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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_initiative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Direct initiative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_initiative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indirect_initiative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indirect_initiative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Indirect initiative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indirect_initiative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agenda_setting_initiative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agenda_setting_initiative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Agenda setting initiative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agenda_setting_initiative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Uruguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.5</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.6</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.7</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.8</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.9</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Popular initiative</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="مبادرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مبادرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniciativa_popular" title="Iniciativa popular – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Iniciativa popular" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniciativa_legislativa_popular" title="Iniciativa legislativa popular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iniciativa legislativa popular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidov%C3%A1_iniciativa" title="Lidová iniciativa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lidová iniciativa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksinitiative_(Deutschland)" title="Volksinitiative (Deutschland) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Volksinitiative (Deutschland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λαϊκή νομοθετική πρωτοβουλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαϊκή νομοθετική πρωτοβουλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniciativa_legislativa_popular" title="Iniciativa legislativa popular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iniciativa legislativa popular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popoliniciato" title="Popoliniciato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Popoliniciato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پیشگامی شهروندان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیشگامی شهروندان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiative_populaire" title="Initiative populaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Initiative populaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniciativa_popular" title="Iniciativa popular – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Iniciativa popular" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EC%95%88%EC%A0%9C" title="발안제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발안제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B1%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BE%D5%A5" title="Ժողովրդական նախաձեռնության հանրաքվե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժողովրդական նախաձեռնության հանրաքվե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legge_di_iniziativa_popolare" title="Legge di iniziativa popolare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legge di iniziativa popolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Азаматтық бастамалар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Азаматтық бастамалар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Жарандык демилге – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жарандык демилге" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inisiatif" title="Inisiatif – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Inisiatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadgevend_referendum" title="Raadgevend referendum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Raadgevend referendum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BA%E6%A1%88" title="発案 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="発案" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innbyggerinitiativ" title="Innbyggerinitiativ – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Innbyggerinitiativ" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inicjatywa_obywatelska" title="Inicjatywa obywatelska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inicjatywa obywatelska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniciativa_popular" title="Iniciativa popular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iniciativa popular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ini%C8%9Biativa_cet%C4%83%C8%9Beneasc%C4%83" title="Inițiativa cetățenească – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inițiativa cetățenească" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Гражданские инициативы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гражданские инициативы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inicijativa" title="Inicijativa – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Inicijativa" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Popular voter petition systems</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the popular or citizens' initiative. For other usage, see <a href="/wiki/Initiative_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Initiative (disambiguation)">Initiative</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Popular_referendum" title="Popular referendum">Popular referendum</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg/100px-Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg/150px-Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg/200px-Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="762" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Referendums" class="mw-redirect" title="Referendums">Referendum types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optional_referendum" title="Optional referendum">Optional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_referral" title="Legislative referral">Legislative referral</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Popular initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Recall referendum">Recall referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_referendum" title="Popular referendum">Popular referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_referendum" title="Mandatory referendum">Mandatory referendum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Referendums_by_country" title="Referendums by country">Referendums by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Canada" title="Referendums in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Referendums in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_France" title="Referendums in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Germany" title="Referendums in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Italy" title="Referendums in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Iran" title="Referendums in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Israel" title="Referendums in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Kenya" title="Referendums in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Lithuania" title="Referendums in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Netherlands" title="Referendums in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_New_Zealand" title="Referendums in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Poland" title="Referendums in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Philippines" title="Referendums in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Sweden" title="Referendums in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Slovakia" title="Referendums in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular initiative (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Taiwan" title="Referendums in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Referendums in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Ukraine" title="Referendums in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiatives_and_referendums_in_the_United_States" title="Initiatives and referendums in the United States">USA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Referendums by issue</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_referendum" title="Civil rights referendum">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_referendum" title="Financial referendum">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_referendum" title="Mining referendum">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_referendum" title="War referendum">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_referendum" title="Independence referendum">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_related_to_the_European_Union" title="Referendums related to the European Union">EU</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Referendums by method</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_referendum" title="Electronic referendum">E-referendum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">History of direct democracy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">in USA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">Direct election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">Citizens' assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_assembly" title="Popular assembly">Popular assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_jury" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen's jury">Citizen's jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_budgeting" title="Participatory budgeting">Participatory budgeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_direct_democracy_parties" title="List of direct democracy parties">List of direct democracy parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_title" title="Ballot title">Ballot title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span 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class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box_(no_bg).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ballot box" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/80px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/120px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/160px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Basic types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">By-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors#Election_and_removal" title="Board of directors">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">Direct</a> / <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">Indirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_election" title="Fixed-term election">Fixed-term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_election" title="Local election">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midterm_election" title="Midterm election">Mid-term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">Plurality</a></li> <li>Primary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_primary" title="Nonpartisan primary">Nonpartisan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">Recall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">Snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Terminology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_elector" title="Anonymous elector">Anonymous elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_audit" title="Election audit">Audits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary delimitation">Boundary delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_voting" title="Crossover voting">Crossover voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">Electoral college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_law" title="Election law">Election law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_silence" title="Election silence">Election silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Psephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">Secret ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to stand for election</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Subseries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_administration" title="Election administration">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_by_country" title="Elections by country">Elections by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_close_election_results" title="List of close election results">Close elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_recent_elections_by_country" title="List of the most recent elections by country">Most recent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_next_general_elections" title="List of next general elections">Next general elections</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2025_national_electoral_calendar" title="2025 national electoral calendar">National</a> and <a href="/wiki/2025_local_electoral_calendar" title="2025 local electoral calendar">local</a> elections in 2025</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_security" title="Election security">Election security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Referendum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Referendums_by_country" title="Referendums by country">by country</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform" title="Electoral reform">Electoral reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_candidate" title="Paper candidate">Paper candidate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_collection_point_._citizens_initiative_._ban_fur_farming_._Finland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Signature_collection_point_._citizens_initiative_._ban_fur_farming_._Finland.jpg/170px-Signature_collection_point_._citizens_initiative_._ban_fur_farming_._Finland.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Signature_collection_point_._citizens_initiative_._ban_fur_farming_._Finland.jpg/255px-Signature_collection_point_._citizens_initiative_._ban_fur_farming_._Finland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Signature_collection_point_._citizens_initiative_._ban_fur_farming_._Finland.jpg/340px-Signature_collection_point_._citizens_initiative_._ban_fur_farming_._Finland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Signature collection point at <a href="/wiki/The_Body_Shop" title="The Body Shop">The Body Shop</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kluuvi_shopping_centre" title="Kluuvi shopping centre">Kluuvi shopping centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, for one of the first citizens' initiatives in Finland, about banning <a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">fur farming</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>popular initiative</b> (also <b>citizens' initiative</b>) is a form of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> by which a <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">petition</a> meeting certain hurdles can force a legal procedure on a proposition. </p><p>In <b>direct initiative</b>, the proposition is put directly to a plebiscite or <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>, also called a <i>popular initiated referendum</i> or <i>citizen-initiated referendum</i>. </p><p>In an <b>indirect initiative</b>, the proposed measure is first referred to the legislature, and then if the proposed law is rejected by the legislature, the government may be forced to put the proposition to a referendum. The proposition may be on federal level law, <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendment</a>, charter amendment, <a href="/wiki/Local_ordinance" title="Local ordinance">local ordinance</a>, obligate the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> or legislature to consider the subject by submitting it to the order of the day. In contrast, a <a href="/wiki/Popular_referendum" title="Popular referendum">popular referendum</a> that allows voters only to repeal existing legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-ncsl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncsl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hurdles the petition has to meet vary between countries, typically a certain number of signatures by <a href="/wiki/Voter_registration" title="Voter registration">registered voters</a>, to prevent a flood of frivolous measures on the ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It's been argued that a signature hurdle does not always determine popular support since the signature hurdle can be achieved through hiring a professional company to gather signatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrett_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bergman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of a signature hurdle a state-sponsored public <a href="/wiki/Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">opinion poll</a> as hurdle has been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrett_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The success of a popular initiative depends on the exact wording.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_type">By type</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: By type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_initiative">Direct initiative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Direct initiative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A direct initiative places an initiative measure directly on the ballot for voters to pass or reject. The measure is not submitted to the legislature for support first. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indirect_initiative">Indirect initiative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indirect initiative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An indirect initiative is voted on by a legislature after sufficient signatures are collected from the voting population. In most areas the measure is submitted to a subsequent popular vote only if amended by the legislature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agenda_setting_initiative">Agenda setting initiative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Agenda setting initiative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An agenda setting initiative is a measure submitted by petition to a legislature for consideration. The legislature may choose to approve or reject the proposal without a public vote.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form or initiative is more common than a legally binding direct or indirect initiative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Referendums_by_country" title="Referendums by country">Referendums by country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Brazil, a popular law initiative requires two conditions be met before it is sent to the National Congress: signatures from at least 1% of national registered voters and at least 0.3% of the people allowed to vote from each of at least five of the 27 federal unities (the 26 states plus the federal district). If both conditions are met, Congress is obliged to discuss and vote on holding the initiative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>British Columbia</dt></dl> <p>The Canadian province of British Columbia has a citizen initiative law known as the Recall and Initiative Act.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original proposal was <a href="/wiki/1991_British_Columbia_recall_and_initiative_referendum" title="1991 British Columbia recall and initiative referendum">put to voters in a referendum</a> held in October 1991 and was supported by over 83% of voters. It was subsequently put into force by the incoming NDP government. Since it came into force in 1995, at least 14 attempts have been made to force the government to either adopt a law or to hold a referendum on the question, but only one has succeeded.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only one secured the required signatures of 10% of registered voters in each riding throughout British Columbia. Due to this achievement the government held the first referendum under this legislation, in September 2011 on the subject of repealing the <a href="/wiki/Harmonized_Sales_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonized Sales Tax">Harmonized Sales Tax</a>. Details of its use in BC are available on the Elections BC website.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Initiatives_and_referendums_in_the_United_States" title="Initiatives and referendums in the United States">Initiatives and referendums in the United States</a></div> <p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, a popular vote on a measure is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> only when aiming at allowing or repealing an act passed by a state legislature. An initiative may be called a "<a href="/wiki/Ballot_measure" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot measure">ballot measure</a>", "initiative measure", or "proposition".</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The United States has no initiative process at the national level, but the initiative is in use at the level of state government in 24 states and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_District_of_Columbia_ballot_measures" title="List of District of Columbia ballot measures">District of Columbia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also in common use at the local government level. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> <a href="/wiki/Vesting_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesting Clause">vests</a> "all legislative powers herein granted" to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Establishing a national initiative procedure would likely require an <a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="List of amendments to the United States Constitution">amendment to the Constitution</a>, which would under <a href="/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Five of the United States Constitution">Article V</a> require two-thirds of both houses of Congress or the application of two-thirds of the <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">state legislatures</a> to propose, and three-fourths of all state legislatures (or conventions in three-fourths of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a>) to ratify. The Constitution itself, pursuant to <a href="/wiki/Article_VII_of_the_United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Article VII of the United States Constitution">Article VII</a>, was ratified by state conventions rather than by a referendum. </p><p>Several proposals have been made to institute a national referendum. The <a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Amendment" title="Ludlow Amendment">Ludlow Amendment</a>, introduced several times to the <a href="/wiki/US_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="US House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ludlow" title="Louis Ludlow">Louis Ludlow</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> between 1935 and 1940, proposed an amendment to the Constitution that would require a national referendum to <a href="/wiki/Declare_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Declare war">declare war</a> except in the case of invasion or attack. The amendment came closest to overcoming a <a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">discharge petition</a> on January 10, 1938, when it was defeated in the House by a vote of 209 to 188, short of the two-thirds vote required for its passage. </p><p>Unsuccessful attempts to get initiatives have nevertheless occurred, but since the proposals were bills, not constitutional amendments, no initiative could probably have lawfully been voted on notwithstanding the bills' passage. The first attempt to get national ballot initiatives occurred in 1907 when House Joint Resolution 44 was introduced by Rep. <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Fulton" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmer Fulton">Elmer Fulton</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>; the proposal was never put to a vote. In 1977, both the Abourezk-Hatfield National Voter Initiative and the Jagt Resolutions never got out of committee. Senator <a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel" title="Mike Gravel">Mike Gravel</a> was part of that effort. </p><p>The modern system of <a href="/wiki/Initiatives_and_referendums_in_the_United_States" title="Initiatives and referendums in the United States">initiatives and referendums in the United States</a> originated in the state of <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, which adopted initiatives and referendums in 1898 by a popular vote of 23,816 to 16,483. <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> was the second state to adopt and did so in 1902, when the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Legislative_Assembly" title="Oregon Legislative Assembly">Oregon Legislative Assembly</a> adopted it by an overwhelming majority. The "Oregon System", as it was at first known, subsequently spread to many other states, and became one of the signature reforms of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> (1890s–1920s). Almost every state currently in the union utilizes some sort of State Question or Initiative. A contemporary issue that is commonly decided through this method is the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of cannabis laws in the United States">legalization of marijuana</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Uruguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Uruguay, through the "popular initiative", the electorate can present a bill to the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Uruguay" title="General Assembly of Uruguay">General Assembly</a>, a constitutional reform bill to be submitted to a referendum, and a bill to the departmental governments. </p><p>Under Article 79 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uruguay" title="Constitution of Uruguay">Constitution of the Republic</a>, with the support of 25% of those registered to vote, a bill can be submitted to the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Uruguay" title="General Assembly of Uruguay">General Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For constitutional amendments, Article 331 establishes that with the signature of 10% of citizens registered in the National Civil Registry, a reform bill can be submitted to the president of the General Assembly and submitted to a vote in the following election in a nationwide referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, at the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Uruguay" title="Departments of Uruguay">departmental level</a>, under Article 305, 15% of registered residents in a jurisdiction determined by law have the right of initiative before the departmental governing bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Initiative">People's Initiative</a></div> <p>People's initiative to propose amendments to the constitution is enshrined in the 1987 Philippine Constitution under Article XVII Section 2, which states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Amendments to this Constitution may likewise be directly proposed by the people through initiative upon a petition of at least twelve per centum of the total number of registered voters, of which every legislative district must be represented by at least three per centum of the registered voters therein. No amendment under this section shall be authorized within five years following the ratification of this Constitution nor oftener than once every five years thereafter.</p></blockquote> <p>This provision is further protected by Republic Act 6735 or <i>The Initiative and Referendum Act.</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law defines initiative as: </p> <ol><li>A petition to propose amendments to the constitution.</li> <li>A petition to propose enactment of national legislation.</li> <li>A petition to propose enactment of local resolution or ordinance on regional, provincial, city, municipal, or barangay level.</li></ol> <p>The law also provides <i>indirect initiative</i> defining the exercise of people's initiative through a proposition sent to congress or local legislative body for action. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union">European Union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">European Citizens' Initiative</a></div> <p>The rejected <a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe#Parliamentary_power_and_transparency" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe</a> (TCE) included a limited indirect initiative right (Article I-46(4)). The proposal of introducing the <a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">European Citizens' Initiative</a> (ECI) was that 1,000,000 citizens, from minimal numbers of different member states, could invite the executive body of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, to consider any proposal "on matters where citizens consider that a legal act of the Union is required for the purpose of implementing the Constitution." The precise mechanism had not been agreed upon. Critics underlined the weakness of this right of initiative, which did not ultimately entail any vote or referendum. </p><p>A similar scheme under the same name, European Citizens' Initiative (ECI), has been put forward in the now ratified European <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon Treaty">Lisbon Treaty</a> (which entered into force on 1 December 2009), enabling a limited indirect initiative right.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It follows very similar rules to the ones outlined in the European Constitution, requiring the signatures of 1,000 000 European Nationals. These citizens would thereby obtain the same right to request the Commission to submit a legislative proposal as the Council has had since the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, however, does require that the signatures come from a "significant number" of Member States. It is suggested that this significant number will need to be around a quarter of member states, with at least 1/500 of the citizens in those member states supporting the initiative. With the variety of languages within the European Union, this creates a significant hurdle for people to navigate. The treaty also makes it clear that right of initiative should not be confused with the right to <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">petition</a>, particularly since a petition is directed to Parliament<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a citizens' initiative is directed to the Commission; whereas a petition is a method of remonstrance, usually focussing on perceived infringements of European Law, an initiative is a grassroots proposal for new legislation. In 2013 the subjects of ongoing open initiatives of the European Citizens' Initiative are e.g. about "water and sanitation as a human right" (against <a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Water privatization</a>), "30 km/h - making the streets liveable!" (<a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">Traffic calming</a> in towns), "<a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income#Petitions,_polls_and_referendums" title="Universal basic income">Unconditional Basic Income</a>" (UBI - Exploring a pathway towards emancipatory welfare conditions), or to "End <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a> in Europe" (to give the Earth Rights).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It remains to be seen if the ECI evolves into a full initiative or remains in its present state of a <i>de facto</i> petition.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finland">Finland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1 March 2012, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> citizens with <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> have had the constitutional right to send a citizens' initiative (Finnish: <i>kansalaisaloite</i>, Swedish: <i>medborgarinitiativ</i>) to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament of Finland</a>. An initiative must begin with at least five citizens as sponsors, and it must consist either of a direct proposal for a new law or of a motion to initiate the drafting of a new law by the relevant government department, as well as present reasons for doing so. A single initiative may not contain proposals on more than one specific legislative issue. </p><p>Proposed initiatives are published on a website maintained by the Finnish Ministry of Justice, where they may be electronically signed; signatures are also collected on paper. If an initiative is able to attract the signatures of a total of 50,000 citizens within six months, it is forwarded to the Finnish Parliament for consideration; otherwise, it will lapse. The Parliament treats citizens' initiatives according to normal parliamentary procedure, that is, they are debated and considered in committees and they may also be amended or altered; the Parliament is not restricted to passing or rejecting them as they are. </p><p>The first initiative to pass the 50,000 mark did so already a few months after the "kansalaisaloite" first became possible. The initiative demanded the ending of fur industry in Finland, but failed to pass in Parliament. The first initiative to be accepted by the Parliament was the citizens' initiative known in Finland as "Equal Marriages Law", which is also known by its campaign slogan, #Tahdon2013 (#IDo2013). This initiative was accepted by the Parliament during the 2011-2015 parliamentary session, though political debate, decision-making and drafting of the new law continued on to the next parliamentary session. The new law took effect on 1 March 2017<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (October 2019)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup>. To date, a total of 24 citizens' initiatives have reached the 50,000 mark, with 20 of them having been either rejected or accepted in Parliament - so far, only two have been accepted: the aforementioned "Equal Marriages Law" and the "Motherhood Law" from 2015/16<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (October 2019)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-finland-citizens-initiative_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finland-citizens-initiative-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-finland-constitution_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finland-constitution-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A limited, indirect form of local initiative was added to the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="French Constitution">French Constitution</a> (article 72-1, <i>référendum d'initiative locale</i>) on 28 March 2003 as part of <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a> reforms. However, the only power these "local referendum initiatives" confer on citizens is the ability to add propositions to their local assembly's meeting agenda. The decision as to whether to submit citizen propositions to a popular vote (referendum) rests with the local assembly. A <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_initiative_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens' initiative referendum">citizens' initiative referendum</a> was proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_vests_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow vests movement">yellow vests movement</a>. Citizens are able to submit a law project to the parliament through the "Référendum d'Initiative Partagée"; they can ask for a referendum if they meet the 185 deputies requirement and the signatures of at least 10% of the voting population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All German states have the right to initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is no constitutional citizens' initiative in Germany at a federal level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a>, since its <a href="/wiki/Enactment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enactment of the Constitution of Ireland">1937 enactment</a>, has never made provision for initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-constconv_5_3_2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constconv_5_3_2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a> (parliament) has a <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_Joint_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Oireachtas Joint Committee">joint committee</a> to which the public can submit <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">petitions</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the committee must formally consider them but need not accept them.<sup id="cite_ref-dail2015042100056_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dail2015042100056-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May–June 2013, when the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(Ireland)" title="Constitutional Convention (Ireland)">Constitutional Convention</a> considered Dáil electoral reform, members voted 83:16 in favour of allowing "citizens' initiatives" in general,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 80:19 to allow them specifically for legislation,<sup id="cite_ref-citzconvq10_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citzconvq10-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 78:17 to allow them for <a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland">constitutional amendments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-citzconvq10_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citzconvq10-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_31st_D%C3%A1il" title="Government of the 31st Dáil">Fine Gael–Labour government</a> rejected the recommendations on the basis that there is sufficient public involvement in legislation through the petitions committee and the <a href="/wiki/Pre-legislative_scrutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-legislative scrutiny">pre-legislative scrutiny</a> process.<sup id="cite_ref-dail2015042100056_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dail2015042100056-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article 48 of the 1922 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Constitution of the Irish Free State">Constitution of the Irish Free State</a> gave a right of initiative: if more than 50,000 voters demanded a change in law, the Oireachtas had two years to enact it, failing which 75,000 voters could petition for a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-constconv_5_3_2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constconv_5_3_2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only attempt to invoke this was organised in 1927 by <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(parliamentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition (parliamentary)">opposition</a> party, which sought to abolish the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(Ireland)" title="Oath of Allegiance (Ireland)">Oath of Allegiance</a>. By May 1928 Fianna Fáil claimed 96,000 signatures and attempted to have the petition <a href="/wiki/Laying_before_the_house" title="Laying before the house">laid before</a> the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Dáil Éireann (Irish Free State)">Dáil</a> (lower house). The motion was deferred, ostensibly to allow the Dáil <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure" title="Parliamentary procedure">procedure</a> committee to define the method of dealing with such petitions.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the committee could meet, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_6th_D%C3%A1il" title="Government of the 6th Dáil">Cumann na nGaedheal government</a> rushed through an amendment deleting Article 48 of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kinsella2012_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsella2012-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Citizens' legislative initiatives are a constitutional right in Poland, defined in Article 118, paragraph 2, of the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Poland/Chapter_4" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the Republic of Poland/Chapter 4">1997 Polish Constitution</a>. The paragraph gives legislative initiative to any group of at least 100,000 citizens with voting rights to the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>, the lower house of Polish parliament. The detailed procedure is defined in a law dated 24 June 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-Ust_dnia24czerwca1999_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ust_dnia24czerwca1999-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Article 5 of the 24 June 1999 law, citizens wishing to launch an initiative must create a committee of at least 15 members, which becomes a <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal person</a>. The committee must prepare the draft <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">bill</a> and collect at least 100,000 signatures (Article 2). Under Article 12 of the law, if there is "justified doubt regarding the authenticity of the required number of signatures of citizens, then within 14 days of the lodging of the list of signatures, the <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Sejm" title="Marshal of the Sejm">Marshal of the Sejm</a> must request the <a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Commission_(Poland)" title="National Electoral Commission (Poland)">National Electoral Commission</a> to verify the signatures. The electoral commission has 21 days to carry out the verification.<sup id="cite_ref-Ust_dnia24czerwca1999_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ust_dnia24czerwca1999-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the best known citizens' initiatives in Poland is the pair of <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Poland#Proposed_abortion_ban" title="Abortion in Poland">2015/2016 anti-abortion and pro-abortion initiatives</a> which were accompanied by the <i>Black Protest</i> marches coordinated by women's rights groups.<sup id="cite_ref-PulsBiz_2016BlackProtest_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PulsBiz_2016BlackProtest-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2022, <a href="/wiki/United_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Poland">United Poland</a> submitted a <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Poland">citizens' legislative initiative</a> for tougher <a href="/wiki/Offending_religious_feelings_(Poland)" title="Offending religious feelings (Poland)">blasphemy laws in Poland</a> with close to 400,000 (Higher than the 100,000 needed) signatures to parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Article 74 of the Romanian Constitution,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> groups of at least 100,000 Romanian Citizens with suffrage that reside in at least one quarter of all the counties and with a minimum 5,000 signatures per county have the right to send a Citizens' Initiative which must be considered by the legislative body (Initiatives that address fiscal or international matters are not covered by this right). If the initiative concerns changing the Constitution, Article 150 of the Constitution<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states that the group must include at least 500,000 Romanian Citizens with suffrage who reside in at least half of all the counties, with a minimum of 20,000 per county. Article 151 of the Constitution<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also states that any amendments brought to it, must be also approved by means of a National Referendum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular initiative (Switzerland)">Popular initiative (Switzerland)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_popular_initiative" title="Federal popular initiative">federal popular initiative</a> was included in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Swiss Federal Constitution</a> in 1891, permitting a certain number of citizens (currently 100,000 signatures within 18 months<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to make a request to amend a constitutional article, or even to introduce a new article into the constitution. The right of initiative is also used at the cantonal and communal level in Switzerland (all <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a>, all <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Communes of Switzerland">communes</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democratic</a> citizens' participation originates); many cantons allow initiatives to enact regular non-constitutional law, but the federal system does not. </p><p>If the necessary number of supporters is reached, the initiative will be put to a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> about two or three years later; the delay helps prevent short-term political moods from getting into the constitution. The parliament and government will both issue their official opinions on whether they recommend voting for or against the proposed amendment, and these opinions will be published. </p><p>The parliament may also pass an alternative amendment suggestion which will also be included on the ballot; in this case, the voters cast two votes, one for whether or not they want an amendment, and one for which one they want, the original one from the initiative or the one introduced in parliament, in case a majority decides for amending. </p><p>A citizen-proposed change to the constitution in Switzerland at the national level needs to achieve both a majority of the national popular vote and a majority of the canton-wide vote to pass. The vast majority of national initiatives introduced since 1891, when the system started, have failed to receive voter support. But the initiatives have proven to be a useful tool to force the government to concentrate on subjects that will otherwise remain hidden from the politic, lowering the distance between the government and the citizens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there is no mandate for a referendum following directly from such an initiative, the UK government has a system whereby citizens can set up online petitions, which are considered by a committee. Any petition which reaches 10,000 signatures triggers a response from the government and those which reach 100,000 signatures will almost always require the government to consider holding a debate (with some exceptions, such as whether a similar issue has been debated recently, or a debate for that issue is scheduled) on the matter in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons.</a> Only British Citizens or individuals resident in the UK are allowed to start a petition or be a signatory. Petitions can be initiated via a specialist website, which also contains guidance on when petitions will, and will not, be debated. On occasion, some petitions which are signed by fewer than 100,000 people are still debated.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of issues which have been debated in parliament via this system are various issues surrounding <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> and a petition calling for United States President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s state visit to UK to be cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> a vote initiated by the public is called a <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_New_Zealand#Citizens_initiated_referendums" title="Referendums in New Zealand">citizen initiated referendum</a>. These are non-binding referendums on any issue in which proponents have submitted a petition to Parliament signed by ten percent of all registered electors within 12 months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFConstitutional_Convention2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(Ireland)" title="Constitutional Convention (Ireland)">Constitutional Convention</a> (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140721011955/https://www.constitution.ie/AttachmentDownload.ashx?mid=fdf70670-030f-e311-a203-005056a32ee4">"Fourth Report of the Convention on the Constitution: Dáil Electoral System"</a>. Ireland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constitution.ie/AttachmentDownload.ashx?mid=fdf70670-030f-e311-a203-005056a32ee4">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fourth+Report+of+the+Convention+on+the+Constitution%3A+D%C3%A1il+Electoral+System&rft.place=Ireland&rft.date=2013-08&rft.au=Constitutional+Convention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.ie%2FAttachmentDownload.ashx%3Fmid%3Dfdf70670-030f-e311-a203-005056a32ee4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+initiative" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ncsl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ncsl_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsl.org/LegislaturesElections/ElectionsCampaigns/InitiativeReferendumandRecallOverview/tabid/16600/Default.aspx">Initiative, Referendum and Recall</a>, NCSL.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/232671478.pdf">Richard J. Ellis, Signature Gathering in the Initiative Process: How Democratic Is It?, 64 Mont. L. Rev. (2003).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrett-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garrett_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garrett_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tlr77&div=69&id=&page=">Garrett, Elizabeth. "Money, agenda setting, and direct democracy." Tex. L. Rev. 77 (1998): 1845.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergman-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bergman_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prism.lib.asu.edu/system/files/c6/Future_of_democracy.pdf">Berman, David R. The Future of 'direct Democracy' in Arizona: Petition Circulators, Election Officials and the Law. Morrison Institute for Public Policy, 2014.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.direct-democracy-navigator.org/democratic_instruments/agenda-setting-initiative">"Agenda (setting) initiative - Navigator"</a>. <i>www.direct-democracy-navigator.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.direct-democracy-navigator.org&rft.atitle=Agenda+%28setting%29+initiative+-+Navigator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.direct-democracy-navigator.org%2Fdemocratic_instruments%2Fagenda-setting-initiative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+initiative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bclaws.ca/EPLibraries/bclaws_new/document/ID/freeside/96398_00">"Table of Contents - Recall and Initiative Act"</a>. Bclaws.ca<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+of+Contents+-+Recall+and+Initiative+Act&rft.pub=Bclaws.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bclaws.ca%2FEPLibraries%2Fbclaws_new%2Fdocument%2FID%2Ffreeside%2F96398_00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+initiative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.bc.ca/docs/init/Summary-of-Initiative-Petitions.pdf">"Summary of Initiative Petitions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Elections BC<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Europarl.europa.eu. 2000-12-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parliament+%3A+Petitions&rft.pub=Europarl.europa.eu&rft.date=2000-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fparliament%2Fpublic%2FstaticDisplay.do%3Fid%3D49%26pageRank%3D3%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+initiative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/citizens-initiative/public/initiatives/ongoing?lg=en"><i>Open initiatives</i></a> at the European Citizens' Initiative official register of The European Commission (often translated in EU-languages). Retrieved 2013-09-05.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/secretariat_general/citizens_initiative/">"European Citizens' Initiative on the European Commission's web"</a>. Ec.europa.eu<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citizens%27+initiatives+in+Finland&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Justice+of+Finland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansalaisaloite.fi%2Ffi%2Ftietoa%2Fbriefly-in-english&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+initiative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finland-constitution-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-finland-constitution_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: the text is an unofficial translation used by the Ministry of Justice of Finland. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990731.pdf">"The Constitution of Finland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Finnish). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Finland)" title="Ministry of Justice (Finland)">Ministry of Justice of Finland</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 2013-09-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/get-involved/sign-a-petition/e-petitions/">"Find out more about e-petitions"</a>. <i>UK Parliament</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Parliament&rft.atitle=Find+out+more+about+e-petitions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fget-involved%2Fsign-a-petition%2Fe-petitions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+initiative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheung2019" class="citation news cs1">Cheung, Helier (2019-03-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-47693506">"Brexit debate: Do petitions ever work?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brexit+debate%3A+Do+petitions+ever+work%3F&rft.date=2019-03-26&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Helier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-47693506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APopular+initiative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Piott, Steven L. <i>Giving Voters a Voice: The Origins of the Initiative and Referendum in America</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/givingvotersvoic00piot_0">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206050505/http://c2d.ch/">Centre for Research on Direct Democracy (c2d)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iandrinstitute.org/">Initiative and Referendum Institute</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_2">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iri-europe.org">IRI-Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iniref.org/">I&R Campaign for Direct Democracy in Britain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_initiative&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/Portal:Ballot_measures">Portal: Ballot measures</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ballotpedia" title="Ballotpedia">Ballotpedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citizensincharge.org/">Citizens in Charge</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=16580">NCSL Ballot Measures Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=16577">NCSL Initiative & Referendum Legislation Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ni4d.us/">The National Initiative for Democracy (NI4D)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vote.org">The National Initiative for Democracy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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