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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Gold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Silver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platinum_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platinum_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Platinum group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platinum_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Copper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron,_nickel_and_cobalt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron,_nickel_and_cobalt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Iron, nickel and cobalt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron,_nickel_and_cobalt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Native metal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99bii_metallar" title="Təbii metallar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təbii metallar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall_natiu" title="Metall natiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metall natiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_nativo" title="Metal nativo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metal nativo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_natibo" title="Metal natibo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metal natibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="فلز بومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلز بومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tal_natif" title="Métal natif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métal natif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_asli" title="Logam asli – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Logam asli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallo_nativo" title="Metallo nativo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metallo nativo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Табиғи металдар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Табиғи металдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_nativo" title="Metal nativo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metal nativo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samorodni_metal" title="Samorodni metal – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Samorodni metal" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Самородні метали – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of metal</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Platinum-nugget.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Platinum-nugget.jpg/220px-Platinum-nugget.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Platinum-nugget.jpg/330px-Platinum-nugget.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Platinum-nugget.jpg/440px-Platinum-nugget.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5072" data-file-height="3496" /></a><figcaption>Nugget of native <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kondyor_Massif" title="Kondyor Massif">Kondyor</a> mine, <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Khabarovsk Krai">Khabarovsk Krai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>native metal</b> is any <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> that is found pure in its metallic form in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-OxDictDefn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxDictDefn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cleaveland1822_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleaveland1822-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metals that can be found as <a href="/wiki/Native_element_mineral" title="Native element mineral">native deposits</a> singly or in alloys include <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, as well as the gold group (<a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinum group</a> (<a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a>). Among the alloys found in native state have been <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">pewter</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_silver" class="mw-redirect" title="German silver">German silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmiridium" title="Osmiridium">osmiridium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="White gold">white gold</a>, silver-mercury <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a>, and gold-mercury amalgam. </p><p>Only gold, silver, copper and the platinum group occur native in large amounts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Over geological time scales, very few metals can resist natural weathering processes like <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a>, so mainly the less reactive metals such as gold and platinum are found as native metals. The others usually occur as isolated pockets where a natural chemical process reduces a common compound or ore of the metal, leaving the pure metal behind as small flakes or inclusions. </p><p>Metals are not the only type of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> that can occur in the native state. Non-metallic elements occurring in the native state include <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a>, a semi-metal, has rarely been found in the native state as small inclusions in gold.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Native metals were prehistoric man's only access to metal, since the process of extracting metals from their ores (<a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a>) is thought to have been discovered around 6500 BC. However, native metals could be found only in impractically small amounts, so while copper and iron were known well before the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, they did not have a large impact until smelting appeared. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Gediegen_Gold_in_Quarz,_Eagles_Nest_Mine,_Placer_County,_Kalifornien,_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Gediegen_Gold_in_Quarz%2C_Eagles_Nest_Mine%2C_Placer_County%2C_Kalifornien%2C_USA.jpg/220px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Gediegen_Gold_in_Quarz%2C_Eagles_Nest_Mine%2C_Placer_County%2C_Kalifornien%2C_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Gediegen_Gold_in_Quarz%2C_Eagles_Nest_Mine%2C_Placer_County%2C_Kalifornien%2C_USA.jpg/330px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Gediegen_Gold_in_Quarz%2C_Eagles_Nest_Mine%2C_Placer_County%2C_Kalifornien%2C_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Gediegen_Gold_in_Quarz%2C_Eagles_Nest_Mine%2C_Placer_County%2C_Kalifornien%2C_USA.jpg/440px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Gediegen_Gold_in_Quarz%2C_Eagles_Nest_Mine%2C_Placer_County%2C_Kalifornien%2C_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Native <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> partially embedded in quartz <a href="/wiki/Gangue" title="Gangue">gangue</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_metal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gold">Gold</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_metal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most gold is mined as native metal and can be found as nuggets, veins or wires of gold in a rock matrix, or fine grains of gold, mixed in with sediments or bound within rock. The iconic image of gold mining for many is <a href="/wiki/Placer_mining" title="Placer mining">gold panning</a>, which is a method of separating flakes and nuggets of pure gold from river sediments due to their great <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a>. Native gold is the predominant gold mineral on the earth. It is sometimes found alloyed with silver and/or other metals, but true gold compound minerals are uncommon, mainly a handful of <a href="/wiki/Selenide" title="Selenide">selenides</a> and tellurides. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silver">Silver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_metal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Silver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silber_mineral_erz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Silber_mineral_erz.jpg/220px-Silber_mineral_erz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Silber_mineral_erz.jpg/330px-Silber_mineral_erz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Silber_mineral_erz.jpg/440px-Silber_mineral_erz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> with <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> matrix (5 x 3 cm)</figcaption></figure> <p>Native silver occurs as elongated <a href="/wiki/Dendrite_(crystal)" title="Dendrite (crystal)">dendritic</a> coatings or irregular masses. It may also occur as cubic, octahedral, or dodecahedral crystals. It may occur alloyed with gold as <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a>. It often occurs with silver <a href="/wiki/Sulfide_mineral" title="Sulfide mineral">sulfide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfosalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfosalt">sulfosalt</a> minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgams</a> of silver and mercury or other metals and mercury do occur rarely as minerals in nature. An example is the mineral <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugenite (page does not exist)">eugenite</a> (Ag<sub>11</sub>Hg<sub>2</sub>) and related forms.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silver nuggets, wires, and grains are relatively common, but there are also a large number of silver compound minerals owing to silver being more reactive than gold. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platinum_group">Platinum group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_metal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Platinum group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Natural alloys of the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum group metal">platinum group metals</a> include: native <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Os,Ir,Ru</span>), <a href="/wiki/Rutheniridosmine" title="Rutheniridosmine">rutheniridosmine</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ir,Os,Ru</span>), <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ru,Ir</span>), <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Pd,Pt</span>), <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> Pt, and <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Rh,Pt)</span>. In addition, gold, copper, iron, mercury, tin, and lead may occur in alloys of this group.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with gold, salts and other compounds of the platinum group metals are rare; native platinum and related metals and alloys are the predominant minerals bearing these metals. These metals occur associated with <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_intrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramafic intrusion">ultramafic intrusions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Placer_deposit" title="Placer deposit">placer deposits</a> derived from those intrusions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copper">Copper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_metal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Copper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Native_copper" title="Native copper">Native copper</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Copper_mining_in_Michigan" title="Copper mining in Michigan">Copper mining in Michigan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Native_Copper_from_Michigan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Native_Copper_from_Michigan.png/220px-Native_Copper_from_Michigan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Native_Copper_from_Michigan.png/330px-Native_Copper_from_Michigan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Native_Copper_from_Michigan.png/440px-Native_Copper_from_Michigan.png 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption>Native <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> specimen isolated from mineral matrix. From <a href="/wiki/Keweenaw_Peninsula" title="Keweenaw Peninsula">Keweenaw Peninsula</a>, MI. Iroquois Copper Mine.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Native_copper" title="Native copper">Native copper</a> has been historically mined as an early source of the metal. The term <a href="/wiki/Old_Copper_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Copper Complex">Old Copper Complex</a> is used to describe an ancient North American civilization that utilized native copper deposits for weapons, tools, and decorative objects. This society existed around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a>, where they found sources of native copper and mined them between 6000 and 3000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copper would have been especially useful to ancient humans as it was much stronger than gold, hard enough to be made into useful items such as fishhooks and woodworking tools, but still soft enough to be easily shaped, unlike <a href="/wiki/Meteoric_iron" title="Meteoric iron">meteoric iron</a>. </p><p>The same deposits of native copper on the <a href="/wiki/Keweenaw_Peninsula" title="Keweenaw Peninsula">Keweenaw Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isle_Royale" title="Isle Royale">Isle Royale</a> were later <a href="/wiki/Copper_mining_in_Michigan" title="Copper mining in Michigan">mined commercially</a>. From 1845 until 1887, the Michigan <a href="/wiki/Copper_Country" title="Copper Country">Copper Country</a> was the leading producer of copper in the United States. Masses of native copper weighing hundreds of tons were sometimes found in the mines. </p><p>The spectrum of copper minerals closely resembles that of silver, ranging from oxides of its multiple oxidation states through sulfides and silicates to halides and chlorates, iodates, nitrates and others. Natural alloys of copper (particularly with silver; the two metals can also be found in separate but co-mingled masses) are also found. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron,_nickel_and_cobalt"><span id="Iron.2C_nickel_and_cobalt"></span>Iron, nickel and cobalt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_metal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Iron, nickel and cobalt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Widmanstatten_hand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Widmanstatten_hand.jpg/220px-Widmanstatten_hand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Widmanstatten_hand.jpg/330px-Widmanstatten_hand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Widmanstatten_hand.jpg/440px-Widmanstatten_hand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nickel_iron_meteorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel iron meteorite">Nickel iron meteorite</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Telluric_iron" title="Telluric iron">Telluric iron</a> (Earth born) is very rare, with only one major deposit known in the world, located on or near <a href="/wiki/Disko_Island" title="Disko Island">Disko Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. Most of the native iron on earth is actually not in fact "native", in the traditional sense, to Earth. It mainly comes from <a href="/wiki/Iron_meteorite" title="Iron meteorite">iron-nickel meteorites</a> that formed millions of years ago but were preserved from chemical attack by the vacuum of space, and fell to the earth a relatively short time ago. Metallic meteorites are composed primarily of the <a href="/wiki/Iron-nickel_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron-nickel alloy">iron-nickel alloys</a>: <a href="/wiki/Taenite" title="Taenite">taenite</a> (high nickel content) and <a href="/wiki/Kamacite" title="Kamacite">kamacite</a> (low nickel content). However, there are a few areas on earth where truly native iron can be found.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Native nickel has been described in <a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">serpentinite</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_alteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal alteration">hydrothermal alteration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramafic">ultramafic</a> rocks in <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metallic <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> has been reported in the Canadian Lorraine Mine, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt-Gowganda_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cobalt-Gowganda region (page does not exist)">Cobalt-Gowganda region</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Timiskaming_District" title="Timiskaming District">Timiskaming District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada, and in the Aidyrlya gold deposit in <a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Oblast" title="Orenburg Oblast">Orenburgskaya Oblast</a> of the Southern <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_metal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All other native metals occur only in small quantities or are found in geologically special regions. For example, metallic <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> was only found at two locations including the <a href="/wiki/Vilyuy_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilyuy River">Vilyuy River</a> basin in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Native <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> has been found in <a href="/wiki/Lunar_regolith" title="Lunar regolith">lunar regolith</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Koryaksky" title="Koryaksky">Koryakskii volcano</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Oblast" title="Kamchatka Oblast">Kamchatka Oblast</a> of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere in this region native indium, aluminium, tantalum, tellurium, and other metals have been reported.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Native lead<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is quite rare but somewhat more widespread, as are tin,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mercury,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arsenic,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> antimony,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and bismuth.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Native chromium has been found in small grains in Sichuan, China<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other locations.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_metal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_element_mineral" title="Native element mineral">Native element mineral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangue" title="Gangue">Gangue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_element" title="Free element">Free element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_state_(metallurgy)" title="Native state (metallurgy)">Native state</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_metal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OxDictDefn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OxDictDefn_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131024203/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/native_metal">"native metal"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/native_metal">the original</a> on January 31, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=native+metal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fnative_metal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+metal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cleaveland1822-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cleaveland1822_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker_Cleaveland1822" class="citation book cs1">Parker Cleaveland (1822). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anelementarytre00cleagoog"><i>An elementary treatise on mineralogy and geology</i></a>. Cummings and Hilliard. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anelementarytre00cleagoog/page/n349">521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+elementary+treatise+on+mineralogy+and+geology&rft.pages=521&rft.pub=Cummings+and+Hilliard&rft.date=1822&rft.au=Parker+Cleaveland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanelementarytre00cleagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+metal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthelmy" class="citation web cs1">Barthelmy, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmineral.com/data/Aluminum.shtml">"Aluminum Mineral Data"</a>. <i>Mineralogy Database</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704001129/http://webmineral.com/data/Aluminum.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mineralogy+Database&rft.atitle=Aluminum+Mineral+Data&rft.aulast=Barthelmy&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebmineral.com%2Fdata%2FAluminum.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+metal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-3659.html">Silicon, Mindat.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/silver.pdf">Handbook of Mineralogy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmineral.com/data/Silver.shtml">Webmineral data</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-1422.html">Eugenite on Mindat (see <i>related minerals</i> and <i>localities</i>)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-2045.html">Iridium on Mindat, <i>Relationship of Iridium to other Species – Nichel-Strunz</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_C._Pleger2000" class="citation web cs1">Thomas C. Pleger (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705140930/http://www.uwfox.uwc.edu/academics/depts/tpleger/oldcopper.html">"The Old Copper Complex of the Western Great Lakes"</a>. UW–Fox Valley Anthropology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwfox.uwc.edu/academics/depts/tpleger/oldcopper.html">the original</a> on 2008-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Old+Copper+Complex+of+the+Western+Great+Lakes&rft.pub=UW%E2%80%93Fox+Valley+Anthropology&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Thomas+C.+Pleger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwfox.uwc.edu%2Facademics%2Fdepts%2Ftpleger%2Foldcopper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+metal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-2047.html">Mindat with location data</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/iron.pdf">Native iron in the <i>Handbook of Mineralogy</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-2895.html">Nickel on Mindat with location data</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/nickel.pdf">Native nickel in the <i>Handbook of Mineralogy</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-39300.html">Cobalt on Mindat</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleischerCabriChaoPabst1980" class="citation journal cs1">Fleischer, Michael; Cabri, Louis J.; Chao, George Y.; Pabst, Adolf (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM65/AM65_1065.pdf">"New Mineral Names"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Mineralogist</i>. <b>65</b>: 1065–1070.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Mineralogist&rft.atitle=New+Mineral+Names&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=1065-1070&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Fleischer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Cabri%2C+Louis+J.&rft.au=Chao%2C+George+Y.&rft.au=Pabst%2C+Adolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minsocam.org%2Fammin%2FAM65%2FAM65_1065.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+metal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mindat.org/min-10320.html">Native Molybdenum – Mindat.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-2358.html">Lead on Mindat</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-3965.html">Tin on Mindat</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-2647.html">Mercury on Mindat</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-357.html">Arsenic on Mindat</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-262.html">Antimony on Mindat</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-684.html">Bismuth on Mindat</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmineral.com/data/Chromium.shtml">"Chromium Mineral Data"</a>. Webmineral.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chromium+Mineral+Data&rft.pub=Webmineral.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebmineral.com%2Fdata%2FChromium.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+metal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-1037.html">Chromium on Mindat</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_metal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galleries.com/minerals/elements/class.htm">The Native Elements Class</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Periodic table forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">Extended periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By periodic table structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (Alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13 (Triels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14 (Tetrels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (Pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (Chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (Noble gases)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Aufbau_model" title="Extended periodic table">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Fricke" title="Extended periodic table">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Pyykkö" title="Extended periodic table">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_metalloids" title="Lists of metalloids">Lists of metalloids by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">Dividing line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Other sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals (PGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in humans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">Atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">Nuclear stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueous_ions_by_element" title="List of aqueous ions by element">Aqueous chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)" title="Periodic table (electron configurations)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_symbol" title="Term symbol">Term symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Data pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">Electron affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">Heat capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">Heat of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">Heat of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">Thermal expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Element discoveries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asian languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">Trivial name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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