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personifications of Christmas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th_century—the_first_English_personifications_of_Christmas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_century—feasting,_entertainment_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century—feasting,_entertainment_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 16th century—feasting, entertainment and music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_century—feasting,_entertainment_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century—religion_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century—religion_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 17th century—religion and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-17th_century—religion_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 17th century—religion and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-17th_century—religion_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Puritan_criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puritan_criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Puritan criticisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puritan_criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puritan_revolution—enter_'Father_Christmas'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puritan_revolution—enter_'Father_Christmas'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Puritan revolution—enter 'Father Christmas' </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puritan_revolution—enter_'Father_Christmas'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Restoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century—a_low_profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century—a_low_profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 18th century—a low profile </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-18th_century—a_low_profile-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 18th century—a low profile subsection </button> <ul id="toc-18th_century—a_low_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_records_of_folk_plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_records_of_folk_plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Early records of folk plays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_records_of_folk_plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century—revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century—revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 19th century—revival </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-19th_century—revival-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 19th century—revival subsection </button> <ul id="toc-19th_century—revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-'Merry_England'_view_of_Christmas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'Merry_England'_view_of_Christmas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 'Merry England' view of Christmas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'Merry_England'_view_of_Christmas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_19th_century_mumming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_19th_century_mumming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Later 19th century mumming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_19th_century_mumming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Father_Christmas_as_gift-giver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Father_Christmas_as_gift-giver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Father Christmas as gift-giver </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Father_Christmas_as_gift-giver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Santa_Claus_crosses_the_Atlantic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Santa_Claus_crosses_the_Atlantic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Santa Claus crosses the Atlantic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Santa_Claus_crosses_the_Atlantic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merger_with_Santa_Claus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merger_with_Santa_Claus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Merger with Santa Claus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merger_with_Santa_Claus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appearances_in_public" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearances_in_public"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Appearances in public </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearances_in_public-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_secret_nocturnal_visitor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_secret_nocturnal_visitor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.2 As secret nocturnal visitor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_secret_nocturnal_visitor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Father Christmas</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" > 16 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="الأب كريسماس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأب كريسماس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ফাদার খ্রিষ্টমাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফাদার খ্রিষ্টমাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Father Christmas" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otec_V%C3%A1noc" title="Otec Vánoc – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Otec Vánoc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Father Christmas" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jishag_y_Nollick" title="Jishag y Nollick – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Jishag y Nollick" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Հայր Սուրբ ծնունդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայր Սուրբ ծնունդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Father Christmas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal_Gaxan" title="Kal Gaxan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kal Gaxan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫാദർ ക്രിസ്തുമസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫാദർ ക്രിസ്തുമസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9" title="ファーザー・クリスマス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファーザー・クリスマス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Отец Рождество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отец Рождество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Father Christmas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Father Christmas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Baba" title="Noel Baba – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Noel Baba" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Folkloric figure originating in England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Christmas character of English folklore and myth. For the correspondingly-named character in other countries and languages, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_winter_gift-bringers" title="List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers">List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Father Christmas (disambiguation)">Father Christmas (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmas_with_the_Yule_Log,_Illustrated_London_News,_23_Dec_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving of Father Christmas 1848" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Christmas_with_the_Yule_Log%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_23_Dec_1848.jpg/250px-Christmas_with_the_Yule_Log%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_23_Dec_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Christmas_with_the_Yule_Log%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_23_Dec_1848.jpg/375px-Christmas_with_the_Yule_Log%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_23_Dec_1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Christmas_with_the_Yule_Log%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_23_Dec_1848.jpg/500px-Christmas_with_the_Yule_Log%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_23_Dec_1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption>1848 depiction of Father Christmas crowned with a holly wreath, holding a staff and a <a href="/wiki/Wassail" title="Wassail">wassail</a> bowl and carrying the <a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a></figcaption></figure> Father Christmas is the traditional English name for the <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personification</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>. Although now known as a <a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer">Christmas gift-bringer</a>, and typically considered to be synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a>, he was originally part of a much older and unrelated <a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">English folkloric</a> tradition. The recognisably modern figure of the English Father Christmas developed in the late <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian period</a>, but Christmas had been personified for centuries before then.<a href="#cite_note-EnglishYear385-1">[1]</a> English personifications of Christmas were first recorded in the 15th century, with Father Christmas himself first appearing in the mid 17th century in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a>-controlled English government had legislated to abolish Christmas, considering it <a href="/wiki/Popish" class="mw-redirect" title="Popish">popish</a>, and had outlawed its traditional customs. <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalist</a> political <a href="/wiki/Pamphleteer" title="Pamphleteer">pamphleteers</a>, linking the old traditions with their cause, adopted Old Father Christmas as the symbol of 'the good old days' of feasting and good cheer. Following the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">Restoration</a> in 1660, Father Christmas's profile declined. His character was maintained during the late 18th and into the 19th century by the Christmas folk plays later known as <a href="/wiki/Mummers%27_play" title="Mummers' play">mummers' plays</a>. Until Victorian times, Father Christmas was concerned with adult feasting and merry-making. He had no particular connection with children, nor with the giving of presents, nocturnal visits, stockings, chimneys or reindeer. But as later Victorian Christmases developed into child-centric family festivals, Father Christmas became a bringer of gifts. The popular American myth of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> arrived in England in the 1850s and Father Christmas started to take on Santa Claus's attributes. By the 1880s the new customs had become established, with the nocturnal visitor sometimes being known as Santa Claus and sometimes as Father Christmas. He was often illustrated wearing a long red hooded gown trimmed with white fur. Most residual distinctions between Father Christmas and Santa Claus largely faded away in the early years of the 20th century, and modern dictionaries consider the terms Father Christmas and Santa Claus to be synonymous. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_midwinter_celebrations">Early midwinter celebrations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early midwinter celebrations">edit</a>]</div> The custom of merrymaking and feasting at <a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a> first appears in the historical record during the <a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="England in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> (c 1100–1300).<a href="#cite_note-Merry55-2">[2]</a> This almost certainly represented a continuation of pre-Christian midwinter celebrations in Britain of which—as the historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a> has pointed out—"we have no details at all".<a href="#cite_note-Merry55-2">[2]</a> Personifications came later, and when they did they reflected the existing custom. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="15th_century—the_first_English_personifications_of_Christmas">15th century—the first English personifications of Christmas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 15th century—the first English personifications of Christmas">edit</a>]</div> The first known English personification of Christmas was associated with merry-making, singing and drinking. <a href="/wiki/Sir_Christ%C3%A8mas" title="Sir Christèmas">A carol</a> attributed to Richard Smart, Rector of <a href="/wiki/Plymtree" title="Plymtree">Plymtree</a> in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> from 1435 to 1477, has 'Sir Christemas' announcing the news of Christ's birth and encouraging his listeners to drink: "Buvez bien par toute la compagnie, / Make good cheer and be right merry, / And sing with us now joyfully: Nowell, nowell."<a href="#cite_note-ODEF119-120-3">[3]</a> Many Christmas customs of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> incorporated both sacred and secular themes.<a href="#cite_note-Duffy14-4">[4]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a> in January 1443, at a traditional battle between the <a href="/wiki/Flesh_(theology)" title="Flesh (theology)">flesh</a> and the spirit (represented by Christmas and Lent), John Gladman, crowned and disguised as 'King of Christmas', rode behind a pageant of the months "disguysed as the seson requird" on a horse decorated with tinfoil.<a href="#cite_note-Duffy14-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="16th_century—feasting,_entertainment_and_music">16th century—feasting, entertainment and music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 16th century—feasting, entertainment and music">edit</a>]</div> In most of England the archaic word '<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a>' had been replaced by '<a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>' by the 11th century, but in some places 'Yule' survived as the normal dialect term.<a href="#cite_note-ODEF402-5">[5]</a> The City of <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> maintained an annual <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle#Feast_days" title="Thomas the Apostle">St Thomas's Day</a> celebration of The Riding of Yule and his Wife which involved a figure representing Yule who carried bread and a leg of lamb. In 1572, the riding was suppressed on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Grindal" title="Edmund Grindal">Edmund Grindal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a> (term 1570–1576), who complained of the "undecent and uncomely disguising" which drew multitudes of people from divine service.<a href="#cite_note-Duffy581-6">[6]</a> Such personifications, illustrating the medieval fondness for pageantry and symbolism,<a href="#cite_note-ODEF402-5">[5]</a> extended throughout the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart</a> periods with <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Lord of Misrule</a> characters, sometimes called 'Captain Christmas',<a href="#cite_note-EnglishYear385-1">[1]</a> 'Prince Christmas'<a href="#cite_note-EnglishYear385-1">[1]</a> or 'The Christmas Lord', presiding over feasting and entertainment in grand houses, university colleges and <a href="/wiki/Inns_of_Court" title="Inns of Court">Inns of Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ODEF119-120-3">[3]</a> In his allegorical play <a href="/wiki/Summer%27s_Last_Will_and_Testament" title="Summer's Last Will and Testament">Summer's Last Will and Testament</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SummerOnline-7">[7]</a> written in about 1592, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nashe" title="Thomas Nashe">Thomas Nashe</a> introduced for comic effect a miserly Christmas character who refuses to keep the feast. He is reminded by Summer of the traditional role that he ought to be playing: "Christmas, how chance thou com’st not as the rest, / Accompanied with some music, or some song? / A merry carol would have graced thee well; / Thy ancestors have used it heretofore."<a href="#cite_note-Whitlock181-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="17th_century—religion_and_politics">17th century—religion and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 17th century—religion and politics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puritan_criticisms">Puritan criticisms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Puritan criticisms">edit</a>]</div> Early 17th century writers used the techniques of personification and allegory as a means of defending Christmas from attacks by <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">radical Protestants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Huttonp117-118-9">[9]</a> Responding to a perceived decline in the levels of Christmas hospitality provided by the gentry,<a href="#cite_note-Merry212-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christmas,_His_Masque" title="Christmas, His Masque">Christmas, His Masque</a> (1616) dressed his Old Christmas in out-of-date fashions:<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> "attir'd in round Hose, long Stockings, a close Doublet, a high crownd Hat with a Broach, a long thin beard, a Truncheon, little Ruffes, white shoes, his Scarffes, and Garters tyed crosse". Surrounded by guards, Christmas asserts his rightful place in the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant Church</a> and protests against attempts to exclude him:<a href="#cite_note-Austin11-12">[12]</a> "Why Gentlemen, doe you know what you doe? ha! would you ha'kept me out? Christmas, old Christmas? Christmas of London, and Captaine Christmas? ... they would not let me in: I must come another time! a good jeast, as if I could come more then once a yeare; why, I am no dangerous person, and so I told my friends, o'the Guard. I am old Gregorie Christmas still, and though I come out of Popes-head-alley as good a Protestant, as any i'my Parish."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The stage directions to The Springs Glorie, a 1638 <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">court masque</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nabbes" title="Thomas Nabbes">Thomas Nabbes</a>, state, "Christmas is personated by an old reverend Gentleman in a furr'd gown and cappe &c."<a href="#cite_note-Huttonp117-118-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shrovetide" title="Shrovetide">Shrovetide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> dispute precedence, and Shrovetide issues a challenge: "I say Christmas you are past date, you are out of the Almanack. Resigne, resigne." To which Christmas responds: "Resigne to thee! I that am the King of good cheere and feasting, though I come but once a yeare to raigne over bak't, boyled, roast and plum-porridge, will have being in despight of thy lard-ship."<a href="#cite_note-Bullen-14">[14]</a> This sort of character was to feature repeatedly over the next 250 years in pictures, stage plays and folk dramas. Initially known as 'Sir Christmas' or 'Lord Christmas', he later became increasingly referred to as 'Father Christmas'.<a href="#cite_note-Huttonp117-118-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puritan_revolution—enter_'Father_Christmas'">Puritan revolution—enter 'Father Christmas'</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Puritan revolution—enter 'Father Christmas'">edit</a>]</div> The rise of <a href="/wiki/Puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanism">puritanism</a> led to accusations of <a href="/wiki/Papist" class="mw-redirect" title="Papist">popery</a> in connection with pre-<a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">reformation</a> Christmas traditions.<a href="#cite_note-ODEF119-120-3">[3]</a> When the Puritans took control of government in the mid-1640s they made concerted efforts to abolish Christmas and to outlaw its traditional customs.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryToday_v35,12-15">[15]</a> For 15 years from around 1644, before and during the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(1649%E2%80%931660)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interregnum (1649–1660)">Interregnum of 1649-1660</a>, the celebration of Christmas in England was forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryToday_v35,12-15">[15]</a> The suppression was given greater legal weight from June 1647 when <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">parliament</a> passed an Ordinance for Abolishing of Festivals<a href="#cite_note-Ordinance1647-16">[16]</a> which formally abolished Christmas in its entirety, along with the other traditional church festivals of <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whitsun" title="Whitsun">Whitsun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merry212-10">[10]</a> It was in this context that <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalist</a> pamphleteers linked the old traditions of Christmas with the cause of King and Church, while radical puritans argued for the suppression of Christmas both in its religious and its secular aspects.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryToday_v10,12-17">[17]</a> In the hands of Royalist <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet_wars" title="Pamphlet wars">pamphlet writers</a>, Old Father Christmas served as the symbol and spokesman of 'the good old days' of feasting and good cheer,<a href="#cite_note-EnglishYear385-1">[1]</a> and it became popular for Christmastide's defenders to present him as lamenting past times.<a href="#cite_note-Austin7-18">[18]</a> The Arraignment, Conviction and Imprisoning of Christmas (January 1646) describes a discussion between a <a href="/wiki/Town_crier" title="Town crier">town crier</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalist</a> gentlewoman enquiring after Old Father Christmas who 'is gone from hence'.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryToday_v35,12-15">[15]</a> Its anonymous author, a <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">parliamentarian</a>, presents Father Christmas in a negative light, concentrating on his allegedly <a href="/wiki/Papist" class="mw-redirect" title="Papist">popish</a> attributes: "For age, this hoarie headed man was of great yeares, and as white as snow; he entred the Romish Kallender time out of mind; [he] is old ...; he was full and fat as any dumb Docter of them all. He looked under the consecrated Laune sleeves as big as Bul-beefe ... but, since the catholike liquor is taken from him, he is much wasted, so that he hath looked very thin and ill of late ... But yet some other markes that you may know him by, is that the wanton Women dote after him; he helped them to so many new Gownes, Hatts, and Hankerches, and other fine knacks, of which he hath a pack on his back, in which is good store of all sorts, besides the fine knacks that he got out of their husbands' pockets for household provisions for him. He got Prentises, Servants, and Schollars many play dayes, and therefore was well beloved by them also, and made all merry with Bagpipes, Fiddles, and other musicks, Giggs, Dances, and Mummings."<a href="#cite_note-Arraignment-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frontispiece_to_%27%27The_Vindication_of_Christmas%27%27_by_John_Taylor,_1652.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Woodcut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Frontispiece_to_%27%27The_Vindication_of_Christmas%27%27_by_John_Taylor%2C_1652.png/220px-Frontispiece_to_%27%27The_Vindication_of_Christmas%27%27_by_John_Taylor%2C_1652.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Frontispiece_to_%27%27The_Vindication_of_Christmas%27%27_by_John_Taylor%2C_1652.png/330px-Frontispiece_to_%27%27The_Vindication_of_Christmas%27%27_by_John_Taylor%2C_1652.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Frontispiece_to_%27%27The_Vindication_of_Christmas%27%27_by_John_Taylor%2C_1652.png/440px-Frontispiece_to_%27%27The_Vindication_of_Christmas%27%27_by_John_Taylor%2C_1652.png 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>Father Christmas (centre) depicted in The Vindication of Christmas, 1652</figcaption></figure> The character of 'Christmas' (also called 'father Christmas') speaks in a pamphlet of 1652, immediately after the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, published anonymously by the satirical Royalist poet <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(poet)" title="John Taylor (poet)">John Taylor</a>: The Vindication of Christmas or, His Twelve Yeares' Observations upon the Times. A frontispiece illustrates an old, bearded Christmas in a brimmed hat, a long open robe and undersleeves. Christmas laments the pitiful quandary he has fallen into since he came into "this headlesse countrey". "I was in good hope that so long a misery would have made them glad to bid a merry Christmas welcome. But welcome or not welcome, I am come...." He concludes with a verse: "Lets dance and sing, and make good chear, / For Christmas comes but once a year."<a href="#cite_note-Vindication-20">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FatherChristmastrial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/FatherChristmastrial.jpg/170px-FatherChristmastrial.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/FatherChristmastrial.jpg/255px-FatherChristmastrial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/FatherChristmastrial.jpg/340px-FatherChristmastrial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption>Father Christmas, as illustrated in Josiah King's two pamphlets of 1658 (The Examination and Tryall of Old Father Christmas) during the Puritan ban on Christmas, and 1678 when it has been restored as a holy day</figcaption></figure> In 1658 Josiah King published The Examination and Tryall of Old Father Christmas (the earliest citation for the specific term 'Father Christmas' recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>).<a href="#cite_note-OED-21">[21]</a> King portrays Father Christmas as a white-haired old man who is on trial for his life based on evidence laid against him by the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>. Father Christmas's counsel mounts the defence: "Me thinks my Lord, the very Clouds blush, to see this old Gentleman thus egregiously abused. if at any time any have abused themselves by immoderate eating, and drinking or otherwise spoil the creatures, it is none of this old mans fault; neither ought he to suffer for it; for example the Sun and the Moon are by the heathens worship’d are they therefore bad because idolized? so if any abuse this old man, they are bad for abusing him, not he bad, for being abused." The jury acquits.<a href="#cite_note-TCP-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tryall1658-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration">Restoration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Restoration">edit</a>]</div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">Restoration</a> in 1660, most traditional Christmas celebrations were revived, although as these were no longer contentious the historic documentary sources become fewer.<a href="#cite_note-ODEF62-24">[24]</a> In 1678 Josiah King reprinted his 1658 pamphlet with additional material. In this version, the restored Father Christmas is looking better: "[he] look't so smug and pleasant, his cherry cheeks appeared through his thin milk white locks, like [b]lushing Roses vail'd with snow white Tiffany ... the true Emblem of Joy and Innocence."<a href="#cite_note-Tryal-25">[25]</a> Old Christmass Returnd, a ballad collected by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a>, celebrated the revival of festivities in the latter part of the century: "Old Christmass is come for to keep open house / He scorns to be guilty of starving a mouse, / Then come boyes and welcome, for dyet the chief / Plumb pudding, Goose, Capon, minc't pies & Roast beef".<a href="#cite_note-OCR-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century—a_low_profile">18th century—a low profile</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 18th century—a low profile">edit</a>]</div> As interest in Christmas customs waned, Father Christmas's profile declined.<a href="#cite_note-EnglishYear385-1">[1]</a> He still continued to be regarded as Christmas's presiding spirit, although his occasional earlier associations with the <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Lord of Misrule</a> died out with the disappearance of the Lord of Misrule himself.<a href="#cite_note-EnglishYear385-1">[1]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a> notes, "after a taste of genuine misrule during the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(1649%E2%80%931660)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interregnum (1649–1660)">Interregnum</a> nobody in the ruling elite seems to have had any stomach for simulating it."<a href="#cite_note-Merry242-27">[27]</a> Hutton also found "patterns of entertainment at late <a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart</a> Christmases are remarkably timeless [and] nothing very much seems to have altered during the next century either."<a href="#cite_note-Merry242-27">[27]</a> The diaries of 18th and early 19th century clergy take little note of any Christmas traditions.<a href="#cite_note-ODEF62-24">[24]</a> In The Country Squire, a play of 1732, Old Christmas is depicted as someone who is rarely-found: a generous squire. The character Scabbard remarks, "Men are grown so ... stingy, now-a-days, that there is scarce One, in ten Parishes, makes any House-keeping. ... Squire Christmas ... keeps a good House, or else I do not know of One besides." When invited to spend Christmas with the squire, he comments "I will ... else I shall forget Christmas, for aught I see."<a href="#cite_note-Austin34-28">[28]</a> Similar opinions were expressed in Round About Our Coal Fire ... with some curious Memories of Old Father Christmas; Shewing what Hospitality was in former Times, and how little there remains of it at present (1734, reprinted with Father Christmas subtitle 1796).<a href="#cite_note-CoalFire-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Garrick" title="David Garrick">David Garrick</a>'s popular 1774 <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Drury Lane</a> production of A Christmas Tale included a personified Christmas character who announced "Behold a personage well known to fame; / Once lov'd and honour'd – Christmas is my name! /.../ I, English hearts rejoic'd in days of yore; / for new strange modes, imported by the score, / You will not sure turn Christmas out of door!"<a href="#cite_note-EnglishmansChristmas63-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChristmasTale1774-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_records_of_folk_plays">Early records of folk plays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early records of folk plays">edit</a>]</div> By the late 18th century Father Christmas had become a stock character in the Christmas folk plays later known as <a href="/wiki/Mummers_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummers play">mummers plays</a>. During the following century they became probably the most widespread of all calendar customs.<a href="#cite_note-MillingtonTDF6-32">[32]</a> Hundreds of villages had their own mummers who performed traditional plays around the neighbourhood, especially at the big houses.<a href="#cite_note-EnglishYear393-33">[33]</a> Father Christmas appears as a character in plays of the Southern England type,<a href="#cite_note-MillingtonPhD-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-MillingtonConf106-35">[35]</a> being mostly confined to plays from the south and west of England and Wales.<a href="#cite_note-MillingtonWeb-36">[36]</a> His ritual opening speech is characterised by variants of a couplet closely reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(poet)" title="John Taylor (poet)">John Taylor</a>'s "But welcome or not welcome, I am come..." from 1652. The oldest extant speech<a href="#cite_note-MillingtonWeb-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-MillingtonTruro-37">[37]</a> is from <a href="/wiki/Truro,_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Truro, Cornwall">Truro, Cornwall</a> in the late 1780s: <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td>hare comes i ould father Christmas welcom or welcom not     i hope ould father Christmas will never be forgot     ould father Christmas a pair but woance a yare     he lucks like an ould man of 4 score yare<a href="#cite_note-TruroPlay-38">[38]</a> </td> <td>Here comes I, old Father Christmas, welcome or welcome not, I hope old Father Christmas will never be forgot. Old Father Christmas appear[s] but once a year, He looks like an old man of fourscore year [80]. </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century—revival">19th century—revival</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 19th century—revival">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian period</a>, Christmas customs enjoyed a significant revival, including the figure of Father Christmas himself as the emblem of 'good cheer'. His physical appearance at this time became more variable, and he was by no means always portrayed as the old and bearded figure imagined by 17th century writers.<a href="#cite_note-ODEF119-120-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'Merry_England'_view_of_Christmas">'Merry England' view of Christmas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 'Merry England' view of Christmas">edit</a>]</div> In his 1808 poem <a href="/wiki/Marmion_(poem)" title="Marmion (poem)">Marmion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> wrote: <dl><dd>"England was merry England, when / Old Christmas brought his sports again.</dd> <dd>'Twas Christmas broach'd the mightiest ale; / 'Twas Christmas told the merriest tale;</dd> <dd>A Christmas gambol oft could cheer / The poor man's heart through half the year."<a href="#cite_note-Marmion-39">[39]</a></dd></dl> Scott's phrase <a href="/wiki/Merry_England" title="Merry England">Merry England</a> has been adopted by historians to describe the romantic notion that there was a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a> of the English past, allegedly since lost, that was characterised by universal hospitality and charity. The notion had a profound influence on the way that popular customs were seen, and most of the 19th century writers who bemoaned the state of contemporary Christmases were, at least to some extent, yearning for the mythical Merry England version.<a href="#cite_note-EnglishYear372&382-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Christmas_riding_a_goat,_by_Robert_Seymour,_1836.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving of Father Christmas riding a Yule Goat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Old_Christmas_riding_a_goat%2C_by_Robert_Seymour%2C_1836.jpg/175px-Old_Christmas_riding_a_goat%2C_by_Robert_Seymour%2C_1836.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Old_Christmas_riding_a_goat%2C_by_Robert_Seymour%2C_1836.jpg/263px-Old_Christmas_riding_a_goat%2C_by_Robert_Seymour%2C_1836.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Old_Christmas_riding_a_goat%2C_by_Robert_Seymour%2C_1836.jpg/350px-Old_Christmas_riding_a_goat%2C_by_Robert_Seymour%2C_1836.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Merry_England" title="Merry England">Merry England</a> vision of Old Christmas 1836</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kibble_Hervey" title="Thomas Kibble Hervey">Thomas Hervey</a>'s The Book of Christmas (1836), illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Seymour_(illustrator)" title="Robert Seymour (illustrator)">Robert Seymour</a>, exemplifies this view.<a href="#cite_note-MummersMumming-41">[41]</a> In Hervey's personification of the lost charitable festival, "Old Father Christmas, at the head of his numerous and uproarious family, might ride his goat through the streets of the city and the lanes of the village, but he dismounted to sit for some few moments by each man's hearth; while some one or another of his merry sons would break away, to visit the remote farm-houses or show their laughing faces at many a poor man's door." Seymour's illustration shows Old Christmas dressed in a fur gown, crowned with a holly wreath, and riding a <a href="/wiki/Yule_Goat" class="mw-redirect" title="Yule Goat">yule goat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hervey42,285-42">[42]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmas_and_his_children,_by_Robert_Seymour,_1836.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Christmas_and_his_children%2C_by_Robert_Seymour%2C_1836.jpg/175px-Christmas_and_his_children%2C_by_Robert_Seymour%2C_1836.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Christmas_and_his_children%2C_by_Robert_Seymour%2C_1836.jpg/263px-Christmas_and_his_children%2C_by_Robert_Seymour%2C_1836.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Christmas_and_his_children%2C_by_Robert_Seymour%2C_1836.jpg/350px-Christmas_and_his_children%2C_by_Robert_Seymour%2C_1836.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="1713" /></a><figcaption>Christmas with his children 1836</figcaption></figure> In an extended allegory, Hervey imagines his contemporary Old Father Christmas as a white-bearded <a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">magician</a> dressed in a long robe and crowned with holly. His children are identified as Roast Beef (Sir Loin) and his faithful squire or bottle-holder Plum Pudding; the slender figure of Wassail with her fount of perpetual youth; a 'tricksy spirit' who bears the bowl and is on the best of terms with the Turkey; Mumming; Misrule, with a feather in his cap; the Lord of <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a> under a state-canopy of cake and wearing his ancient crown; Saint Distaff looking like an old maid ("she used to be a sad romp; but her merriest days we fear are over"); Carol singing; the Waits; and the twin-faced <a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hervey114-118-43">[43]</a> Hervey ends by lamenting the lost "uproarious merriment" of Christmas, and calls on his readers "who know anything of the 'old, old, very old, gray-bearded gentleman' or his family to aid us in our search after them; and with their good help we will endeavor to restore them to some portion of their ancient honors in England".<a href="#cite_note-Hervey133-44">[44]</a> Father Christmas or Old Christmas, represented as a jolly-faced bearded man often surrounded by plentiful food and drink, started to appear regularly in illustrated magazines of the 1840s.<a href="#cite_note-EnglishYear385-1">[1]</a> He was dressed in a variety of costumes and usually had holly on his head,<a href="#cite_note-EnglishYear385-1">[1]</a> as in these illustrations from the <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_London_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated London News">Illustrated London News</a>: <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Illustrated London News, 1840s</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 143.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 141.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Christmas,_Illustrated_London_News_24_Dec_1842.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Christmas 1842"><img alt="Engraving of Old Christmas 1842" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Old_Christmas%2C_Illustrated_London_News_24_Dec_1842.jpg/212px-Old_Christmas%2C_Illustrated_London_News_24_Dec_1842.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Old_Christmas%2C_Illustrated_London_News_24_Dec_1842.jpg/317px-Old_Christmas%2C_Illustrated_London_News_24_Dec_1842.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Old_Christmas%2C_Illustrated_London_News_24_Dec_1842.jpg/423px-Old_Christmas%2C_Illustrated_London_News_24_Dec_1842.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="968" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old Christmas 1842</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Music_in_the_Hall,_Illustrated_London_News,_23_Dec_1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Christmas / Father Christmas 1843"><img alt="Engraving of Old Christmas or Father Christmas 1843" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Music_in_the_Hall%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_23_Dec_1843.jpg/191px-The_Music_in_the_Hall%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_23_Dec_1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Music_in_the_Hall%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_23_Dec_1843.jpg/286px-The_Music_in_the_Hall%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_23_Dec_1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Music_in_the_Hall%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_23_Dec_1843.jpg/381px-The_Music_in_the_Hall%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_23_Dec_1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="904" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old Christmas / Father Christmas 1843</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 123.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Merry_Christmas,_Illustrated_London_News,_25_December_1847.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Christmas 1847"><img alt="Engraving of Old Christmas 1847" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Merry_Christmas%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_25_December_1847.jpg/185px-Merry_Christmas%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_25_December_1847.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Merry_Christmas%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_25_December_1847.jpg/278px-Merry_Christmas%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_25_December_1847.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Merry_Christmas%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_25_December_1847.jpg/370px-Merry_Christmas%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_25_December_1847.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="884" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old Christmas 1847</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech,1843_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coloured engraving" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843_edit.jpg/175px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843_edit.jpg/263px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843_edit.jpg/350px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>'<a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Present" title="Ghost of Christmas Present">Ghost of Christmas Present</a>' in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a> 1843.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s 1843 novel <a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a> was highly influential, and has been credited both with reviving interest in Christmas in England and with shaping the themes attached to it.<a href="#cite_note-EncChristmas44-45">[45]</a> A famous image from the novel is <a href="/wiki/John_Leech_(caricaturist)" title="John Leech (caricaturist)">John Leech's</a> illustration of the '<a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Present" title="Ghost of Christmas Present">Ghost of Christmas Present</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-Carol-46">[46]</a> Although not explicitly named Father Christmas, the character wears a holly <a href="/wiki/Wreath" title="Wreath">wreath</a>, is shown sitting among food, drink and <a href="/wiki/Wassail" title="Wassail">wassail bowl</a>, and is dressed in the traditional loose furred gown—but in green rather than the red that later become ubiquitous.<a href="#cite_note-ODEF119-120-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_19th_century_mumming">Later 19th century mumming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later 19th century mumming">edit</a>]</div> Old Father Christmas continued to make his annual appearance in Christmas <a href="/wiki/Mummers_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummers play">folk plays</a> throughout the 19th century, his appearance varying considerably according to local custom. Sometimes, as in Hervey's book of 1836,<a href="#cite_note-Hervey65-47">[47]</a> he was portrayed (below left) as a hunchback.<a href="#cite_note-TimesDec1956-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-EnglishmansChristmas112-113-49">[49]</a> One unusual portrayal (below centre) was described several times by <a href="/wiki/William_Sandys_(antiquarian)" title="William Sandys (antiquarian)">William Sandys</a> between 1830 and 1852, all in essentially the same terms:<a href="#cite_note-MillingtonTDF6-32">[32]</a> "Father Christmas is represented as a grotesque old man, with a large mask and comic wig, and a huge club in his hand."<a href="#cite_note-Sandys-50">[50]</a> This representation is considered by the folklore scholar Peter Millington to be the result of the southern Father Christmas replacing the northern <a href="/wiki/Beelzebub" title="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</a> character in a hybrid play.<a href="#cite_note-MillingtonTDF6-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-MillingtonConf107-51">[51]</a> A spectator to a <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a> version of the St George play in 1856 noted, "Beelzebub was identical with Old Father Christmas."<a href="#cite_note-N&Q271-52">[52]</a> A mummers play mentioned in The Book of Days (1864) opened with "Old Father Christmas, bearing, as emblematic devices, the holly bough, wassail-bowl, &c".<a href="#cite_note-Days1864-53">[53]</a> A corresponding illustration (below right) shows the character wearing not only a holly wreath but also a gown with a hood. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Old Father Christmas in folk plays</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 314px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 312px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mummers,_by_Robert_Seymour,_1836.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A hunchback Old Father Christmas in an 1836 play with long robe, holly wreath and staff."><img alt="Engraving showing a hunchback Old Father Christmas in an 1836 mummers play" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mummers%2C_by_Robert_Seymour%2C_1836.jpg/468px-Mummers%2C_by_Robert_Seymour%2C_1836.jpg" decoding="async" width="312" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mummers%2C_by_Robert_Seymour%2C_1836.jpg/701px-Mummers%2C_by_Robert_Seymour%2C_1836.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mummers%2C_by_Robert_Seymour%2C_1836.jpg/935px-Mummers%2C_by_Robert_Seymour%2C_1836.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1635" data-file-height="917" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A hunchback Old Father Christmas in an 1836 <a href="/wiki/Mummers_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummers play">play</a> with long robe, holly wreath and staff.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandys_1852_-_Modern_Christmas_Plays,_ChapterVIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An 1852 play. The Old Father Christmas character is on the far left."><img alt="Engraving of an 1852 play with grotesque Old Father Christmas character" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sandys_1852_-_Modern_Christmas_Plays%2C_ChapterVIII.jpg/349px-Sandys_1852_-_Modern_Christmas_Plays%2C_ChapterVIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sandys_1852_-_Modern_Christmas_Plays%2C_ChapterVIII.jpg/524px-Sandys_1852_-_Modern_Christmas_Plays%2C_ChapterVIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sandys_1852_-_Modern_Christmas_Plays%2C_ChapterVIII.jpg/698px-Sandys_1852_-_Modern_Christmas_Plays%2C_ChapterVIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="881" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An 1852 <a href="/wiki/Mummers_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummers play">play</a>. The Old Father Christmas character is on the far left.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_party_of_mummers,_Robert_Chambers,_The_Book_of_Days,_vol_II,_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A party of mummers 1864"><img alt="Engraving of a party of mummers 1864" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/A_party_of_mummers%2C_Robert_Chambers%2C_The_Book_of_Days%2C_vol_II%2C_1864.jpg/337px-A_party_of_mummers%2C_Robert_Chambers%2C_The_Book_of_Days%2C_vol_II%2C_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/A_party_of_mummers%2C_Robert_Chambers%2C_The_Book_of_Days%2C_vol_II%2C_1864.jpg/506px-A_party_of_mummers%2C_Robert_Chambers%2C_The_Book_of_Days%2C_vol_II%2C_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/A_party_of_mummers%2C_Robert_Chambers%2C_The_Book_of_Days%2C_vol_II%2C_1864.jpg/675px-A_party_of_mummers%2C_Robert_Chambers%2C_The_Book_of_Days%2C_vol_II%2C_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="595" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A party of mummers 1864</div> </li> </ul> In a <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a> folk play of 1860 Father Christmas is portrayed as a disabled soldier: "[he] wore breeches and stockings, carried a begging-box, and conveyed himself upon two sticks; his arms were striped with chevrons like a noncommissioned officer."<a href="#cite_note-N&Q1862-54">[54]</a> In the latter part of the 19th century and the early years of the next the folk play tradition in England rapidly faded,<a href="#cite_note-EnglishmansChristmas136-55">[55]</a> and the plays almost died out after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a><a href="#cite_note-EnglishYear396-56">[56]</a> taking their ability to influence the character of Father Christmas with them. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Father_Christmas_as_gift-giver">Father Christmas as gift-giver</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Father Christmas as gift-giver">edit</a>]</div> In pre-Victorian personifications, Father Christmas had been concerned essentially with adult feasting and games. He had no particular connection with children, nor with the giving of presents.<a href="#cite_note-EnglishYear385-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huttonp117-118-9">[9]</a> But as Victorian Christmases developed into family festivals centred mainly on children,<a href="#cite_note-EnglishmansChristmas85-57">[57]</a> Father Christmas started to be associated with the giving of gifts. The <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornish</a> <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> diarist Barclay Fox relates a family party given on 26 December 1842 that featured "the venerable effigies of Father Christmas with scarlet coat & cocked hat, stuck all over with presents for the guests, by his side the old year, a most dismal & haggard old beldame in a night cap and spectacles, then 1843 [the new year], a promising baby asleep in a cradle".<a href="#cite_note-Fox297-58">[58]</a> In Britain, the first evidence of a child writing letters to Father Christmas requesting gift has been found in 1895.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Santa_Claus_crosses_the_Atlantic">Santa Claus crosses the Atlantic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Santa Claus crosses the Atlantic">edit</a>]</div> The figure of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> had originated in the US, drawing at least partly upon Dutch <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">St Nicolas</a> traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Huttonp117-118-9">[9]</a> A New York publication of 1821, A New-Year’s Present, contained an illustrated poem <a href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</a> in which a Santa Claus figure on a reindeer sleigh brings presents for good children and a "long, black birchen rod" for use on the bad ones.<a href="#cite_note-ChildrensFriend-60">[60]</a> In 1823 came the famous poem <a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a>, usually attributed to the New York writer <a href="/wiki/Clement_Clarke_Moore" title="Clement Clarke Moore">Clement Clarke Moore</a>, which developed the character further. Moore's poem became immensely popular<a href="#cite_note-EnglishYear385-1">[1]</a> and Santa Claus customs, initially localized in the Dutch American areas, were becoming general in the United States by the middle of the century.<a href="#cite_note-TimesDec1956-48">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Claus._Howitt%27s_Journal_of_Literature_and_Popular_Progress,_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Santa_Claus._Howitt%27s_Journal_of_Literature_and_Popular_Progress%2C_1848.jpg/220px-Santa_Claus._Howitt%27s_Journal_of_Literature_and_Popular_Progress%2C_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Santa_Claus._Howitt%27s_Journal_of_Literature_and_Popular_Progress%2C_1848.jpg/330px-Santa_Claus._Howitt%27s_Journal_of_Literature_and_Popular_Progress%2C_1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Santa_Claus._Howitt%27s_Journal_of_Literature_and_Popular_Progress%2C_1848.jpg/440px-Santa_Claus._Howitt%27s_Journal_of_Literature_and_Popular_Progress%2C_1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption>Santa Claus, as presented in Howitt's Journal of Literature and Popular Progress, London 1848</figcaption></figure> The January 1848 edition of Howitt's Journal of Literature and Popular Progress, published in London, carried an illustrated article entitled "New Year's Eve in Different Nations". This noted that one of the chief features of the American New Year's Eve was a custom carried over from the Dutch, namely the arrival of Santa Claus with gifts for the children. Santa Claus is "no other than the Pelz Nickel of Germany ... the good Saint Nicholas of Russia ... He arrives in Germany about a fortnight before Christmas, but as may be supposed from all the visits he has to pay there, and the length of his voyage, he does not arrive in America, until this eve."<a href="#cite_note-HowittsJournal-61">[61]</a> In 1851 advertisements began appearing in Liverpool newspapers for a new transatlantic passenger service to and from New York aboard the Eagle Line's ship Santa Claus,<a href="#cite_note-LiverpoolMercury-62">[62]</a> and returning visitors and emigrants to the British Isles on this and other vessels will have been familiar with the American figure.<a href="#cite_note-TimesDec1956-48">[48]</a> There were some early adoptions in Britain. A Scottish reference has Santa Claus leaving presents on <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a> 1852, with children "hanging their stockings up on each side of the fire-place, in their sleeping apartments, at night, and waiting patiently till morning, to see what Santa Claus puts into them during their slumbers".<a href="#cite_note-Johno'Groat-63">[63]</a> In Ireland in 1853, on the other hand, presents were being left on <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> according to a character in a newspaper short story who says "... tomorrow will be Christmas. What will Santa Claus bring us?"<a href="#cite_note-ArmaghGuardian-64">[64]</a> A poem published in Belfast in 1858 includes the lines "The children sleep; they dream of him, the fairy, / Kind Santa Claus, who with a right good will / Comes down the chimney with a footstep airy ..."<a href="#cite_note-BelfastNL1858-65">[65]</a> A Visit from St. Nicholas was published in England in December 1853 in <a href="/wiki/Notes_and_Queries" title="Notes and Queries">Notes and Queries</a>. An explanatory note states that the <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nicholas">St Nicholas</a> figure is known as Santa Claus in <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Krishkinkle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-N&Q615-66">[66]</a> 1854 marked the first English publication of Carl Krinkin; or, The Christmas Stocking by the popular American author <a href="/wiki/Susan_Warner" title="Susan Warner">Susan Warner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EnglishYear385-1">[1]</a> The novel was published three times in London in 1854–5, and there were several later editions.<a href="#cite_note-ArmstrongPhD58-59-67">[67]</a> Characters in the book include both Santa Claus (complete with sleigh, stocking and chimney),<a href="#cite_note-ArmstrongPhD58-59-67">[67]</a> leaving presents on Christmas Eve and—separately—Old Father Christmas. The Stocking of the title tells of how in England, "a great many years ago", it saw Father Christmas enter with his traditional refrain "Oh! here come I, old father Christmas, welcome or not ..." He wore a crown of yew and ivy, and he carried a long staff topped with holly-berries. His dress "was a long brown robe which fell down about his feet, and on it were sewed little spots of white cloth to represent snow".<a href="#cite_note-CarlKrinken-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merger_with_Santa_Claus">Merger with Santa Claus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Merger with Santa Claus">edit</a>]</div> As the US-inspired customs became popular in England, Father Christmas started to take on Santa Claus's attributes.<a href="#cite_note-EnglishYear385-1">[1]</a> His costume became more standardised, and although depictions often still showed him carrying holly, the holly crown became rarer and was often replaced with a hood.<a href="#cite_note-EnglishYear385-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huttonp117-118-9">[9]</a> It still remained common, though, for Father Christmas and Santa Claus to be distinguished, and as late as the 1890s there were still examples of the old-style Father Christmas appearing without any of the new American features.<a href="#cite_note-EnglishmansChristmas117-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appearances_in_public">Appearances in public</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Appearances in public">edit</a>]</div> The blurring of public roles occurred quite rapidly. In an 1854 newspaper description of the public <a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a> festivities in <a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a>, a gift-giving Father Christmas/Santa Claus figure was already being described as 'familiar': "On the right-hand side was Father Christmas's bower, formed of evergreens, and in front was the proverbial <a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a>, glistening in the snow ... He wore a great furry white coat and cap, and a long white beard and hair spoke to his hoar antiquity. Behind his bower he had a large selection of fancy articles which formed the gifts he distributed to holders of prize tickets from time to time during the day ... Father Christmas bore in his hand a small Christmas tree laden with bright little gifts and bon-bons, and altogether he looked like the familiar Santa Claus or Father Christmas of the picture book."<a href="#cite_note-LutonTimes-70">[70]</a> Discussing the shops of <a href="/wiki/Regent_Street" title="Regent Street">Regent Street</a> in London, another writer noted in December of that year, "you may fancy yourself in the abode of Father Christmas or St. Nicholas himself."<a href="#cite_note-HerefordJournal1854-71">[71]</a> During the 1860s and the 1870s, Father Christmas became a popular subject on <a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Christmas cards</a>, where he was shown in many different costumes.<a href="#cite_note-EnglishmansChristmas112-113-49">[49]</a> Sometimes he gave presents and sometimes received them.<a href="#cite_note-EnglishmansChristmas112-113-49">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Father_Christmas,_or_The_Cave_of_Mystery,_Illustrated_London_News_1866.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving of Father Christmas at a children's party" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Old_Father_Christmas%2C_or_The_Cave_of_Mystery%2C_Illustrated_London_News_1866.jpg/220px-Old_Father_Christmas%2C_or_The_Cave_of_Mystery%2C_Illustrated_London_News_1866.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Old_Father_Christmas%2C_or_The_Cave_of_Mystery%2C_Illustrated_London_News_1866.jpg/330px-Old_Father_Christmas%2C_or_The_Cave_of_Mystery%2C_Illustrated_London_News_1866.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Old_Father_Christmas%2C_or_The_Cave_of_Mystery%2C_Illustrated_London_News_1866.jpg/440px-Old_Father_Christmas%2C_or_The_Cave_of_Mystery%2C_Illustrated_London_News_1866.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1285" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>Old Father Christmas, or The Cave of Mystery 1866</figcaption></figure> An illustrated article of 1866 explained the concept of The Cave of Mystery. In an imagined children's party this took the form of a recess in the library which evoked "dim visions of the cave of Aladdin" and was "well filled ... with all that delights the eye, pleases the ear, or tickles the fancy of children". The young guests "tremblingly await the decision of the improvised Father Christmas, with his flowing grey beard, long robe, and slender staff".<a href="#cite_note-ILN,_Dec1866-72">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Father_Christmas_from_England,_1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Father_Christmas_from_England%2C_1879.jpg/220px-Father_Christmas_from_England%2C_1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Father_Christmas_from_England%2C_1879.jpg/330px-Father_Christmas_from_England%2C_1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Father_Christmas_from_England%2C_1879.jpg/440px-Father_Christmas_from_England%2C_1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2066" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Father Christmas 1879, with holly crown and wassail bowl, the bowl now being used for the delivery of children's presents</figcaption></figure> From the 1870s onwards, Christmas shopping had begun to evolve as a separate seasonal activity, and by the late 19th century it had become an important part of the English Christmas.<a href="#cite_note-ChristmasAHistory189,192-73">[73]</a> The purchasing of toys, especially from the new department stores, became strongly associated with the season.<a href="#cite_note-ArmstrongPhD261-74">[74]</a> The first retail Christmas Grotto was set up in <a href="/wiki/J_R_Roberts_Stores" title="J R Roberts Stores">JR Robert's store</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stratford,_London" title="Stratford, London">Stratford, London</a> in December 1888,<a href="#cite_note-ChristmasAHistory189,192-73">[73]</a> and shopping arenas for children—often called 'Christmas Bazaars'—spread rapidly during the 1890s and 1900s, helping to assimilate Father Christmas/Santa Claus into society.<a href="#cite_note-ChristmasAHistory189,192-73">[73]</a> Sometimes the two characters continued to be presented as separate, as in a procession at the <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympia, London">Olympia Exhibition</a> of 1888 in which both Father Christmas and Santa Claus took part, with <a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood" title="Little Red Riding Hood">Little Red Riding Hood</a> and other children's characters in between.<a href="#cite_note-TimesDec1888-75">[75]</a> At other times the characters were conflated: in 1885 Mr Williamson's London Bazaar in <a href="/wiki/Sunderland,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland, Tyne and Wear">Sunderland</a> was reported to be a "Temple of juvenile delectation and delight. In the well-lighted window is a representation of Father Christmas, with the printed intimation that 'Santa Claus is arranging within.'"<a href="#cite_note-SunderlandEcho1881-76">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domestic_Theatricals,_Illustrated_London_News,_12_Feb_1881.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving of Father Christmas at a children's party" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/Domestic_Theatricals%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_12_Feb_1881.jpg/220px-Domestic_Theatricals%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_12_Feb_1881.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/Domestic_Theatricals%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_12_Feb_1881.jpg/330px-Domestic_Theatricals%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_12_Feb_1881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/Domestic_Theatricals%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_12_Feb_1881.jpg/440px-Domestic_Theatricals%2C_Illustrated_London_News%2C_12_Feb_1881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="991" /></a><figcaption>Domestic Theatricals 1881</figcaption></figure>Even after the appearance of the store grotto, it was still not firmly established who should hand out gifts at parties. A writer in the <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_London_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated London News">Illustrated London News</a> of December 1888 suggested that a <a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">Sibyl</a> should dispense gifts from a 'snow cave',<a href="#cite_note-ILNDec1888-77">[77]</a> but a little over a year later she had changed her recommendation to a gypsy in a 'magic cave'.<a href="#cite_note-ILNJan1890-78">[78]</a> Alternatively, the hostess could "have Father Christmas arrive, towards the end of the evening, with a sack of toys on his back. He must have a white head and a long white beard, of course. Wig and beard can be cheaply hired from a theatrical costumier, or may be improvised from tow in case of need. He should wear a greatcoat down to his heels, liberally sprinkled with flour as though he had just come from that land of ice where Father Christmas is supposed to reside."<a href="#cite_note-ILNJan1890-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_secret_nocturnal_visitor">As secret nocturnal visitor</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: As secret nocturnal visitor">edit</a>]</div> The nocturnal visitor aspect of the American myth took much longer to become naturalised. From the 1840s it had been accepted readily enough that presents were left for children by unseen hands overnight on Christmas Eve, but the receptacle was a matter of debate,<a href="#cite_note-CakesCharacters183-184-79">[79]</a> as was the nature of the visitor. Dutch tradition had <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nicholas">St Nicholas</a> leaving presents in shoes laid out on 5 December,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> while in France shoes were filled by <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CakesCharacters183-184-79">[79]</a> The older shoe custom and the newer American stocking custom trickled only slowly into Britain, with writers and illustrators remaining uncertain for many years.<a href="#cite_note-CakesCharacters183-184-79">[79]</a> Although the stocking eventually triumphed,<a href="#cite_note-CakesCharacters183-184-79">[79]</a> the shoe custom had still not been forgotten by 1901 when an illustration entitled Did you see Santa Claus, Mother? was accompanied by the verse "Her Christmas dreams / Have all come true; / Stocking o'erflows / and likewise shoe."<a href="#cite_note-ILN,_Dec1901-81">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairy_Gifts_by_JA_Fitzgerald,_Illustrated_London_News_19_Dec_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving of fairies leaving gifts in shoes by the fireplace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Fairy_Gifts_by_JA_Fitzgerald%2C_Illustrated_London_News_19_Dec_1868.jpg/220px-Fairy_Gifts_by_JA_Fitzgerald%2C_Illustrated_London_News_19_Dec_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Fairy_Gifts_by_JA_Fitzgerald%2C_Illustrated_London_News_19_Dec_1868.jpg/330px-Fairy_Gifts_by_JA_Fitzgerald%2C_Illustrated_London_News_19_Dec_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Fairy_Gifts_by_JA_Fitzgerald%2C_Illustrated_London_News_19_Dec_1868.jpg/440px-Fairy_Gifts_by_JA_Fitzgerald%2C_Illustrated_London_News_19_Dec_1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption>Fairy Gifts by <a href="/wiki/John_Anster_Fitzgerald" title="John Anster Fitzgerald">JA Fitzgerald</a> showing nocturnal visitors in 1868, before the American Santa Claus tradition took hold.</figcaption></figure> Before Santa Claus and the stocking became ubiquitous, one English tradition had been for fairies to visit on Christmas Eve to leave gifts in shoes set out in front of the fireplace.<a href="#cite_note-Graphic1878-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-ILN,_Dec1868-83">[83]</a> Aspects of the American Santa Claus myth were sometimes adopted in isolation and applied to Father Christmas. In a short fantasy piece, the editor of the Cheltenham Chronicle in 1867 dreamt of being seized by the collar by Father Christmas, "rising up like a Geni of the Arabian Nights ... and moving rapidly through the aether". Hovering over the roof of a house, Father Christmas cries 'Open Sesame' to have the roof roll back to disclose the scene within.<a href="#cite_note-Cheltenham_Chronicle1867-84">[84]</a> It was not until the 1870s that the tradition of a nocturnal Santa Claus began to be adopted by ordinary people.<a href="#cite_note-Huttonp117-118-9">[9]</a> The poem The Baby's Stocking, which was syndicated to local newspapers in 1871, took it for granted that readers would be familiar with the custom, and would understand the joke that the stocking might be missed as "Santa Claus wouldn't be looking for anything half so small."<a href="#cite_note-EssexNewsman1871-85">[85]</a> On the other hand, when The Preston Guardian published its poem Santa Claus and the Children in 1877 it felt the need to include a long preface explaining exactly who Santa Claus was.<a href="#cite_note-PrestonGuardian1877-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Folkloristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkloristics">Folklorists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">antiquarians</a> were not, it seems, familiar with the new local customs and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a> notes that in 1879 the newly formed <a href="/wiki/The_Folklore_Society" title="The Folklore Society">Folk-Lore Society</a>, ignorant of American practices, was still "excitedly trying to discover the source of the new belief".<a href="#cite_note-Huttonp117-118-9">[9]</a> In January 1879 the antiquarian <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lees" title="Edwin Lees">Edwin Lees</a> wrote to <a href="/wiki/Notes_and_Queries" title="Notes and Queries">Notes and Queries</a> seeking information about an observance he had been told about by 'a country person': "On Christmas Eve, when the inmates of a house in the country retire to bed, all those desirous of a present place a stocking outside the door of their bedroom, with the expectation that some mythical being called Santiclaus will fill the stocking or place something within it before the morning. This is of course well known, and the master of the house does in reality place a Christmas gift secretly in each stocking; but the giggling girls in the morning, when bringing down their presents, affect to say that Santiclaus visited and filled the stockings in the night. From what region of the earth or air this benevolent Santiclaus takes flight I have not been able to ascertain ..."<a href="#cite_note-N&Q1879Jan-87">[87]</a> Lees received several responses, linking 'Santiclaus' with the continental traditions of <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nicholas">St Nicholas</a> and 'Petit Jesus' (<a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a>),<a href="#cite_note-N&Q1879July-88">[88]</a> but no-one mentioned Father Christmas and no-one was correctly able to identify the American source.<a href="#cite_note-TimesDec1956-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-EnglishmansChristmas114-89">[89]</a> By the 1880s the American myth had become firmly established in the popular English imagination, the nocturnal visitor sometimes being known as Santa Claus and sometimes as Father Christmas (often complete with a hooded robe).<a href="#cite_note-Huttonp117-118-9">[9]</a> An 1881 poem imagined a child awaiting a visit from Santa Claus and asking "Will he come like Father Christmas, / Robed in green and beard all white? / Will he come amid the darkness? / Will he come at all tonight?"<a href="#cite_note-Huttonp117-118-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-LeedsMercury1881-90">[90]</a> The French writer <a href="/wiki/Max_O%27Rell" title="Max O'Rell">Max O'Rell</a>, who evidently thought the custom was established in the England of 1883, explained that Father Christmas "descend par la cheminée, pour remplir de bonbons et de joux les bas que les enfants ont suspendus au pied du lit." [comes down the chimney, to fill with sweets and games the stockings that the children have hung from the foot of the bed].<a href="#cite_note-EnglishmansChristmas114-89">[89]</a> And in her poem Agnes: A Fairy Tale (1891), Lilian M Bennett treats the two names as interchangeable: "Old Santa Claus is exceedingly kind, / but he won't come to Wide-awakes, you will find... / Father Christmas won't come if he can hear / You're awake. So to bed my bairnies dear."<a href="#cite_note-ManchesterTimesFeb1891-91">[91]</a> The commercial availability from 1895 of Tom Smith & Co's Santa Claus Surprise Stockings indicates how deeply the American myth had penetrated English society by the end of the century.<a href="#cite_note-ArmstrongPhD263-92">[92]</a> Representations of the developing character at this period were sometimes labelled 'Santa Claus' and sometimes 'Father Christmas', with a tendency for the latter still to allude to old-style associations with charity and with food and drink, as in several of these <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a> illustrations: <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Father Christmas in Punch, 1890s</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Awakening_of_Father_Christmas,_Punch,_Dec_1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Awakening of Father Christmas 1891"><img alt="1891 engraving of Father Christmas being awoken by a figure representing Charity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Awakening_of_Father_Christmas%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1891.jpg/207px-The_Awakening_of_Father_Christmas%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Awakening_of_Father_Christmas%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1891.jpg/311px-The_Awakening_of_Father_Christmas%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Awakening_of_Father_Christmas%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1891.jpg/414px-The_Awakening_of_Father_Christmas%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="1041" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Awakening of Father Christmas 1891</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Christmas_Puzzle,_Punch,_Dec_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Where's your stocking?" 1895"><img alt="1895 engraving of Father Christmas asking a ragged child "Where's your stocking?"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_Christmas_Puzzle%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1895.jpg/204px-A_Christmas_Puzzle%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_Christmas_Puzzle%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1895.jpg/307px-A_Christmas_Puzzle%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_Christmas_Puzzle%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1895.jpg/409px-A_Christmas_Puzzle%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="870" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Where's your stocking?" 1895</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Father_Christmas_Up-To-Date,_Punch,_Dec_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Father Christmas Up-To-Date 1896"><img alt="1896 engraving of Father Christmas driving an early car" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Father_Christmas_Up-To-Date%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1896.jpg/202px-Father_Christmas_Up-To-Date%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Father_Christmas_Up-To-Date%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1896.jpg/303px-Father_Christmas_Up-To-Date%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Father_Christmas_Up-To-Date%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1896.jpg/404px-Father_Christmas_Up-To-Date%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="1248" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Father Christmas Up-To-Date 1896</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Father_Christmas_Not_Up-To-Date,_Punch,_Dec_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Father Christmas Not Up-To-Date 1897"><img alt="1897 engraving of Father Christmas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Father_Christmas_Not_Up-To-Date%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1897.jpg/179px-Father_Christmas_Not_Up-To-Date%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Father_Christmas_Not_Up-To-Date%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1897.jpg/269px-Father_Christmas_Not_Up-To-Date%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Father_Christmas_Not_Up-To-Date%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1897.jpg/358px-Father_Christmas_Not_Up-To-Date%2C_Punch%2C_Dec_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="1180" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Father Christmas Not Up-To-Date 1897</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Father_Christmas,_Tuck_Photo_Oilette_postcard_1919,_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Postcard of Father Christmas with two children" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Father_Christmas%2C_Tuck_Photo_Oilette_postcard_1919%2C_front.jpg/220px-Father_Christmas%2C_Tuck_Photo_Oilette_postcard_1919%2C_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Father_Christmas%2C_Tuck_Photo_Oilette_postcard_1919%2C_front.jpg/330px-Father_Christmas%2C_Tuck_Photo_Oilette_postcard_1919%2C_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Father_Christmas%2C_Tuck_Photo_Oilette_postcard_1919%2C_front.jpg/440px-Father_Christmas%2C_Tuck_Photo_Oilette_postcard_1919%2C_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1673" /></a><figcaption>An English postcard of 1919 epitomises the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">OED</a>'s definition of Father Christmas as "a personification of Christmas, now conventionally pictured as a benevolent old man with a long white beard and red clothes trimmed with white fur, who brings presents for children on the night before Christmas Day".<a href="#cite_note-OED-21">[21]</a></figcaption></figure> Any residual distinctions between Father Christmas and Santa Claus largely faded away in the early years of the new century, and it was reported in 1915, "The majority of children to-day ... do not know of any difference between our old Father Christmas and the comparatively new Santa Claus, as, by both wearing the same garb, they have effected a happy compromise."<a href="#cite_note-SevenoaksChronicle1915-93">[93]</a> It took many years for authors and illustrators to agree that Father Christmas's costume should be portrayed as red—although that was always the most common colour—and he could sometimes be found in a gown of brown, green, blue or white.<a href="#cite_note-EnglishYear385-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-ODEF119-120-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-LutonTimes-70">[70]</a> Mass media approval of the red costume came following a <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus#20th_century" title="Santa Claus">advertising campaign</a> that was launched in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-EnglishYear385-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Father_Christmas_cartoon,_Punch_magazine,_24_December_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cartoon of Father Christmas speaking to a young boy in bed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Father_Christmas_cartoon%2C_Punch_magazine%2C_24_December_1919.jpg/220px-Father_Christmas_cartoon%2C_Punch_magazine%2C_24_December_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Father_Christmas_cartoon%2C_Punch_magazine%2C_24_December_1919.jpg/330px-Father_Christmas_cartoon%2C_Punch_magazine%2C_24_December_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Father_Christmas_cartoon%2C_Punch_magazine%2C_24_December_1919.jpg/440px-Father_Christmas_cartoon%2C_Punch_magazine%2C_24_December_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Father Christmas cartoon, <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a>, Dec 1919</figcaption></figure> Father Christmas's common form for much of the 20th century was described by his entry in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>. He is "the personification of Christmas as a benevolent old man with a flowing white beard, wearing a red sleeved gown and hood trimmed with white fur, and carrying a sack of Christmas presents".<a href="#cite_note-OED-21">[21]</a> One of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">OED</a>'s sources is a 1919 cartoon in <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a>, reproduced here.<a href="#cite_note-Punch24Dec1919-94">[94]</a> The caption reads: <dl><dd>Uncle James (who after hours of making up rather fancies himself as Father Christmas). "Well, my little man, and do you know who I am?"</dd> <dd>The Little Man. "No, as a matter of fact I don't. But Father's downstairs; perhaps he may be able to tell you."</dd></dl> In 1951 an editorial in <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> opined that while most adults may be under the impression that [the English] Father Christmas is home-bred, and is "a good insular <a href="/wiki/John_Bull" title="John Bull">John Bull</a> old gentleman", many children, "led away ... by the false romanticism of sledges and reindeer", post letters to Norway addressed simply to Father Christmas or, "giving him a foreign veneer, Santa Claus".<a href="#cite_note-TimesDec1951-95">[95]</a> Differences between the English and US representations were discussed in <a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a> of 1985. The classic illustration by the US artist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> was held to be "the authorised version of how Santa Claus should look—in America, that is." In Britain, people were said to stick to the older Father Christmas, with a long robe, large concealing beard, and boots similar to <a href="/wiki/Wellington_boot" title="Wellington boot">Wellingtons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ILN,_Dec1985-96">[96]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Father_Christmas_Packing_1931_by_JRR_Tolkien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coloured drawing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Father_Christmas_Packing_1931_by_JRR_Tolkien.jpg/200px-Father_Christmas_Packing_1931_by_JRR_Tolkien.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e2/Father_Christmas_Packing_1931_by_JRR_Tolkien.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>Father Christmas Packing 1931, as imagined in a private letter by <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, published in 1976</figcaption></figure> Father Christmas appeared in many 20th century <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English-language</a> works of fiction, including <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Christmas Letters">Father Christmas Letters</a>, a series of private letters to his children written between 1920 and 1942 and first published in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-FCLetters-97">[97]</a> Other 20th century publications include <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe" title="The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe">The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe</a> (1950), <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Briggs" title="Raymond Briggs">Raymond Briggs</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Christmas (comics)">Father Christmas</a> (1973) and its sequel Father Christmas Goes on Holiday (1975). The character was also celebrated in popular songs, including "<a href="/wiki/I_Believe_in_Father_Christmas" title="I Believe in Father Christmas">I Believe in Father Christmas</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Greg_Lake" title="Greg Lake">Greg Lake</a> (1974) and "<a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas_(song)" title="Father Christmas (song)">Father Christmas</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Kinks" title="The Kinks">The Kinks</a> (1977). In 1991, Raymond Briggs's two books were adapted as an animated short film, <a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas_(1991_film)" title="Father Christmas (1991 film)">Father Christmas</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Mel_Smith" title="Mel Smith">Mel Smith</a> as the voice of the title character. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For modern usages in which Father Christmas is treated as synonymous with Santa Claus, see <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a>.</div> Modern dictionaries consider the terms Father Christmas and Santa Claus to be synonymous.<a href="#cite_note-CollinsDict-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChambersDict-99">[99]</a> The respective characters are now to all intents and purposes indistinguishable, although some people are still said to prefer the term 'Father Christmas' over 'Santa Claus', nearly 150 years after Santa Claus's arrival in England.<a href="#cite_note-EnglishYear385-1">[1]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Brewer%27s_Dictionary_of_Phrase_and_Fable" title="Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable">Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable</a> (19th edn, 2012), Father Christmas is considered to be "[a] British rather than a US name for Santa Claus, associating him specifically with Christmas. The name carries a somewhat socially superior cachet and is thus preferred by certain advertisers."<a href="#cite_note-Brewers-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EnglishYear385-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishYear385_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishYear385_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishYear385_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishYear385_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishYear385_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishYear385_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishYear385_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishYear385_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishYear385_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishYear385_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishYear385_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishYear385_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishYear385_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishYear385_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishYear385_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishYear385_1-15">p</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoud,_Steve2006" class="citation book cs1">Roud, Steve (2006). The English Year. London: Penguin Books. pp. 385–387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-140-51554-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-140-51554-1"><bdi>978-0-140-51554-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Year&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E385-%3C%2Fspan%3E387&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-140-51554-1&rft.au=Roud%2C+Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merry55-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merry55_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merry55_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton,_Ronald1994" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Ronald (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofmerrye0000hutt">The Rise and Fall of Merry England</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofmerrye0000hutt/page/55">55</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Merry+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Hutton%2C+Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisefallofmerrye0000hutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODEF119-120-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODEF119-120_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODEF119-120_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODEF119-120_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODEF119-120_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODEF119-120_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODEF119-120_3-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson,_JacquelineRoud,_Steve2000" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Steve (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryenglis00simp">A Dictionary of English Folklore</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryenglis00simp/page/n131">119</a>–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-969104-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-969104-5"><bdi>0-19-969104-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+English+Folklore&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=119-120&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-969104-5&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=Roud%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryenglis00simp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy14-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duffy14_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffy14_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy,_Eamon1992" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Eamon (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strippingofaltar00duff/page/14">The Stripping of the Altars</a>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strippingofaltar00duff/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06076-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06076-9"><bdi>0-300-06076-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stripping+of+the+Altars&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-300-06076-9&rft.au=Duffy%2C+Eamon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrippingofaltar00duff%2Fpage%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODEF402-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODEF402_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODEF402_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson,_JacquelineRoud,_Steve2000" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Steve (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryenglis00simp">A Dictionary of English Folklore</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryenglis00simp/page/n414">402</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-969104-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-969104-5"><bdi>0-19-969104-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+English+Folklore&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=402&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-969104-5&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=Roud%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryenglis00simp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy581-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy581_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy,_Eamon1992" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Eamon (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strippingofaltar00duff/page/581">The Stripping of the Altars</a>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strippingofaltar00duff/page/581">581–582</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06076-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06076-9"><bdi>0-300-06076-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stripping+of+the+Altars&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=581-582&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-300-06076-9&rft.au=Duffy%2C+Eamon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrippingofaltar00duff%2Fpage%2F581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SummerOnline-7"><a href="#cite_ref-SummerOnline_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNashe,_Thomas1600" class="citation book cs1">Nashe, Thomas (1600). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10467">Summer's Last Will and Testament</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112225708/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10467">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summer%27s+Last+Will+and+Testament&rft.date=1600&rft.au=Nashe%2C+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F10467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitlock181-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Whitlock181_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitlock,_Keith2000" class="citation book cs1">Whitlock, Keith (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zhZ348IKVDcC&q=nashe+Summer%27s+Last+Will+and+Testament+christmas&pg=PA181">The Renaissance in Europe: A Reader</a>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-082231" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-082231"><bdi>0-300-082231</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Renaissance+in+Europe%3A+A+Reader&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-300-082231&rft.au=Whitlock%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzhZ348IKVDcC%26q%3Dnashe%2BSummer%2527s%2BLast%2BWill%2Band%2BTestament%2Bchristmas%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huttonp117-118-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huttonp117-118_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huttonp117-118_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huttonp117-118_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huttonp117-118_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huttonp117-118_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huttonp117-118_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huttonp117-118_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huttonp117-118_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huttonp117-118_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huttonp117-118_9-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton,_Ronald1996" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Ronald (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stationsofsunhis0000hutt">The Stations of the Sun</a>. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stationsofsunhis0000hutt/page/117">117</a>–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820570-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820570-8"><bdi>0-19-820570-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stations+of+the+Sun&rft.place=Oxford+%26+New+York&rft.pages=117-118&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-820570-8&rft.au=Hutton%2C+Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstationsofsunhis0000hutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merry212-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merry212_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merry212_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton,_Ronald1994" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Ronald (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofmerrye0000hutt">The Rise and Fall of Merry England</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofmerrye0000hutt/page/212">212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Merry+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Hutton%2C+Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisefallofmerrye0000hutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacintyre,_Jean1992" class="citation book cs1">Macintyre, Jean (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/costumesscriptse00maci">Costumes and Scripts in Elizabethan Theatres</a>. University of Alberta Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/costumesscriptse00maci/page/n191">177</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780888642264" title="Special:BookSources/9780888642264"><bdi>9780888642264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Costumes+and+Scripts+in+Elizabethan+Theatres&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780888642264&rft.au=Macintyre%2C+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcostumesscriptse00maci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Austin11-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Austin11_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin,_Charlotte2006" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Charlotte (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/leveller-tracts-7#toc_lf1542-07_head_118">The Celebration of Christmastide in England from the Civil Wars to its Victorian Transformation</a>. Leeds: University of Leeds (BA dissertation). p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129002523/http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/leveller-tracts-7#toc_lf1542-07_head_118#toc_lf1542-07_head_118">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celebration+of+Christmastide+in+England+from+the+Civil+Wars+to+its+Victorian+Transformation&rft.place=Leeds&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=University+of+Leeds+%28BA+dissertation%29&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Austin%2C+Charlotte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Fpages%2Fleveller-tracts-7%23toc_lf1542-07_head_118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Poetry/christmas_his_masque.htm">"Christmas, His Masque – Ben Jonson"</a>. Hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231202900/http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Poetry/christmas_his_masque.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christmas%2C+His+Masque+%E2%80%93+Ben+Jonson&rft.pub=Hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com%2FPoetry%2Fchristmas_his_masque.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bullen-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Bullen_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNabbes,_Thomas1887" class="citation book cs1">Nabbes, Thomas (1887). Bullen, AH (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldenglishplays00unkngoog">Old English Plays: The Works of Thomas Nabbes, volume the second</a>. London: Wyman & Sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldenglishplays00unkngoog/page/n239">228</a>–229.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+English+Plays%3A+The+Works+of+Thomas+Nabbes%2C+volume+the+second&rft.place=London&rft.pages=228-229&rft.pub=Wyman+%26+Sons&rft.date=1887&rft.au=Nabbes%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foldenglishplays00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistoryToday_v35,12-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HistoryToday_v35,12_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HistoryToday_v35,12_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HistoryToday_v35,12_15-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurston,_Chris1985" class="citation journal cs1">Durston, Chris (December 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/chris-durston/puritan-war-christmas">"The Puritan War on Christmas"</a>. History Today. 35 (12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115195307/http://www.historytoday.com/chris-durston/puritan-war-christmas">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Puritan+War+on+Christmas&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=12&rft.date=1985-12&rft.au=Durston%2C+Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fchris-durston%2Fpuritan-war-christmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ordinance1647-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Ordinance1647_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/p954">An Ordinance for Abolishing of Festivals</a>. Official parliamentary record. 8 June 1647. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127020244/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/p954">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ordinance+for+Abolishing+of+Festivals&rft.pub=Official+parliamentary+record&rft.date=1647-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fno-series%2Facts-ordinances-interregnum%2Fp954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> Quoted in Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642–1660, ed. CH Firth and RS Rait (London, 1911), p 954. </li> <li id="cite_note-HistoryToday_v10,12-17"><a href="#cite_ref-HistoryToday_v10,12_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimlott,_JAR1960" class="citation journal cs1">Pimlott, JAR (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/jar-pimlott/christmas-under-puritans">"Christmas under the Puritans"</a>. History Today. 10 (12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128195917/http://www.historytoday.com/jar-pimlott/christmas-under-puritans">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Christmas+under+the+Puritans&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=12&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Pimlott%2C+JAR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fjar-pimlott%2Fchristmas-under-puritans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Austin7-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Austin7_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin,_Charlotte2006" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Charlotte (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/leveller-tracts-7#toc_lf1542-07_head_118">The Celebration of Christmastide in England from the Civil Wars to its Victorian Transformation</a>. Leeds: University of Leeds (BA dissertation). p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129002523/http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/leveller-tracts-7#toc_lf1542-07_head_118#toc_lf1542-07_head_118">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celebration+of+Christmastide+in+England+from+the+Civil+Wars+to+its+Victorian+Transformation&rft.place=Leeds&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+Leeds+%28BA+dissertation%29&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Austin%2C+Charlotte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Fpages%2Fleveller-tracts-7%23toc_lf1542-07_head_118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arraignment-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Arraignment_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon1645" class="citation book cs1">Anon (1645). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Text/arraignment_conviction_and_i.htm">The Arraignment Conviction and Imprisonment of Christmas on S. Thomas Day Last</a>. London, "at the signe of the Pack of Cards in Mustard-Alley, in Brawn Street": Simon Minc’d Pye, for Cissely Plum-Porridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151230012423/http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Text/arraignment_conviction_and_i.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arraignment+Conviction+and+Imprisonment+of+Christmas+on+S.+Thomas+Day+Last&rft.place=London%2C+%22at+the+signe+of+the+Pack+of+Cards+in+Mustard-Alley%2C+in+Brawn+Street%22&rft.pub=Simon+Minc%E2%80%99d+Pye%2C+for+Cissely+Plum-Porridge&rft.date=1645&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com%2FText%2Farraignment_conviction_and_i.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> Reprinted in Ashton, John, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19979/19979-h/19979-h.htm#CHAPTER_IV">A righte Merrie Christmasse!!! The Story of Christ-tide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008155033/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19979/19979-h/19979-h.htm#CHAPTER_IV#CHAPTER_IV">Archived</a> 8 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Leadenhall Press Ltd, London, 1894, Chapter IV. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vindication-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Vindication_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_John_(published_anonymously)1652" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, John (published anonymously) (1652). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/leveller-tracts-7#toc_lf1542-07_head_118">The Vindication of Christmas or, His Twelve Yeares' Observations upon the Times</a>. London: G Horton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129002523/http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/leveller-tracts-7#toc_lf1542-07_head_118#toc_lf1542-07_head_118">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vindication+of+Christmas+or%2C+His+Twelve+Yeares%27+Observations+upon+the+Times&rft.place=London&rft.pub=G+Horton&rft.date=1652&rft.au=Taylor%2C+John+%28published+anonymously%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Fpages%2Fleveller-tracts-7%23toc_lf1542-07_head_118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> (Printed date 1653) </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_Father_Christmas" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Father+Christmas">"Father Christmas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. March 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Father+Christmas&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DFather%2BChristmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-TCP-22"><a href="#cite_ref-TCP_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textcreationpartnership.org/2011/12/23/giving-christmas-his-due/">"Giving Christmas his Due"</a>. 23 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126100640/http://www.textcreationpartnership.org/2011/12/23/giving-christmas-his-due/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Giving+Christmas+his+Due&rft.date=2011-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.textcreationpartnership.org%2F2011%2F12%2F23%2Fgiving-christmas-his-due%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tryall1658-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Tryall1658_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing,_Josiah1658" class="citation book cs1">King, Josiah (1658). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A47419.0001.001/1:7?rgn=div1;view=fulltext">The Examination and Tryall of Old Father Christmas</a>. London: Thomas Johnson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127024549/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A47419.0001.001/1:7?rgn=div1;view=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Examination+and+Tryall+of+Old+Father+Christmas&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thomas+Johnson&rft.date=1658&rft.au=King%2C+Josiah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Feebo%2FA47419.0001.001%2F1%3A7%3Frgn%3Ddiv1%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODEF62-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODEF62_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODEF62_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson,_JacquelineRoud,_Steve2000" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Steve (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryenglis00simp">A Dictionary of English Folklore</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryenglis00simp/page/n74">62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-969104-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-969104-5"><bdi>0-19-969104-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+English+Folklore&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-969104-5&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=Roud%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryenglis00simp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tryal-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Tryal_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing,_Josiah1678" class="citation book cs1">King, Josiah (1678). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Poetry/examination__and__tryal_of.htm">The Examination and Tryal of Old Father Christmas, together with his clearing by the Jury, at the Assizes held at the town of Difference, in the county of Discontent</a>. London: H Brome, T Basset and J Wright. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122222710/http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Poetry/examination__and__tryal_of.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Examination+and+Tryal+of+Old+Father+Christmas%2C+together+with+his+clearing+by+the+Jury%2C+at+the+Assizes+held+at+the+town+of+Difference%2C+in+the+county+of+Discontent.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H+Brome%2C+T+Basset+and+J+Wright&rft.date=1678&rft.au=King%2C+Josiah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com%2FPoetry%2Fexamination__and__tryal_of.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> The online transcript is from a later reprinting of 1686. </li> <li id="cite_note-OCR-26"><a href="#cite_ref-OCR_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="EBBA_ID:_20222;_Magdalene_College_-_Pepys;_Pepys_Ballads_1.474-475" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/20222/image">Old Christmass Returnd, / Or, Hospitality REVIVED</a>. Printed for P. Brooksby. 1672–1696. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027232854/http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/20222/image">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Christmass+Returnd%2C+%2F+Or%2C+Hospitality+REVIVED&rft.pub=Printed+for+P.+Brooksby&rft.date=1672%2F1696&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febba.english.ucsb.edu%2Fballad%2F20222%2Fimage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> Transcription also at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Hymns_and_Carols/old_christmass_returnd__pepys.htm">Hymns and Carols of Christmas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160523195024/http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Hymns_and_Carols/old_christmass_returnd__pepys.htm">Archived</a> 23 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merry242-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merry242_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merry242_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton,_Ronald1994" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Ronald (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofmerrye0000hutt">The Rise and Fall of Merry England</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofmerrye0000hutt/page/242">242–243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Merry+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=242-243&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Hutton%2C+Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisefallofmerrye0000hutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Austin34-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Austin34_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin,_Charlotte2006" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Charlotte (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/leveller-tracts-7#toc_lf1542-07_head_118">The Celebration of Christmastide in England from the Civil Wars to its Victorian Transformation</a>. Leeds: University of Leeds (BA dissertation). p. 34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129002523/http://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/leveller-tracts-7#toc_lf1542-07_head_118#toc_lf1542-07_head_118">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celebration+of+Christmastide+in+England+from+the+Civil+Wars+to+its+Victorian+Transformation&rft.place=Leeds&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=University+of+Leeds+%28BA+dissertation%29&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Austin%2C+Charlotte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Fpages%2Fleveller-tracts-7%23toc_lf1542-07_head_118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoalFire-29"><a href="#cite_ref-CoalFire_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerryman,_Dick1734" class="citation book cs1">Merryman, Dick (1734). Round about our Coal Fire, or, Christmas Entertainments. London: Roberts, J.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Round+about+our+Coal+Fire%2C+or%2C+Christmas+Entertainments&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Roberts%2C+J&rft.date=1734&rft.au=Merryman%2C+Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:Round_about_our_Coal_Fire,_or,_Christmas_Entertainments,_4th_edn,_1734.pdf" title="File:Round about our Coal Fire, or, Christmas Entertainments, 4th edn, 1734.pdf">4th edn reprint of 1796 on Commons</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnglishmansChristmas63-30"><a href="#cite_ref-EnglishmansChristmas63_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimlott,_JAR1978" class="citation book cs1">Pimlott, JAR (1978). An Englishman's Christmas: A Social History. Hassocks, Suffolk: The Harvester Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-00900-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-00900-1"><bdi>0-391-00900-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Englishman%27s+Christmas%3A+A+Social+History&rft.place=Hassocks%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=The+Harvester+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-391-00900-1&rft.au=Pimlott%2C+JAR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChristmasTale1774-31"><a href="#cite_ref-ChristmasTale1774_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrick,_David1774" class="citation book cs1">Garrick, David (1774). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ota.ox.ac.uk/text/4046.html">A new dramatic entertainment, called a Christmas Tale: In five parts</a>. The corner of the Adelphi, in the Strand [London]: T Becket. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216001038/http://ota.ox.ac.uk/text/4046.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+new+dramatic+entertainment%2C+called+a+Christmas+Tale%3A+In+five+parts.&rft.place=The+corner+of+the+Adelphi%2C+in+the+Strand+%5BLondon%5D&rft.pub=T+Becket&rft.date=1774&rft.au=Garrick%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fota.ox.ac.uk%2Ftext%2F4046.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MillingtonTDF6-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MillingtonTDF6_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MillingtonTDF6_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MillingtonTDF6_32-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillington,_Peter2002" class="citation journal cs1">Millington, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folkplay.info/Forum/TD_Forum_6_Sandys.htm">"Who is the Guy on the Left?"</a>. Traditional Drama Forum (6). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924215626/http://www.folkplay.info/Forum/TD_Forum_6_Sandys.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traditional+Drama+Forum&rft.atitle=Who+is+the+Guy+on+the+Left%3F&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Millington%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folkplay.info%2FForum%2FTD_Forum_6_Sandys.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> Web page dated Jan 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-EnglishYear393-33"><a href="#cite_ref-EnglishYear393_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoud,_Steve2006" class="citation book cs1">Roud, Steve (2006). The English Year. London: Penguin Books. p. 393. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-140-51554-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-140-51554-1"><bdi>978-0-140-51554-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Year&rft.place=London&rft.pages=393&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-140-51554-1&rft.au=Roud%2C+Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MillingtonPhD-34"><a href="#cite_ref-MillingtonPhD_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillington,_Peter2002" class="citation thesis cs1">Millington, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13/">The Origins and Development of English Folk Plays</a> (phd). University of Sheffield: Unpublished. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130232445/http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Origins+and+Development+of+English+Folk+Plays&rft.inst=Unpublished&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Millington%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.whiterose.ac.uk%2F13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MillingtonConf106-35"><a href="#cite_ref-MillingtonConf106_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillington,_Peter2002" class="citation conference cs1">Millington, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203064236/http://www.folkplay.info/Confs/Millington2002.pdf">"Textual Analysis of English Quack Doctor Plays: Some New Discoveries"</a> (PDF). Folk Drama Studies Today. International Traditional Drama Conference. p. 106. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folkplay.info/Confs/Millington2002.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Textual+Analysis+of+English+Quack+Doctor+Plays%3A+Some+New+Discoveries&rft.btitle=Folk+Drama+Studies+Today&rft.pages=106&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Millington%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folkplay.info%2FConfs%2FMillington2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MillingtonWeb-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MillingtonWeb_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MillingtonWeb_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillington,_Peter2006" class="citation web cs1">Millington, Peter (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://petemillington.uk/fatherxmas/">"Father Christmas in English Folk Plays"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161029211607/http://petemillington.uk/fatherxmas/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Father+Christmas+in+English+Folk+Plays&rft.date=2006-12&rft.au=Millington%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpetemillington.uk%2Ffatherxmas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MillingtonTruro-37"><a href="#cite_ref-MillingtonTruro_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillington,_Peter2003" class="citation journal cs1">Millington, Peter (April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719181035/http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/3297/1/Truro-Cordwainers-Play.pdf">"The Truro Cordwainers' Play: A 'New' Eighteenth-Century Christmas Play"</a> (PDF). Folklore. 114 (1): 53–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587032000059870">10.1080/0015587032000059870</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30035067">30035067</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160553381">160553381</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/3297/1/Truro-Cordwainers-Play.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=The+Truro+Cordwainers%27+Play%3A+A+%27New%27+Eighteenth-Century+Christmas+Play&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=2003-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160553381%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30035067%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587032000059870&rft.au=Millington%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.nottingham.ac.uk%2F3297%2F1%2FTruro-Cordwainers-Play.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> The article is also available at eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/3297/1/Truro-Cordwainers-Play.pdf. </li> <li id="cite_note-TruroPlay-38"><a href="#cite_ref-TruroPlay_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillington" class="citation web cs1">Millington, Peter (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182402/http://www.folkplay.info/Texts/78sw84em.htm">"Truro [Formerly Mylor]: "A Play for Christmas", 1780s"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folkplay.info/Texts/78sw84em.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Truro+%5BFormerly+Mylor%5D%3A+%22A+Play+for+Christmas%22%2C+1780s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folkplay.info%2FTexts%2F78sw84em.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marmion-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Marmion_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott,_Walter1808" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Walter (1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/marmion05077gut/marmn10a.txt">Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marmion%3A+A+Tale+of+Flodden+Field&rft.date=1808&rft.au=Scott%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmarmion05077gut%2Fmarmn10a.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnglishYear372&382-40"><a href="#cite_ref-EnglishYear372&382_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoud,_Steve2006" class="citation book cs1">Roud, Steve (2006). The English Year. London: Penguin Books. pp. 372, 382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-140-51554-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-140-51554-1"><bdi>978-0-140-51554-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Year&rft.place=London&rft.pages=372%2C+382&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-140-51554-1&rft.au=Roud%2C+Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MummersMumming-41"><a href="#cite_ref-MummersMumming_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaseger2014" class="citation web cs1">Daseger (24 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://streetsofsalem.com/2014/12/24/">"Daily Archives: December 24, 2014 - Mummers Mumming"</a>. streetsofsalem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201123722/http://streetsofsalem.com/2014/12/24/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daily+Archives%3A+December+24%2C+2014+-+Mummers+Mumming&rft.pub=streetsofsalem&rft.date=2014-12-24&rft.au=Daseger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstreetsofsalem.com%2F2014%2F12%2F24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hervey42,285-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Hervey42,285_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHervey,_Thomas_Kibble1836" class="citation book cs1">Hervey, Thomas Kibble (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofchristmas00herviala">The Book of Christmas: descriptive of the customs, ceremonies, traditions, superstitions, fun, feeling, and festivities of the Christmas Season</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofchristmas00herviala/page/42">42</a>, 285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Christmas%3A+descriptive+of+the+customs%2C+ceremonies%2C+traditions%2C+superstitions%2C+fun%2C+feeling%2C+and+festivities+of+the+Christmas+Season&rft.pages=42%2C+285&rft.date=1836&rft.au=Hervey%2C+Thomas+Kibble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofchristmas00herviala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988">. The online version listed is the 1888 American printing. Higher-resolution copies of the illustrations <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standrewsrarebooks.wordpress.com/2012/12/23/52-weeks-of-inspiring-illustrations-week-27-robert-seymours-book-of-christmas-illustrations-1836/">can also be found online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214105050/https://standrewsrarebooks.wordpress.com/2012/12/23/52-weeks-of-inspiring-illustrations-week-27-robert-seymours-book-of-christmas-illustrations-1836/">Archived</a> 14 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hervey114-118-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Hervey114-118_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHervey,_Thomas_Kibble1836" class="citation book cs1">Hervey, Thomas Kibble (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofchristmas00herviala">The Book of Christmas: descriptive of the customs, ceremonies, traditions, superstitions, fun, feeling, and festivities of the Christmas Season</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofchristmas00herviala/page/114">114</a>–118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Christmas%3A+descriptive+of+the+customs%2C+ceremonies%2C+traditions%2C+superstitions%2C+fun%2C+feeling%2C+and+festivities+of+the+Christmas+Season&rft.pages=114-118&rft.date=1836&rft.au=Hervey%2C+Thomas+Kibble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofchristmas00herviala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hervey133-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Hervey133_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHervey,_Thomas_Kibble1836" class="citation book cs1">Hervey, Thomas Kibble (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofchristmas00herviala">The Book of Christmas: descriptive of the customs, ceremonies, traditions, superstitions, fun, feeling, and festivities of the Christmas Season</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofchristmas00herviala/page/133">133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Christmas%3A+descriptive+of+the+customs%2C+ceremonies%2C+traditions%2C+superstitions%2C+fun%2C+feeling%2C+and+festivities+of+the+Christmas+Season&rft.pages=133&rft.date=1836&rft.au=Hervey%2C+Thomas+Kibble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofchristmas00herviala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncChristmas44-45"><a href="#cite_ref-EncChristmas44_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowler,_Gerry2000" class="citation book cs1">Bowler, Gerry (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi00gerr/page/44">The World Encyclopedia of Christmas</a>. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi00gerr/page/44">44</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-1531-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7710-1531-3"><bdi>0-7710-1531-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Encyclopedia+of+Christmas&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart+Ltd&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7710-1531-3&rft.au=Bowler%2C+Gerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldencyclopedi00gerr%2Fpage%2F44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carol-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Carol_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens,_Charles1843" class="citation book cs1">Dickens, Charles (19 December 1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/christmascarolin20dick#page/n17/mode/2up">A Christmas Carol in Prose, Being a Ghost-Story of Christmas</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Chapman_%26_Hall" title="Chapman & Hall">Chapman & Hall</a>. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Christmas+Carol+in+Prose%2C+Being+a+Ghost-Story+of+Christmas&rft.place=London&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1843-12-19&rft.au=Dickens%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fchristmascarolin20dick%23page%2Fn17%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hervey65-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Hervey65_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHervey,_Thomas_Kibble1836" class="citation book cs1">Hervey, Thomas Kibble (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofchristmas00herviala">The Book of Christmas: descriptive of the customs, ceremonies, traditions, superstitions, fun, feeling, and festivities of the Christmas Season</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofchristmas00herviala/page/65">65</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Christmas%3A+descriptive+of+the+customs%2C+ceremonies%2C+traditions%2C+superstitions%2C+fun%2C+feeling%2C+and+festivities+of+the+Christmas+Season&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1836&rft.au=Hervey%2C+Thomas+Kibble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofchristmas00herviala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimesDec1956-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TimesDec1956_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimesDec1956_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimesDec1956_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimesDec1956_48-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/archive/article/1956-12-22/7/15.html?region=global">"Gifts And Stockings - The Strange Case Of Father Christmas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. 22 December 1956. p. 7. Retrieved 28 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Gifts+And+Stockings+-+The+Strange+Case+Of+Father+Christmas&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1956-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farchive%2Farticle%2F1956-12-22%2F7%2F15.html%3Fregion%3Dglobal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnglishmansChristmas112-113-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishmansChristmas112-113_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishmansChristmas112-113_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishmansChristmas112-113_49-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimlott,_JAR1978" class="citation book cs1">Pimlott, JAR (1978). An Englishman's Christmas: A Social History. Hassocks, Suffolk: The Harvester Press. pp. 112–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-00900-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-00900-1"><bdi>0-391-00900-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Englishman%27s+Christmas%3A+A+Social+History&rft.place=Hassocks%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.pub=The+Harvester+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-391-00900-1&rft.au=Pimlott%2C+JAR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandys-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Sandys_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandys,_William1852" class="citation book cs1">Sandys, William (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christmastideits00sandrich">Christmastide, its History, Festivities and Carols</a>. London: John Russell Smith. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christmastideits00sandrich/page/152">152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmastide%2C+its+History%2C+Festivities+and+Carols&rft.place=London&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=John+Russell+Smith&rft.date=1852&rft.au=Sandys%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristmastideits00sandrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MillingtonConf107-51"><a href="#cite_ref-MillingtonConf107_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillington,_Peter2002" class="citation conference cs1">Millington, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203064236/http://www.folkplay.info/Confs/Millington2002.pdf">"Textual Analysis of English Quack Doctor Plays: Some New Discoveries"</a> (PDF). Folk Drama Studies Today. International Traditional Drama Conference. p. 107. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folkplay.info/Confs/Millington2002.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Textual+Analysis+of+English+Quack+Doctor+Plays%3A+Some+New+Discoveries&rft.btitle=Folk+Drama+Studies+Today&rft.pages=107&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Millington%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folkplay.info%2FConfs%2FMillington2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N&Q271-52"><a href="#cite_ref-N&Q271_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede,_Cuthbert1861" class="citation journal cs1">Bede, Cuthbert (6 April 1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/s2notesqueries11londuoft">"Modern Mumming"</a>. Notes & Queries. 11 (Second series): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/s2notesqueries11londuoft/page/271">271</a>–272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+%26+Queries&rft.atitle=Modern+Mumming&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=Second+series&rft.pages=271-272&rft.date=1861-04-06&rft.au=Bede%2C+Cuthbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fs2notesqueries11londuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> ('Cuthbert Bede' was a pseudonym used by the novelist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bradley_(writer)" title="Edward Bradley (writer)">Edward Bradley</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-Days1864-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Days1864_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers,_Robert1864" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Mummers" title="The Mummers">Chambers, Robert</a> (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1888bookofdaysmi02chamuoft">The Book of Days. A Miscellany of Popular Antiquities in Connection with the Calendar. Volume II</a>. London: W & R Chambers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1888bookofdaysmi02chamuoft/page/740">740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Days.+A+Miscellany+of+Popular+Antiquities+in+Connection+with+the+Calendar.+Volume+II&rft.place=London&rft.pages=740&rft.pub=W+%26+R+Chambers&rft.date=1864&rft.au=Chambers%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1888bookofdaysmi02chamuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> The online version is the 1888 reprint. </li> <li id="cite_note-N&Q1862-54"><a href="#cite_ref-N&Q1862_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalcott,_Mackenzie_EC1862" class="citation journal cs1">Walcott, Mackenzie EC (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/notesqueries3111unse/notesqueries3111unse_djvu.txt">"Hampshire Mummers"</a>. Notes & Queries. 1 (Third series).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+%26+Queries&rft.atitle=Hampshire+Mummers&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=Third+series&rft.date=1862&rft.au=Walcott%2C+Mackenzie+EC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnotesqueries3111unse%2Fnotesqueries3111unse_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnglishmansChristmas136-55"><a href="#cite_ref-EnglishmansChristmas136_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimlott,_JAR1978" class="citation book cs1">Pimlott, JAR (1978). An Englishman's Christmas: A Social History. Hassocks, Suffolk: The Harvester Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-00900-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-00900-1"><bdi>0-391-00900-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Englishman%27s+Christmas%3A+A+Social+History&rft.place=Hassocks%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=The+Harvester+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-391-00900-1&rft.au=Pimlott%2C+JAR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnglishYear396-56"><a href="#cite_ref-EnglishYear396_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoud,_Steve2006" class="citation book cs1">Roud, Steve (2006). The English Year. London: Penguin Books. p. 396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-140-51554-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-140-51554-1"><bdi>978-0-140-51554-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Year&rft.place=London&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-140-51554-1&rft.au=Roud%2C+Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnglishmansChristmas85-57"><a href="#cite_ref-EnglishmansChristmas85_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimlott,_JAR1978" class="citation book cs1">Pimlott, JAR (1978). An Englishman's Christmas: A Social History. Hassocks, Suffolk: The Harvester Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-00900-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-00900-1"><bdi>0-391-00900-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Englishman%27s+Christmas%3A+A+Social+History&rft.place=Hassocks%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=The+Harvester+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-391-00900-1&rft.au=Pimlott%2C+JAR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox297-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Fox297_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox,_Berkley2008" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Berkley (2008). Brett, RL (ed.). Barclay Fox's Journal 1832 - 1854. Cornwall Editions Limited. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1904880318" title="Special:BookSources/978-1904880318"><bdi>978-1904880318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barclay+Fox%27s+Journal+1832+-+1854&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Cornwall+Editions+Limited&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1904880318&rft.au=Fox%2C+Berkley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> Some of the entries were first published under the title Barclay Fox's Journal, edited by RL Brett, Bell and Hyman, London 1979. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberge2019" class="citation news cs1">Alberge, Dalya (14 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/12/14/first-letter-father-christmas-discovered-girl-requesting-paints/">"First letter to Father Christmas discovered from girl requesting paints in 1895"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/12/14/first-letter-father-christmas-discovered-girl-requesting-paints/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=First+letter+to+Father+Christmas+discovered+from+girl+requesting+paints+in+1895&rft.date=2019-12-14&rft.aulast=Alberge&rft.aufirst=Dalya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2019%2F12%2F14%2Ffirst-letter-father-christmas-discovered-girl-requesting-paints%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChildrensFriend-60"><a href="#cite_ref-ChildrensFriend_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brbl-dl.library.yale.edu/vufind/Record/3437144?image_id=1061153">The Children's friend. Number III. : A New-Year's present, to the little ones from five to twelve. Part III</a>. New York: Gilley, William B. 1821. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206014455/http://brbl-dl.library.yale.edu/vufind/Record/3437144?image_id=1061153">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Children%27s+friend.+Number+III.+%3A+A+New-Year%27s+present%2C+to+the+little+ones+from+five+to+twelve.+Part+III.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Gilley%2C+William+B&rft.date=1821&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrbl-dl.library.yale.edu%2Fvufind%2FRecord%2F3437144%3Fimage_id%3D1061153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HowittsJournal-61"><a href="#cite_ref-HowittsJournal_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowitt,_Mary_Botham1848" class="citation journal cs1">Howitt, Mary Botham (1 January 1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=168CAAAAIAAJ&q=santa+claus">"New Year's Eve in Different Nations"</a>. Howitt's Journal of Literature and Popular Progress. III (53): 1–3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Howitt%27s+Journal+of+Literature+and+Popular+Progress&rft.atitle=New+Year%27s+Eve+in+Different+Nations&rft.volume=III&rft.issue=53&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=1848-01-01&rft.au=Howitt%2C+Mary+Botham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D168CAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dsanta%2Bclaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiverpoolMercury-62"><a href="#cite_ref-LiverpoolMercury_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000081/18510425/017/0004">"Liverpool Mercury"</a>. Notices for Emigrants for 1851. Michell's American Passenger Office. For New York. "Eagle Line". Liverpool. 25 April 1851. p. 4. Retrieved 31 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notices+for+Emigrants+for+1851.+Michell%27s+American+Passenger+Office.+For+New+York.+%22Eagle+Line%22&rft.atitle=Liverpool+Mercury&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1851-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000081%2F18510425%2F017%2F0004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johno'Groat-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Johno'Groat_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000459/18520109/022/0003">"New Year's Day"</a>. John o' Groat Journal. Caithness, Scotland. 9 January 1852. p. 3. Retrieved 28 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=John+o%27+Groat+Journal&rft.atitle=New+Year%27s+Day&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1852-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000459%2F18520109%2F022%2F0003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArmaghGuardian-64"><a href="#cite_ref-ArmaghGuardian_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001372/18531125/049/0007">"Works of Love"</a>. Armagh Guardian. Armagh, Northern Ireland. 25 November 1853. p. 7. Retrieved 28 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armagh+Guardian&rft.atitle=Works+of+Love&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1853-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0001372%2F18531125%2F049%2F0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BelfastNL1858-65"><a href="#cite_ref-BelfastNL1858_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://find.galegroup.com/bncn/infomark.do?&enlarge=&source=gale&prodId=BNCN&userGroupName=herlib&tabID=T012&docPage=&docId=Y3201991268&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0">"The Little Stockings"</a>. The Belfast News-Letter. Belfast. 2 February 1858. Retrieved 14 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Belfast+News-Letter&rft.atitle=The+Little+Stockings&rft.date=1858-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffind.galegroup.com%2Fbncn%2Finfomark.do%3F%26enlarge%3D%26source%3Dgale%26prodId%3DBNCN%26userGroupName%3Dherlib%26tabID%3DT012%26docPage%3D%26docId%3DY3201991268%26type%3Dmultipage%26contentSet%3DLTO%26version%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N&Q615-66"><a href="#cite_ref-N&Q615_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUneda1853" class="citation journal cs1">Uneda (24 December 1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/s2notesqueries11londuoft">"Pennsylvanian Folk Lore: Christmas"</a>. Notes & Queries. 8: 615.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+%26+Queries&rft.atitle=Pennsylvanian+Folk+Lore%3A+Christmas&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=615&rft.date=1853-12-24&rft.au=Uneda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fs2notesqueries11londuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988">A further online copy can be found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merrycoz.org/moore/1853Notes.xhtml">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307190314/http://www.merrycoz.org/moore/1853Notes.xhtml">Archived</a> 7 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArmstrongPhD58-59-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArmstrongPhD58-59_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArmstrongPhD58-59_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong,_Neil_R2004" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Neil R (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9890/1/431569.pdf">The Intimacy of Christmas: Festive Celebration in England c. 1750-1914</a> (PDF). University of York (unpublished). pp. 58–59. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204035031/http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9890/1/431569.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Intimacy+of+Christmas%3A+Festive+Celebration+in+England+c.+1750-1914&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.pub=University+of+York+%28unpublished%29&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Neil+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.whiterose.ac.uk%2F9890%2F1%2F431569.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarlKrinken-68"><a href="#cite_ref-CarlKrinken_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner,_Susan1854" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Susan (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carlkrinkenorchr00warniala">Carl Krinkin; or, The Christmas Stocking</a>. London and New York: Frederick Warne and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Krinkin%3B+or%2C+The+Christmas+Stocking&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Frederick+Warne+and+Co.&rft.date=1854&rft.au=Warner%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcarlkrinkenorchr00warniala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnglishmansChristmas117-69"><a href="#cite_ref-EnglishmansChristmas117_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimlott,_JAR1978" class="citation book cs1">Pimlott, JAR (1978). An Englishman's Christmas: A Social History. Hassocks, Suffolk: The Harvester Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-00900-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-00900-1"><bdi>0-391-00900-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Englishman%27s+Christmas%3A+A+Social+History&rft.place=Hassocks%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=The+Harvester+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-391-00900-1&rft.au=Pimlott%2C+JAR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LutonTimes-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LutonTimes_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LutonTimes_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000479/18550102/075/0005">"Yule Tide Festivities at Luton"</a>. Luton Times and Advertiser. Luton, Bedfordshire, England. 2 January 1855. p. 5. Retrieved 28 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Luton+Times+and+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Yule+Tide+Festivities+at+Luton&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1855-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000479%2F18550102%2F075%2F0005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HerefordJournal1854-71"><a href="#cite_ref-HerefordJournal1854_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Christmas Readings". Hereford Journal. Hereford. 27 December 1854. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hereford+Journal&rft.atitle=Christmas+Readings&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1854-12-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILN,_Dec1866-72"><a href="#cite_ref-ILN,_Dec1866_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://find.galegroup.com/iln/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=ILN&userGroupName=herlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&docId=HN3100527849&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0">"The Cave of Mystery"</a>. Illustrated London News: 607. 22 December 1866.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illustrated+London+News&rft.atitle=The+Cave+of+Mystery&rft.pages=607&rft.date=1866-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffind.galegroup.com%2Filn%2Finfomark.do%3F%26source%3Dgale%26prodId%3DILN%26userGroupName%3Dherlib%26tabID%3DT003%26docPage%3Darticle%26docId%3DHN3100527849%26type%3Dmultipage%26contentSet%3DLTO%26version%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> The image was republished in the United States a year later in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessible-archives.com/2013/12/old-father-christmas-godeys-december-1867/">Godey's Ladies Book, December 1867</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227231400/https://www.accessible-archives.com/2013/12/old-father-christmas-godeys-december-1867/">Archived</a> 27 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, under the title 'Old Father Christmas'. </li> <li id="cite_note-ChristmasAHistory189,192-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChristmasAHistory189,192_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChristmasAHistory189,192_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChristmasAHistory189,192_73-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly,_Mark2012" class="citation book cs1">Connelly, Mark (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kAM3zeIbYmMC">Christmas: A History</a>. London: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. pp. 189, 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780763613" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780763613"><bdi>978-1780763613</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas%3A+A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=189%2C+192&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1780763613&rft.au=Connelly%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkAM3zeIbYmMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArmstrongPhD261-74"><a href="#cite_ref-ArmstrongPhD261_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong,_Neil_R2004" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Neil R (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9890/1/431569.pdf">The Intimacy of Christmas: Festive Celebration in England c. 1750-1914</a> (PDF). University of York (unpublished). p. 261. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204035031/http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9890/1/431569.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Intimacy+of+Christmas%3A+Festive+Celebration+in+England+c.+1750-1914&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=University+of+York+%28unpublished%29&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Neil+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.whiterose.ac.uk%2F9890%2F1%2F431569.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimesDec1888-75"><a href="#cite_ref-TimesDec1888_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=herlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=&docId=CS17354650&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0">"The Times"</a>. Olympia. - Boxing Day. London. 26 December 1888. p. 1. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Olympia.+-+Boxing+Day&rft.atitle=The+Times&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1888-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffind.galegroup.com%2Fttda%2Finfomark.do%3F%26source%3Dgale%26prodId%3DTTDA%26userGroupName%3Dherlib%26tabID%3DT003%26docPage%3Darticle%26searchType%3D%26docId%3DCS17354650%26type%3Dmultipage%26contentSet%3DLTO%26version%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SunderlandEcho1881-76"><a href="#cite_ref-SunderlandEcho1881_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Christmas Preparations in Sunderland". Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette. Tyne and Wear. 19 December 1885. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunderland+Daily+Echo+and+Shipping+Gazette&rft.atitle=Christmas+Preparations+in+Sunderland&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1885-12-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILNDec1888-77"><a href="#cite_ref-ILNDec1888_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenwick-Miller,_Florence1888" class="citation journal cs1">Fenwick-Miller, Florence (22 December 1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://find.galegroup.com/iln/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=ILN&userGroupName=herlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&docId=HN3100132662&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0">"The Ladies' Column"</a>. Illustrated London News: 758.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illustrated+London+News&rft.atitle=The+Ladies%27+Column&rft.pages=758&rft.date=1888-12-22&rft.au=Fenwick-Miller%2C+Florence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffind.galegroup.com%2Filn%2Finfomark.do%3F%26source%3Dgale%26prodId%3DILN%26userGroupName%3Dherlib%26tabID%3DT003%26docPage%3Darticle%26docId%3DHN3100132662%26type%3Dmultipage%26contentSet%3DLTO%26version%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILNJan1890-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ILNJan1890_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ILNJan1890_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenwick-Miller,_Florence1890" class="citation journal cs1">Fenwick-Miller, Florence (4 January 1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://find.galegroup.com/iln/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=ILN&userGroupName=herlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&docId=HN3100564278&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0">"The Ladies' Column"</a>. The Illustrated London News (2646): 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Illustrated+London+News&rft.atitle=The+Ladies%27+Column&rft.issue=2646&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1890-01-04&rft.au=Fenwick-Miller%2C+Florence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffind.galegroup.com%2Filn%2Finfomark.do%3F%26source%3Dgale%26prodId%3DILN%26userGroupName%3Dherlib%26tabID%3DT003%26docPage%3Darticle%26docId%3DHN3100564278%26type%3Dmultipage%26contentSet%3DLTO%26version%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CakesCharacters183-184-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CakesCharacters183-184_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CakesCharacters183-184_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CakesCharacters183-184_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CakesCharacters183-184_79-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenisch,_Bridget_Ann1984" class="citation book cs1">Henisch, Bridget Ann (1984). Cakes and Characters: An English Christmas Tradition. London: Prospect Books. pp. 183–184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907325-21-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-907325-21-1"><bdi>0-907325-21-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cakes+and+Characters%3A+An+English+Christmas+Tradition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.pub=Prospect+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-907325-21-1&rft.au=Henisch%2C+Bridget+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holland.com/global/tourism/activities/events/sinterklaas.htm">"Sinterklaas"</a>. NL Netherlands. 3 May 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NL+Netherlands&rft.atitle=Sinterklaas&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holland.com%2Fglobal%2Ftourism%2Factivities%2Fevents%2Fsinterklaas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILN,_Dec1901-81"><a href="#cite_ref-ILN,_Dec1901_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://find.galegroup.com/iln/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=ILN&userGroupName=herlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&docId=HN3100175837&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0">"Did you see Santa Claus, Mother?"</a>. Illustrated London News: 1001. 28 December 1901.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illustrated+London+News&rft.atitle=Did+you+see+Santa+Claus%2C+Mother%3F&rft.pages=1001&rft.date=1901-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffind.galegroup.com%2Filn%2Finfomark.do%3F%26source%3Dgale%26prodId%3DILN%26userGroupName%3Dherlib%26tabID%3DT003%26docPage%3Darticle%26docId%3DHN3100175837%26type%3Dmultipage%26contentSet%3DLTO%26version%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graphic1878-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Graphic1878_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocker1878" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Locker" title="Arthur Locker">Locker, Arthur</a> (28 December 1878). "Christmas Fairy Gifts". The Graphic. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Graphic&rft.atitle=Christmas+Fairy+Gifts&rft.date=1878-12-28&rft.aulast=Locker&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILN,_Dec1868-83"><a href="#cite_ref-ILN,_Dec1868_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMJ1868" class="citation news cs1">MJ (19 December 1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://find.galegroup.com/iln/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=ILN&userGroupName=herlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&docId=HN3100534039&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0">"Fairy Gifts"</a>. Illustrated London News. London. p. 607. Retrieved 6 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illustrated+London+News&rft.atitle=Fairy+Gifts&rft.pages=607&rft.date=1868-12-19&rft.au=MJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffind.galegroup.com%2Filn%2Finfomark.do%3F%26source%3Dgale%26prodId%3DILN%26userGroupName%3Dherlib%26tabID%3DT003%26docPage%3Darticle%26docId%3DHN3100534039%26type%3Dmultipage%26contentSet%3DLTO%26version%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheltenham_Chronicle1867-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Cheltenham_Chronicle1867_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Our Christmas Corner. The Editor's Dream". Cheltenham Chronicle. Cheltenham. 24 December 1867. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cheltenham+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Our+Christmas+Corner.+The+Editor%27s+Dream.&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1867-12-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EssexNewsman1871-85"><a href="#cite_ref-EssexNewsman1871_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Baby's Stocking". Essex Halfpenny Newsman. Chelmsford. 8 April 1871. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essex+Halfpenny+Newsman&rft.atitle=The+Baby%27s+Stocking&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1871-04-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> The poem was also published in Leicester Chronicle and the Leicestershire Mercury, Leicester, 11 March 1871, page 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-PrestonGuardian1877-86"><a href="#cite_ref-PrestonGuardian1877_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://find.galegroup.com/bncn/infomark.do?&enlarge=&source=gale&prodId=BNCN&userGroupName=herlib&tabID=T012&docPage=&docId=Y3207487747&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0">"Christmas Rhymes: Santa Claus and the Children"</a>. The Preston Guardian. Preston. 22 December 1877. p. 3. Retrieved 16 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Preston+Guardian&rft.atitle=Christmas+Rhymes%3A+Santa+Claus+and+the+Children&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1877-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffind.galegroup.com%2Fbncn%2Finfomark.do%3F%26enlarge%3D%26source%3Dgale%26prodId%3DBNCN%26userGroupName%3Dherlib%26tabID%3DT012%26docPage%3D%26docId%3DY3207487747%26type%3Dmultipage%26contentSet%3DLTO%26version%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N&Q1879Jan-87"><a href="#cite_ref-N&Q1879Jan_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLees,_Edwin1879" class="citation journal cs1">Lees, Edwin (25 January 1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/s5notesqueries11londuoft/s5notesqueries11londuoft_djvu.txt">"Gifts Placed in the Stocking at Christmas"</a>. Notes & Queries. 11 (Fifth series): 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+%26+Queries&rft.atitle=Gifts+Placed+in+the+Stocking+at+Christmas&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=Fifth+series&rft.pages=66&rft.date=1879-01-25&rft.au=Lees%2C+Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fs5notesqueries11londuoft%2Fs5notesqueries11londuoft_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N&Q1879July-88"><a href="#cite_ref-N&Q1879July_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLees,_Edwin1879" class="citation journal cs1">Lees, Edwin (5 July 1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/s5notesqueries11londuoft/s5notesqueries11londuoft_djvu.txt">"Gifts Placed in the Stocking at Christmas"</a>. Notes & Queries. 12 (Fifth series): 11–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+%26+Queries&rft.atitle=Gifts+Placed+in+the+Stocking+at+Christmas&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=Fifth+series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1879-07-05&rft.au=Lees%2C+Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fs5notesqueries11londuoft%2Fs5notesqueries11londuoft_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnglishmansChristmas114-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishmansChristmas114_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnglishmansChristmas114_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimlott,_JAR1978" class="citation book cs1">Pimlott, JAR (1978). An Englishman's Christmas: A Social History. Hassocks, Suffolk: The Harvester Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-00900-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-00900-1"><bdi>0-391-00900-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Englishman%27s+Christmas%3A+A+Social+History&rft.place=Hassocks%2C+Suffolk&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=The+Harvester+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-391-00900-1&rft.au=Pimlott%2C+JAR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeedsMercury1881-90"><a href="#cite_ref-LeedsMercury1881_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Children's Column". The Leeds Mercury Weekly Supplement. Leeds. 24 December 1881. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Leeds+Mercury+Weekly+Supplement&rft.atitle=The+Children%27s+Column&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1881-12-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ManchesterTimesFeb1891-91"><a href="#cite_ref-ManchesterTimesFeb1891_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett,_Lilian_M1891" class="citation news cs1">Bennett, Lilian M (20 February 1891). "Agnes: A Fairy Tale (part I)". Manchester Times. Manchester.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Times&rft.atitle=Agnes%3A+A+Fairy+Tale+%28part+I%29&rft.date=1891-02-20&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Lilian+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArmstrongPhD263-92"><a href="#cite_ref-ArmstrongPhD263_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong,_Neil_R2004" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Neil R (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9890/1/431569.pdf">The Intimacy of Christmas: Festive Celebration in England c. 1750-1914</a> (PDF). University of York (unpublished). p. 263. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204035031/http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9890/1/431569.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Intimacy+of+Christmas%3A+Festive+Celebration+in+England+c.+1750-1914&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=University+of+York+%28unpublished%29&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Neil+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.whiterose.ac.uk%2F9890%2F1%2F431569.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SevenoaksChronicle1915-93"><a href="#cite_ref-SevenoaksChronicle1915_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001067/19151231/028/0003">"Santa Claus"</a>. Sevenoaks Chronicle and Kentish Advertiser. Sevenoaks. 31 December 1915. p. 3. Retrieved 17 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sevenoaks+Chronicle+and+Kentish+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Santa+Claus&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1915-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0001067%2F19151231%2F028%2F0003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Punch24Dec1919-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Punch24Dec1919_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"[untitled]". Punch. Vol. 157. 24 December 1919. p. 538.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Punch&rft.atitle=%5Buntitled%5D&rft.volume=157&rft.pages=538&rft.date=1919-12-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimesDec1951-95"><a href="#cite_ref-TimesDec1951_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=herlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&docId=CS118181269&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0">"Simple Faith"</a>. The Times. London. 21 December 1951. p. 7. Retrieved 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Simple+Faith&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1951-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffind.galegroup.com%2Fttda%2Finfomark.do%3F%26source%3Dgale%26prodId%3DTTDA%26userGroupName%3Dherlib%26tabID%3DT003%26docPage%3Darticle%26searchType%3DAdvancedSearchForm%26docId%3DCS118181269%26type%3Dmultipage%26contentSet%3DLTO%26version%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILN,_Dec1985-96"><a href="#cite_ref-ILN,_Dec1985_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertshaw,_Ursula1985" class="citation journal cs1">Robertshaw, Ursula (2 December 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://find.galegroup.com/iln/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=ILN&userGroupName=herlib&tabID=T003&docPage=article&docId=HN3100432613&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0">"The Christmas Gift Bringer"</a>. Illustrated London News (1985 Christmas Number): np.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illustrated+London+News&rft.atitle=The+Christmas+Gift+Bringer&rft.issue=1985+Christmas+Number&rft.pages=np&rft.date=1985-12-02&rft.au=Robertshaw%2C+Ursula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffind.galegroup.com%2Filn%2Finfomark.do%3F%26source%3Dgale%26prodId%3DILN%26userGroupName%3Dherlib%26tabID%3DT003%26docPage%3Darticle%26docId%3DHN3100432613%26type%3Dmultipage%26contentSet%3DLTO%26version%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FCLetters-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FCLetters_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien,_JRR1976" class="citation book cs1">Tolkien, JRR (1976). The Father Christmas Letters. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-823130-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-823130-4"><bdi>0-04-823130-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Father+Christmas+Letters&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Allen+and+Unwin+Ltd&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-04-823130-4&rft.au=Tolkien%2C+JRR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CollinsDict-98"><a href="#cite_ref-CollinsDict_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/father-christmas">"Father Christmas"</a>. Collins English Dictionary. Collins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224152907/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/father-christmas">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Father+Christmas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Ffather-christmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChambersDict-99"><a href="#cite_ref-ChambersDict_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chambers.co.uk/search/?query=Father+Christmas&title=21st">"Father Christmas"</a>. Chambers 21st Century Dictionary. Chambers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112101608/http://chambers.co.uk/search/?query=Father+Christmas&title=21st">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chambers+21st+Century+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Father+Christmas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchambers.co.uk%2Fsearch%2F%3Fquery%3DFather%2BChristmas%26title%3D21st&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewers-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Brewers_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDent,_Susie_(forward)2012" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dent, Susie (forward)</a> (2012). Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (19th edn). London: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd. p. 483. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0550107640" title="Special:BookSources/978-0550107640"><bdi>978-0550107640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brewer%27s+Dictionary+of+Phrase+and+Fable+%2819th+edn%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=483&rft.pub=Chambers+Harrap+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0550107640&rft.au=Dent%2C+Susie+%28forward%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Christmas" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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href="/wiki/Template:Christmas" title="Template:Christmas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christmas" title="Template talk:Christmas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christmas672" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Christmas_(holiday)" title="Blue Christmas (holiday)">Blue Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day" title="Saint Nicholas Day">Saint Nicholas Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" title="Saint Stephen's Day">Saint Stephen's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Angel Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">in later culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_nativity_scene" title="Neapolitan nativity scene">Neapolitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In folklore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BDla" title="Grýla">Grýla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korvatunturi" title="Korvatunturi">Korvatunturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Christmas_Spider" title="Legend of the Christmas Spider">Legend of the Christmas Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Lwyd" title="Mari Lwyd">Mari Lwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_figure" title="Miner's figure">Miner's figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Winter" title="Old Man Winter">Old Man Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turo%C5%84" title="Turoń">Turoń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_cat" title="Yule cat">Yule cat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer">Gift-bringers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_(European_folklore)" title="Saint Nicholas (European folklore)">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Father Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandpa_Indian" title="Grandpa Indian">Grandpa Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julemanden" title="Julemanden">Julemanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Baba" title="Noel Baba">Noel Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_winter_gift-bringers" title="List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas">Companions of Saint Nicholas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_Man" title="Sack Man">Sack Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27_daughter" title="Santa Claus' daughter">Santa Claus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">Santa's reindeer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snegurochka" title="Snegurochka">Snegurochka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions">Traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_calendar" title="Advent calendar">Advent calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_candle" title="Advent candle">Advent candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_Head_Feast" title="Boar's Head Feast">Boar's Head Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwibbogen" title="Schwibbogen">Candle arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalking_the_door" title="Chalking the door">Chalking the door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carols_by_Candlelight" title="Carols by Candlelight">Carols by Candlelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christingle" title="Christingle">Christingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cracker" title="Christmas cracker">Crackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didukh" title="Didukh">Didukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elf_on_the_Shelf" title="The Elf on the Shelf">The Elf on the Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Seven_Fishes" title="Feast of the Seven Fishes">Feast of the Seven Fishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Santa" title="Flying Santa">Flying Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift" title="Christmas gift">Gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Google Santa Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamper#Christmas_hamper" title="Hamper">Hampers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Posadas" title="Las Posadas">Las Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_letter" title="Round-robin letter">Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Lord of Misrule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_star" title="Moravian star">Moravian star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummers%27_play" title="Mummers' play">Mummers' play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker" title="Nutcracker">Nutcrackers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_doll" title="Nutcracker doll">dolls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ornament" title="Christmas ornament">Ornaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_parade" title="Santa Claus parade">Parades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades" title="List of Christmas and holiday season parades">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata" title="Piñata">Piñatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">Poinsettia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pyramid" title="Christmas pyramid">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4uchermann" title="Räuchermann">Räuchermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Santa" title="Secret Santa">Secret Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanbaum" title="Spanbaum">Spanbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stamp" title="Christmas stamp">Stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stocking" title="Christmas stocking">Stockings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Twelve Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">Wassailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_window" title="Christmas window">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">Yule goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Christmas_by_country" title="Observance of Christmas by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Australia" title="Christmas in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boro_Din" title="Boro Din">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Colombia" title="Christmas in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_and_Christmas_in_Denmark" title="Yule and Christmas in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas" title="Ethiopian Christmas">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Finland" title="Christmas in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_France" title="Christmas in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Christmas in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hungary" title="Christmas in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Iceland" title="Christmas in Iceland">Iceland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Christmas_folklore" title="Icelandic Christmas folklore">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Indonesia" title="Christmas in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ireland" title="Christmas in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Italy" title="Christmas in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Zealand" title="Christmas in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Poland" title="Christmas in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Romania" title="Christmas in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Russia" title="Christmas in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Serbia" title="Christmas in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Sweden" title="Christmas in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ukraine" title="Christmas in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Christmas in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hawaii" title="Christmas in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Mexico" title="Christmas in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Carols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols" title="List of Christmas carols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_operas" title="List of Christmas operas">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_hit_singles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom">Hit singles in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popular_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States" title="List of popular Christmas singles in the United States">Hit singles in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Christmas_Holiday_charts" title="Billboard Christmas Holiday charts">Music charts (Billboard)</a></li> <li>Music books <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carols_for_Choirs" title="Carols for Choirs">Carols for Choirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The Oxford Book of Carols">The Oxford Book of Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The New Oxford Book of Carols">The New Oxford Book of Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piae_Cantiones" title="Piae Cantiones">Piae Cantiones</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_by_medium" title="Christmas by medium">Other media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas-themed_literature" title="List of Christmas-themed literature">In literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films" title="List of Christmas films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_in_film" title="Santa Claus in film">Santa Claus in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poetry <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_in_the_Workhouse" title="Christmas Day in the Workhouse">Christmas Day in the Workhouse</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Journey_of_the_Magi" title="Journey of the Magi">Journey of the Magi</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tomten_(poem)" title="Tomten (poem)">Tomten</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of Christmas television specials">Christmas television specials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of United States Christmas television specials">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_Log_(TV_program)" title="Yule Log (TV program)">Yule Log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In modern society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Advent Conspiracy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(partying)" title="Black Friday (partying)">Black Friday (partying)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday (shopping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronner%27s_Christmas_Wonderland" title="Bronner's Christmas Wonderland">Bronner's Christmas Wonderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_creep" title="Christmas creep">Christmas creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_(Trading)_Act_2004" title="Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004">Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas jumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmasland_in_New_Taipei_City" title="Christmasland in New Taipei City">Christmasland in New Taipei City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Mountains" title="Christmas Mountains">Christmas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_controversies" title="Christmas controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas" title="Economics of Christmas">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GivingTuesday" title="GivingTuesday">GivingTuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinch" title="Grinch">Grinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Christmas_Lottery" title="Spanish Christmas Lottery">El Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_July" title="Christmas in July">In July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_August_(Yellowstone)" title="Christmas in August (Yellowstone)">In August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBA_Christmas_games" title="NBA Christmas games">NBA games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Christmas_Day" title="NFL on Christmas Day">NFL games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikkujoulu" title="Pikkujoulu">Pikkujoulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SantaCon" title="SantaCon">SantaCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_Candy_Castle" title="Santa's Candy Castle">Santa's Candy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Scrooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Saturday" title="Super Saturday">Super Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_O%27Hanlon" title="Virginia O'Hanlon">Virginia O'Hanlon</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(weather)" title="White Christmas (weather)">White Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmas" title="Xmas">Xmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes" title="List of Christmas dishes">Food and drink</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner">Dinner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joulup%C3%B6yt%C3%A4" title="Joulupöytä">Joulupöytä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smorgasbord#Julbord" title="Smorgasbord">Julbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julebord" title="Julebord">Julebord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%C4%8Dios" title="Kūčios">Kūčios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon" title="Réveillon">Réveillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_desserts" title="Thirteen desserts">Thirteen desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">Twelve-dish supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigilia" title="Wigilia">Wigilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Sweets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska" title="Baked Alaska">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_cane" title="Candy cane">Candy cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cookie" title="Christmas cookie">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozonac" title="Cozonac">Cozonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">Fruitcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutia" title="Kutia">Kutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki" title="Makówki">Makówki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">Melomakarono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">Mince pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampushka" title="Pampushka">Pampushka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">Panettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(dessert)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (dessert)">Pavlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed_roll" title="Poppy seed roll">Poppy seed roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurabiya" title="Qurabiya">Qurabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_velvet_cake" title="Red velvet cake">Red velvet cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plum" title="Sugar plum">Sugar plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollen" title="Stollen">Stollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szaloncukor" title="Szaloncukor">Szaloncukor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">Turrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log_(cake)" title="Yule log (cake)">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Soup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menudo_(soup)" title="Menudo (soup)">Menudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_sauce" title="Bread sauce">Bread sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcurrant_sauce" title="Redcurrant sauce">Redcurrant sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champurrado" title="Champurrado">Champurrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">Hot chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissel" title="Kissel">Kissel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_bishop" title="Smoking bishop">Smoking bishop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponche_crema" title="Ponche crema">Ponche crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(cocktail)" title="Snowball (cocktail)">Snowball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Dumplings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallaca" title="Hallaca">Hallaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pierogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">Tamale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em">Meat and fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ham" title="Christmas ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Pickled herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">Roast goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeritos" title="Romeritos">Romeritos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourti%C3%A8re" title="Tourtière">Tourtière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas" title="Category:Christmas">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&oldid=1271540011">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Father_Christmas&oldid=1271540011</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Father_Christmas" title="Category:Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_characters" title="Category:Christmas characters">Christmas characters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Personifications" title="Category:Personifications">Personifications</a></li><li><a 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