Implications of subclinical tuberculosis for vaccine trial design and global effect

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new collection</label> </li> <li> <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"> <label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="controls-wrapper"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label> <input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"> <div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Fxl2PcmgIeMFxg41zYWTZk38qDueFWBw5HFLIMpoxUaVIW0UexpByWgvStxVPxiK"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Fxl2PcmgIeMFxg41zYWTZk38qDueFWBw5HFLIMpoxUaVIW0UexpByWgvStxVPxiK"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Fxl2PcmgIeMFxg41zYWTZk38qDueFWBw5HFLIMpoxUaVIW0UexpByWgvStxVPxiK"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="Fxl2PcmgIeMFxg41zYWTZk38qDueFWBw5HFLIMpoxUaVIW0UexpByWgvStxVPxiK"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="38964359"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" 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required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button><button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" 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dropdown-block"><button id="full-view-journal-trigger" class="journal-actions-trigger trigger" ref="linksrc=journal_actions_btn" title="The Lancet. Microbe" tabindex="0" aria-controls="full-view-journal" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for journal The Lancet. Microbe" data-pinger-ignore> Lancet Microbe </button><div id="full-view-journal" class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal The Lancet. Microbe"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Lancet+Microbe%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Lancet+Microbe%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&journal_abbrev=Lancet Microbe" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Lancet Microbe"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Lancet+Microbe%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D" data-ga-category="search_catalog" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Lancet Microbe"> Search in NLM Catalog </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term='"Lancet Microbe"[jour]' data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Lancet Microbe"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2024 Oct;5(10):100895.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1016/S2666-5247(24)00127-7. </span> <span class="secondary-date"> Epub 2024 Jul 1. </span> </div> <h1 class="heading-title"> Implications of subclinical tuberculosis for vaccine trial design and global effect </h1> <div class="inline-authors"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Churchyard+GJ&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Gavin J Churchyard">Gavin J Churchyard</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Aurum Institute NPC, Houghton, Parktown, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Electronic address: gchurchyard@auruminstitute.org." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Houben+RMGJ&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Rein M G J Houben">Rein M G J Houben</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; TB Modelling Group, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Fielding+K&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Katherine Fielding">Katherine Fielding</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Fiore-Gartland+AL&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Andrew L Fiore-Gartland">Andrew L Fiore-Gartland</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Esmail+H&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Hanif Esmail">Hanif Esmail</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK; WHO Collaborating Centre for TB Research and Innovation, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK." href="#full-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 5 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Grant+AD&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Alison D Grant">Alison D Grant</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa." href="#full-view-affiliation-6" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 6 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Rangaka+MX&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Molebogeng X Rangaka">Molebogeng X Rangaka</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK; CIDRI-AFRICA, School of Public Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa." href="#full-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 7 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Behr+M&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Marcel Behr">Marcel Behr</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada." href="#full-view-affiliation-8" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 8 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Garcia-Basteiro+AL&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro">Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFECT), Barcelona, Spain." href="#full-view-affiliation-9" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 9 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Wong+EB&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Emily B Wong">Emily B Wong</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Division of Infectious Diseases, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-10" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 10 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Hatherill+M&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Mark Hatherill">Mark Hatherill</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa." href="#full-view-affiliation-11" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 11 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Mave+V&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Vidya Mave">Vidya Mave</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Byramjee-Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India." href="#full-view-affiliation-12" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 12 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Dagnew+AF&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Alemnew F Dagnew">Alemnew F Dagnew</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-13" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 13 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Schmidt+AC&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Alexander C Schmidt">Alexander C Schmidt</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-13" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 13 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Hanekom+WA&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Willem A Hanekom">Willem A Hanekom</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa." href="#full-view-affiliation-14" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 14 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Cobelens+F&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Frank Cobelens">Frank Cobelens</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Global Health and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands." href="#full-view-affiliation-15" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 15 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=White+RG&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Richard G White">Richard G White</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; TB Modelling Group, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="short-article-details"> Affiliations <button class="more-details" id="toggle-authors" data-alt-text="Collapse" aria-controls="expanded-authors" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore data-fetch-url="/38964359/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title"> Expand </span> </button> </div> <div class="extended-article-details" id="expanded-authors" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="expanded-authors" id="full-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-1" id="full-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Aurum Institute NPC, Houghton, Parktown, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Electronic address: gchurchyard@auruminstitute.org.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-2" id="full-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; TB Modelling Group, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-3" id="full-view-affiliation-3" ><sup class="key">3</sup> Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-4" id="full-view-affiliation-4" ><sup class="key">4</sup> University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-5" id="full-view-affiliation-5" ><sup class="key">5</sup> MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK; WHO Collaborating Centre for TB Research and Innovation, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-6" id="full-view-affiliation-6" ><sup class="key">6</sup> TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-7" id="full-view-affiliation-7" ><sup class="key">7</sup> MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK; CIDRI-AFRICA, School of Public Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-8" id="full-view-affiliation-8" ><sup class="key">8</sup> McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-9" id="full-view-affiliation-9" ><sup class="key">9</sup> ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFECT), Barcelona, Spain.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-10" id="full-view-affiliation-10" ><sup class="key">10</sup> Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Division of Infectious Diseases, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-11" id="full-view-affiliation-11" ><sup class="key">11</sup> South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-12" id="full-view-affiliation-12" ><sup class="key">12</sup> Byramjee-Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-13" id="full-view-affiliation-13" ><sup class="key">13</sup> Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-14" id="full-view-affiliation-14" ><sup class="key">14</sup> Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-15" id="full-view-affiliation-15" ><sup class="key">15</sup> Department of Global Health and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">38964359</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC11464400&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11464400/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC11464400 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1016/S2666-5247(24)00127-7&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s2666-5247(24)00127-7" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1016/S2666-5247(24)00127-7 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> <div class="short-view" id="short-view-heading"> <div class="publication-type" >Review</div> <h1 class="heading-title"> Implications of subclinical tuberculosis for vaccine trial design and global effect </h1> <div class="short-citation"> <span class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Gavin J Churchyard</span><span class="citation-separator"> et al.</span></span> </span> <span class="citation-journal"> Lancet Microbe<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <span class="citation-year">2024 Oct</span><span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> </div> <div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings"> <button class="more-article-details" id="toggle-article-details" data-alt-text="Hide details" ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details" aria-controls="full-article-details" aria-expanded="false" data-fetch-url="/38964359/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title">Show details</span> </button> <div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"> <button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"> <span class="button-label">Display options</span> </button> <div class="dropdown" hidden> <div class="title"> Display options </div> <div class="content"> <div class="format-container"> <span class="option-label"> Format </span> <select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="mobile-display-format"> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="pubmed">PubMed</option> <option value="pmid">PMID</option> </select> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extended-article-details" id="full-article-details" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="article-citation"> <div class="article-source"> <div class="journal-actions dropdown-block"><button id="short-view-journal-trigger" class="journal-actions-trigger trigger" ref="linksrc=journal_actions_btn" title="The Lancet. 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Microbe"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Lancet+Microbe%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Lancet+Microbe%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&journal_abbrev=Lancet Microbe" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Lancet Microbe"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Lancet+Microbe%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D" data-ga-category="search_catalog" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Lancet Microbe"> Search in NLM Catalog </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term='"Lancet Microbe"[jour]' data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Lancet Microbe"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2024 Oct;5(10):100895.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1016/S2666-5247(24)00127-7. </span> <span class="secondary-date"> Epub 2024 Jul 1. </span> </div> <div class="expanded-authors" id="short-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="authors"> <h3 class="title"> Authors </h3> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Churchyard+GJ&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Gavin J Churchyard">Gavin J Churchyard</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Aurum Institute NPC, Houghton, Parktown, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Electronic address: gchurchyard@auruminstitute.org." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Houben+RMGJ&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Rein M G J Houben">Rein M G J Houben</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; TB Modelling Group, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Fielding+K&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Katherine Fielding">Katherine Fielding</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Fiore-Gartland+AL&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Andrew L Fiore-Gartland">Andrew L Fiore-Gartland</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Esmail+H&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Hanif Esmail">Hanif Esmail</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK; WHO Collaborating Centre for TB Research and Innovation, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 5 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Grant+AD&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Alison D Grant">Alison D Grant</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa." href="#short-view-affiliation-6" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 6 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Rangaka+MX&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Molebogeng X Rangaka">Molebogeng X Rangaka</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK; CIDRI-AFRICA, School of Public Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa." href="#short-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 7 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Behr+M&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Marcel Behr">Marcel Behr</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada." href="#short-view-affiliation-8" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 8 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Garcia-Basteiro+AL&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro">Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFECT), Barcelona, Spain." href="#short-view-affiliation-9" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 9 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Wong+EB&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Emily B Wong">Emily B Wong</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Division of Infectious Diseases, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-10" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 10 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Hatherill+M&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Mark Hatherill">Mark Hatherill</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa." href="#short-view-affiliation-11" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 11 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Mave+V&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Vidya Mave">Vidya Mave</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Byramjee-Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India." href="#short-view-affiliation-12" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 12 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Dagnew+AF&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Alemnew F Dagnew">Alemnew F Dagnew</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-13" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 13 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Schmidt+AC&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Alexander C Schmidt">Alexander C Schmidt</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-13" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 13 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Hanekom+WA&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Willem A Hanekom">Willem A Hanekom</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa." href="#short-view-affiliation-14" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 14 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Cobelens+F&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Frank Cobelens">Frank Cobelens</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Global Health and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands." href="#short-view-affiliation-15" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 15 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=White+RG&cauthor_id=38964359" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Richard G White">Richard G White</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; TB Modelling Group, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Aurum Institute NPC, Houghton, Parktown, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Electronic address: gchurchyard@auruminstitute.org.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2" id="short-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; TB Modelling Group, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3" id="short-view-affiliation-3" ><sup class="key">3</sup> Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-4" id="short-view-affiliation-4" ><sup class="key">4</sup> University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-5" id="short-view-affiliation-5" ><sup class="key">5</sup> MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK; WHO Collaborating Centre for TB Research and Innovation, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-6" id="short-view-affiliation-6" ><sup class="key">6</sup> TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-7" id="short-view-affiliation-7" ><sup class="key">7</sup> MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK; CIDRI-AFRICA, School of Public Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-8" id="short-view-affiliation-8" ><sup class="key">8</sup> McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-9" id="short-view-affiliation-9" ><sup class="key">9</sup> ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFECT), Barcelona, Spain.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-10" id="short-view-affiliation-10" ><sup class="key">10</sup> Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Division of Infectious Diseases, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-11" id="short-view-affiliation-11" ><sup class="key">11</sup> South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-12" id="short-view-affiliation-12" ><sup class="key">12</sup> Byramjee-Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, India.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-13" id="short-view-affiliation-13" ><sup class="key">13</sup> Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-14" id="short-view-affiliation-14" ><sup class="key">14</sup> Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-15" id="short-view-affiliation-15" ><sup class="key">15</sup> Department of Global Health and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">38964359</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC11464400&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11464400/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC11464400 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1016/S2666-5247(24)00127-7&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s2666-5247(24)00127-7" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1016/S2666-5247(24)00127-7 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/38964359/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/38964359/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death from an infectious agent globally. Infectious subclinical tuberculosis accounts for almost half of all tuberculosis cases in national tuberculosis prevalence surveys, and possibly contributes to transmission and might be associated with morbidity. Modelling studies suggest that new tuberculosis vaccines could have substantial health and economic effects, partly based on the assumptions made regarding subclinical tuberculosis. Evaluating the efficacy of prevention of disease tuberculosis vaccines intended for preventing both clinical and subclinical tuberculosis is a priority. Incorporation of subclinical tuberculosis as a composite endpoint in tuberculosis vaccine trials can help to reduce the sample size and duration of follow-up and to evaluate the efficacy of tuberculosis vaccines in preventing clinical and subclinical tuberculosis. Several design options with various benefits, limitations, and ethical considerations are possible in this regard, which would allow for the generation of the evidence needed to estimate the positive global effects of tuberculosis vaccine trials, in addition to informing policy and vaccination strategies. </p> </div> </div> <p class="copyright" id="copyright"> Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved. </p> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" ga_category="literature_resources" ga_action="disclaimer_link" ga_label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest"> <h2 class="title"> Conflict of interest statement </h2> <div class="statement"> <p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">Declaration of interests The following authors declare grants to their respective institutions. GJC: Division of AIDS/NIH. ALF-G: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, US NIH for HIV Vaccine Trials Network Statistical Center. ALG-B: Barcelona Institute for Global Health tenure track associate research professorship. EBW: Burroughs Wellcome Fund, 1022002; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, INV-046520; NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, AI201700104 and AI147321. FC: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, EDCTP. HE: Canadian Institutes for Health Research, Tier 1 Canada Research Chair. VM: NIH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MH: NIH, EDCTP, Gates Medical Research Institute. RMGJH: European Research Council. RGW: Wellcome Trust (218261/Z/19/Z), NIH (1R01AI147321-01, G-202303-69963), EDCTP (RIA208D-2505B), UK Medical Research Council (CCF17-7779 Bloomsbury), Economic and Social Research Council (ES/P008011/1), Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-004737, INV-035506), WHO (2020/985800-0). ADG, WAH, MB, ACS, KF, AFD, and MXR declare no competing interests. The following authors declare royalties. ALG-B: Royalties for the patent Molecular differences between species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in November, 2020 and November, 2021. HE: Royalties to Stanford University for the patent Molecular differences between species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in November, 2020 and November, 2021.</p> </div> </div> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="figure-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5976/11464400/f6049c5b734e/gr1.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="706" data-image-height="483" data-image-alt="Figure 1" data-pmc-id="PMC11464400" data-figure-id="fig1"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5976/11464400/e7c0fb36375b/gr1.gif" alt="Figure 1" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="706"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="483"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Subclinical versus clinical tuberculosis after… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Subclinical versus clinical tuberculosis after infection Estimated relative prevalence. Numbers above the chart… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 1 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Subclinical versus clinical tuberculosis after infection Estimated relative prevalence. Numbers above the chart are the ratio of subclinical to clinical tuberculosis. Estimates from the cohort of infected individuals using <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> infection and tuberculosis disease model by Horton and colleagues.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="figure-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5976/11464400/8dfd9c2dd20b/gr2.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="763" data-image-height="377" data-image-alt="Figure 2" data-pmc-id="PMC11464400" data-figure-id="fig2"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/5976/11464400/4b96a31fb1c7/gr2.gif" alt="Figure 2" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="763"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="377"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Tuberculosis screening before enrolment, during,… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Tuberculosis screening before enrolment, during, and at the end of follow-up CXR=chest x-ray.… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 2 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Tuberculosis screening before enrolment, during, and at the end of follow-up CXR=chest x-ray. Xpert=GeneXpert Ultra. ∗Last study visit likely to occur 2–4 years after study entry, depending on how long it takes to complete study enrolment and assuming that the last participant enrolled has at least two years of follow up.</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap"> <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div> </div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)"> </button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)"> </button> <div class="pswp__caption"> <div class="pswp__caption__center"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-dialog-caption"> <div class="figure-caption-link-container"> <a class="figure-caption-link" href="#">See this image and copyright information in PMC</a> </div> <div class="figure-caption-center" data-expand-title="click to show full caption" data-collapse-title="click to hide full caption"> </div> <button class="figure-caption-toggle-btn" aria-label="show full caption" data-expand-text="show full caption" data-collapse-text="hide full caption">  </button> </div> </div> <div class="similar-articles" id="similar"> <h2 class="title"> Similar articles </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/32014117/" ref="article_id=32014117&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="32014117" data-ga-label=""> The status of tuberculosis vaccine development. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Schrager LK, Vekemens J, Drager N, Lewinsohn DM, Olesen OF.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Schrager LK, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Mar;20(3):e28-e37. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30625-5. 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href="/?term=%22Tuberculosis%2Fprevention+and+control%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Tuberculosis%2Fprevention+and+control%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Tuberculosis/prevention and control"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Tuberculosis* / prevention & control"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Tuberculosis" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Tuberculosis* / prevention & control"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Tuberculosis/prevention and control"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Tuberculosis/prevention and control"[MAJR]" href="#"> 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Implications of subclinical tuberculosis for vaccine trial design and global effect - PubMed