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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Helicopters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helicopters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Helicopters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helicopters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_and_fire_retardant_bombers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_and_fire_retardant_bombers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Water and fire retardant bombers</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="#Fleet_grounding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Fleet grounding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fleet_grounding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_retardant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_retardant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fire retardant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_retardant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics_and_capabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics_and_capabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tactics and capabilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactics_and_capabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accidents_and_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accidents_and_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Accidents and incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accidents_and_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aerial firefighting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havadan_yan%C4%9F%C4%B1ns%C3%B6nd%C3%BCrm%C9%99" title="Havadan yanğınsöndürmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Havadan yanğınsöndürmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinci%C3%B3_a%C3%A8ria_d%27incendis" title="Extinció aèria d'incendis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Extinció aèria d'incendis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6schflugzeug" title="Löschflugzeug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Löschflugzeug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_a%C3%A9rea_contra_el_fuego" title="Lucha aérea contra el fuego – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lucha aérea contra el fuego" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="آتش‌نشانی هوایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آتش‌نشانی هوایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%A4%91_%EC%86%8C%ED%99%94" title="공중 소화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공중 소화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mgbany%E1%BB%A5_%E1%BB%8Dk%E1%BB%A5_n%27elu" title="Mgbanyụ ọkụ n'elu – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mgbanyụ ọkụ n'elu" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotta_aerea_antincendio" title="Lotta aerea antincendio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lotta aerea antincendio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="כבאות אווירית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כבאות אווירית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaisrinis_l%C4%97ktuvas" title="Gaisrinis lėktuvas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gaisrinis lėktuvas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blusvliegtuig" title="Blusvliegtuig – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Blusvliegtuig" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E6%B6%88%E7%81%AB" title="空中消火 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="空中消火" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brannfly" title="Brannfly – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brannfly" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luta_a%C3%A9rea_contra_os_inc%C3%AAndios" title="Luta aérea contra os incêndios – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Luta aérea contra os incêndios" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_de_stins_incendii" title="Avion de stins incendii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Avion de stins incendii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_bomber" title="Water bomber – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Water bomber" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zra%C4%8Dno_ga%C5%A1enje_po%C5%BEarov" title="Zračno gašenje požarov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zračno gašenje požarov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattenbegjutning_fr%C3%A5n_luften" title="Vattenbegjutning från luften – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vattenbegjutning från luften" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8" title="การดับเพลิงทางอากาศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การดับเพลิงทางอากาศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havadan_yang%C4%B1n_s%C3%B6nd%C3%BCrme" title="Havadan yangın söndürme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Havadan yangın söndürme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="וואסער באמבארדירער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואסער באמבארדירער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E6%B6%88%E9%98%B2" title="空中消防 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="空中消防" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15624835#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aerial_firefighting" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Airtanker" redirects here. For aerial fuel tankers, see <a href="/wiki/Aerial_refueling" title="Aerial refueling">Aerial refueling</a>. For the British air-to-air refuelling project, see <a href="/wiki/AirTanker_Services" title="AirTanker Services">AirTanker Services</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunder_Over_The_Empire_Airfest_2012_120519-F-EI671-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Thunder_Over_The_Empire_Airfest_2012_120519-F-EI671-001.jpg/220px-Thunder_Over_The_Empire_Airfest_2012_120519-F-EI671-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Thunder_Over_The_Empire_Airfest_2012_120519-F-EI671-001.jpg/330px-Thunder_Over_The_Empire_Airfest_2012_120519-F-EI671-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Thunder_Over_The_Empire_Airfest_2012_120519-F-EI671-001.jpg/440px-Thunder_Over_The_Empire_Airfest_2012_120519-F-EI671-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/DC-10_Air_Tanker" title="DC-10 Air Tanker">DC-10 Tanker</a> operated by a private contractor for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a> demonstrates a water drop during "Thunder Over The Empire Air Fest" at <a href="/wiki/March_Air_Reserve_Base" title="March Air Reserve Base">March Air Reserve Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">Calif</a>. (2012)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BLM_Firefighting_at_Pine_Mountain,_Oregon_(14186496134).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/BLM_Firefighting_at_Pine_Mountain%2C_Oregon_%2814186496134%29.jpg/220px-BLM_Firefighting_at_Pine_Mountain%2C_Oregon_%2814186496134%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/BLM_Firefighting_at_Pine_Mountain%2C_Oregon_%2814186496134%29.jpg/330px-BLM_Firefighting_at_Pine_Mountain%2C_Oregon_%2814186496134%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/BLM_Firefighting_at_Pine_Mountain%2C_Oregon_%2814186496134%29.jpg/440px-BLM_Firefighting_at_Pine_Mountain%2C_Oregon_%2814186496134%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Neptune_Aviation" title="Neptune Aviation">Neptune Aviation</a> <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P2V" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed P2V">Lockheed P2V</a> drops <a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">fire retardant</a> at Pine Mountain, Oregon. (2014)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Aerial firefighting</b>, also known as <b>waterbombing</b>, is the use of <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> and other aerial resources to <a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression" title="Wildfire suppression">combat wildfires</a>. The types of aircraft used include <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helicopters" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopters">helicopters</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">Smokejumpers</a> and rappellers are also classified as aerial firefighters, delivered to the fire by parachute from a variety of fixed-wing <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, or rappelling from <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a>. Chemicals used to fight fires may include water, water enhancers such as <a href="/wiki/Fire-fighting_foam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire-fighting foam">foams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fire-retardant_gel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire-retardant gel">gels</a>, and specially formulated fire retardants such as <a href="/wiki/Phos-Chek" title="Phos-Chek">Phos-Chek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_firefighting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of fighting forest fires from the air dates back at least as far as <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Karl_von_Koenig-Warthausen" title="Friedrich Karl von Koenig-Warthausen">Friedrich Karl von Koenig-Warthausen</a>'s observations on seeing a blaze when overflying the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Lucia_Range" title="Santa Lucia Range">Santa Lucia Range</a>, California, in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-Warthausen_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warthausen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 142">: 142 </span></sup> </p><p>A wide variety of terminology has been used in the popular media for the aircraft (and methods) used in aerial firefighting. The terms <b>airtanker</b> or <b>air tanker</b> generally refer to fixed-wing aircraft based in the United States; "airtanker" is used in official documentation.<sup id="cite_ref-9th_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9th-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "<b>waterbomber</b>" is used in some Canadian government documents for the same class of vehicles,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-redbook17_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redbook17-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it sometimes has a connotation of <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_aircraft" title="Amphibious aircraft">amphibians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Air attack</b> is an industry term used for the actual application of aerial resources, both fixed-wing and rotorcraft, on a fire. Within the industry, though, "air attack" may also refer to the supervisor in the air (usually in a fixed-wing aircraft) who supervises the process of attacking the wildfire from the air, including fixed-wing airtankers, helicopters, and any other aviation resources assigned to the fire. The Air Tactical Group Supervisor (ATGS), often called "air attack", is usually flying at an altitude above other resources assigned to the fire, often in a fixed-wing plane but occasionally (depending on assigned resources or the availability of qualified personnel) in a helicopter. </p><p>Depending on the size, location, and assessed potential of the wildfire, the "air attack" or ATGS person may be charged with initial attack (the first response of firefighting assets on fire suppression), or with extended attack, the ongoing response to and management of a major wildfire requiring additional resources including engines, ground crews, and other aviation personnel and aircraft needed to control the fire and establish control lines or <a href="/wiki/Firebreak" title="Firebreak">firelines</a> ahead of the wildfire.<sup id="cite_ref-redbook17_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redbook17-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_firefighting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A wide variety of helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft are used for aerial firefighting. In 2003, it was reported that "The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a> own, lease, or contract for nearly 1,000 aircraft each fire season, with annual expenditures in excess of US$250 million in recent years".<sup id="cite_ref-blueribbon1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blueribbon1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helicopters">Helicopters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_firefighting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Helicopters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Helitack" title="Helitack">Helitack</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Emergency_Service_of_Ukraine_(MChS)_Mil_Mi-8MTV_picking_up_water_near_Nezhin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/State_Emergency_Service_of_Ukraine_%28MChS%29_Mil_Mi-8MTV_picking_up_water_near_Nezhin.jpg/220px-State_Emergency_Service_of_Ukraine_%28MChS%29_Mil_Mi-8MTV_picking_up_water_near_Nezhin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/State_Emergency_Service_of_Ukraine_%28MChS%29_Mil_Mi-8MTV_picking_up_water_near_Nezhin.jpg/330px-State_Emergency_Service_of_Ukraine_%28MChS%29_Mil_Mi-8MTV_picking_up_water_near_Nezhin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/State_Emergency_Service_of_Ukraine_%28MChS%29_Mil_Mi-8MTV_picking_up_water_near_Nezhin.jpg/440px-State_Emergency_Service_of_Ukraine_%28MChS%29_Mil_Mi-8MTV_picking_up_water_near_Nezhin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/State_Emergency_Service_of_Ukraine" title="State Emergency Service of Ukraine">State Emergency Service of Ukraine</a> (DSNS) <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-8" title="Mil Mi-8">Mil Mi-8MTV</a> picking up water near <a href="/wiki/Nezhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nezhin">Nizhyn</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Helicopters may be fitted with tanks (helitankers) or they may carry buckets. Some helitankers, such as the Erickson AirCrane, are also outfitted with a front-mounted foam cannon. Buckets are usually filled by submerging or dipping them in lakes, rivers, reservoirs, or portable tanks. The most popular of the buckets is the flexible <a href="/wiki/Bambi_bucket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambi bucket">Bambi Bucket</a>. Tanks can be filled on the ground (by water tenders or truck-mounted systems) or water can be siphoned from lakes, rivers, reservoirs, or a portable tank through a hanging snorkel. Popular firefighting helicopters include variants of the Bell UH-1H Super Huey, <a href="/wiki/UH-1_Iroquois" class="mw-redirect" title="UH-1 Iroquois">Bell 204</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_205" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell 205">Bell 205</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_212" title="Bell 212">Bell 212</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Vertol_107" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing Vertol 107">Boeing Vertol 107</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Vertol_234" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing Vertol 234">Boeing Vertol 234</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-70" title="Sikorsky S-70">Sikorsky S-70</a> "Firehawk" and the <a href="/wiki/S-64_Skycrane" class="mw-redirect" title="S-64 Skycrane">Sikorsky S-64 Aircrane</a> helitanker, which features a snorkel for filling from a natural or man-made water source while in hover. Currently the world's largest helicopter, the <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-26" title="Mil Mi-26">Mil Mi-26</a>, uses a Bambi bucket. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N267KA.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaman K-Max K-1200 used for aerial firefighting in Idaho"><img alt="Kaman K-Max K-1200 used for aerial firefighting in Idaho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/N267KA.JPG/213px-N267KA.JPG" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/N267KA.JPG/320px-N267KA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/N267KA.JPG/427px-N267KA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kaman_K-MAX" title="Kaman K-MAX">Kaman K-Max K-1200</a> used for aerial firefighting in Idaho</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kfd-205-N408KC-050428-26cr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kern County (California) Fire Department Bell 205 dropping water during a training exercise at the Mojave Spaceport"><img alt="Kern County (California) Fire Department Bell 205 dropping water during a training exercise at the Mojave Spaceport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kfd-205-N408KC-050428-26cr.jpg/220px-Kfd-205-N408KC-050428-26cr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kfd-205-N408KC-050428-26cr.jpg/329px-Kfd-205-N408KC-050428-26cr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kfd-205-N408KC-050428-26cr.jpg/439px-Kfd-205-N408KC-050428-26cr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1464" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kern_County_Fire_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Kern County Fire Department">Kern County (California) Fire Department</a> <a href="/wiki/Bell_204/205" title="Bell 204/205">Bell 205</a> dropping water during a training exercise at the Mojave Spaceport</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laco-s70-N160LA-040501-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Los Angeles County Fire Department's Sikorsky S-70C Firehawk during a water drop demonstration at Station 129 in Lancaster, California"><img alt="Los Angeles County Fire Department's Sikorsky S-70C Firehawk during a water drop demonstration at Station 129 in Lancaster, California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Laco-s70-N160LA-040501-01.jpg/213px-Laco-s70-N160LA-040501-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Laco-s70-N160LA-040501-01.jpg/320px-Laco-s70-N160LA-040501-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Laco-s70-N160LA-040501-01.jpg/427px-Laco-s70-N160LA-040501-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Fire_Department" title="Los Angeles County Fire Department">Los Angeles County Fire Department</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-70" title="Sikorsky S-70">Sikorsky S-70</a>C Firehawk during a water drop demonstration at Station 129 in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_California" title="Lancaster, California">Lancaster, California</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Airmen_with_the_129th_Rescue_Wing,_California_Air_National_Guard_drop_water_on_the_Rim_Fire_near_Yosemite,_Calif.,_Aug._26,_2013_130826-Z-ZZ999-004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. Airmen with the 129th Rescue Wing, California Air National Guard drop water on the Rim Fire near Yosemite, California, August 26, 2013"><img alt="U.S. Airmen with the 129th Rescue Wing, California Air National Guard drop water on the Rim Fire near Yosemite, California, August 26, 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/U.S._Airmen_with_the_129th_Rescue_Wing%2C_California_Air_National_Guard_drop_water_on_the_Rim_Fire_near_Yosemite%2C_Calif.%2C_Aug._26%2C_2013_130826-Z-ZZ999-004.jpg/211px-U.S._Airmen_with_the_129th_Rescue_Wing%2C_California_Air_National_Guard_drop_water_on_the_Rim_Fire_near_Yosemite%2C_Calif.%2C_Aug._26%2C_2013_130826-Z-ZZ999-004.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/U.S._Airmen_with_the_129th_Rescue_Wing%2C_California_Air_National_Guard_drop_water_on_the_Rim_Fire_near_Yosemite%2C_Calif.%2C_Aug._26%2C_2013_130826-Z-ZZ999-004.jpg/316px-U.S._Airmen_with_the_129th_Rescue_Wing%2C_California_Air_National_Guard_drop_water_on_the_Rim_Fire_near_Yosemite%2C_Calif.%2C_Aug._26%2C_2013_130826-Z-ZZ999-004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/U.S._Airmen_with_the_129th_Rescue_Wing%2C_California_Air_National_Guard_drop_water_on_the_Rim_Fire_near_Yosemite%2C_Calif.%2C_Aug._26%2C_2013_130826-Z-ZZ999-004.jpg/422px-U.S._Airmen_with_the_129th_Rescue_Wing%2C_California_Air_National_Guard_drop_water_on_the_Rim_Fire_near_Yosemite%2C_Calif.%2C_Aug._26%2C_2013_130826-Z-ZZ999-004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3225" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. Airmen with the <a href="/wiki/129th_Rescue_Wing" title="129th Rescue Wing">129th Rescue Wing, California Air National Guard</a> drop water on the Rim Fire near Yosemite, California, August 26, 2013</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_and_fire_retardant_bombers">Water and fire retardant bombers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_firefighting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Water and fire retardant bombers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PBY_Catalina_airtanker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PBY_Catalina_airtanker.jpg/220px-PBY_Catalina_airtanker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/PBY_Catalina_airtanker.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">Consolidated PBY Catalina</a> amphibious <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boat</a> air tanker</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I-DPCN_at_work_03_(4203528315).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/I-DPCN_at_work_03_%284203528315%29.jpg/220px-I-DPCN_at_work_03_%284203528315%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/I-DPCN_at_work_03_%284203528315%29.jpg/330px-I-DPCN_at_work_03_%284203528315%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/I-DPCN_at_work_03_%284203528315%29.jpg/440px-I-DPCN_at_work_03_%284203528315%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>An Italian <a href="/wiki/Canadair_CL-415" title="Canadair CL-415">Canadair CL-415</a> at work</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fox-firebase-aero_union-N920AU-070904-02-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Fox-firebase-aero_union-N920AU-070904-02-24.jpg/220px-Fox-firebase-aero_union-N920AU-070904-02-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Fox-firebase-aero_union-N920AU-070904-02-24.jpg/330px-Fox-firebase-aero_union-N920AU-070904-02-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Fox-firebase-aero_union-N920AU-070904-02-24.jpg/440px-Fox-firebase-aero_union-N920AU-070904-02-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption>Lockheed <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lockheed_P-3_Orion_variants" title="List of Lockheed P-3 Orion variants">P-3A Orion</a> operated by Aero Union</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PZL_M18B_Dropping_Water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PZL_M18B_Dropping_Water.jpg/220px-PZL_M18B_Dropping_Water.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PZL_M18B_Dropping_Water.jpg/330px-PZL_M18B_Dropping_Water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PZL_M18B_Dropping_Water.jpg/440px-PZL_M18B_Dropping_Water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="1244" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/PZL-Mielec_M-18_Dromader" title="PZL-Mielec M-18 Dromader">PZL M-18 Dromader</a> drops water near Mobridge, South Dakota, in the US.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beriev_Be-200_Israel_5-12-2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Beriev_Be-200_Israel_5-12-2010.jpg/220px-Beriev_Be-200_Israel_5-12-2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Beriev_Be-200_Israel_5-12-2010.jpg/330px-Beriev_Be-200_Israel_5-12-2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Beriev_Be-200_Israel_5-12-2010.jpg/440px-Beriev_Be-200_Israel_5-12-2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="2068" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beriev_Be-200" title="Beriev Be-200">Beriev Be-200</a> filling water tanks in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> while in operation against the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel_forest_fire_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Carmel forest fire (2010)">2010 Mount Carmel forest fire</a> in Israel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watertanker_IL-76D_of_IRGC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Watertanker_IL-76D_of_IRGC.jpg/220px-Watertanker_IL-76D_of_IRGC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Watertanker_IL-76D_of_IRGC.jpg/330px-Watertanker_IL-76D_of_IRGC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Watertanker_IL-76D_of_IRGC.jpg/440px-Watertanker_IL-76D_of_IRGC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76" title="Ilyushin Il-76">Ilyushin Il-76TD</a> of Iran's <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a> demonstrates aerial firefighting at an air show.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MNS_An-32.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/MNS_An-32.jpg/220px-MNS_An-32.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/MNS_An-32.jpg/330px-MNS_An-32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/MNS_An-32.jpg/440px-MNS_An-32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1061" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-32" title="Antonov An-32">Antonov An-32</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_Emergency_Service_of_Ukraine" title="State Emergency Service of Ukraine">State Emergency Service of Ukraine</a> dumps water on a forest fire.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Airtankers</i> or <i>water bombers</i> are fixed-wing aircraft fitted with tanks that can be filled on the ground at an air tanker base or, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_aircraft" title="Amphibious aircraft">amphibious aircraft</a>, by skimming water from lakes, reservoirs, or large rivers without needing to land. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coulson_Aviation_(N137CG)_Boeing_737-3H4(WL)_at_Albury_Airport_(IMG_4039).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coulson_Aviation_%28N137CG%29_Boeing_737-3H4%28WL%29_at_Albury_Airport_%28IMG_4039%29.jpg/220px-Coulson_Aviation_%28N137CG%29_Boeing_737-3H4%28WL%29_at_Albury_Airport_%28IMG_4039%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coulson_Aviation_%28N137CG%29_Boeing_737-3H4%28WL%29_at_Albury_Airport_%28IMG_4039%29.jpg/330px-Coulson_Aviation_%28N137CG%29_Boeing_737-3H4%28WL%29_at_Albury_Airport_%28IMG_4039%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coulson_Aviation_%28N137CG%29_Boeing_737-3H4%28WL%29_at_Albury_Airport_%28IMG_4039%29.jpg/440px-Coulson_Aviation_%28N137CG%29_Boeing_737-3H4%28WL%29_at_Albury_Airport_%28IMG_4039%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic#Variants" title="Boeing 737 Classic">Boeing 737-300</a> operated by Coulson Aviation</figcaption></figure> <p>Various aircraft have been used over the years for firefighting. In 1947, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a> experimented with military aircraft dropping water-filled bombs. The bombs were unsuccessful, and the use of internal water tanks was adopted instead.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mendocino_Air_Tanker_Squad" title="Mendocino Air Tanker Squad">Mendocino Air Tanker Squad</a> formed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bolles_Ely" title="Joseph Bolles Ely">Joseph Bolles Ely</a> in 1956 was the first such unit in the United States to drop water and retardant on fires. Based at the <a href="/wiki/Willows-Glenn_County_Airport" title="Willows-Glenn County Airport">Willows-Glenn County Airport</a> it soon led the way for other agencies to form similar squads. </p><p>Though World War II- and Korean War-era bombers were for a long time the mainstay of the aerial firefighting fleet,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> newer purpose-built tankers have since come online. The smallest are the Single Engine Air Tankers (SEATs). These are agricultural sprayers that generally drop about 800 US gallons (3,000 L) of water or retardant. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Air_Tractor_AT-802" title="Air Tractor AT-802">Air Tractor AT-802</a>, which can deliver around 800 gallons of water or fire retardant solution in each drop, and the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-2" title="Antonov An-2">Antonov An-2</a> biplane. Both of these aircraft can be fitted with floats that scoop water from the surface of a body of water. Similar in configuration to the World War II–era <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">Consolidated PBY Catalina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadair_CL-215" title="Canadair CL-215">Canadair CL-215</a> and its derivative the <a href="/wiki/Canadair_CL-415" title="Canadair CL-415">CL-415</a> are designed and built specifically for firefighting. The <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Air_Force" title="Croatian Air Force">Croatian Air Force</a> uses six CL-415s as well as six AT 802s for firefighting purposes. </p><p>Medium-sized modified aircraft include the <a href="/wiki/Grumman_S-2_Tracker" title="Grumman S-2 Tracker">Grumman S-2 Tracker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Retrofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrofit">retrofitted</a> with turboprop engines as the S-2T) as used by the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Forestry_and_Fire_Protection" title="California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection">California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection</a> (CAL FIRE), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Conair_Firecat" title="Conair Firecat">Conair Firecat</a> version developed and used by <a href="/wiki/Conair_Group_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Conair Group Inc.">Conair Group Inc.</a> of Canada, while the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-4" title="Douglas DC-4">Douglas DC-4</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-7" title="Douglas DC-7">Douglas DC-7</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">Lockheed C-130 Hercules</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-2_Neptune" title="Lockheed P-2 Neptune">Lockheed P-2 Neptune</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-3_Orion" title="Lockheed P-3 Orion">Lockheed P-3 Orion</a> – and its commercial equivalent, the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-188_Electra" title="Lockheed L-188 Electra">L-188 Electra</a> – have been used as air tankers. Conair also converted a number of <a href="/wiki/Convair_580" class="mw-redirect" title="Convair 580">Convair 580</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fokker_F27_Friendship" title="Fokker F27 Friendship">Fokker F27 Friendship</a> turboprop airliners to air tankers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest aerial firefighter ever used is a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> aerial firefighter, known as the <a href="/wiki/747_Supertanker" title="747 Supertanker">Global Supertanker</a>, that can carry 19,600 US gallons (74,200 L) fed by a pressurized drop system. The Supertanker was deployed operationally for the first time in 2009, fighting a fire in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tanker made its first American operation on August 31, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/August_2009_California_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2009 California wildfires">Oak Glen Fire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has since been replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-400" title="Boeing 747-400">Boeing 747-400</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another wide body jetliner that is currently being used as an air tanker is the modified <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10-30" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30">McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30</a> operated by the <a href="/wiki/10_Tanker_Air_Carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="10 Tanker Air Carrier">10 Tanker Air Carrier</a> company as the <a href="/wiki/DC-10_Air_Tanker" title="DC-10 Air Tanker">DC-10 Air Tanker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can carry up to 12,000 US gallons (45,400 L) of fire fighting retardant. </p><p>The Russian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Emergency_Situations_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)">Ministry of Emergency Situations</a> operates convertible-to-cargo <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76" title="Ilyushin Il-76">Ilyushin Il-76</a> airtankers that have been operating with 11,000-US-gallon (41,600 L) tanking systems, and several <a href="/wiki/Beriev_Be-200" title="Beriev Be-200">Beriev Be-200</a> jet powered <a href="/wiki/Amphibian_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibian aircraft">amphibian aircraft</a>. The Be-200 can carry a maximum payload of about 12,000 litres (3,200 US gal) of water, making "scoops" in suitable stretches of water in 14 seconds. </p><p>Bombardier's <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Dash_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Dash 8">Dash 8 Q Series</a> aircraft are the basis of new, next-generation air tankers. <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Aerospace" title="Cascade Aerospace">Cascade Aerospace</a> has converted two pre-owned Q400s to act as part-time water bomber and part-time transport aircraft for France's <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Civile" title="Sécurité Civile">Sécurité Civile</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Neptune Aviation is converting a pre-owned Q300 as a prototype to augment its <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-2_Neptune" title="Lockheed P-2 Neptune">Lockheed P-2 Neptune</a> aircraft. The Sécurité Civile also operates twelve Canadair CL-415 and nine <a href="/wiki/Conair_Firecat" title="Conair Firecat">Conair Turbo Firecat</a> aircraft. Neptune Aviation also currently operates converted <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_146" title="British Aerospace 146">British Aerospace 146</a> jetliners as air tankers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BAe 146 can carry up to 3,000 gallons of fire fighting retardant. Air Spray USA Ltd. of Chico, California has also converted the BAe 146 jetliner to the role of air tanker.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another modern-era passenger aircraft that has now been converted for aerial firefighting missions in the U.S. is the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-80">McDonnell Douglas MD-87</a> jetliner operated by Erickson Aero Tanker.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MD-87 can carry up to 4,000 gallons of fire fighting retardant. Coulson Aviation unveiled a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737-300" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737-300">Boeing 737-300</a> firefighting conversion in May 2017. Six aircraft have been purchased from <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest Airlines</a> for the RADS system conversion which was planned to enter service in December 2017. The 737 aircraft is smaller than the C-130Q which allows for a wider range of airfields to be utilized. Britt Coulson further stated the aircraft will be able to retain the current seat and galley configuration for tanker operations.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 November 2018, the 737 was used for the first time to fight a fire near Newcastle, Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2022, Airbus tested the aerial firefighting capacity of the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A400M_Atlas" title="Airbus A400M Atlas">A400M</a> using a roll-on/roll-off kit comprising a 20-tonne water tank and piping allowing the load to be expelled from the end of the cargo ramp.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_table_of_fixed-wing,_firefighting_tanker_airplanes"><span id="Comparison_table_of_fixed-wing.2C_firefighting_tanker_airplanes"></span>Comparison table of fixed-wing, firefighting tanker airplanes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_firefighting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparison table of fixed-wing, firefighting tanker airplanes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All links, citations and data sources are listed in the paragraph above. For accident and grounding citations, see paragraph below table. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th data-sort-type="text">Make and model </th> <th data-sort-type="text">Country of origin </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Category </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Water/retardant capacity, US gallons (litres) </th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_Tractor_AT-802" title="Air Tractor AT-802">Air Tractor AT-802F</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td data-sort-value="0">Light </td> <td>807 US gal (3,050 L) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_Tractor_AT-1002" title="Air Tractor AT-1002">Air Tractor AT-1002</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>1,000 US gal (3,800 L) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-32" title="Antonov An-32">AN-32P Firekiller</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>2,113 US gal (8,000 L) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BAe_146" class="mw-redirect" title="BAe 146">BAe 146</a> </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>3,000 US gal (11,000 L) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beriev_Be-200" title="Beriev Be-200">Beriev Be-200</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>3,173 US gal (12,010 L) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic" title="Boeing 737 Classic">Boeing 737-300</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>4,000 US gal (15,000 L) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> <a href="/wiki/747_Supertanker" title="747 Supertanker">747 Supertanker</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td data-sort-value="3">Super heavy </td> <td>19,600 US gal (74,000 L) </td> <td>No longer in service </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Dash_8#Series_400" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Dash 8">Bombardier Dash 8 Q400-MR</a> </td> <td>Canada </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>2,600 US gal (9,800 L) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadair_CL-215" title="Canadair CL-215">Canadair CL-215</a> </td> <td>Canada </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>1,300 US gal (4,900 L) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadair_CL-415" title="Canadair CL-415">Canadair CL-415</a> </td> <td>Canada </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>1,621 US gal (6,140 L) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-515" class="mw-redirect" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-515">De Havilland Canada DHC-515</a> </td> <td>Canada </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>1,850 US gal (7,000 L) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-26_Invader" title="Douglas A-26 Invader">Douglas B-26</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td> </td> <td>No longer in service </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-4" title="Douglas DC-4">Douglas DC-4</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td> </td> <td>No longer in service </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-6" title="Douglas DC-6">Douglas DC-6</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>2,800 US gal (11,000 L) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-7" title="Douglas DC-7">Douglas DC-7</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>3,000 US gal (11,000 L) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Embraer_C-390_Millennium" title="Embraer C-390 Millennium">Embraer C-390 Millennium</a> </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>3,200 US gal (12,000 L) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_C-119_Flying_Boxcar" title="Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar">Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td> </td> <td>No longer in service </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grumman_S-2_Tracker" title="Grumman S-2 Tracker">Grumman S-2 Tracker</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>1,200 US gal (4,500 L) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76" title="Ilyushin Il-76">Ilyushin Il-76</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td data-sort-value="2">Heavy </td> <td>13,000 US gal (49,000 L) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">Lockheed C-130 Hercules</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>3,000 US gal (11,000 L) </td> <td>National Guard MAFFS units </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lockheed C-130Q Hercules </td> <td>United States </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>3,500 US gal (13,000 L) </td> <td>Coulson RADS-XXL </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-188_Electra" title="Lockheed L-188 Electra">Lockheed L-188 Electra</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>3,000 US gal (11,000 L) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Mars">Martin Mars</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>7,200 US gal (27,000 L) </td> <td>No longer in service </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DC-10_Air_Tanker" title="DC-10 Air Tanker">McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td data-sort-value="2">Heavy </td> <td>12,000 US gal (45,000 L) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a> <a href="/wiki/MD-87" class="mw-redirect" title="MD-87">MD-87</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>4,000 US gal (15,000 L) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25" class="mw-redirect" title="North American B-25">North American B-25</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td> </td> <td>No longer in service </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P-2V_Neptune" class="mw-redirect" title="P-2V Neptune">P-2V Neptune</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>2,362 US gal (8,940 L) </td> <td>No longer in service </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P-3_Orion" class="mw-redirect" title="P-3 Orion">P-3 Orion</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>3,000 US gal (11,000 L) </td> <td>military version of the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-188_Electra" title="Lockheed L-188 Electra">Lockheed L-188 Electra</a>, No longer in service </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PBY_Catalina" class="mw-redirect" title="PBY Catalina">PBY Catalina</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>1,000 US gal (3,800 L) or 1,500 US gal (5,700 L) for the Super model </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PZL-Mielec_M-18_Dromader" title="PZL-Mielec M-18 Dromader">PZL-Mielec M-18 Dromader</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="0">Light </td> <td>570 US gal (2,200 L) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ShinMaywa_US-2" title="ShinMaywa US-2">ShinMaywa US-2</a> </td> <td>Japan </td> <td data-sort-value="1">Medium </td> <td>3,595 US gal (13,610 L)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Category legend: Light: under 1,000 US gallons (3,800 L), Medium: under 10,000 US gallons (38,000 L), Heavy: under 20,000 US gallons (76,000 L), Super heavy: over 20,000 US gallons (76,000 L) – currently only used for the B747 Supertanker. </p><p>Other former military aircraft utilized as firefighting air tankers in the U.S. in the past included the <a href="/wiki/B-17" class="mw-redirect" title="B-17">B-17</a> and the <a href="/wiki/PB4Y-2" class="mw-redirect" title="PB4Y-2">PB4Y-2</a>, a version of the <a href="/wiki/B-24" class="mw-redirect" title="B-24">B-24</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadplanes">Leadplanes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_firefighting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Leadplanes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lead Plane function directs the activities of the airtankers by both verbal target descriptions and by physically leading the airtankers on the drop run. The leadplane is typically referred to as a "Bird Dog" in Canada or "Supervision" aircraft in Australia. The <a href="/wiki/O-2_Skymaster" class="mw-redirect" title="O-2 Skymaster">O-2 Skymaster</a>, Cessna 310 and <a href="/wiki/OV-10_Bronco" class="mw-redirect" title="OV-10 Bronco">OV-10 Bronco</a> have been used as spotter and lead plane platforms. The <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> Ministry of Natural Resources has also used the <a href="/wiki/Cessna_337" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna 337">Cessna 337</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Baron" title="Beechcraft Baron">Beechcraft Baron</a> was long used as a leadplane or air attack ship, but most were retired in 2003; more common now is the <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_King_Air" title="Beechcraft King Air">Beechcraft King Air</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aero_Commander_500_family" title="Aero Commander 500 family">Twin Commander 690</a>. A Cessna Citation 500 jet owned by Air Spray (1967) LTd. was used by the British Columbia Ministry of Forests beginning in 1995 and used for two fire seasons to lead the very fast Electra L188 air tanker to the fires. This was the first time a jet aircraft was used as a lead plane or "bird dog". The Department of Parks and Wildlife in Western Australia operates a fleet of nine <a href="/wiki/American_Champion_Scout" title="American Champion Scout">American Champion Scouts</a> 8GCBC during the summer months as spotter aircraft and Air Attack platforms. The Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia and the Yukon Territories contract to supply Twin Commander 690 as bird dog aircraft for their air tanker fleets. Air Spray owns 9 Twin Commander 690 for use as bird dog aircraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fleet_grounding">Fleet grounding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_firefighting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fleet grounding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, most of these aircraft are privately owned and contracted to government agencies, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Guard">National Guard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marines">U.S. Marines</a> also maintain fleets of firefighting aircraft. On May 10, 2004, The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a> (USFS) and the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a> (BLM) announced that they were cancelling contracts with operators of 33 heavy airtankers. They cited liability concerns and an inability to safely manage the fleet after the wing failure and resulting <a href="/wiki/2002_airtanker_crashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 airtanker crashes">crash</a> of a <a href="/wiki/C-130" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130">C-130</a>A Hercules in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and a <a href="/wiki/PB4Y-2_Privateer" class="mw-redirect" title="PB4Y-2 Privateer">PB4Y-2</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> during the summer of 2002. Both aged aircraft broke up in flight due to catastrophic <a href="/wiki/Metal_fatigue" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal fatigue">fatigue</a> cracks at the wing roots. After subsequent third-party examination and extensive testing of all USFS contracted heavy airtankers, three companies were awarded contracts and now maintain a combined fleet of 23 aircraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fire_retardant">Fire retardant</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_firefighting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fire retardant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hercules_C130_bombardier_d_eau_Californie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hercules_C130_bombardier_d_eau_Californie.jpg/220px-Hercules_C130_bombardier_d_eau_Californie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hercules_C130_bombardier_d_eau_Californie.jpg/330px-Hercules_C130_bombardier_d_eau_Californie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hercules_C130_bombardier_d_eau_Californie.jpg/440px-Hercules_C130_bombardier_d_eau_Californie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Modular_Airborne_FireFighting_System" title="Modular Airborne FireFighting System">MAFFS</a>-equipped <a href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">Air National Guard</a> <a href="/wiki/C-130_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130 Hercules">C-130 Hercules</a> drops <a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">fire retardant</a> on wildfires in southern California</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Borate" title="Borate">Borate</a> salts used in the past to fight wildfires have been found to sterilize the soil and be <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxic</a> to animals so are now prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newer retardants use <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_sulfate" title="Ammonium sulfate">ammonium sulfate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_polyphosphate" title="Ammonium polyphosphate">ammonium polyphosphate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Attapulgite" class="mw-redirect" title="Attapulgite">attapulgite</a> <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> thickener or <a href="/wiki/Diammonium_phosphate" title="Diammonium phosphate">diammonium phosphate</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Guar_gum" title="Guar gum">guar gum</a> derivative thickener. Fire retardants often contain <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">wetting agents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preservative" title="Preservative">preservatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rust_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rust inhibitor">rust inhibitors</a> and are colored red with <a href="/wiki/Ferric_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferric oxide">ferric oxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_pigment" title="Fugitive pigment">fugitive color</a> to mark where they have been dropped. Brand names of fire retardants for aerial application include Fortress and <a href="/wiki/Phos-Chek" title="Phos-Chek">Phos-Chek</a>. </p><p>Some water-dropping aircraft carry tanks of a guar gum derivative to thicken the water and reduce runoff. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics_and_capabilities">Tactics and capabilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_firefighting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tactics and capabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikorsky_S-70A-27_Picking_Up_Water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sikorsky_S-70A-27_Picking_Up_Water.jpg/220px-Sikorsky_S-70A-27_Picking_Up_Water.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sikorsky_S-70A-27_Picking_Up_Water.jpg/330px-Sikorsky_S-70A-27_Picking_Up_Water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sikorsky_S-70A-27_Picking_Up_Water.jpg/440px-Sikorsky_S-70A-27_Picking_Up_Water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="3328" /></a><figcaption>A helicopter dips its <a href="/wiki/Bambi_bucket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambi bucket">bucket</a> into a river to drop water on a wildfire in California.</figcaption></figure> <p>Helicopters can hover over the fire and drop water or retardant. The S-64 Helitanker has <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>-controlled doors on its tank. The doors are controlled based on the area to be covered and wind conditions. Fixed-wing aircraft must make a pass and drop water or retardant like a bomber. Spotter (Air Tactical Group Supervisor) aircraft often orbit the fire at a higher altitude to coordinate the efforts of the smoke jumper, helicopter, media, and retardant-dropping aircraft, while lead planes fly low-level ahead of the airtankers to mark the <a href="/wiki/Trajectory" title="Trajectory">trajectory</a> for the drop, and ensure overall safety for both ground-based and aerial firefighters. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/California_Air_National_Guard_waterbombers_DOD_100489779-720x406-1500k.theora.ogv/220px--California_Air_National_Guard_waterbombers_DOD_100489779-720x406-1500k.theora.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="93" data-durationhint="76" data-mwtitle="California_Air_National_Guard_waterbombers_DOD_100489779-720x406-1500k.theora.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:California_Air_National_Guard_waterbombers_DOD_100489779-720x406-1500k.theora.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/California_Air_National_Guard_waterbombers_DOD_100489779-720x406-1500k.theora.ogv/California_Air_National_Guard_waterbombers_DOD_100489779-720x406-1500k.theora.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/California_Air_National_Guard_waterbombers_DOD_100489779-720x406-1500k.theora.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="962" data-height="406" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/California_Air_National_Guard_waterbombers_DOD_100489779-720x406-1500k.theora.ogv/California_Air_National_Guard_waterbombers_DOD_100489779-720x406-1500k.theora.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="108" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/California_Air_National_Guard_waterbombers_DOD_100489779-720x406-1500k.theora.ogv/California_Air_National_Guard_waterbombers_DOD_100489779-720x406-1500k.theora.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="180" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/California_Air_National_Guard_waterbombers_DOD_100489779-720x406-1500k.theora.ogv/California_Air_National_Guard_waterbombers_DOD_100489779-720x406-1500k.theora.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="270" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/California_Air_National_Guard_waterbombers_DOD_100489779-720x406-1500k.theora.ogv/California_Air_National_Guard_waterbombers_DOD_100489779-720x406-1500k.theora.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="270" /></video></span><figcaption>Film showing Waterbombers from the <a href="/wiki/California_Air_National_Guard" title="California Air National Guard">California Air National Guard</a> dropping substances used to fight fires</figcaption></figure> <p>Water is not usually dropped directly on flames because its effect is short-lived. Fire retardants are not typically used to extinguish the fire, but instead are used to contain the fire, or slow it down to allow ground crews to contain it. Because of this, retardants are usually dropped in front of or around a moving fire, rather than directly on it, creating a <a href="/wiki/Firebreak" title="Firebreak">firebreak</a>. </p><p>Aerial firefighting is most effectively used in conjunction with ground-based efforts, as aircraft are only one weapon in the firefighting arsenal. However, there have been cases of aircraft extinguishing fires long before ground crews were able to reach them.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some firefighting aircraft can refill their tanks in mid-flight, by flying down to skim the surface of large bodies of water. One example is the <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CL-415" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier CL-415">Bombardier CL-415</a>. This is particularly useful in rural areas where flying back to an airbase for refills may take too much time. In 2002 an Ontario CL-415 crew was able to refill 100 times within a 4-hour mission, delivering 162,000 US gallons (613,240 L) or 1,350,000 pounds (612 t) of water on a fire near <a href="/wiki/Dryden,_Ontario" title="Dryden, Ontario">Dryden, Ontario</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (June 1, 2002 Dryden fire # 10 Tanker #271 civil ident C-GOGE). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accidents_and_incidents">Accidents and incidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_firefighting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Accidents and incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>July 22, 1960: a <a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">North American B-25 Mitchell</a>, N3446G SN 44-31466, operating as Tanker 66, impacted the earth during a water bombing run in Mill Canyon in the San Gabriel Mountains on the Magic Mountain Fire. The three crew members were killed.</li> <li>June 27, 1969: a <a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">North American B-25 Mitchell</a>, N9088Z SN 44-30733, operating as Tanker 8Z, crash landed on a sandbar after a multi engine failure shortly after takeoff in the Tanana River, near Fairbanks Alaska. All crew members survived with no injuries. The airplane was recovered in June 2013 and is now under restoration, flying under the name "Sandbar Mitchell".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May 26, 1977: a <a href="/wiki/Canadair_CL-215" title="Canadair CL-215">Canadair CL-215</a> aircraft crashed during a training session while doing its water-taking maneuver in Greece's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleusis_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleusis Bay (page does not exist)">Eleusis Bay</a>, killing all of its three crew members on board.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>March 8, 1984: A CL-215 aircraft crashed around Greece's Eleusis Bay while training was taking place. The plane crashed as it was returning to the air base after engine problems, killing all three of its crew members.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>August 22, 1993 A CL-215 aircraft crashed near Patras. The aircraft's Pilot had reported that he was unable to move flight controls after water was jettisoned. The plane's crash killed 2 the crew members on board.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>August 13, 1994: a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed C-130">Lockheed C-130A</a>, N135FF, operating as Tanker 82, impacted mountainous terrain near Pearblossom, California.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three crew members sustained fatal injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>June 21, 1995: a <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-54_Skymaster" title="Douglas C-54 Skymaster">Douglas C-54G</a>, N4989P, operating as Tanker 19, and a Beech B58P, N156Z, operating as Lead 56 collided in mid air in Ramona, California. Two crew members of Tanker 19 as well as the pilot of Lead 56 were killed in the collision.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>July 15, 2000: A Canadair CL-215 aircraft crashed in Greece's Pelion. The plane was prepared to drop water when a right turn was made and a wing hit the ground, proceeding to the aircraft's explosion which killed its two crew members.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_airtanker_crashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 airtanker crashes">2002 airtanker crashes</a>: loss of Tanker 130 and Tanker 123.</li> <li>July 16, 2003: a Lockheed L188 Electra operated by Air Spray Ltd. struck the terrain on the side of a steep ridge while fighting a wildfire near Cranbrook, BC. Two pilots were killed.</li> <li>July 31, 2010: a Convair CV580 operated by <a href="/wiki/Conair_Group" title="Conair Group">Conair Aviation</a> <a href="/wiki/2010_Conair_CV-580_crash" title="2010 Conair CV-580 crash">crashed</a> battling a wildfire near Vancouver BC. The two pilots were killed in the crash.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May 21, 2011: a <a href="/wiki/Bell_212" title="Bell 212">Bell 212</a> helicopter went down just offshore in Lesser Slave Lake, Alberta, killing the pilot.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>June 3, 2012: a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P2V-7" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed P2V-7">Lockheed P2V-7</a>, operating as Tanker 11, crashed into mountainous terrain while fighting a wildfire in Utah. The 2 pilots were killed in the crash.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>July 1, 2012: a Lockheed C-130 operated by the North Carolina Air National Guard's 145th Airlift Wing crashed in the Black Hills of South Dakota while supporting efforts to contain the <a href="/wiki/White_Draw_Fire" title="White Draw Fire">White Draw Fire</a>. Four airmen were killed, while two airmen survived the crash but sustained serious injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>October 24, 2013: a modified PZL-Mielec M-18A Dromader, operated by Rebel Ag crashed after the left wing separated in flight while conducting waterbombing operations west of <a href="/wiki/Ulladulla,_New_South_Wales" title="Ulladulla, New South Wales">Ulladulla, New South Wales</a>, killing the pilot.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>October 7, 2014: witness reports an <a href="/wiki/Grumman_S-2_Tracker" title="Grumman S-2 Tracker">S2T</a> impacting terrain while engaging the Dog Rock Fire near Yosemite National Park California<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May 22, 2015: an Air Tractor 802F Fire Boss amphibious air tanker, operated by Conair Aviation crashed battling a wildfire near Cold Lake, Alberta, killing the pilot.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>July 10, 2015: an Air Tractor 802F Fire Boss amphibious air tanker, operated by Conair Aviation crashed and sank while scooping water from Puntzi Lake, British Columbia. The pilot was not injured.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>17 August 2018: a <a href="/wiki/BK117" class="mw-redirect" title="BK117">BK117</a> owned by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Helicopters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sydney Helicopters (page does not exist)">Sydney Helicopters</a> crashed after hitting a tree while supporting operations on the Kingiman fire west of <a href="/wiki/Ulladulla,_New_South_Wales" title="Ulladulla, New South Wales">Ulladulla, New South Wales</a>, Australia, with the pilot dying.<sup id="cite_ref-2018-08-17_ABC_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018-08-17_ABC-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>23 January 2020: C-130H <i>N134CG</i> of <a href="/wiki/Coulson_Aviation" title="Coulson Aviation">Coulson Aviation</a> was destroyed when <a href="/wiki/2020_Coulson_Aviation_Lockheed_C-130_Hercules_crash" title="2020 Coulson Aviation Lockheed C-130 Hercules crash">it crashed</a> near <a href="/wiki/Cooma" title="Cooma">Cooma</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> during operations to fight a bushfire of the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season#Snowy_Mountains" title="2019–20 Australian bushfire season">2019–20 Australian bushfires</a>. 3 fatalities.<sup id="cite_ref-smh-3-dead_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh-3-dead-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>14 August 2021: A Russian Be200 plane crashed while fighting wildfires in Turkey. Eight people were on board, all of whom were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-2021-08-14_MT_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021-08-14_MT-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>27 October 2022: Canadair CL-415 <i>I-DPCN</i> fire fighting plane impacted the side of a mountain near Linguaglossa in Italy immediately after dropping its load. Both pilots died in the accident.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>6 February 2023: A Boeing 737-300 <i>N619SW</i> of Coulson Aviation <a href="/wiki/2023_Coulson_Aviation_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Coulson Aviation crash">crashed</a> in Western Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>25 July 2023: A Canadair CL-215GR crashed in Greece while attempting to put out fires near <a href="/wiki/Karystos" title="Karystos">Karystos</a> killing its two crew members.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_firefighting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a> movie <i><a href="/wiki/Planes:_Fire_%26_Rescue" title="Planes: Fire & Rescue">Planes: Fire & Rescue</a></i> depicts aerial firefighting.</li> <li>The plot of <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>'s 1989 <a href="/wiki/Remake" title="Remake">remake</a> movie <i><a href="/wiki/Always_(1989_film)" title="Always (1989 film)">Always</a></i> centers around aerial firefighting.</li> <li>In the 2003 direct-to-video film <i><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Heroes:_The_Movie" title="Rescue Heroes: The Movie">Rescue Heroes: The Movie</a></i>, Wendy Waters, Ariel Flyer, Sam Sparks, Hal E. Copter and firefighters of the Canadian Airborne Firefighters have responded to the major forest fire in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.</li> <li>The 2017 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Only_the_Brave_(2017_film)" title="Only the Brave (2017 film)">Only the Brave</a></i> depicts several instances of aerial firefighting.</li> <li>A commonly circulated <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legend</a> tells of a <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba diver">scuba diver</a> being scooped out of the water by a firefighting aircraft and dropped onto a forest fire.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_firefighting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wildfire_terms" title="Glossary of wildfire terms">Glossary of wildfire terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">Smokejumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression" title="Wildfire suppression">Wildfire suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Airborne_FireFighting_System" title="Modular Airborne FireFighting System">Modular Airborne FireFighting System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_firefighting_and_forestry_in_southern_Australia" title="Aerial firefighting and forestry in southern Australia">Aerial firefighting and forestry in southern Australia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_firefighting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/fire/wfcs/index.htm">"USDA Forest Service Wildland Fire Chemicals"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USDA+Forest+Service+Wildland+Fire+Chemicals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Frm%2Ffire%2Fwfcs%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerial+firefighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warthausen-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Warthausen_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Koenig-Warthausen1930" class="citation book cs1">von Koenig-Warthausen, Baron F K (1930). <i>Wings Around the World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wings+Around+the+World&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=von+Koenig-Warthausen&rft.aufirst=Baron+F+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerial+firefighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9th-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9th_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=9th&navby=case&no=9810173">"FindLaw's United States Ninth Circuit case and opinions"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FindLaw%27s+United+States+Ninth+Circuit+case+and+opinions.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetcase.pl%3Fcourt%3D9th%26navby%3Dcase%26no%3D9810173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerial+firefighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140410162208/http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/AFFM/2ColumnSubPage/STEL02_165883.html">"Aviation Services - Aviation, Forest Fire and Emergency Services"</a>. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/AFFM/2ColumnSubPage/STEL02_165883.html">the original</a> on 2014-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aviation+Services+-+Aviation%2C+Forest+Fire+and+Emergency+Services&rft.pub=Ontario+Ministry+of+Natural+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnr.gov.on.ca%2Fen%2FBusiness%2FAFFM%2F2ColumnSubPage%2FSTEL02_165883.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerial+firefighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-redbook17-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-redbook17_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-redbook17_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928013524/http://www.nifc.gov/red_book/2007/Chapter17.pdf">"Interagency Standards for Fire and Aviation Operations 2007, Chapter 17"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Interagency Fire Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nifc.gov/red_book/2007/Chapter17.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-31</span></span>. <q>The popular media also frequently use the terms <b>water bomber</b>, <b>fire bomber</b> or <b>borate bomber</b>. Helicopters often are used to drop retardant or water on a wildfire, whether they're functioning as helitankers (a heavy helicopter outfitted with a belly tank for dropping water or retardant on a fire), or medium- or light-weight helicopters equipped with buckets for smaller drops on fires). Some helicopters are used on fires for cargo (helitack) delivering supplies to firefighters, usually with netted cargo slung under a helicopter, and other helicopters are certified for and used for personnel transport -- ferrying wildland firefighters to remote locations where ground transport is either difficult or impossible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interagency+Standards+for+Fire+and+Aviation+Operations+2007%2C+Chapter+17&rft.pub=National+Interagency+Fire+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nifc.gov%2Fred_book%2F2007%2FChapter17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerial+firefighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611013711/http://www.casr.ca/so-wildfire-air-tanker-approaches.htm">"Wildfire Fighting: Provincial & Territorial Approaches to Air Tankers"</a>. 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"Le musée volanta des pompiers du ciel américains" [The American Flying Museum of Aerial Firefighters]. <i>Le Fana de l'Aviation</i> (in French) (308): 44–51. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169">0757-4169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Fana+de+l%27Aviation&rft.atitle=Le+mus%C3%A9e+volanta+des+pompiers+du+ciel+am%C3%A9ricains&rft.issue=308&rft.pages=44-51&rft.date=1995-07&rft.issn=0757-4169&rft.aulast=Auliard&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerial+firefighting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Keijsper, Gerard. "Water-Bombers Required!" <i><a href="/wiki/Air_Forces_Monthly" title="Air Forces Monthly">Air Forces Monthly</a></i>, London: Key Publishing, July 2008 Issue.</li> <li>Marsaly, Frédéric and Prétat, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.editions-minimonde76.com/en/pages/aviation/cndair.html/">"Bombardiers d'eau Canadair Scoopers"</a> <i>Editions Minimonde76,</i> May 2012, ISBN 9-782954-181806.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMormillo1999" class="citation journal cs1">Mormillo, Frank B. (March–April 1999). "Call for Fire Attack!: A 'One-two' Formation by Mars and PBY Might Still Outclass the Modern Options". <i>Air Enthusiast</i> (80): 5–11. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450">0143-5450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=Call+for+Fire+Attack%21%3A+A+%27One-two%27+Formation+by+Mars+and+PBY+Might+Still+Outclass+the+Modern+Options&rft.issue=80&rft.pages=5-11&rft.date=1999-03%2F1999-04&rft.issn=0143-5450&rft.aulast=Mormillo&rft.aufirst=Frank+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerial+firefighting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pickler, Ron and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Milberry" title="Larry Milberry">Larry Milberry</a>. <i>Canadair: The First 50 Years.</i> Toronto: CANAV Books, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-921022-07-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-921022-07-7">0-921022-07-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosensBoulay1990" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roosens, Daniel & Boulay, Philippe (February 1990). "Les bombardiers d'eau français" [French Water Bombers]. <i>Le Fana de l'Aviation</i> (in French) (243): 6–13. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169">0757-4169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Fana+de+l%27Aviation&rft.atitle=Les+bombardiers+d%27eau+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.issue=243&rft.pages=6-13&rft.date=1990-02&rft.issn=0757-4169&rft.aulast=Roosens&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Boulay%2C+Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerial+firefighting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_firefighting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aerial_firefighting" class="extiw" title="commons:Aerial firefighting"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Aerial firefighting</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bushfirecrc.com/sites/default/files/managed/resource/0912_aerial_firenote50_lowres.pdf">The Effectiveness and Efficiency of Aerial Firefighting in Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202223019/http://www.feuerwehrpresse.de/index.php/en/professional-books/aerial-firefighting">Wolfgang Jendsch: "Aerial Firefighting", detailed book about international aerial firefighting</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041011114015/http://www.wildlandfire.com/pics/air/air.htm">Wildlandfire.com fixed-wing gallery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wildfirenews.com/">wildfirenews.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304002136/http://wildfirenews.com/">Archived</a> 2021-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sei-ind.com/products/bambi-bucket-systems/">Meet the legendary Bambi Bucket — 30 years of firefighting history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170725092804/http://www.sei-ind.com/products/bambi-bucket-systems">Archived</a> 2017-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airtanker.org/">Associated Aerial Firefighters website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928172017/http://www.iawfonline.org/summit/2005%20Presentations/2005_pdf/Peuch.pdf">Peuch, Eric "Firefighting Safety in France", Eighth International Wildland Fire Summit, April 26-26, 2005</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/fire/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf00572868/pdf00572868dpi300.pdf">Drop Testing Airtankers: A Discussion of the Cup-and-Grid Method</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf05572812/pdf05572812dpi72.pdf">How to Conduct Static Tests of Aerial Retardant Delivery Systems</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fireaviation.com/tag/victoria/">Fire Aviation in Victoria Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.editions-minimonde76.com/en/album/canadair-gallery/">CL-215 and CL-415 in action</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle#Forest_fire_detection" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driptorch" title="Driptorch">Driptorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_flapper_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire flapper (tool)">Fire flapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_rake" title="Fire rake">Fire rake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant#Forest-fire_fighting" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helitack" title="Helitack">Helitack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLeod_(tool)" title="McLeod (tool)">McLeod</a> (rakehoe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_(tool)" title="Pulaski (tool)">Pulaski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billhook" title="Billhook">Billhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadaxe" title="Broadaxe">Broadaxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_hook" class="mw-redirect" title="Brush hook">Brush hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froe" title="Froe">Froe</a> (shake axe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchet" title="Hatchet">Hatchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_splitter" title="Log splitter">Log splitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marking_axe" title="Marking axe">Marking axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitting_maul" title="Splitting maul">Splitting maul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_safety_clothing" title="Chainsaw safety clothing">safety clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_safety_features" title="Chainsaw safety features">safety features</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragsaw" title="Dragsaw">Dragsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_saw" title="Head saw">Head saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber_edger" title="Lumber edger">Lumber edger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polesaw" title="Polesaw">Polesaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_sawmill" title="Portable sawmill">Portable sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resaw" title="Resaw">Resaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-man_saw" title="Two-man saw">Two-man saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cant_hook" title="Cant hook">Cant hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feller_buncher" title="Feller buncher">Feller buncher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forwarder" title="Forwarder">Forwarder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-devil" title="Go-devil">Go-devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvester_(forestry)" title="Harvester (forestry)">Harvester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli-logging" title="Heli-logging">Helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Log truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_Steam_Log_Hauler" title="Lombard Steam Log Hauler">Lombard Steam Log Hauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peavey_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peavey (tool)">Peavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickaroon" title="Pickaroon">Pickaroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_pole" title="Pike pole">Pike pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skid_cone" title="Skid cone">Skid cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidder" title="Skidder">Skidder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Winch" title="Washington Winch">Washington Winch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_donkey" title="Steam donkey">Steam donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarder" title="Yarder">Yarder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swing_yarder" title="Swing yarder">swing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denailer" title="Denailer">Denailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood_processor" title="Firewood processor">Firewood processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Forest railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_mulching" title="Forestry mulching">Forestry mulcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_compass" title="Hand compass">Hand compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_(hand_tool)#Forestry_hook" title="Hook (hand tool)">Hand hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_debarker" title="Hydraulic debarker">Hydraulic debarker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_house_moulder" title="Log house moulder">Log house moulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_pond" title="Log pond">Log pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_flume" title="Log flume">Log flume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machete" title="Machete">Machete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stump_grinder" title="Stump grinder">Stump grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_baler" title="Tree baler">Tree tyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsakat">Tsakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoopie_sling" title="Whoopie sling">Whoopie sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiln#Wood-drying_kiln" title="Kiln">Wood-drying kiln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchipper" title="Woodchipper">Woodchipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b>Categories</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_tools" title="Category:Forestry tools">tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_equipment" title="Category:Forestry equipment">equipment</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b>Commons</b> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Forestry_tools" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Forestry tools">tools</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Forestry_machines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Forestry machines">equipment</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject Forestry</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_tools" title="Template:Types of tools">Types of tools</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cleaning_tools" title="Template:Cleaning tools">Cleaning</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cutting_and_abrasive_tools" title="Template:Cutting and abrasive tools">Cutting and abrasive</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry_tools" title="Template:Forestry tools">Forestry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Garden_tools" title="Template:Garden tools">Garden</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hand_tools" title="Template:Hand tools">Hand</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Kitchen_tools" title="Template:Kitchen tools">Kitchen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Machine_and_metalworking_tools" title="Template:Machine and metalworking tools">Machine and metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Masonry_tools" title="Template:Masonry tools">Masonry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Measuring_and_alignment_tools" title="Template:Measuring and alignment tools">Measuring and alignment</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mining_equipment" title="Template:Mining equipment">Mining</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Power_tools" title="Template:Power tools">Power</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile_tools" title="Template:Textile tools">Textile</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Woodworking" title="Template:Woodworking">Woodworking</a></dd></dl> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Firefighting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Firefighting" title="Template:Firefighting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Firefighting" title="Template talk:Firefighting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Firefighting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Firefighting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Firefighting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">Firefighting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">Personnel and organization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battalion_chief" title="Battalion chief">Battalion chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_fire_officer" title="Chief fire officer">Chief fire officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_captain" title="Fire captain">Fire captain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_chief" title="Fire chief">Fire chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_officer" title="Station officer">Station officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_firefighter" title="Retained firefighter">Retained firefighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_marshal" title="Fire marshal">Fire marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_police" title="Fire police">Fire police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighter_assist_and_search_team" title="Firefighter assist and search team">Firefighter assist and search team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">Handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations_firefighter" title="Special operations firefighter">Special operations firefighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_fire_department" title="Volunteer fire department">Volunteer fire department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_firefighting" title="Women in firefighting">Women in firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_firefighting_ranks" title="List of comparative firefighting ranks">Fire department ranks by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drill_tower" title="Drill tower">Drill tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire department</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_departments" title="List of fire departments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout_tower" title="Fire lookout tower">Fire lookout tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_station" title="Fire station">Fire station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_tower" title="Hose tower">Hose tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">Airport crash tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_command_vehicle" title="Fire command vehicle">Fire command vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_engine" title="Fire engine">Fire engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_motorcycle" title="Fire motorcycle">Fire motorcycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireboat" title="Fireboat">Fireboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Firefighting apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_materials_apparatus" title="Hazardous materials apparatus">Hazardous materials apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_air_unit" title="Light and air unit">Light and air unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quint_(fire_apparatus)" title="Quint (fire apparatus)">Quint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_vehicle" title="Rescue vehicle">Rescue vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_tender" title="Water tender">Water tender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firefighting_equipment" title="Glossary of firefighting equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunker_gear" title="Bunker gear">Bunker gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_chair" title="Escape chair">Escape chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_blanket" title="Fire blanket">Fire blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_brigade_key" title="Fire brigade key">Fire brigade keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_bucket" title="Fire bucket">Fire bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">Fire extinguisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">Fire hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hydrant" title="Fire hydrant">Fire hydrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_proximity_suit" title="Fire proximity suit">Fire proximity suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_shelter" title="Fire shelter">Fire shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireman%27s_pole" title="Fireman's pole">Fireman's pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireman%27s_switch" title="Fireman's switch">Fireman's switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">Flame retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_nozzle" title="Fog nozzle">Fog nozzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligan_bar" title="Halligan bar">Halligan bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_suction_hose" title="Hard suction hose">Hard suction hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_suit" title="Hazmat suit">Hazmat suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_detector" title="Heat detector">Heat detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_bridge" title="Hose bridge">Hose bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_rescue_tool" title="Hydraulic rescue tool">Hydraulic rescue tool</a> ("Jaws of life")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_tool" title="Kelly tool">Kelly tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_roof_hook" title="New York roof hook">New York roof hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PASS_device" title="PASS device">PASS device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_pig_(tool)" title="The pig (tool)">The pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_water_tank" title="Portable water tank">Portable water tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_saw" title="Rotary saw">Rotary saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_information_box" title="Secure information box">Secure information box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">Self-contained breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(alarm)" title="Siren (alarm)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_detector" title="Smoke detector">Smoke detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_imaging_camera" title="Thermal imaging camera">Thermal imaging camera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firefighting" title="Glossary of firefighting">Terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backdraft" title="Backdraft">Backdraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barn_fire" title="Barn fire">Barn fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney_fire" title="Chimney fire">Chimney fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_man_zone" title="Dead man zone">Dead man zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_gun" title="Deluge gun">Deluge gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door_breaching" title="Door breaching">Door breaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_(water)" title="Draft (water)">Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_alarm" title="False alarm">False alarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_class" title="Fire class">Fire class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_control" title="Fire control">Fire control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_safety" title="Fire safety">Fire safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_triangle" title="Fire triangle">Fire triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireman%27s_carry" title="Fireman's carry">Fireman's carry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(construction)" title="Firewall (construction)">Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fire" title="Flash fire">Flash fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashover" title="Flashover">Flashover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaseous_fire_suppression" title="Gaseous fire suppression">Gaseous fire suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-alarm_fire" title="Multiple-alarm fire">Multiple-alarm fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollover_(fire)" title="Rollover (fire)">Rollover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop,_drop_and_roll" title="Stop, drop and roll">Stop, drop and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_fire" title="Structure fire">Structure fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-in,_two-out" title="Two-in, two-out">Two-in, two-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(firefighting)" title="Ventilation (firefighting)">Ventilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_Physical_Ability_Test" title="Candidate Physical Ability Test">Candidate Physical Ability Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_camp" title="Fire camp">Fire camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_engine_red" title="Fire engine red">Fire engine red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire protection engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_firefighting" title="Geography of firefighting">Geography of firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_firefighting" title="History of firefighting">History of firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Fire_Fighters" title="International Association of Fire Fighters">International Association of Fire Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Firefighters%27_Day" title="International Firefighters' Day">International Firefighters' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_firefighting_films" title="List of firefighting films">List of firefighting films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muster_(event)" title="Muster (event)">Muster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Florian" title="Saint Florian">Saint Florian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Firefighters_Games" title="World Firefighters Games">World Firefighters Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Police_and_Fire_Games" title="World Police and Fire Games">World Police and Fire Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_emergency_management" title="Wildfire emergency management">Wildfire emergency management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression" title="Wildfire suppression">Wildfire suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment <br />and tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aerial firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driptorch" title="Driptorch">Driptorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_flapper" title="Fire flapper">Fire flapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">Fire hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout_tower" title="Fire lookout tower">Fire lookout tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_rake" title="Fire rake">Fire rake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant_gel" title="Fire retardant gel">Fire retardant gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_trail" title="Fire trail">Fire trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebreak" title="Firebreak">Firebreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Firefighting apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_foam" title="Firefighting foam">Firefighting foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_bucket" title="Helicopter bucket">Helicopter bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_pack" title="Hose pack">Hose pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLeod_(tool)" title="McLeod (tool)">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Airborne_FireFighting_System" title="Modular Airborne FireFighting System">Modular Airborne FireFighting System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_(tool)" title="Pulaski (tool)">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression_equipment_and_personnel" title="Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel">Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_fire_engine" title="Wildland fire engine">Wildland fire engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_water_tender" title="Wildland water tender">Wildland water tender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">Fire lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">Handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helitack" title="Helitack">Helitack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotshot_crew" title="Hotshot crew">Hotshot crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">Smokejumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_fire_module" title="Wildland fire module">Wildland fire module</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_in_ancient_Rome" title="Firefighting in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfires_in_the_United_States" title="Wildfires in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wildfire_suppression_in_the_United_States" title="History of wildfire suppression in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_wildfires" title="List of California wildfires">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_wildfires" title="List of Washington wildfires">Washington</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wildfire_terms" title="Glossary of wildfire terms">Glossary of wildfire terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildfires" title="List of wildfires">List of wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire" title="Template:Fire">Template:Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire_protection" title="Template:Fire protection">Template:Fire protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Firefighting" title="Category:Firefighting"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Firefighting" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Firefighting"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, 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