setswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Selemo" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="setswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz" title="Yaz - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D3%99%D0%B9" title="Җәй - tàtar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җәй" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tàtar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="ياز - uigur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ياز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Літо - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Літо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="موسم گرما - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="موسم گرما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoz" title="Yoz - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%A0" title="Istà - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Istà" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keza" title="Keza - vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Keza" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9a_h%C3%A8" title="Mùa hè - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mùa hè" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zomer" title="Zomer - flamenc occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zomer" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamenc occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit%C3%BCp" title="Hitüp - volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hitüp" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A9" title="Esté - való" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Esté" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="való" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katpaso" title="Katpaso - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Katpaso" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A4%A9" title="夏天 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="夏天" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Зун - calmuc" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Зун" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="calmuc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ზარხული - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ზარხული" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="זומער - ídix" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זומער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ídix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cawzhah" title="Cawzhah - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cawzhah" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93" title="ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ - amazic estàndard marroquí" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazic estàndard marroquí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%AD%A3" title="夏季 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="夏季" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F" title="夏 - xinès clàssic" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="夏" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="xinès clàssic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joa%CC%8Dh-thi%E2%81%BF" title="Joa̍h-thiⁿ - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Joa̍h-thiⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A4%A9" title="夏天 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="夏天" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihlobo" title="Ihlobo - zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ihlobo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1313#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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Pot tenir inexactituds o contingut no apropiat no present en la <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estiu">versió actual</a></span>.</div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Estiu&diff=prev&oldid=34184588" title="Estiu">dif.</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estiu&direction=prev&oldid=34184588" title="Estiu">←la pròxima versió més antiga</a> | vegeu la versió actual (dif.) | Versió més nova → (dif.)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Helianthus_annuus_-_Field_of_Sunflower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Helianthus_annuus_-_Field_of_Sunflower.jpg/220px-Helianthus_annuus_-_Field_of_Sunflower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Helianthus_annuus_-_Field_of_Sunflower.jpg/330px-Helianthus_annuus_-_Field_of_Sunflower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Helianthus_annuus_-_Field_of_Sunflower.jpg/440px-Helianthus_annuus_-_Field_of_Sunflower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Camp de <a href="/wiki/Gira-sol" title="Gira-sol">gira-sols</a> en un paisatge estiuenc.</figcaption></figure> <p>L'<b>estiu</b> és la més càlida de les quatre <a href="/wiki/Estaci%C3%B3_de_l%27any" title="Estació de l'any">estacions</a> de les zones temperades. Astronòmicament, comença amb el <a href="/wiki/Solstici" title="Solstici">solstici</a> d'estiu (al voltant del <a href="/wiki/21_de_juny" title="21 de juny">21 de juny</a> a l'<a href="/wiki/Hemisferi_nord" title="Hemisferi nord">hemisferi nord</a> i el <a href="/wiki/21_de_desembre" title="21 de desembre">21 de desembre</a> a l'<a href="/wiki/Hemisferi" title="Hemisferi">hemisferi</a> sud), i acaba amb l'<a href="/wiki/Equinocci" title="Equinocci">equinocci</a> de <a href="/wiki/Tardor" title="Tardor">tardor</a> (al voltant del <a href="/wiki/21_de_setembre" title="21 de setembre">21 de setembre</a> a l'hemisferi nord i el <a href="/wiki/21_de_mar%C3%A7" title="21 de març">21 de març</a> a l'<a href="/wiki/Hemisferi_sud" title="Hemisferi sud">hemisferi sud</a>). No obstant això, de vegades és considerat com els <a href="/wiki/Mes" title="Mes">mesos</a> sencers de <a href="/wiki/Juny" title="Juny">juny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juliol" title="Juliol">juliol</a> i <a href="/wiki/Agost" title="Agost">agost</a> a l'hemisferi nord i <a href="/wiki/Desembre" title="Desembre">desembre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gener" title="Gener">gener</a> i <a href="/wiki/Febrer" title="Febrer">febrer</a> a l'hemisferi sud. </p><p>Dins l'estiu es parla sovint de la "<b><a href="/wiki/Can%C3%ADcula" title="Canícula">canícula</a></b>", que és un període de quatre a sis setmanes, que comprèn part del mes de juliol i gairebé tot l'agost, i durant el qual sol fer molta calor.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologia">Etimologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estiu&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Etimologia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Provè del llatí <i>aestivum (tempus)</i> ‘(temps) estiuenc’,<sup id="cite_ref-r680_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r680-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deriva de <i>aestas, -ātis</i> ‘estiu’.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Càlcul"><span id="C.C3.A0lcul"></span>Càlcul</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estiu&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Càlcul"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Estacions_de_l%27any.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Estacions_de_l%27any.svg/220px-Estacions_de_l%27any.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Estacions_de_l%27any.svg/330px-Estacions_de_l%27any.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Estacions_de_l%27any.svg/440px-Estacions_de_l%27any.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Gràfic de l'òrbita de la Terra</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Inari,_Finland_-_panoramio_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Inari%2C_Finland_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/220px-Inari%2C_Finland_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Inari%2C_Finland_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/330px-Inari%2C_Finland_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Inari%2C_Finland_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/440px-Inari%2C_Finland_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>En ple estiu, el sol pot aparèixer fins i tot a mitjanit a l'<a href="/wiki/Hemisferi_nord" title="Hemisferi nord">hemisferi nord</a>. Foto del <a href="/wiki/Sol_de_mitjanit" title="Sol de mitjanit">sol de mitjanit</a> a <a href="/wiki/Inari_(Finl%C3%A0ndia)" title="Inari (Finlàndia)">Inari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finl%C3%A0ndia" title="Finlàndia">Finlàndia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Des d'una visió astronòmica, els equinoccis i els solsticis estarien al mig de les estacions respectives,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> però de vegades l'estiu astronòmic es defineix com el que comença al solstici, el moment de màxima <a href="/wiki/Insolaci%C3%B3" title="Insolació">insolació</a>, sovint identificat amb el 21 de juny o el 21 de desembre. Segons el càlcul solar, l'estiu comença el <a href="/wiki/1_de_maig" title="1 de maig">primer de maig</a> i el solstici d'estiu és entre el 20 i el 22 de juny. Un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retard_estacional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retard estacional (encara no existeix)">retard estacional</a> variable significa que el centre <a href="/wiki/Meteorologia" title="Meteorologia">meteorològic</a> de la temporada, que es basa en patrons de temperatura mitjana, es produeix diverses setmanes després del moment de màxima insolació.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La convenció meteorològica defineix l'estiu com els mesos de juny, juliol i agost a l'hemisferi nord i els mesos de desembre, gener i febrer a l'hemisferi sud.<sup id="cite_ref-Meteorological_Glossary_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meteorological_Glossary-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Segons les definicions meteorològiques, totes les estacions s'estableixen arbitràriament per començar al començament d'un mes natural i acabar al final d'un mes.<sup id="cite_ref-Meteorological_Glossary_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meteorological_Glossary-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquesta definició meteorològica d'estiu també s'alinea amb la noció comunament vista d'estiu com l'estació amb els dies més llargs (i més càlids) de l'any, en què predomina la llum del dia. </p><p>El càlcul meteorològic de les estacions s'utilitza a països com <a href="/wiki/Austr%C3%A0lia" title="Austràlia">Austràlia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Zelanda" title="Nova Zelanda">Nova Zelanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%80ustria" title="Àustria">Àustria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinamarca" title="Dinamarca">Dinamarca</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAssia" title="Rússia">Rússia</a> i <a href="/wiki/Jap%C3%B3" title="Japó">Japó</a>. També és utilitzat per moltes persones al <a href="/wiki/Regne_Unit" title="Regne Unit">Regne Unit</a> i <a href="/wiki/Canad%C3%A0" title="Canadà">al Canadà</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda">Irlanda</a>, els mesos d'estiu segons el servei meteorològic nacional, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Va_con%C3%A8ixer_%C3%89ireann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Va conèixer Éireann (encara no existeix)">Met Éireann</a>, són juny, juliol i agost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Característiques"><span id="Caracter.C3.ADstiques"></span>Característiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estiu&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Característiques"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hi ha un augment fort de la <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a>, a causa de la inclinació de l'eix de rotació de la <a href="/wiki/Terra" title="Terra">Terra</a> respecte al pla de l'<a href="/wiki/Ecl%C3%ADptica" title="Eclíptica">eclíptica</a>, que fa que a les zones on és estiu els raigs del <a href="/wiki/Sol" title="Sol">Sol</a> incideixin més perpendiculars i durant més temps al llarg del dia, ja que també augmenta la durada del <a href="/wiki/Dia" title="Dia">dia</a> respecte a la <a href="/wiki/Nit" title="Nit">nit</a>. Paradoxalment a l'hemisferi nord la distància respecte al Sol és major durant els mesos d'estiu que a l'hivern.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Als <a href="/wiki/Clima_mediterrani" title="Clima mediterrani">climes mediterranis</a>, també s'associa amb el temps sec, mentre que en altres llocs (sobretot a l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%80sia_oriental" title="Àsia oriental">Àsia oriental</a> a causa del <a href="/wiki/Mons%C3%B3" title="Monsó">monsó</a>) s'associa amb el temps plujós. L'estació humida és el període principal de creixement de la vegetació dins del règim del clima de <a href="/wiki/Sabana" title="Sabana">sabana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quan l'estació humida s'associa amb un canvi estacional dels <a href="/wiki/Vent_dominant" title="Vent dominant">vents dominants</a>, es coneix com a monsó.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Ida_2021-08-29_1321Z.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ida_2021-08-29_1321Z.jpg/220px-Ida_2021-08-29_1321Z.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ida_2021-08-29_1321Z.jpg/330px-Ida_2021-08-29_1321Z.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ida_2021-08-29_1321Z.jpg/440px-Ida_2021-08-29_1321Z.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>Imatge de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurac%C3%A0_Ida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huracà Ida (encara no existeix)">huracà Ida</a> de finals d'agost de 2021.</figcaption></figure> <p>Al nord de l'Oceà Atlàntic, es produeix una temporada de ciclons tropicals diferent de l'1 de juny al 30 de novembre.<sup id="cite_ref-AOML_FAQ_G1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_G1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El pic estadístic de la temporada d'huracans a l'Atlàntic és el 10 de setembre. L'oceà Pacífic nord-oriental té un període d'activitat més ampli, però en un període de temps similar al de l'Atlàntic.<sup id="cite_ref-NH_Atl_climatology_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NH_Atl_climatology-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A l'<a href="/wiki/Hemisferi_sud" title="Hemisferi sud">hemisferi sud</a>, la temporada de ciclons tropicals comença des del principi. de novembre fins a finals d'abril amb pics a mitjans de febrer a principis de març.<sup id="cite_ref-AOML_FAQ_G1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOML_FAQ_G1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TCOP_SEIO&SPAC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCOP_SEIO&SPAC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A la natura, es produeix la fructificació de la majoria de plantes, per això és important per a l'agricultura. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Simbolisme">Simbolisme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estiu&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Simbolisme"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En molts països es produeix el període de vacances, tant pel que fa a l'escola com a la majoria de feines. Per això s'associa a una època de diversió i de relaxament, oposat a la rutina de la resta de l'any. Nombrosos llibres s'ocupen de l'estació com un temps de descobertes, de canvi. En la teoria dels <a href="/wiki/Quatre_humors" class="mw-redirect" title="Quatre humors">quatre humors</a>, li correspon la bilis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts">Arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estiu&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Arts"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'estiu ha inspirat i encara inspira a molts artistes (escriptors, músics, pintors) com ara: </p> <ul><li><i>L’estiu</i> és una de les <i><a href="/wiki/Les_quatre_estacions_(Vivaldi)" title="Les quatre estacions (Vivaldi)">quatre estacions</a></i> de <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a> (1725).</li> <li><i>L’estiu</i> és un quadre de <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Arcimboldo" title="Giuseppe Arcimboldo">Giuseppe Arcimboldo</a> del que hi ha diverses versions.</li> <li><i>L’estiu o la verema</i> és un quadre de <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Oudry" title="Jean-Baptiste Oudry">Jean-Baptiste Oudry</a> (1749).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_somni_d%27una_nit_d%27estiu" title="El somni d'una nit d'estiu">El somni d'una nit d'estiu</a></i> es una obra de teatre de <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>L'estiu</i> és un <a href="/wiki/Assaig" class="mw-disambig" title="Assaig">assaig</a> d’<a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> (1954).</li> <li><i>L'estiu</i> és una <a href="/wiki/Obra_de_teatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Obra de teatre">obra de teatre</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romain_Weingarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romain Weingarten (encara no existeix)">Romain Weingarten</a> (1966).</li> <li><i> <span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSaladrigas1990"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Saladrigas_i_Riera" title="Robert Saladrigas i Riera">Saladrigas</a></span>, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=jpExPQAACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=ca"><i>Entre Juliol I Setembre</i></a>.  Ediciones Destino, 1990-09. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-84-233-1887-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-84-233-1887-2">ISBN 978-84-233-1887-2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entre+Juliol+I+Setembre&rft.aulast=%5B%5BRobert+Saladrigas+i+Riera%7CSaladrigas%5D%5D&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.date=1990-09&rft.pub=Ediciones+Destino&rft.isbn=978-84-233-1887-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjpExPQAACAAJ%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Dca"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFJansson2021"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/Tove_Jansson" title="Tove Jansson">Jansson</a></span>, Tove. <i>El llibre de l'estiu</i>. Traducció: Montserrat Vallvé Viladoms.  Angle Editorial, Maig 2021 (Narratives, 132). <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-84-18197-76-5" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-84-18197-76-5">ISBN 978-84-18197-76-5</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+llibre+de+l%27estiu&rft.aulast=%5B%5BTove+Jansson%7CJansson%5D%5D&rft.aufirst=Tove&rft.date=Maig+2021&rft.pub=Angle+Editorial&rft.series=Narratives%2C+132&rft.isbn=978-84-18197-76-5"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/Siri_Hustvedt" title="Siri Hustvedt">Hustvedt</a></span>, Siri. <i>L´estiu sense homes</i>. Traducció: Ferran Ràfols Gesa.  Editorial Empúries (ANAGRAMA/EMPURIES). <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-84-9787-743-5" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-84-9787-743-5">ISBN 978-84-9787-743-5</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%C2%B4estiu+sense+homes&rft.aulast=%5B%5BSiri+Hustvedt%7CHustvedt%5D%5D&rft.aufirst=Siri&rft.pub=Editorial+Emp%C3%BAries&rft.series=ANAGRAMA%2FEMPURIES&rft.isbn=978-84-9787-743-5"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></i>(2011)</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien,_Giuseppe_Arcimboldo,_Sommer.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="L’Estiu de Giuseppe Arcimboldo, 1563."><img alt="L’Estiu de Giuseppe Arcimboldo, 1563." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Giuseppe_Arcimboldo%2C_Sommer.JPG/88px-Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Giuseppe_Arcimboldo%2C_Sommer.JPG" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Giuseppe_Arcimboldo%2C_Sommer.JPG/132px-Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Giuseppe_Arcimboldo%2C_Sommer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Giuseppe_Arcimboldo%2C_Sommer.JPG/175px-Kunsthistorisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Giuseppe_Arcimboldo%2C_Sommer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="2309" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>L’Estiu</i> de <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Arcimboldo" title="Giuseppe Arcimboldo">Giuseppe Arcimboldo</a>, <a href="/wiki/1563" title="1563">1563</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Ambrogio_Lorenzetti_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Estiu, d'Ambrogio Lorenzetti."><img alt="Estiu, d'Ambrogio Lorenzetti." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ambrogio_Lorenzetti_009.jpg/99px-Ambrogio_Lorenzetti_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ambrogio_Lorenzetti_009.jpg/148px-Ambrogio_Lorenzetti_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ambrogio_Lorenzetti_009.jpg/197px-Ambrogio_Lorenzetti_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3086" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Estiu</i>, d'<a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Lorenzetti" title="Ambrogio Lorenzetti">Ambrogio Lorenzetti</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles,_appartements_de_la_Dauphine,_cabinet_int%C3%A9rieur,_%C3%89t%C3%A9,_Jean-Baptiste_Oudry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="L'estiu o la verema, de Jean-Baptiste Oudry, 1749."><img alt="L'estiu o la verema, de Jean-Baptiste Oudry, 1749." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_appartements_de_la_Dauphine%2C_cabinet_int%C3%A9rieur%2C_%C3%89t%C3%A9%2C_Jean-Baptiste_Oudry.jpg/80px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_appartements_de_la_Dauphine%2C_cabinet_int%C3%A9rieur%2C_%C3%89t%C3%A9%2C_Jean-Baptiste_Oudry.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_appartements_de_la_Dauphine%2C_cabinet_int%C3%A9rieur%2C_%C3%89t%C3%A9%2C_Jean-Baptiste_Oudry.jpg/120px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_appartements_de_la_Dauphine%2C_cabinet_int%C3%A9rieur%2C_%C3%89t%C3%A9%2C_Jean-Baptiste_Oudry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_appartements_de_la_Dauphine%2C_cabinet_int%C3%A9rieur%2C_%C3%89t%C3%A9%2C_Jean-Baptiste_Oudry.jpg/160px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_appartements_de_la_Dauphine%2C_cabinet_int%C3%A9rieur%2C_%C3%89t%C3%A9%2C_Jean-Baptiste_Oudry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>L'estiu o la verema</i>, de <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Oudry" title="Jean-Baptiste Oudry">Jean-Baptiste Oudry</a>, 1749.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estiu&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Cinema"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1953. <i><a href="/wiki/L%27estiu_amb_Monika" title="L'estiu amb Monika">L'estiu amb Monika</a></i>. (Sommaren med Monika). <a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1955 <i><a href="/wiki/Somriures_d%27una_nit_d%27estiu" title="Somriures d'una nit d'estiu">Somriures d'una nit d'estiu</a></i>. (Sommarnattens leende). <a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1959. <i><a href="/wiki/De_sobte,_l%27%C3%BAltim_estiu" title="De sobte, l'últim estiu">De sobte, l'últim estiu</a></i>. (Suddenly, Last Summer). <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" title="Joseph L. Mankiewicz">Joseph L. Mankiewicz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1971. <i><a href="/wiki/Estiu_del_42" title="Estiu del 42">Estiu del 42</a></i>. (Summer of '42). <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mulligan" title="Robert Mulligan">Robert Mulligan</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1996. <i><a href="/wiki/Conte_d%27estiu" title="Conte d'estiu">Conte d'estiu</a></i>. (Conte d'été). <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Rohmer" title="Éric Rohmer">Éric Rohmer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2014. <i><a href="/wiki/El_nostre_%C3%BAltim_estiu_a_Esc%C3%B2cia" title="El nostre últim estiu a Escòcia">El nostre últim estiu a Escòcia</a></i>. (What we did on our holiday). <a href="/wiki/Andy_Hamilton" title="Andy Hamilton">Andy Hamilton</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2017. <i><a href="/wiki/Estiu_1993" title="Estiu 1993">Estiu 1993</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Carla_Sim%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Carla Simón">Carla Simón</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultura_popular">Cultura popular</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estiu&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Cultura popular"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Centrats en l’estiu hi ha una munió de refranys catalans.<sup id="cite_ref-k909_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k909-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Vegeu Viquidites).</li></ul> <p>L’estiu és ric en refranys i frases fetes que descriuen característiques meteorològiques i de l’observació de la natura, com poden ser: A l’estiu tota cuca viu;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Una flor no fa estiu, ni dues primavera.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amb el solstici d’estiu, se celebra la <a href="/wiki/Nit_de_Sant_Joan" title="Nit de Sant Joan">nit de Sant Joan</a>, una festa d’orígens pagans amb el foc com a protagonista, amb la creença que les fogueres tenen virtuts de caràcter remeier, purificador i fertilitzador.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gastronomia_d’estiu"><span id="Gastronomia_d.E2.80.99estiu"></span>Gastronomia d’estiu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estiu&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Gastronomia d’estiu"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cada temporada de l’any, en els <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%AFsos_Catalans" title="Països Catalans">Països Catalans</a> -en particular- i en les terres mediterrànies -en general- hi ha uns costums gastronòmics que poden ser recordats. Pel que fa a l’estiu s’exposen a continuació. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Productes">Productes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estiu&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la secció: Productes"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un aspecte indispensable és el de las matèries primeres. Sense productes no hi pot haver gastronomia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fruites_i_verdures">Fruites i verdures</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estiu&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la secció: Fruites i verdures"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Albercocs, nabius, figues i cireres. Llimones, cireres, mangos i groselles. Pomes, plàtans, préssecs i nespres. Nectarines, paraguaià, melons i síndries. Prunes, maduixes, gerds i peres. Kiwis, pinyes i raïm. Cebes, mongetes tendres, naps, carbassons, carbasses. Tomates, pastanagues, raves, remolatxes, cogombres i pebrots. Porros, bledes, albergínies, créixens, i patates.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carns,_peixos_i_mariscs"><span id="Carns.2C_peixos_i_mariscs"></span>Carns, peixos i mariscs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estiu&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la secció: Carns, peixos i mariscs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>juny: bonítol, orada, calamar, lluç, nécora</li> <li>juliol: palaia bruixa, sarg, pop, gamba, musclo</li> <li>agost: sardina, llenguado, llobarro, ...<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plats_i_costums_culinaris">Plats i costums culinaris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estiu&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la secció: Plats i costums culinaris"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gaspatxo i sopes fredes de porro, pastanaga, carbassa i altres.</li> <li>Escalivada,</li> <li>Esqueixada</li> <li>Empedrat</li> <li>Amanides variades<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Begudes">Begudes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estiu&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifica la secció: Begudes"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A més de les begudes més tradicionals (aigua, vi i cervesa) a l’estiu es cosumeixen tota mena de begudes fredes (sangria, llimonada, gasosa, sifó, ...).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treballs_d’agricultura"><span id="Treballs_d.E2.80.99agricultura"></span>Treballs d’agricultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estiu&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifica la secció: Treballs d’agricultura"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alguns treballs d’agricultura (arrabassar, llaurar, sembrar, regar, segar, batre,...) es fan en èpoques determinades. Als Països Catalans, per exemple, les avellanes i les ametlles es cullen a l’estiu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autors_clàssics"><span id="Autors_cl.C3.A0ssics"></span>Autors clàssics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estiu&action=edit&section=15" title="Modifica la secció: Autors clàssics"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>c 160 aC. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Agri_Cultura" class="mw-redirect" title="De Agri Cultura"> De agricultura</a></i> (<i>Sobre l'agricultura</i>). <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%B3_el_Vell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cató el Vell">Cató el Vell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cato1773_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cato1773-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cato1860_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cato1860-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Al capítol 56 parla de les racions de menjar dels treballadors del camp. Fent diferència entre hivern i estiu.<sup id="cite_ref-e646_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e646-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>37 aC. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Re_Rustica_Libri_III" title="De Re Rustica Libri III">De Re Rustica Libri III</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Marc_Terenci_Varr%C3%B3" title="Marc Terenci Varró">Marc Terenci Varró</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VarronPaladio1864_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VarronPaladio1864-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Parlava de la protecció que oferien els refugis coberts a l'estiu.<sup id="cite_ref-u318_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u318-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>c 40 dC. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Re_Rustica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Re Rustica (encara no existeix)">De Re Rustica</a>.</i> <a href="/wiki/Luci_Juni_Moderat_Columel%C2%B7la" title="Luci Juni Moderat Columel·la"> Columel·la</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Columella1537_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columella1537-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Columella1745_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columella1745-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Recomanava fer formatge fresc per als treballadors de la granja, a l’estiu.<sup id="cite_ref-v664_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v664-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>c 355. <i>Opus agriculturae</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rutili_Taure_Emili%C3%A0_Pal%C2%B7ladi" title="Rutili Taure Emilià Pal·ladi"> Pal·ladi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Varron1787Palladi_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varron1787Palladi-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>El darrer llibre és un poema sobre els <a href="/wiki/Empelt" title="Empelt">empelts</a> en versos elegíacs.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthon1855_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthon1855-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Palladius1843_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palladius1843-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Parla de treballs a fer en els mesos d’estiu.<sup id="cite_ref-x642_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x642-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estiu&action=edit&section=16" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlc.iec.cat/results.asp?txtEntrada=can%EDcula&operEntrada=0">Definició de "canícula" al DIEC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r680-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-r680_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSalvá1865"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Salvá</span>, V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=T579O5jBYYEC&pg=PA1105"><i>Nuevo diccionario de la lengua castellana</i></a> (en castellà).  Garnier, 1865, p. 1105.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuevo+diccionario+de+la+lengua+castellana&rft.aulast=Salv%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.date=1865&rft.pub=Garnier&rft.pages=1105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT579O5jBYYEC%26pg%3DPA1105"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diccionari.cat/GDLC/estiu">estiu</a>».  diccionari.cat. [Consulta: 4 maig 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBall1900"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ball</span>, Sir Robert S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=sNSHRDu98k0C&pg=PA52"><i>Elements of Astronomy</i></a>.  Londres: The MacMillan Company, 1900, p. 52. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-4400-5323-8" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-4400-5323-8">ISBN 978-1-4400-5323-8</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Astronomy&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Sir+Robert+S&rft.date=1900&rft.pub=The+MacMillan+Company&rft.place=Londres&rft.pages=52&rft.isbn=978-1-4400-5323-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNSHRDu98k0C%26pg%3DPA52"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHeck2006"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Heck</span>, Andre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=YSsaxkeixH0C&pg=PA14"><i>Organizations and strategies in Astronomy</i></a>. 7.  Springer, 2006, p. 14. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-4020-5300-9" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-4020-5300-9">ISBN 978-1-4020-5300-9</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organizations+and+strategies+in+Astronomy&rft.aulast=Heck&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Springer&rft.pages=14&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-5300-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYSsaxkeixH0C%26pg%3DPA14"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCecil_Adams1983"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cecil Adams</span>. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110830161742/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/161/is-it-true-summer-in-ireland-starts-may-1">Is it true summer in Ireland starts May 1?</a>».  The Straight Dope, 11-03-1983. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/161/is-it-true-summer-in-ireland-starts-may-1">original</a> el 30 August 2011. [Consulta: 27 setembre 2011].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meteorological_Glossary-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Meteorological_Glossary_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Meteorological_Glossary_7-1">7,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meteorologicalgl0000grea/page/260/mode/2up?q=260&view=theater"><i>Meteorological Glossary</i></a>.  Londres: HMSO, 1991, p. 260. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-11-400363-0" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-11-400363-0">ISBN 978-0-11-400363-0</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meteorological+Glossary&rft.date=1991&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.place=Londres&rft.pages=260&rft.isbn=978-0-11-400363-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmeteorologicalgl0000grea%2Fpage%2F260%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D260%26view%3Dtheater"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202023116/http://www.rgs.org/OurWork/Schools/School+Members+Area/Ask+the+experts/Meteorological+forecasting.htm">Professor Paul Hardaker answers questions on meteorological forecasting</a>». <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a></i>. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rgs.org/OurWork/Schools/School+Members+Area/Ask+the+experts/Meteorological+forecasting.htm">original</a> el 2 February 2017.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGómez2022"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Gómez</span>, Nestor. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccma.cat/el-temps/la-terra-se-situa-al-punt-mes-allunyat-del-sol-lafeli/noticia/3172146/">Per què fa més calor en aquest moment de l'any si ens trobem a la màxima distància anual del Sol?</a>».  <a href="/wiki/CCMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CCMA">CCMA</a>, 04-07-2022. [Consulta: 4 maig 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217001357/http://learnline.cdu.edu.au/units/sbi507/module2/savanna.html">Characteristics of tropical savannas</a>». <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Darwin University (encara no existeix)">Charles Darwin University</a></i>, 2009. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learnline.cdu.edu.au/units/sbi507/module2/savanna.html">original</a> el 17 February 2009. [Consulta: 27 desembre 2008].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080322122025/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=monsoon&submit=Search">Monsoon</a>». <i>Glossary of Meteorology</i>.  American Meteorological Society, 2009. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=monsoon&submit=Search">original</a> el 22 March 2008. [Consulta: 16 gener 2009].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AOML_FAQ_G1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AOML_FAQ_G1_12-0">12,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AOML_FAQ_G1_12-1">12,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060718065833/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html">Frequently Asked Questions: When is hurricane season?</a>».  <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html">original</a> el 18 July 2006. [Consulta: 25 juliol 2014].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NH_Atl_climatology-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NH_Atl_climatology_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">McAdie, Colin. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100506010751/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastprofile.shtml">Tropical Cyclone Climatology</a>».  <a href="/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Hurricane Center">National Hurricane Center</a>, 10-05-2007. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastprofile.shtml">original</a> el 6 May 2010. [Consulta: 9 juny 2007].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCOP_SEIO&SPAC-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-TCOP_SEIO&SPAC_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325105120/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP24-English2008.pdf">Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the Southeastern Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Oceans</a>».  <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>, 10-03-2009. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP24-English2008.pdf">original</a> el 25 March 2009. [Consulta: 6 maig 2009].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Shakespeare</span>, William. <i>Somni D'una Nit D'estiu</i>. Traducció: Salvador Oliva Llinas.  Editorial Vicens Vives. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9788431681081" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9788431681081">ISBN 9788431681081</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somni+D%27una+Nit+D%27estiu&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rft.pub=Editorial+Vicens+Vives&rft.isbn=9788431681081"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFShakespeare2014"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Shakespeare</span>, William. <i>El somni d'una nit d'estiu</i>. Traducció: Joan Sellent.  Editorial Arola, 2014. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9788494281556" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9788494281556">ISBN 9788494281556</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+somni+d%27una+nit+d%27estiu&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rft.date=2014&rft.pub=Editorial+Arola&rft.isbn=9788494281556"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCarreras2021"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Carreras</span>, Anna. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://llegim.ara.cat/critiques-literaries/tove-jansson-creadora-mons_1_4014226.html">Tove Jansson, creadora de mons</a>».  Ara.cat, 11-06-2021. [Consulta: 3 juny 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmoteca.cat/web/ca/film/sommaren-med-monika">Sommaren med Monika</a>».  Filmoteca de Catalunya. [Consulta: 10 juny 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMerino2021"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Merino</span>, Imma. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elpuntavui.cat/opinio/article/8-articles/2019378-somriures-d-una-nit-d-estiu.html">Somriures d'una nit d'estiu</a>».  ElPuntAvui.cat, 26-08-2021. [Consulta: 10 juny 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMerino2020"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Merino</span>, Imma. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elpuntavui.cat/opinio/article/1833381-de-sobte-l-ultim-estiu.html">‘De sobte, l'últim estiu'</a>».  ElPuntAvui, 11-08-2020. [Consulta: 10 juny 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warnerbros.com/movies/summer-42">Summer of 42- Movies</a>».  WarnerBros.com. [Consulta: 10 juny 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esadir.cat/filmoteca/fitxa/node/http%3A%2F%2Fesadir.cat%2Ffilmoteca%2Ffitxa%2Fnode%2FConte_d_estiu">Conte d'estiu</a>».  ésAdir. [Consulta: 10 juny 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBarnierBeylot2011"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Barnier</span>, Martin; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Beylot</span>, Pierre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=2A7Gvc63mdgC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=conte+d'%C3%A9te+rohmer&hl=ca"><i>Analyse d'une oeuvre: conté d'été, Eric Rohmer, 1996</i></a> (en francès).  Vrin, 2011. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-2-7116-2386-0" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-2-7116-2386-0">ISBN 978-2-7116-2386-0</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analyse+d%27une+oeuvre%3A+cont%C3%A9+d%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9%2C+Eric+Rohmer%2C+1996&rft.aulast=Barnier&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.date=2011&rft.pub=Vrin&rft.isbn=978-2-7116-2386-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2A7Gvc63mdgC%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dconte%2Bd%27%25C3%25A9te%2Brohmer%26hl%3Dca"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719024600/http://premsa.gencat.cat/pres_fsvp/AppJava/notapremsavw/283837/ca/divendres-sestrena-catala-el-estiu-escocia.do">Aquest divendres s'estrena en català 'El nostre últim estiu a Escòcia'</a>».  Generalitat de Catalunya. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://premsa.gencat.cat/pres_fsvp/AppJava/notapremsavw/283837/ca/divendres-sestrena-catala-el-estiu-escocia.do">original</a> el 2018-07-19. [Consulta: 18 juliol 2018].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSerra2017"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Serra</span>, Xavi. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ara.cat/cultura/estiu-carla-simon-triomfa-berlin_1_1334367.html">‘Estiu 1993’, de Carla Simón, triomfa per partida doble a Berlín</a>».  Ara.cat, 18-02-2017. [Consulta: 10 juny 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k909-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-k909_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tematic.dites.cat/2008/05/estiu.html">Estiu</a>». <i>Refranyer temàtic</i>, 15-05-2008. [Consulta: 9 juny 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beteve.cat/cultura/dites-estiu-catala-refranys-populars/">Refranys sobre l'estiu: llista amb dites populars</a>».  BTV, 10-08-2023. [Consulta: 10 juny 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pccd.dites.cat/p/Una_flor_no_fa_estiu%2C_ni_dues_primavera">Una flor no fa estiu, ni dues primavera</a>».  Paremiologia catalana comparada digital. [Consulta: 10 juny 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.descobrir.cat/ca/sant-joan.php">Festes de Sant Joan</a>».  Descobrir.cat. [Consulta: 10 juny 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/somdemercat/ca/continguts/productes-de-temporada-estiu">Productes de temporada: estiu - Som de Mercat</a>».  Ajuntament de Barcelona. [Consulta: 10 juny 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interactius.ara.cat/alimentstemporada">Menges de temporada?</a>».  Ara.cat. [Consulta: 10 juny 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMurgadas2006"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Murgadas</span>, Francesc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=4QMwBSzUmDoC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=escalivada+plats+d'estiu&hl=ca"><i>El llibre de les receptes d'estiu</i></a>.  Cossetània Edicions, 2006-06. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-84-9791-211-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-84-9791-211-2">ISBN 978-84-9791-211-2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+llibre+de+les+receptes+d%27estiu&rft.aulast=Murgadas&rft.aufirst=Francesc&rft.date=2006-06&rft.pub=Cosset%C3%A0nia+Edicions&rft.isbn=978-84-9791-211-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4QMwBSzUmDoC%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Descalivada%2Bplats%2Bd%27estiu%26hl%3Dca"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rac1.cat/gastronomia/20220717/98443/begudes-mes-hidratants-estiu-podcast-respostes-que-alimenten.html">Quines són les begudes més hidratants de l'estiu?</a>».  RAC1, 17-07-2022. [Consulta: 10 juny 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cato1773-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cato1773_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Marcus Porcius Cato. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=bjETAAAAQAAJ"><i>Economie rurale</i></a>, 1773.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economie+rurale&rft.au=Marcus+Porcius+Cato&rft.date=1773&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbjETAAAAQAAJ"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cato1860-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cato1860_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Marcus Porcius Cato. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=FpxPAAAAYAAJ"><i>Praeter librum de re rustica quae extant</i></a>.  Teubner, 1860.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Praeter+librum+de+re+rustica+quae+extant&rft.au=Marcus+Porcius+Cato&rft.date=1860&rft.pub=Teubner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFpxPAAAAYAAJ"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e646-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-e646_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCato1771"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Cato</span>, M.P.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=RB89nIWYDJYC&pg=PA90"><i>Traduction d'anciens ouvrages latins relatifs a l'agriculture et a la médécine vétérinaire avec des notes: par M. Saboureux de la Bonnetrie ..: L' economie ruale de Caton avec figures</i></a> (en francès), 1771, p. 90.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traduction+d%27anciens+ouvrages+latins+relatifs+a+l%27agriculture+et+a+la+m%C3%A9d%C3%A9cine+v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire+avec+des+notes%3A+par+M.+Saboureux+de+la+Bonnetrie+..%3A+L%27+economie+ruale+de+Caton+avec+figures&rft.aulast=Cato&rft.aufirst=M.P.&rft.date=1771&rft.pages=90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRB89nIWYDJYC%26pg%3DPA90"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VarronPaladio1864-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-VarronPaladio1864_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Marco Terencio Varron; Rutilio Tauro Emiliano Paladio <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=h1clpmMlOS4C"><i>Les agronomes latins: Caton, Varron, Columelle, Palladius</i></a>.  Firmin Didot Frères, Fils, 1864.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+agronomes+latins%3A+Caton%2C+Varron%2C+Columelle%2C+Palladius&rft.date=1864&rft.pub=Firmin+Didot+Fr%C3%A8res%2C+Fils&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh1clpmMlOS4C"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-u318-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-u318_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCampbell2014"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Campbell</span>, G.L.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=ofo5BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA593"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life</i></a>.  Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 593 (Oxford handbooks in classics and ancient history). <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-19-958942-5" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-19-958942-5">ISBN 978-0-19-958942-5</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Animals+in+Classical+Thought+and+Life&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=G.L.&rft.date=2014&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.pages=593&rft.series=Oxford+handbooks+in+classics+and+ancient+history&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958942-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dofo5BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA593"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columella1537-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Columella1537_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=GKRgAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA47"><i>L. Junii Moderati Columellæ de re rustica libri duo, et quædam excerpta ex ejusdem aliis libris, etc</i></a>.  Ex officina Georgii Grierson, 1537, p. 47–.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L.+Junii+Moderati+Columell%C3%A6+de+re+rustica+libri+duo%2C+et+qu%C3%A6dam+excerpta+ex+ejusdem+aliis+libris%2C+etc&rft.au=Lucius+Junius+Moderatus+Columella&rft.date=1537&rft.pub=Ex+officina+Georgii+Grierson&rft.pages=47%E2%80%93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGKRgAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA47"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columella1745-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Columella1745_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=qcNbAAAAMAAJ"><i>L. Junius Moderatus Columella Of Husbandry: In Twelve Books: and His Book Concerning Trees</i></a>.  A. Millar, 1745.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L.+Junius+Moderatus+Columella+Of+Husbandry%3A+In+Twelve+Books%3A+and+His+Book+Concerning+Trees&rft.au=Lucius+Junius+Moderatus+Columella&rft.date=1745&rft.pub=A.+Millar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqcNbAAAAMAAJ"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-v664-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-v664_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBecerril2021"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Becerril</span>, A.V.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=NqghEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69"><i>Culinary Aspects of Ancient Rome: Ars Cibaria</i></a>.  Cambridge Scholars Publisher, 2021, p. 69. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-5275-6655-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-5275-6655-2">ISBN 978-1-5275-6655-2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culinary+Aspects+of+Ancient+Rome%3A+Ars+Cibaria&rft.aulast=Becerril&rft.aufirst=A.V.&rft.date=2021&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publisher&rft.pages=69&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-6655-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNqghEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Varron1787Palladi-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Varron1787Palladi_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Paladius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=-OAE_aPnY-UC"><i>Scriptores rei rusticae veteres latini...silicet : Cato, Varro, Columella, Paladius et Vegetius a recensione J. M. Gesneri</i></a>, 1787.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scriptores+rei+rusticae+veteres+latini...silicet+%3A+Cato%2C+Varro%2C+Columella%2C+Paladius+et+Vegetius+a+recensione+J.+M.+Gesneri&rft.au=Paladius&rft.date=1787&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-OAE_aPnY-UC"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/palladius/agr.html">Palladius Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus. Opus agriculturae.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthon1855-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Anthon1855_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Charles Anthon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=TIYMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA963"><i>A Classical Dictionary: Containing an Account of the Principal Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors and Intended to Elucidate All the Important Points Connected with Geography, History, Biography, Mythology, and Fine Arts of the Greeks and Romans ; Together with an Account of Coins, Weights, and Measures, with Tabular Values of the Same</i></a>.  Harper & Brothers, 1855, p. 963–.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Classical+Dictionary%3A+Containing+an+Account+of+the+Principal+Proper+Names+Mentioned+in+Ancient+Authors+and+Intended+to+Elucidate+All+the+Important+Points+Connected+with+Geography%2C+History%2C+Biography%2C+Mythology%2C+and+Fine+Arts+of+the+Greeks+and+Romans+%3B+Together+with+an+Account+of+Coins%2C+Weights%2C+and+Measures%2C+with+Tabular+Values+of+the+Same&rft.au=Charles+Anthon&rft.date=1855&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.pages=963%E2%80%93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTIYMAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA963"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palladius1843-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Palladius1843_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus Palladius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=gAzaQJe1mFAC&pg=PA468"><i>L'Économie rurale</i></a>.  C.L.F. Panckoucke, 1843, p. 468–.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%89conomie+rurale&rft.au=Rutilius+Taurus+Aemilianus+Palladius&rft.date=1843&rft.pub=C.L.F.+Panckoucke&rft.pages=468%E2%80%93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgAzaQJe1mFAC%26pg%3DPA468"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-x642-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-x642_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFPalladiusZanottiCiaccio1810"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Palladius</span>, R.T.A.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Zanotti</span>, P.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ciaccio</span>, G.V. [<i>et al.</i>].. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=mxTxMH0rsLkC&pg=PA201"><i>Volgarizzamento di Palladio testo di lingua la prima volta stampato</i></a> (en italià).  per Dionisio Ramanzini, 1810, p. 201.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volgarizzamento+di+Palladio+testo+di+lingua+la+prima+volta+stampato&rft.aulast=Palladius&rft.aufirst=R.T.A.&rft.date=1810&rft.pub=per+Dionisio+Ramanzini&rft.pages=201&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmxTxMH0rsLkC%26pg%3DPA201"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin:5px; padding: 5px; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align:left;" class="infobox noprint plainlinks"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%">En altres projectes de <a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Wikimedia" title="Fundació Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/17px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/26px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/34px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Summer" class="extiw" title="commons:Summer"><b>Commons</b></a><span style="font-size:70%;"> (Galeria)</span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1313?uselang=ca#sitelinks-special" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/17px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/26px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Viquidites"><img alt="Viquidites" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/17px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/26px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Viquidites</figcaption></figure></td> <td><b><a href="https://ca.wikiquote.org/wiki/Estiu" class="extiw" title="q:Estiu">Viquidites</a></b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estiu&action=edit&section=17" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Can%C3%A7%C3%B3_de_l%27estiu" title="Cançó de l'estiu">Cançó de l'estiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estiueig" title="Estiueig">Estiueig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estiuet_de_Sant_Mart%C3%AD" title="Estiuet de Sant Martí">Estiuet de Sant Martí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horari_d%27estiu" title="Horari d'estiu">Horari d'estiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocs_ol%C3%ADmpics_d%27estiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jocs olímpics d'estiu">Jocs olímpics d'estiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologia_popular" title="Meteorologia popular">Meteorologia popular</a></li></ul> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAAAAA;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4" align="center" height="10" 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<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estiu" title="Estiu"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Strohr%C3%A4der.jpg/90px-Strohr%C3%A4der.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Strohr%C3%A4der.jpg/135px-Strohr%C3%A4der.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Strohr%C3%A4der.jpg/180px-Strohr%C3%A4der.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tardor" title="Tardor"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Autumn.westonbirt.750pix.jpg/85px-Autumn.westonbirt.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Autumn.westonbirt.750pix.jpg/128px-Autumn.westonbirt.750pix.jpg 1.5x, 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