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All Rights Reserved. * * Licensed under the W3C SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENT NOTICE AND LICENSE. * * https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2015/copyright-software-and-document * */ (function() { 'use strict'; // Exit early if we're not running in a browser. if (typeof window !== 'object') { return; } // Exit early if all IntersectionObserver and IntersectionObserverEntry // features are natively supported. if ('IntersectionObserver' in window && 'IntersectionObserverEntry' in window && 'intersectionRatio' in window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype) { // Minimal polyfill for Edge 15's lack of `isIntersecting` // See: https://github.com/w3c/IntersectionObserver/issues/211 if (!('isIntersecting' in window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype)) { Object.defineProperty(window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype, 'isIntersecting', { get: function () { return this.intersectionRatio > 0; } }); } return; } /** * Returns the embedding frame element, if any. * @param {!Document} doc * @return {!Element} */ function getFrameElement(doc) { try { return doc.defaultView && doc.defaultView.frameElement || null; } catch (e) { // Ignore the error. return null; } } /** * A local reference to the root document. */ var document = (function(startDoc) { var doc = startDoc; var frame = getFrameElement(doc); while (frame) { doc = frame.ownerDocument; frame = getFrameElement(doc); } return doc; })(window.document); /** * An IntersectionObserver registry. This registry exists to hold a strong * reference to IntersectionObserver instances currently observing a target * element. Without this registry, instances without another reference may be * garbage collected. */ var registry = []; /** * The signal updater for cross-origin intersection. When not null, it means * that the polyfill is configured to work in a cross-origin mode. * @type {function(DOMRect|ClientRect, DOMRect|ClientRect)} */ var crossOriginUpdater = null; /** * The current cross-origin intersection. Only used in the cross-origin mode. * @type {DOMRect|ClientRect} */ var crossOriginRect = null; /** * Creates the global IntersectionObserverEntry constructor. * https://w3c.github.io/IntersectionObserver/#intersection-observer-entry * @param {Object} entry A dictionary of instance properties. * @constructor */ function IntersectionObserverEntry(entry) { this.time = entry.time; this.target = entry.target; this.rootBounds = ensureDOMRect(entry.rootBounds); this.boundingClientRect = ensureDOMRect(entry.boundingClientRect); this.intersectionRect = ensureDOMRect(entry.intersectionRect || getEmptyRect()); this.isIntersecting = !!entry.intersectionRect; // Calculates the intersection ratio. var targetRect = this.boundingClientRect; var targetArea = targetRect.width * targetRect.height; var intersectionRect = this.intersectionRect; var intersectionArea = intersectionRect.width * intersectionRect.height; // Sets intersection ratio. if (targetArea) { // Round the intersection ratio to avoid floating point math issues: // https://github.com/w3c/IntersectionObserver/issues/324 this.intersectionRatio = Number((intersectionArea / targetArea).toFixed(4)); } else { // If area is zero and is intersecting, sets to 1, otherwise to 0 this.intersectionRatio = this.isIntersecting ? 1 : 0; } } /** * Creates the global IntersectionObserver constructor. * https://w3c.github.io/IntersectionObserver/#intersection-observer-interface * @param {Function} callback The function to be invoked after intersection * changes have queued. The function is not invoked if the queue has * been emptied by calling the `takeRecords` method. * @param {Object=} opt_options Optional configuration options. * @constructor */ function IntersectionObserver(callback, opt_options) { var options = opt_options || {}; if (typeof callback != 'function') { throw new Error('callback must be a function'); } if ( options.root && options.root.nodeType != 1 && options.root.nodeType != 9 ) { throw new Error('root must be a Document or Element'); } // Binds and throttles `this._checkForIntersections`. this._checkForIntersections = throttle( this._checkForIntersections.bind(this), this.THROTTLE_TIMEOUT); // Private properties. this._callback = callback; this._observationTargets = []; this._queuedEntries = []; this._rootMarginValues = this._parseRootMargin(options.rootMargin); // Public properties. this.thresholds = this._initThresholds(options.threshold); this.root = options.root || null; this.rootMargin = this._rootMarginValues.map(function(margin) { return margin.value + margin.unit; }).join(' '); /** @private @const {!Array<!Document>} */ this._monitoringDocuments = []; /** @private @const {!Array<function()>} */ this._monitoringUnsubscribes = []; } /** * The minimum interval within which the document will be checked for * intersection changes. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.THROTTLE_TIMEOUT = 100; /** * The frequency in which the polyfill polls for intersection changes. * this can be updated on a per instance basis and must be set prior to * calling `observe` on the first target. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.POLL_INTERVAL = null; /** * Use a mutation observer on the root element * to detect intersection changes. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.USE_MUTATION_OBSERVER = true; /** * Sets up the polyfill in the cross-origin mode. The result is the * updater function that accepts two arguments: `boundingClientRect` and * `intersectionRect` - just as these fields would be available to the * parent via `IntersectionObserverEntry`. This function should be called * each time the iframe receives intersection information from the parent * window, e.g. via messaging. * @return {function(DOMRect|ClientRect, DOMRect|ClientRect)} */ IntersectionObserver._setupCrossOriginUpdater = function() { if (!crossOriginUpdater) { /** * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} boundingClientRect * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} intersectionRect */ crossOriginUpdater = function(boundingClientRect, intersectionRect) { if (!boundingClientRect || !intersectionRect) { crossOriginRect = getEmptyRect(); } else { crossOriginRect = convertFromParentRect(boundingClientRect, intersectionRect); } registry.forEach(function(observer) { observer._checkForIntersections(); }); }; } return crossOriginUpdater; }; /** * Resets the cross-origin mode. */ IntersectionObserver._resetCrossOriginUpdater = function() { crossOriginUpdater = null; crossOriginRect = null; }; /** * Starts observing a target element for intersection changes based on * the thresholds values. * @param {Element} target The DOM element to observe. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.observe = function(target) { var isTargetAlreadyObserved = this._observationTargets.some(function(item) { return item.element == target; }); if (isTargetAlreadyObserved) { return; } if (!(target && target.nodeType == 1)) { throw new Error('target must be an Element'); } this._registerInstance(); this._observationTargets.push({element: target, entry: null}); this._monitorIntersections(target.ownerDocument); this._checkForIntersections(); }; /** * Stops observing a target element for intersection changes. * @param {Element} target The DOM element to observe. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.unobserve = function(target) { this._observationTargets = this._observationTargets.filter(function(item) { return item.element != target; }); this._unmonitorIntersections(target.ownerDocument); if (this._observationTargets.length == 0) { this._unregisterInstance(); } }; /** * Stops observing all target elements for intersection changes. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.disconnect = function() { this._observationTargets = []; this._unmonitorAllIntersections(); this._unregisterInstance(); }; /** * Returns any queue entries that have not yet been reported to the * callback and clears the queue. This can be used in conjunction with the * callback to obtain the absolute most up-to-date intersection information. * @return {Array} The currently queued entries. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.takeRecords = function() { var records = this._queuedEntries.slice(); this._queuedEntries = []; return records; }; /** * Accepts the threshold value from the user configuration object and * returns a sorted array of unique threshold values. If a value is not * between 0 and 1 and error is thrown. * @private * @param {Array|number=} opt_threshold An optional threshold value or * a list of threshold values, defaulting to [0]. * @return {Array} A sorted list of unique and valid threshold values. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._initThresholds = function(opt_threshold) { var threshold = opt_threshold || [0]; if (!Array.isArray(threshold)) threshold = [threshold]; return threshold.sort().filter(function(t, i, a) { if (typeof t != 'number' || isNaN(t) || t < 0 || t > 1) { throw new Error('threshold must be a number between 0 and 1 inclusively'); } return t !== a[i - 1]; }); }; /** * Accepts the rootMargin value from the user configuration object * and returns an array of the four margin values as an object containing * the value and unit properties. If any of the values are not properly * formatted or use a unit other than px or %, and error is thrown. * @private * @param {string=} opt_rootMargin An optional rootMargin value, * defaulting to '0px'. * @return {Array<Object>} An array of margin objects with the keys * value and unit. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._parseRootMargin = function(opt_rootMargin) { var marginString = opt_rootMargin || '0px'; var margins = marginString.split(/\s+/).map(function(margin) { var parts = /^(-?\d*\.?\d+)(px|%)$/.exec(margin); if (!parts) { throw new Error('rootMargin must be specified in pixels or percent'); } return {value: parseFloat(parts[1]), unit: parts[2]}; }); // Handles shorthand. margins[1] = margins[1] || margins[0]; margins[2] = margins[2] || margins[0]; margins[3] = margins[3] || margins[1]; return margins; }; /** * Starts polling for intersection changes if the polling is not already * happening, and if the page's visibility state is visible. * @param {!Document} doc * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._monitorIntersections = function(doc) { var win = doc.defaultView; if (!win) { // Already destroyed. return; } if (this._monitoringDocuments.indexOf(doc) != -1) { // Already monitoring. return; } // Private state for monitoring. var callback = this._checkForIntersections; var monitoringInterval = null; var domObserver = null; // If a poll interval is set, use polling instead of listening to // resize and scroll events or DOM mutations. if (this.POLL_INTERVAL) { monitoringInterval = win.setInterval(callback, this.POLL_INTERVAL); } else { addEvent(win, 'resize', callback, true); addEvent(doc, 'scroll', callback, true); if (this.USE_MUTATION_OBSERVER && 'MutationObserver' in win) { domObserver = new win.MutationObserver(callback); domObserver.observe(doc, { attributes: true, childList: true, characterData: true, subtree: true }); } } this._monitoringDocuments.push(doc); this._monitoringUnsubscribes.push(function() { // Get the window object again. When a friendly iframe is destroyed, it // will be null. var win = doc.defaultView; if (win) { if (monitoringInterval) { win.clearInterval(monitoringInterval); } removeEvent(win, 'resize', callback, true); } removeEvent(doc, 'scroll', callback, true); if (domObserver) { domObserver.disconnect(); } }); // Also monitor the parent. var rootDoc = (this.root && (this.root.ownerDocument || this.root)) || document; if (doc != rootDoc) { var frame = getFrameElement(doc); if (frame) { this._monitorIntersections(frame.ownerDocument); } } }; /** * Stops polling for intersection changes. * @param {!Document} doc * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._unmonitorIntersections = function(doc) { var index = this._monitoringDocuments.indexOf(doc); if (index == -1) { return; } var rootDoc = (this.root && (this.root.ownerDocument || this.root)) || document; // Check if any dependent targets are still remaining. var hasDependentTargets = this._observationTargets.some(function(item) { var itemDoc = item.element.ownerDocument; // Target is in this context. if (itemDoc == doc) { return true; } // Target is nested in this context. while (itemDoc && itemDoc != rootDoc) { var frame = getFrameElement(itemDoc); itemDoc = frame && frame.ownerDocument; if (itemDoc == doc) { return true; } } return false; }); if (hasDependentTargets) { return; } // Unsubscribe. var unsubscribe = this._monitoringUnsubscribes[index]; this._monitoringDocuments.splice(index, 1); this._monitoringUnsubscribes.splice(index, 1); unsubscribe(); // Also unmonitor the parent. if (doc != rootDoc) { var frame = getFrameElement(doc); if (frame) { this._unmonitorIntersections(frame.ownerDocument); } } }; /** * Stops polling for intersection changes. * @param {!Document} doc * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._unmonitorAllIntersections = function() { var unsubscribes = this._monitoringUnsubscribes.slice(0); this._monitoringDocuments.length = 0; this._monitoringUnsubscribes.length = 0; for (var i = 0; i < unsubscribes.length; i++) { unsubscribes[i](); } }; /** * Scans each observation target for intersection changes and adds them * to the internal entries queue. If new entries are found, it * schedules the callback to be invoked. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._checkForIntersections = function() { if (!this.root && crossOriginUpdater && !crossOriginRect) { // Cross origin monitoring, but no initial data available yet. return; } var rootIsInDom = this._rootIsInDom(); var rootRect = rootIsInDom ? this._getRootRect() : getEmptyRect(); this._observationTargets.forEach(function(item) { var target = item.element; var targetRect = getBoundingClientRect(target); var rootContainsTarget = this._rootContainsTarget(target); var oldEntry = item.entry; var intersectionRect = rootIsInDom && rootContainsTarget && this._computeTargetAndRootIntersection(target, targetRect, rootRect); var rootBounds = null; if (!this._rootContainsTarget(target)) { rootBounds = getEmptyRect(); } else if (!crossOriginUpdater || this.root) { rootBounds = rootRect; } var newEntry = item.entry = new IntersectionObserverEntry({ time: now(), target: target, boundingClientRect: targetRect, rootBounds: rootBounds, intersectionRect: intersectionRect }); if (!oldEntry) { this._queuedEntries.push(newEntry); } else if (rootIsInDom && rootContainsTarget) { // If the new entry intersection ratio has crossed any of the // thresholds, add a new entry. if (this._hasCrossedThreshold(oldEntry, newEntry)) { this._queuedEntries.push(newEntry); } } else { // If the root is not in the DOM or target is not contained within // root but the previous entry for this target had an intersection, // add a new record indicating removal. if (oldEntry && oldEntry.isIntersecting) { this._queuedEntries.push(newEntry); } } }, this); if (this._queuedEntries.length) { this._callback(this.takeRecords(), this); } }; /** * Accepts a target and root rect computes the intersection between then * following the algorithm in the spec. * TODO(philipwalton): at this time clip-path is not considered. * https://w3c.github.io/IntersectionObserver/#calculate-intersection-rect-algo * @param {Element} target The target DOM element * @param {Object} targetRect The bounding rect of the target. * @param {Object} rootRect The bounding rect of the root after being * expanded by the rootMargin value. * @return {?Object} The final intersection rect object or undefined if no * intersection is found. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._computeTargetAndRootIntersection = function(target, targetRect, rootRect) { // If the element isn't displayed, an intersection can't happen. if (window.getComputedStyle(target).display == 'none') return; var intersectionRect = targetRect; var parent = getParentNode(target); var atRoot = false; while (!atRoot && parent) { var parentRect = null; var parentComputedStyle = parent.nodeType == 1 ? window.getComputedStyle(parent) : {}; // If the parent isn't displayed, an intersection can't happen. if (parentComputedStyle.display == 'none') return null; if (parent == this.root || parent.nodeType == /* DOCUMENT */ 9) { atRoot = true; if (parent == this.root || parent == document) { if (crossOriginUpdater && !this.root) { if (!crossOriginRect || crossOriginRect.width == 0 && crossOriginRect.height == 0) { // A 0-size cross-origin intersection means no-intersection. parent = null; parentRect = null; intersectionRect = null; } else { parentRect = crossOriginRect; } } else { parentRect = rootRect; } } else { // Check if there's a frame that can be navigated to. var frame = getParentNode(parent); var frameRect = frame && getBoundingClientRect(frame); var frameIntersect = frame && this._computeTargetAndRootIntersection(frame, frameRect, rootRect); if (frameRect && frameIntersect) { parent = frame; parentRect = convertFromParentRect(frameRect, frameIntersect); } else { parent = null; intersectionRect = null; } } } else { // If the element has a non-visible overflow, and it's not the <body> // or <html> element, update the intersection rect. // Note: <body> and <html> cannot be clipped to a rect that's not also // the document rect, so no need to compute a new intersection. var doc = parent.ownerDocument; if (parent != doc.body && parent != doc.documentElement && parentComputedStyle.overflow != 'visible') { parentRect = getBoundingClientRect(parent); } } // If either of the above conditionals set a new parentRect, // calculate new intersection data. if (parentRect) { intersectionRect = computeRectIntersection(parentRect, intersectionRect); } if (!intersectionRect) break; parent = parent && getParentNode(parent); } return intersectionRect; }; /** * Returns the root rect after being expanded by the rootMargin value. * @return {ClientRect} The expanded root rect. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._getRootRect = function() { var rootRect; if (this.root && !isDoc(this.root)) { rootRect = getBoundingClientRect(this.root); } else { // Use <html>/<body> instead of window since scroll bars affect size. var doc = isDoc(this.root) ? this.root : document; var html = doc.documentElement; var body = doc.body; rootRect = { top: 0, left: 0, right: html.clientWidth || body.clientWidth, width: html.clientWidth || body.clientWidth, bottom: html.clientHeight || body.clientHeight, height: html.clientHeight || body.clientHeight }; } return this._expandRectByRootMargin(rootRect); }; /** * Accepts a rect and expands it by the rootMargin value. * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} rect The rect object to expand. * @return {ClientRect} The expanded rect. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._expandRectByRootMargin = function(rect) { var margins = this._rootMarginValues.map(function(margin, i) { return margin.unit == 'px' ? margin.value : margin.value * (i % 2 ? rect.width : rect.height) / 100; }); var newRect = { top: rect.top - margins[0], right: rect.right + margins[1], bottom: rect.bottom + margins[2], left: rect.left - margins[3] }; newRect.width = newRect.right - newRect.left; newRect.height = newRect.bottom - newRect.top; return newRect; }; /** * Accepts an old and new entry and returns true if at least one of the * threshold values has been crossed. * @param {?IntersectionObserverEntry} oldEntry The previous entry for a * particular target element or null if no previous entry exists. * @param {IntersectionObserverEntry} newEntry The current entry for a * particular target element. * @return {boolean} Returns true if a any threshold has been crossed. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._hasCrossedThreshold = function(oldEntry, newEntry) { // To make comparing easier, an entry that has a ratio of 0 // but does not actually intersect is given a value of -1 var oldRatio = oldEntry && oldEntry.isIntersecting ? oldEntry.intersectionRatio || 0 : -1; var newRatio = newEntry.isIntersecting ? newEntry.intersectionRatio || 0 : -1; // Ignore unchanged ratios if (oldRatio === newRatio) return; for (var i = 0; i < this.thresholds.length; i++) { var threshold = this.thresholds[i]; // Return true if an entry matches a threshold or if the new ratio // and the old ratio are on the opposite sides of a threshold. if (threshold == oldRatio || threshold == newRatio || threshold < oldRatio !== threshold < newRatio) { return true; } } }; /** * Returns whether or not the root element is an element and is in the DOM. * @return {boolean} True if the root element is an element and is in the DOM. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._rootIsInDom = function() { return !this.root || containsDeep(document, this.root); }; /** * Returns whether or not the target element is a child of root. * @param {Element} target The target element to check. * @return {boolean} True if the target element is a child of root. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._rootContainsTarget = function(target) { var rootDoc = (this.root && (this.root.ownerDocument || this.root)) || document; return ( containsDeep(rootDoc, target) && (!this.root || rootDoc == target.ownerDocument) ); }; /** * Adds the instance to the global IntersectionObserver registry if it isn't * already present. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._registerInstance = function() { if (registry.indexOf(this) < 0) { registry.push(this); } }; /** * Removes the instance from the global IntersectionObserver registry. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._unregisterInstance = function() { var index = registry.indexOf(this); if (index != -1) registry.splice(index, 1); }; /** * Returns the result of the performance.now() method or null in browsers * that don't support the API. * @return {number} The elapsed time since the page was requested. */ function now() { return window.performance && performance.now && performance.now(); } /** * Throttles a function and delays its execution, so it's only called at most * once within a given time period. * @param {Function} fn The function to throttle. * @param {number} timeout The amount of time that must pass before the * function can be called again. * @return {Function} The throttled function. */ function throttle(fn, timeout) { var timer = null; return function () { if (!timer) { timer = setTimeout(function() { fn(); timer = null; }, timeout); } }; } /** * Adds an event handler to a DOM node ensuring cross-browser compatibility. * @param {Node} node The DOM node to add the event handler to. * @param {string} event The event name. * @param {Function} fn The event handler to add. * @param {boolean} opt_useCapture Optionally adds the even to the capture * phase. Note: this only works in modern browsers. */ function addEvent(node, event, fn, opt_useCapture) { if (typeof node.addEventListener == 'function') { node.addEventListener(event, fn, opt_useCapture || false); } else if (typeof node.attachEvent == 'function') { node.attachEvent('on' + event, fn); } } /** * Removes a previously added event handler from a DOM node. * @param {Node} node The DOM node to remove the event handler from. * @param {string} event The event name. * @param {Function} fn The event handler to remove. * @param {boolean} opt_useCapture If the event handler was added with this * flag set to true, it should be set to true here in order to remove it. */ function removeEvent(node, event, fn, opt_useCapture) { if (typeof node.removeEventListener == 'function') { node.removeEventListener(event, fn, opt_useCapture || false); } else if (typeof node.detatchEvent == 'function') { node.detatchEvent('on' + event, fn); } } /** * Returns the intersection between two rect objects. * @param {Object} rect1 The first rect. * @param {Object} rect2 The second rect. * @return {?Object|?ClientRect} The intersection rect or undefined if no * intersection is found. */ function computeRectIntersection(rect1, rect2) { var top = Math.max(rect1.top, rect2.top); var bottom = Math.min(rect1.bottom, rect2.bottom); var left = Math.max(rect1.left, rect2.left); var right = Math.min(rect1.right, rect2.right); var width = right - left; var height = bottom - top; return (width >= 0 && height >= 0) && { top: top, bottom: bottom, left: left, right: right, width: width, height: height } || null; } /** * Shims the native getBoundingClientRect for compatibility with older IE. * @param {Element} el The element whose bounding rect to get. * @return {DOMRect|ClientRect} The (possibly shimmed) rect of the element. */ function getBoundingClientRect(el) { var rect; try { rect = el.getBoundingClientRect(); } catch (err) { // Ignore Windows 7 IE11 "Unspecified error" // https://github.com/w3c/IntersectionObserver/pull/205 } if (!rect) return getEmptyRect(); // Older IE if (!(rect.width && rect.height)) { rect = { top: rect.top, right: rect.right, bottom: rect.bottom, left: rect.left, width: rect.right - rect.left, height: rect.bottom - rect.top }; } return rect; } /** * Returns an empty rect object. An empty rect is returned when an element * is not in the DOM. * @return {ClientRect} The empty rect. */ function getEmptyRect() { return { top: 0, bottom: 0, left: 0, right: 0, width: 0, height: 0 }; } /** * Ensure that the result has all of the necessary fields of the DOMRect. * Specifically this ensures that `x` and `y` fields are set. * * @param {?DOMRect|?ClientRect} rect * @return {?DOMRect} */ function ensureDOMRect(rect) { // A `DOMRect` object has `x` and `y` fields. if (!rect || 'x' in rect) { return rect; } // A IE's `ClientRect` type does not have `x` and `y`. The same is the case // for internally calculated Rect objects. For the purposes of // `IntersectionObserver`, it's sufficient to simply mirror `left` and `top` // for these fields. return { top: rect.top, y: rect.top, bottom: rect.bottom, left: rect.left, x: rect.left, right: rect.right, width: rect.width, height: rect.height }; } /** * Inverts the intersection and bounding rect from the parent (frame) BCR to * the local BCR space. * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} parentBoundingRect The parent's bound client rect. * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} parentIntersectionRect The parent's own intersection rect. * @return {ClientRect} The local root bounding rect for the parent's children. */ function convertFromParentRect(parentBoundingRect, parentIntersectionRect) { var top = parentIntersectionRect.top - parentBoundingRect.top; var left = parentIntersectionRect.left - parentBoundingRect.left; return { top: top, left: left, height: parentIntersectionRect.height, width: parentIntersectionRect.width, bottom: top + parentIntersectionRect.height, right: left + 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class="kBoxContent"><ul><li><span>à</span></li><li><span>á</span></li><li><span>â</span></li><li><span>ä</span></li><li><span>ã</span></li><li><span>ă</span></li><li><span>ā</span></li><li><span>ç</span></li><li><span>č</span></li><li><span>è</span></li><li><span>é</span></li><li><span>ê</span></li><li><span>ë</span></li><li><span>ē</span></li><li><span>ģ</span></li><li><span>ì</span></li><li><span>í</span></li><li><span>î</span></li><li><span>ï</span></li><li><span>ī</span></li><li><span>ķ</span></li><li><span>ļ</span></li><li><span>ñ</span></li><li><span>ň</span></li><li><span>ņ</span></li><li><span>ò</span></li><li><span>ó</span></li><li><span>ô</span></li><li><span>ö</span></li><li><span>õ</span></li><li><span>ş</span></li><li><span>š</span></li><li><span>ţ</span></li><li><span>ù</span></li><li><span>ú</span></li><li><span>û</span></li><li><span>ü</span></li><li><span>ū</span></li><li><span>ý</span></li><li><span>ž</span></li><li><span>æ</span></li><li><span>œ</span></li><li><span>ß</span></li></ul><i 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synonyms for wake</a><p class="associatedTranslation">Translate <a href="/web/20211102074709/https://www.lexico.com/en-es/translate/wake">wake</a> into Spanish</p></header></div><section class="gramb"><h3 class="ps pos"><span class="pos">verb</span><span class="pos-inflections"><span class="inflection-text"><span><span class="inflection-note">past tense </span>woke<span class="phoneticspelling">/wōk/</span> <span class="inflection-note">, </span></span></span><span class="inflection-text"><span><span class="inflection-note">past tense </span>waked<span class="inflection-note">, </span></span></span><span class="inflection-text"><span><span class="inflection-note">past participle </span>woken<span class="phoneticspelling">/ˈwōkən/</span> <span class="phoneticspelling">/ˈwoʊkən/</span> <a class="speaker" onclick="this.firstElementChild.play();"><audio src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102074709im_/https://lex-audio.useremarkable.com/mp3/woken__us_1.mp3" preload="none"></audio></a><span class="inflection-note"></span></span></span></span></h3><span class="transitivity"></span><ul class="semb"><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">1</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["emerge","or","cause","to","emerge","from","a","state","of","sleep","stop","sleeping"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-us">Emerge or cause to emerge from a state of sleep; stop sleeping.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span><div class="exg"><div class="ex"><span class="grammatical_note">no object</span> <em><span class=" one-click-content" data-no-definition="["lsquoshe","woke","up","feeling","betterrsquo"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-us">‘she woke up feeling better’</span></em></div></div><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘I wake him gently’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘I woke up on Tuesday morning after a few hours fitful sleep and went back to the hospital.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Debbie was still asleep so I decided to try and go back to sleep until she woke up.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘A little voice in her head woke her up this is not how you're going to start the New Year is it?’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘He wakes his comrade, who stirs and stolidly puts on his boots, army shirt, cap, gun.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘When I woke up an hour later the rain had stopped, it was a glorious sunny day and mist was rising off the lake.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘By Wednesday morning most of the region woke up to Christmas card scenes with several inches of snow.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘I woke up my two children who were sleeping at the time and went outside.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The single mum-of-three never knows if she will wake up to yet more damage and destruction on her doorstep.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘It's one of the two puzzling questions that I woke up to this morning.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Jenny was afraid that Adam's raised voice would wake the children.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘It is one night of tenderness with his dream girl Goldie that largely fuels the story, especially when he wakes the following morning to find her dead.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Neighbours woken by her screams tried to save the girls, but were driven back by the intense heat.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Wednesday morning, I woke up at 4am with a knot in my stomach.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘I wake up at 5am and lie there, pretending I am going to go back to sleep.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘One of the most famous ghost sightings was by a six-year-old girl woken by scratching noises.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘She wakes from a coma a few days later to learn the awful truth.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Many students attend classes in split shifts, which forces them to wake at dawn.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Georgia rolled over, waking slowly from a nice dream.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘I woke at dawn to the sun winking through the window of my room.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘I got woken at 5am by the window rattling.’</em></li></ul></div></div><div class="synonyms"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event-synonyms" data-value="expand/collapse">Synonyms</button></div><div class="exg"><div><strong class="syn">awake</strong><span class="syn">, awaken, waken, waken up, rouse, stir, come to, come around</span></div><div><strong class="syn">waken</strong><span class="syn">, rouse, arouse, bring to, bring around</span></div><a data-behaviour="ga-event-synonyms" data-value="view synonyms" href="/web/20211102074709/https://www.lexico.com/synonyms/wake">View synonyms</a></div></div><ol class="subSenses"><li class="subSense"><span class="subsenseIteration">1.1</span><span class="form-groups"><strong>wake up to</strong></span><span class="grammatical_note">no object</span> <span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["become","alert","to","or","aware","of"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-us">Become alert to or aware of.</span><div class="trg"></div><div class="exg"><div class="ex"><em><span class=" one-click-content" data-no-definition="["lsquohe","needs","to","wake","up","to","realityrsquo"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-us">‘he needs to wake up to reality’</span></em></div></div><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘I also hope now more than I ever did during my life that people wake up to what a barbaric punishment this is.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘And the thing is, just occasionally, you wake up to how bizarre your own life is.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘South Africans are waking up to the reality of child rape and sexual abuse.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The Celtic Tiger boom has levelled off and we have to wake up to that reality, he added.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The dirty deal was done before anyone at the Hungarian FA woke up to what was going on.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘People are waking up finally to the reality that the game has changed.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘So, instead of going around with our eyes shut hoping the problem will go away why don't we all wake up to what's going on around us.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘It is time for British politics - the labour movement above all - to wake up to what is being done in our name.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Dare we keep our fingers crossed that people are waking up to what a hollow man he is?’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘He said that by the time people woke up to what was being planned the time for consultation had passed.’</em></li></ul></div></div><div class="synonyms"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event-synonyms" data-value="expand/collapse">Synonyms</button></div><div class="exg"><div><strong class="syn">realize</strong><span class="syn">, become aware of, become conscious of, become mindful of, become heedful of, become alert to</span></div><a data-behaviour="ga-event-synonyms" data-value="view synonyms" href="/web/20211102074709/https://www.lexico.com/synonyms/wake">View synonyms</a></div></div></li><li class="subSense"><span class="subsenseIteration">1.2</span><span class="grammatical_note">with object</span> <span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["cause","something","to","stir","or","come","to","life"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-us">Cause (something) to stir or come to life.</span><div class="trg"></div><div class="exg"><div class="ex"><em><span class=" one-click-content" data-no-definition="["lsquoit","wakes","desire","in","othersrsquo"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-us">‘it wakes desire in others’</span></em></div></div><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘Honestly, these things are probably loud enough to wake the dead.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘One by one as we scurried them towards the tow-line and began to lever them into harness, they raised their muzzles and let out a yowl to wake the dead.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘My snores were, by all accounts, loud enough to wake the dead.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘These things woke memories of my past experiences.’</em></li></ul></div></div><div class="synonyms"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event-synonyms" data-value="expand/collapse">Synonyms</button></div><div class="exg"><div><strong class="syn">evoke</strong><span class="syn">, call up, conjure up, rouse, stir, revive, awaken, refresh, renew, resuscitate, revivify, rekindle, reignite, rejuvenate, stimulate</span></div><a data-behaviour="ga-event-synonyms" data-value="view synonyms" href="/web/20211102074709/https://www.lexico.com/synonyms/wake">View synonyms</a></div></div></li></ol></div></li><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">2</span><span class="sense-regions">Irish, North American </span><span class="sense-registers"> dialect </span><span class="grammatical_note">with object</span> <span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["hold","a","vigil","beside","someone","who","has","died"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-us">Hold a vigil beside (someone who has died)</span></p><span class="indicators"></span><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘we waked Jim last night’</em></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul><section class="morphUnitPronunciation"><h3><strong>Pronunciation</strong><a title="Key to pronunciations" class="ipaLink" href="/web/20211102074709/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/key-to-pronunciation"></a></h3><div class="pron"><h2><strong>wake</strong></h2><span class="phoneticspelling">/wāk/</span> <span class="phoneticspelling">/weɪk/</span> <a class="speaker" onclick="this.firstElementChild.play();"><audio src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102074709im_/https://lex-audio.useremarkable.com/mp3/wake__us_1.mp3" preload="none"></audio></a></div></section></section><section class="gramb"><h3 class="ps pos"><span class="pos">noun</span></h3><span class="transitivity"></span><ul class="semb"><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">1</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["a","watch","or","vigil","held","beside","the","body","of","someone","who","has","died","sometimes","accompanied","by","ritual","observances","including","eating","and","drinking"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-us">A watch or vigil held beside the body of someone who has died, sometimes accompanied by ritual observances including eating and drinking.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span><div class="exg"><div class="ex"><em><span class=" one-click-content" data-no-definition="["lsquohe","was","attending","a","friends","wakersquo"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-us">‘he was attending a friend's wake’</span></em></div></div><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘Bodies in the United States are usually kept in the funeral homes till the wake is done.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Any breach of the rule was to result in a withdrawal by the clergy of their services at the wake and funeral.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘A death in the Creole community is observed with an evening wake in the family's home.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘First, a wake was held at a funeral home in Sherman Oaks, with his body on display in an open casket.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The most important Catholic rituals are baptism and the wake, followed by a funeral mass.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘When my mother died, the young pastor at St. Paul's wouldn't lead a rosary at the wake.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘A testament to the high respect in which he was held was seen in the large attendance at his wake, removal and burial.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘For instance, Catholics hold funeral wakes on the first and eighth nights after a person's death.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Indeed, even the pitch invasion at the final whistle seemed more like a wake than a party and soon evaporated into memory.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘After announcement of a death, a wake is held for friends and family.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘After the wake, a morning funeral was held, complete with a mass in church, and then the body was taken to the cemetery for burial.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Still, one could say that all wakes are formulaic, rituals being a most popular and apparently effective means to deal with death.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘You play cards or mahjong and drink beer at funeral wakes.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘I have to go to a wake tonight and a funeral tomorrow.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘These require the isolation of the corpse, prohibit the holding of wakes over the body, and permit doctors to prevent the removal of a body from hospital.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘He could cry at Christenings, weddings, Bar Mitzvahs, wakes.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Funerals and all-night wakes, called ‘sit-ups,’ are important social occasions.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘But the undertaker, by some misunderstanding, took the man's remains to the house of the woman's friends, where a wake was held.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Anger mounted throughout the next day, as residents, family friends and young people placed wreaths and cards on the tree and conducted a midday wake and vigil at the site.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘This we use in times of sadness and happiness, for wakes and weddings.’</em></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">2</span><span class="form-groups"><strong>wakes</strong></span><span class="grammatical_note">treated as singular</span> <span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["in","some","parts","of","the","uk","a","festival","and","holiday","held","annually","in","a","rural","parish","originally","on","the","feast","day","of","the","patron","saint","of","the","church"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-us">(in some parts of the UK) a festival and holiday held annually in a rural parish, originally on the feast day of the patron saint of the church.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span><div class="exg"><div class="ex"><em><span class=" one-click-content" data-no-definition="["lsquohis","workers","absented","themselves","for","the","local","wakesrsquo"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-us">‘his workers absented themselves for the local wakes’</span></em></div></div><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘wakes weeks’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Statutory Bank Holidays belong to the same tradition as the old northern wakes weeks.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘For that to work in Lancashire, all schools would need to take the same holidays - meaning an end to the wakes weeks holidays in Burnley and Pendle.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Many parents said they would still have to take their children on holiday in wakes weeks.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The Glamorgan gentry patronized the boisterous village wakes, and even established new ones in communities which lacked them.’</em></li></ul></div></div><section class="etymology etym"><h3><strong>Origin</strong></h3><div class="senseInnerWrapper"><p>Probably from Old Norse vaka.</p></div></section></div></li></ul><section class="morphUnitPronunciation"><h3><strong>Pronunciation</strong><a title="Key to pronunciations" class="ipaLink" href="/web/20211102074709/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/key-to-pronunciation"></a></h3><div class="pron"><h2><strong>wake</strong></h2><span class="phoneticspelling">/wāk/</span> <span class="phoneticspelling">/weɪk/</span> <a class="speaker" onclick="this.firstElementChild.play();"><audio src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102074709im_/https://lex-audio.useremarkable.com/mp3/wake__us_1.mp3" preload="none"></audio></a></div></section></section><section class="etymology etym"><h3 class="phrases-title"><strong>Phrases</strong></h3><div class="senseInnerWrapper"><ul class="semb gramb"><strong class="phrase">wake up and smell the coffee</strong><br/><span class="sense-regions spanish_label">mainly North American </span><span class="sense-registers"> informal </span><ul class="semb"><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration"></span><span class="grammatical_note">usually in imperative</span> <span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["become","aware","of","the","realities","of","a","situation","however","unpleasant"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-us">Become aware of the realities of a situation, however unpleasant.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘keep an eye on your friends, who may be using you—wake up and smell the coffee!’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Some people may say 140 cases is 140 too many… well wake up and smell the coffee buddy boy… we do live in a real world after all!’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘When are the Republicans going to wake up and smell the coffee?’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘I tell these young motorcyclists that if they don't think what they're doing is inherently dangerous then they need to wake up and smell the coffee.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Please wake up and smell the coffee where technical education is concerned before it's too late.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘And if you think that's just because we all wanted to see a display of scintillating football from the England XI, wake up and smell the coffee.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘If your idea of accountancy is grey-suited men hunched over page of numbers, you'd better wake up and smell the coffee.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘At some point our Asian creditors will wake up and smell the coffee.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘With the latest outbreak of gun-related violence in Washington, maybe the mass of U.S. citizens will finally wake up and smell the coffee.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The Brazilian superstar has found playing time hard to come by at the San Siro, but perhaps his latest stunt will get coach Carlo Ancelotti to wake up and smell the coffee.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Many analysts believe investors are beginning to wake up and smell the coffee - revenues, cash flow and earnings count for something.’</em></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul></ul></div></section><section class="etymology etym"><h3><strong>Origin</strong></h3><div class="senseInnerWrapper"><p>Old English (recorded only in the past tense wōc), also partly from the weak verb wacian ‘remain awake, hold a vigil’, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch waken and German wachen; compare with <a href="/web/20211102074709/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/watch#m_en_gbus1142740">watch</a>.</p></div></section><div class="entryHead primary_homograph" id="h69952499455580"><div id="audio-hover-preload"></div><header><div class="homographs"> <h2>Main definitions of <em>wake</em> in English</h2>: <a data-behaviour="ga-event-homograph" data-value="Primary sense" href="#h69952499074400">wake<sup>1</sup></a><a data-behaviour="ga-event-homograph" data-value="Secondary sense" href="#h69952499455580">wake<sup>2</sup></a> </div><div 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data-value="LinkedIn"><i class="transition"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 32 32" viewbox="0 0 32 32" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill="#006799"><path d="m16.959 14.824v-.033c-.006.012-.015.023-.022.033h.022"/><path d="m16 0c-8.837 0-16 7.164-16 16 0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16 8.836 0 16-7.162 16-16 0-8.836-7.164-16-16-16m-4.367 23.646h-3.431v-10.316h3.431v10.316m-1.716-11.726h-.022c-1.151 0-1.895-.793-1.895-1.783 0-1.012.768-1.783 1.939-1.783 1.174 0 1.896.771 1.918 1.783 0 .99-.744 1.783-1.94 1.783m14.08 11.726h-3.43v-5.52c0-1.387-.496-2.333-1.738-2.333-.946 0-1.512.64-1.76 1.255-.091.221-.113.525-.113.836v5.762h-3.429c0 0 .044-9.349 0-10.316h3.429v1.461c.457-.705 1.271-1.703 3.092-1.703 2.256 0 3.949 1.473 3.949 4.642v5.916"/></g></svg></i></a></li> </ul></div> <h2 class="hwg"><span class="hw" data-headword-id="wake" id="m_en_gbus1138090">wake<sup>2</sup></span></h2><div class="hwg"></div><a data-behaviour="ga-event-synonyms" data-value="view synonyms" href="/web/20211102074709/https://www.lexico.com/synonyms/wake">See synonyms for wake</a><p class="associatedTranslation">Translate <a href="/web/20211102074709/https://www.lexico.com/en-es/translate/wake">wake</a> into Spanish</p></header></div><section class="gramb"><h3 class="ps pos"><span class="pos">noun</span></h3><span class="transitivity"></span><ul class="semb"><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">1</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["a","trail","of","disturbed","water","or","air","left","by","the","passage","of","a","ship","or","aircraft"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-us">A trail of disturbed water or air left by the passage of a ship or aircraft.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span><div class="exg"><div class="ex"><em><span class=" one-click-content" data-no-definition="["lsquothe","reason","given","for","this","crash","was","that","the","aircraft","flew","into","the","wake","of","another","aircraft","and","the","pilot","lost","control","of","itrsquo"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-us">‘The reason given for this crash was that the aircraft flew into the wake of another aircraft, and the pilot lost control of it.’</span></em></div></div><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘Whether it's cruising through a wake or throwing an anchor, according to him I do it all wrong.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The speedboat kicked up a huge wave of water in its wake.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘What effect does this asymmetrical function of the dorsal and ventral tail lobes have on patterns of water flow in the wake?’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘We picked up the first Mk-25 at a quarter-mile and then got a visual on the ship's wake.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Torpedoes powered by compressed air left a telltale wake in the water and gave a warning to a target.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘If you begin to see mud or floating grass blades in your wake, slow down and find deeper water.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Such shockwaves are a bit like the wake of a ship travelling across the ocean.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Even the ground over which a tank has driven shows where the track pressure has warmed it, like the wake of a ship.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Next morning the sea is oily smooth, broken only by the wake of passing ships.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘It notes that every aircraft generates a wake while in flight.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘She watches her father's departure by ship from a rowboat that is nearly swamped in the ship's wake.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Wake turbulence happens when we pass through the wake of another aircraft, similar to when a boat passes through the wake of another vessel.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘When we motor into the channel, however, I can't help noticing that the mooring buoy is trailing a foaming wake as the outgoing tide thunders past the boat.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Black water was seen in the ship's wake after the bombs exploded, proof the submarine was doomed.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘As we passed overhead, the glare of the moonlight on the water receded, and with our goggles, we could see a wake behind the ship.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Pilots can avoid wake turbulence by allowing greater distance behind the heavy aircraft and their own, or by delaying takeoff for a few minutes.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Franklin had noticed that the wake of one ship he saw was particularly smooth, and was told that the cooks had probably just discharged greasy water through the scuppers.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The pilot gets into a small bit of leftover wake turbulence, the rental aircraft wobbles just before touchdown and a wingtip catches the runway.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘All aircraft produce wake turbulence - spirals of air that trail from the wingtips that can be a particular hazard when smaller aircraft follow a larger plane.’</em></li></ul></div></div><div class="synonyms"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event-synonyms" data-value="expand/collapse">Synonyms</button></div><div class="exg"><div><strong class="syn">backwash</strong><span class="syn">, wash, slipstream, turbulence</span></div><a data-behaviour="ga-event-synonyms" data-value="view synonyms" href="/web/20211102074709/https://www.lexico.com/synonyms/wake">View synonyms</a></div></div><ol class="subSenses"><li class="subSense"><span class="subsenseIteration">1.1</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["used","to","refer","to","the","aftermath","or","consequences","of","something"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-us">Used to refer to the aftermath or consequences of something.</span><div class="trg"></div><div class="exg"><div class="ex"><em><span class=" one-click-content" data-no-definition="["lsquothe","committee","was","set","up","in","the","wake","of","the","inquiryrsquo"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-us">‘the committee was set up in the wake of the inquiry’</span></em></div></div><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘The film could also lift a tourist industry struggling in the wake of recent international events.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Media hysteria has followed in the wake of all new developments in youth culture.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Scottish education always trailed in the wake of conservative Westminster measures.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘It suffered huge losses in the wake of September 11 and its shares have nosedived.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘They are obviously capitalising on the generosity of the public in the wake of the tsunami disaster.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Higher interest rates may be on the horizon, but are not expected to arrive speedily in the wake of the Budget.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘But now the idea is being taken seriously in the wake of yet more deaths on our rail network.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Goodwin's stand-down came in the wake of an even more ferocious academic scandal.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Conditions on the moors are being monitored throughout the area in the wake of a number of moorland blazes.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Listening to these three albums in the wake of Smith's suicide casts a certain pall on their contents.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The reshuffle of top management came in the wake of its merger and as the group posted a solid set of first half results.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘She gave up acting for a year at the very point when she was on the brink of bigger things, in the wake of Almost Famous.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The news comes in the wake of two fatal road accidents in the Swindon area.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The idea was born from the damage done to the local tourist industry in the wake of the foot and mouth disease outbreak.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Within a couple of hours, however, they had changed their tune in the wake of negative feedback.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The incident comes in the wake of widespread calls to restrict the sale of fireworks to members of the public.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘After the pension scheme was revalued in the wake of the dotcom bubble, that surplus turned to a deficit.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The news comes in the wake of the club announcing its first new signing, goalkeeper Craig Dootson.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The series comes in the wake of Stephen Poliakoff's drama Friends And Crocodiles.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The review comes in the wake of two profit warnings from the group so far this year.’</em></li></ul></div></div><div class="synonyms"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event-synonyms" data-value="expand/collapse">Synonyms</button></div><div class="exg"><div><strong class="syn">aftermath</strong></div><a data-behaviour="ga-event-synonyms" data-value="view synonyms" href="/web/20211102074709/https://www.lexico.com/synonyms/wake">View synonyms</a></div></div></li></ol></div></li></ul><section class="morphUnitPronunciation"><h3><strong>Pronunciation</strong><a title="Key to pronunciations" class="ipaLink" href="/web/20211102074709/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/key-to-pronunciation"></a></h3><div class="pron"><h2><strong>wake</strong></h2><span class="phoneticspelling">/wāk/</span> <span class="phoneticspelling">/weɪk/</span> <a class="speaker" onclick="this.firstElementChild.play();"><audio src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102074709im_/https://lex-audio.useremarkable.com/mp3/wake__us_1.mp3" preload="none"></audio></a></div></section></section><section class="etymology etym"><h3><strong>Origin</strong></h3><div class="senseInnerWrapper"><p>Late 15th century (denoting a track made by a person or thing): probably via Middle Low German from Old Norse vǫk, vaka ‘hole or opening in ice’.</p></div></section></div></div></div><aside class="sideBanner"><div class="sideBannerWrap"><aside class="banner adUnit"><div id="lexi_serp_dkt_atf_160x600_1"></div><div id=""></div></aside></div></aside><aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar extend"><div class="sidebar-content"><aside class="banbox-mini ad-placeholder" id="top_right_rail"><div class="banner adUnit"><div 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